Seizuresabdoshwita

Name: Abdelrheem Talaat shwita title: Seizures.
ID: 19240 Group: B1
Seizures
Definition: seizure is a sudden change in movement or awareness due to a
change in the electrical function of the brain. Sudden bursts of electrical energy
may affect movement, sensation and consciousness.
Seizures are changes in the brain’s electrical activity. These changes can cause
dramatic, noticeable symptoms, subtle or mild symptoms, or no symptoms at all.
The symptoms of a severe seizure include repetitive jerking and stiffening and a
loss of control. Because some seizures can lead to injury or be a sign of an
underlying medical condition, it’s important to seek treatment if you experience
them
Causes:
➢ alcohol withdrawal
➢ a brain infection, such as meningitis
➢ a brain injury during childbirth
➢ a brain irregularity present at birth
➢ choking
➢ substance use
➢ substance withdrawal
➢ an electrolyte imbalance
➢ electric shock
➢ epilepsy
➢ extremely high blood pressure
➢ fever
➢ head trauma
➢ kidney or liver failure
➢ low blood glucose levels
➢ a stroke
➢ a brain tumor
➢ vascular abnormality in the brain
Types of seizures:
The threeTrusted Source major types are focal onset seizures, generalized onset
seizures, and unknown onset seizures.
Focal onset seizures:

Focal onset seizures begin in only one areaTrusted Source of the brain. People may
also refer to these as partial seizures.
Focal onset seizures start in small areas of the brain, such as a single lobe, but can
affect large areas.
focal onset seizures into two types: focal aware seizures and focal awareness-
impaired seizures.
Focal aware seizure

The symptoms of a focal aware seizure will depend on which part of the brain the
seizure starts.
Focal aware seizures may be singular events but can also develop into other types of
seizures. For this reason, people often refer to them as warnings or auras.
Focal impaired-awareness seizure

This type of seizure affects your consciousness. During a focal impaired-awareness
seizure, you may not be able to move, talk, or hear as you did before. You may also
not be able to remember the event.
Focal impaired-awareness seizures can last for up to 2 minutesTrusted Source. This
type of seizure typically affects a larger portion of the brain than focal aware
seizures.
Generalized onset seizures:

Among the more common types of generalized onset seizures are:
Tonic: Tonic seizures will result in your muscles stiffening up.
Clonic: The convulsions in clonic seizures may cause abnormal, jerky movements
of your limbs. You will likely lose consciousness during these seizures that can last
for a few minutes.
Tonic-clonic: Tonic-clonic seizures include a combination of both tonic and clonic
symptoms.
Myoclonic: During a myoclonic seizure you may experience sudden muscle spasms.
These are typically too short-lived to affect consciousness and pass quickly.
Myoclonic seizures may be of generalized onset as well as focal onset.
Absence: People may also refer to these as petit mal seizures. Absence seizures last
for only a few seconds. They can cause you to blink repeatedly or stare into space.
Other people may mistakenly think you’re daydreaming.
Atonic: During atonic seizures your muscles suddenly go limp. Your head may nod,
or your entire body could fall to the ground. Atonic seizures are brief, lasting about
15 seconds. People may refer to these seizures as drop attacks.
Unknown onset seizures:
Sometimes no one witnesses the beginning of a seizure. For example, someone may
wake up in the middle of the night and observe their partner having a seizure.
Symptoms and Signs:

A person can have an epilepsy condition that causes both focal and generalized
seizures at different times, but not simultaneously.
A focal seizure can progress to become a generalized seizure. Sometimes this

happens slowly and sometimes it can happen rapidly.
Sometimes symptoms occur before the seizure takes place. These can include:
a sudden feeling of fear or anxiousness
a feeling of being sick to your stomach - dizziness - a change in vision
a jerky movement of the arms and legs that may cause you to drop things /an out-of-
body sensation
a headache - déjà vu - mood changes
Signs that indicate a seizure is in progress include:
losing consciousness, followed by confusion

having uncontrollable muscle spasms
clenching your teeth
biting your tongue
having sudden, rapid eye movements
making unusual noises, such as grunting
losing control of bladder or bowel function
Learn more about what a seizure feels like here.
Investigations:
➢ blood testing to check for electrolyte imbalances

➢ a spinal tap to rule out infection
➢ a toxicology screening to test for drugs, poisons, or toxins
➢ An electroencephalogram (EEG) can help your doctor diagnose a seizure.
This test measures your brain waves. Viewing brain waves during a seizure
can help your doctor diagnose the type of seizure. An EEG can show
evidence of seizure activity even when a person isn’t having a seizure. But
an EEG can also be completely normal when a person is not having a
seizure.
➢ Imaging scans, such as a CT scan or MRI scan
Treatment options:
treatment of the cause if present and the options is as following:
Medications
Antiepileptic drugs are often the first treatment option for people experiencing
multiple seizures. They target the signaling activities in specific brain cells and can
effectively control seizures in approximately 70% of cases.
Brain surgery
if medications don’t work.
Surgical procedures to treat epilepsy include:
resective surgery
multiple subpial transection
hemispherectomy
corpus callosotomy
Brain surgery for epilepsy can improve quality of life but does carry a risk of
complications.

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Name: Abdelrheem Talaat shwita title: Seizures.

ID: 19240 Group: B1

Focal onset seizures:

Focal aware seizure

Focal impaired-awareness seizure

Generalized onset seizures:

Symptoms and Signs:

A focal seizure can progress to become a generalized seizure. Sometimes this

losing consciousness, followed by confusion

➢ blood testing to check for electrolyte imbalances

➢ Imaging scans, such as a CT scan or MRI scan

treatment of the cause if present and the options is as following:

if medications don’t work.

Surgical procedures to treat epilepsy include:

multiple subpial transection

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