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DBMS Reviewer

Reviewer for DBMS

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Christina Ramos
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31 views

DBMS Reviewer

Reviewer for DBMS

Uploaded by

Christina Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OVERVIEW OF DATABASE SYSTEMS

MANAGING DATA

Database is a means of managing data,


DBMS means a system that manages data from a database.
Data – raw unprocessed facts
Information – processed data
Database – collection of interrelated data
Metadata – data about data

FILE SYSTEMS

File system logs every record, and then assigns an index so that when the file is being retrieved, the user
will just find or call on the index.

DBMS

collection of interrelated data


set of programs to access those data. (using atm)
Primary goal of a dbms is to store and retrieve data, and in doing so, it should be convenient and efficient.
Manage large bodies of information

FILE SYSTEMS VS DBMS

Structure:

File system is the arrangement of files and data on the storage


DBMS uses a software in managing, manipulating, and maintaining data

Data Redundancy: (no two data are the same)

File systems are prone to redundant data


DBMS assures that data redundancy are avoided

Backup and Recovery: (data is being constantly backed up and ready to be retrieved)

File System doesn’t provide a backup for the data


DBMS has a feature for making sure that whatever happens, data is retrievable and backed up.

Query Processing: (provides a query language for an efficient accessing of data)

File Systems doesn’t have an efficient query system since file systems are built to just locate where files are
stored. It mainly gives the directories of the files.
DBMS provides a query system, where if queries are made in the system, it provides what the users are
requesting to do.

Consistency:

Lesser consistency for File System.


DBMS provides data normalization or the data are being cleaned regularly to remove unstructured and
redundant data

Complexity:

Admittedly, File Systems are less complicated but since DBMS assures that data is being managed efficiently,
it is more complex.

Security Constraints:
File system, grants access to anyone while DBMS provides restricted view of the data depending on their
level of clearance.

Cost:

File systems are cheaper because it doesn’t require what DBMS provides. (maintaining the database, storage
cost, ensuring that when system fails records are still occurring, etc. DBMS is much expensive because it
makes sure data is being managed accordingly.

Data Independence:

When a user changes something to the data in file systems, it is changed permanently. But in DBMS, users
can only change what they have access to. (i.e. individual accounts) they cannot change the data stored in
the physical storage.

User Access:

File Systems can only be accessed by one user at a time, DBMS provides concurrency where multiple people
can use the system at a time.

Sharing:

Data is distributed in many files, meaning that the data is spread throughout the storage so it’s harder to
share the files. You would have to know where each of the files are stored to be able to share. But in DBMS,
it has feature that data is centralized.

Data Abstraction: (users are only presented with data/information they need to see)

Every user is privy of the information presented in the storage, but in DBMS users can only see what they
need to see.

Concurrency – data can be accessed by multiple users at the same time

TRANSACTIONS:

Transactions are defined as any activities made within the database. Queries are transactions.

Atomicity – transaction either happens or not, no in-between.

Consistency – if a transaction was completed, it already records to the system, if the transaction wasn’t
finished before the system fail, it automatically cancels out the transaction and rolls back to the state of the
data before the transaction starts.

Isolation – individual transactions are carried out in separate environment to ensure concurrency

Durability – ensures that the database will not fall apart.

LEVELS OF DATA ABSTRACTION


External Schema – highest level of Data Abstraction as it hides the complexities of the database for the
users to see.
Conceptual Schema - also known as Logical Level, this level of Abstraction deals with what data are actually
stores and the relationship of those data within the contents of the database
Physical Schema – lowest level of data abstraction as it deals with how data are stored within the disk
storage

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE DESIGN


Database Design – organization of data according to a database model
Entity-Relationship Model (ER MODEL) – relationship between two or more entities
Entity – real world things that can be distinctly identified like a person, place, or concept
- the individual rows of tables
Entity Set – set of entities of a particular entity type
- collection of rows in a specific table
Entity Type – collection of entities that share the same attributes
- tables of a DBMS
Attributes – properties that describe an entity (ex: name, age, sex, address)
Key Attribute – an identifier entity of an entity type (Primary Keys)
TYPES OF ATTRIBUTES
Composite Attributes – type of attribute that can be divided into parts (Ex: Name, Date, Address)
Simple Attributes – type of attribute that cannot be divided into parts (Ex: Age, Weight, Salary)
Single-Valued Attributes – can only possess single value for a particular entity (Ex: Weight, Height, Age)
Multivalued Attributes – can possess set of values for a particular entity (Ex: College Degree, Language)
Derived Attributes – values can be derived from other attributes (Ex: Age can be derived from BirthDate)
Stored Attributes – attributes from which the value of other attributes is derived (Ex: BirthDate)
Null Values – values which are either unknown or not applicable.
- Unknown: an entity may have this value, but it is unknown
- Not Applicable: an entity don’t have this value

Relationship – association between two are more entities

DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP

Unary Relationship - association between one entity and/or the same entity set

Binary Relationship - association between


two entities
Ternary Relationship – Association between three entities

RELATIONAL DATA with MICROSOFT ACCESS

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