Name:-_____________________________ Score-:________________

SECOND LONG TEST IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Directions. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it before the number

1. Which value separates the critical region from the non-critical region in a normal curve when
testing a hypothesis?
2. What should be the decision if the computed z-value lies in the critical region?
3. The mean height of women is greater than 64” (inches). Which of the following represents the null
and alternative hypotheses?
4. What is the last step in the hypothesis testing procedure?
5. In a right-tailed test, what will you do if the critical value is greater than the computed value?
6. When the null hypothesis is rejected, which of the following statements is true?
a. The null hypothesis is incorrect.
b. The alternative hypothesis is true.
c. There is enough evidence against the null hypothesis.
d. There is a very small probability that the given null hypothesis is true.
7. Perform a hypothesis test where the null hypothesis is that the μ = 6.9. A random sample of 16
items is selected. The sample mean is 7.1 and the sample standard deviation is 2.4. It can be
assumed that the population is normally distributed at α = 0.05.
(8-10) The mayor of a town saw an article claiming that the national unemployment rate is 8%.
He wondered if this holds true in their town, so a sample of 200 residents was taken. The sample
included 22 unemployed residents and 0.05 level of significance was used.

8. Formulate the pair of hypotheses.

9. This test is a _____________________.

10. What is the level of significance () in the given problem?
11. When p-value is less than the alpha, we ___________________.
12. For a two-tailed test with variance unknown, n= 16, and α =0.05 , what is the critical value?
13. For a one-tailed test with a sample of 15, the null hypothesis will not be rejected at 5% level of
significance if the test statistics is:

14. If the level of significance decreased from 0.1 to 0.05, then the boundaries for the critical region
move farther away from the center of the distribution.

15. In a right-tailed test, the rejection lies in the ________ tails of distribution.
16. Based on the graph, which of the following is TRUE?
a. This is a two-tailed test.
b. This is a right-tailed test.
c. Level of significance is 0.025. −1.725
d. The rejection region is t ≤ -1.725.
17. Given a left-tailed test, population standard deviation is unknown, n=27, α =0.01 , what is the
critical value?

18. What is the critical value if the population variance is known, a=0.025, and it is a two-tailed test?
19. Which of the following is the correct illustration of rejection region t ≤−1.943?

a. b. c. d.
 (20-23). A state university wants to increase its retention rate of 4% for graduating students

from the previous year. After implementing several new programs during the last two years,
the university reevaluated its retention rate using a random sample of 352 students and found the
retention rate at 5%.

20. Which is the correct pair of hypotheses?

21. What is the value of z?
22. What is the p-value?
23. What is the correct decision?
a. There is no possible decision. c. Reject the null hypothesis.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. d. Change the alternative hypothesis.
24. In a research report, the results of a hypothesis test include the expression
"z=3.15, p < 0.01". This means that the test should ___________________.
a. reject the null hypothesis
b. reject the alternative hypothesis
c. fail to reject the null hypothesis
d. fail to reject the alternative hypothesis
25. In problem no. 24, what is the level of significance used?

Computing Test Statistic on Population Mean Drawing Conclusion About Population Mean
Based on Test Statistic Value and Critical Region
One of the steps in hypothesis testing is the ● In a left-tailed test, if the computed
computation of test statistic. value is less (<) than the critical value,
● Remember that it is the value we reject the null hypothesis and
calculated from a sample data which is support the alternative hypothesis. But if
needed whether you reject the null the computed value is greater (>) than
hypothesis or not. the critical value, we do not reject or we
● There are two specific test statistics fail to reject the null hypothesis and the
used for hypothesis testing concerning alternative hypothesis is not supported
means: z-test and t-test. .
● Rejecting the null hypothesis doesn’t
The final step in testing hypothesis is to mean that it is incorrect or the
interpret the results or draw conclusions alternative hypothesis is correct. The
out of the computed value. In this module, collected data suggest a sufficient
you will decide whether you reject or not evidence to disprove the null
the null hypothesis. hypothesis, hence we reject it.
● In a right-tailed test, if the computed ● Similarly, a failure to reject the null
value is greater (>) than the critical hypothesis does not mean that it is true
value, we reject the null hypothesis and -only that the test did not prove it to be
support the alternative hypothesis. But if false. There is an insufficient evidence
the computed value is less (<) than the to disprove the null hypothesis; hence
critical value, we do not reject or we fail we do not reject it.
to reject the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis is not supported. In testing hypothesis on the population
means, follow the steps below:
1. State the null hypothesis and the Sample proportion ( 𝒑̂ ) is the ratio of the
alternative hypothesis . number of elements in the sample
2. Determine the test statistic 𝐻𝑜 that will possessing the characteistic of interest over
be used to conduct the 𝐻𝑎 hypothesis test. the number of elements in the sample or n.
Then, calculate its value.
3. Find the critical value for the test and
draw the critical region.
4. Decide and draw a conclusion based on Formulating Appropriate Null and
the comparison of the calculated value of Alternative Hypotheses on a Population
the test statistic and the critical value of Proportion
the test. Once you already know that you are
dealing with a population proportion, you
can conduct the hypothesis test. You can
Population proportion (p) start with the first step of a hypothesis test
which is to determine the hypotheses. In
● a part of the population with a order to formulate null and alternative
particular attribute or trait expressed as hypotheses concerning population
a fraction, decimal, or percentage of the proportions, you can write them in
whole population. sentence form or you can use different
symbols.
Remember that the hypotheses are claims
about the population proportion, ρ. The
null hypothesis states that the proportion
is equal to a specific value or the
Example hypothesized proportion, po. On the other
In Matapat City, 10% of the residents are hand, the alternative hypothesis is the
senior citizen. A survey was conducted to competing claim that the population
500 randomly selected senior citizen proportion is less than, greater than, or not
residents to determine if they have cell equal to po.
phones. Out of 500 respondents, 421 ● As a reminder, the null hypothesis is
answered that they own a cell phone. always a statement of equality. The
Notice that in Matapat City, 10% alternative hypothesis is always a
(percentage is used) of the entire residents statement of inequality, using the
are senior citizen. symbols <, >, or ≠.
Therefore, the percentage of the senior
citizen residents represents the population
proportion or percentage which makes p
= 10% = 0.10.
Similarly, among these senior citizens,
what percentage owns a cell phone? That
illustrates the sample proportion, in
symbol 𝒑̂ (read as “p hat”) which is
computed as follows:

- “20% of the respondents” = 0.20 𝒑̂

Sometimes, the sample proportion ( ) is
stated directly, such as:
- “5% of the defective bulbs” = 0.05 -
“50% of the Grade 12 students” = 0.50
Example 1. The z-Test Statistic for Population
It has been claimed that 40% of students Proportion
in a particular senior high school dislike
Mathematics. When a survey was
conducted by a researcher, it showed that
145 of 800 students dislike Mathematics.
Test if the claim was different at α = 0.05
level.
Null Hypothesis (Ho):
In this example, the hypothesized
proportion is 40% or 0.40. Hence, the null
hypothesis will be, The proportion of
students who dislike Mathematics is 40%.
In symbols, you can write,
Ho: p = 0.40
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):
Our cue word here is “different” which
means “not the same” or “not equal”.
Therefore the alternative hypothesis is,
The proportion of students who dislike
Mathematics is not equal to 40%. In
symbols, you can write,
Ha: p ≠ 0.40
Example 2.
A certain senior high school plans to open
STEM (Science and Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics) as an
academic track only if 60% of the students
in their junior high school will enroll on the
following academic year. A survey Level of Significance, a ( Greek letter,
conducted among a random sample of Alpha)
students revealed that 450 out of 1000 - refers to the degree of 𝜶 significance in
students will enroll. Is the expected which we reject or do not reject the null
enrolment significantly lower than the hypothesis - the basis for the critical or the
desired enrolment? Test at α = 0.05 level. rejection region dictated by the alternative
Null Hypothesis (Ho): hypothesis The following are the common
The hypothesized proportion here is 60%, values of statistical significance:
therefore the null hypothesis will be, The 0.01 highly significant
proportion of students who will enroll on 0.05 statistically significant
STEM track is 60%. 0.10 significant
In symbols, it can be written as,
Ho: p = 0.60
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):
Your hint in formulating the alternative
hypothesis in this example is the phrase
“lower than”
which means “less than”. So, your
Determine if the test statistic falls in
alternative hypothesis will be,
the rejection region. If it does, reject the
The proportion of students who will enroll
null hypothesis. If it does not, do not
on STEM track is lower than 60%.
reject the null hypothesis.
which can be written as, Ha: p < 0.60
❖ If the computed z-statistic (zcom) is > or STEP 5: Make a decision whether to reject or
< the tabular value (ztab), reject the null fail to reject the null hypothesis. Draw a
hypothesis (Ho). conclusion.
❖ If the computed z-statistic (zcom) falls in DECISION: Since the computed test
the rejection region, reject the null statistic zcom = 5.57 is greater than the
hypothesis (Ho). critical value or it falls in the rejection
❖ If the computed z-statistic (zcom) does region, reject the null hypothesis.
not fall in the rejection region, fail to CONCLUSION: Therefore, we conclude that
reject the null hypothesis (Ho). at 0.05 level of significance, there is enough
evidence that the percentage of Grade 7
Solving Problems Involving Test of students who are underweight is different
Hypothesis on Population Proportion from 10%.
To solve problems involving population
proportions, just follow the 5-step P-VALUE APPROACH What is P-value?
procedure In critical value approach, a test statistic is
Example 1: Every year, the assigned compared with a critical value. However, in p-
teachers determine the Body Mass Index value approach (short for probability value),
(BMI) of students. In a certain public junior probabilities or areas are compared. P-value
high school, a study finds that 10% of measures the consistency of the sample
Grade 7 students observed are statistics with the null hypothesis.
underweight. A sample of 780 Grade 7
students were randomly chosen and it was ● High P-values mean that sample results
found out that 125 of them are are consistent with a true null
underweight. Is this claim different for their hypothesis.
grade level age? Use 0.05 level of ● Low P-values are not consistent. If the P
significance. value is small enough, we can conclude
SOLUTION: that the sample is so incompatible with
STEP 1: State the null and alternative the null hypothesis.
hypotheses. Therefore, we can reject the null hypothesis
Ho ; p = 0.10 for the entire population.
Ha : p ≠ 0.10
STEP 2: Choose a level of significance. α = P-value approach uses the following
0.05 STEP 3: Compute the test statistic. basic procedures:
Given: X= 125 p = 0.10 n = 780 1. State the null hypothesis H0 and the
alternative hypothesis Ha.
2. Set the level of significance α.
3. Calculate the test statistic.
4. Calculate the p-value.
5. Make a decision. Check whether to
reject the null hypothesis by comparing p-
value to α.
❖ If the p-value < α, then reject Ho.
Otherwise, do not reject Ho.

Example 2. Mr. Esperancilla asserts that

fewer than 5% of the bulbs that he sells are
defective. Suppose 300 bulb are randomly
selected each are tested and 10 defective
bulbs are found. Does this provide a
sufficient evidence for him to conclude that
the fraction of defective bulbs is less than
0.05? Use α =0.01 and the p- value
approach.
1.State the null and alternative hypothesis.
• • Ho: p = 0.05
• • Ha: p < 0.05
Is the sample large enough for the Central
limit theorem to apply?
With n= 300, the Central limit theorem
applies.
2.level of significance α = 0.01 one-tailed
3.Calculate the z-statistic.
We first need to identify the sample
proportion and standard deviation from the
information given in the problem. We see
that:
Using 𝑝̂=10/300=0.033this information, the
value of the test statistic is:

Po= 0.05
1- P0 = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
4. So, p-value = P (z ≤ -1.35)
The area between z=0 and z=-1.35 is
.4115.
P(z ≤ -1.35) = .05 - .4115 = .0885
That is p-value = .0885
5. Reject the Ho if the computed
probability value ≤ 0.01
Do not reject Ho if the computed
probability value > 0.01
Conclusion: Since .0885 > 0.01, we
cannot reject the null hypothesis Ho.
There is no sufficient evidence to reject Mr.
Esperancilla’s statement.