International Organization and

Conventions

ICAO
• The International Civil Aviation Organisation, is the global forum for civil aviation.
• UN specialised agency.
• Works to achieve its vision of safe, secure and sustainable development of civil aviation
through cooperation amongst its member states.
• Headquarter: Montreal, Canada,
• And 7 regional offices:
Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Merico, Nairobi, Paris.

ICAO Assembly
• 193 UN members including a non-member of UNO, (The cook lands).
• Meets not less than once in 3 years.

Council
• 36 members elected by assembly.

Commissions and Committees

• 19 members appointed by the council.
 Conventions Date Description
to regulate air navigation sovereignty,
Paris convention 1917 Worthiness, competency of air crew, definitions
etc.
Principles and agreements for safe and sound
7 Dec,1944 International air transport and economic
Chicago Convention
development of air navigation.
Formation of ICAO
14 Sept,1963
Tokyo Convention Unlawful acts associated with aviation.
Hague Convention 1970 Suppression of unlawful seizes of aircraft.
Extension of Hague conv ;
Commits acts of violence on board.
Montreal Convention 1971/88/91
Damage to A/c and A/c equipment on board or
in any navigation facility.
12 Oct,1929 Unification of rules relating to carriage of
Warsaw Convention
passengers, baggage and cargo.
Responsibility covering liability of the owner or
Rome Convention 1952 operator that causes damage to persons or
property on the ground.
Geneva Convention 1948 Protects rights of seller of A/c.
Aims at introducing a system to encourage
Cape Town Convention 2001
investment in A/c objects.

Chicago convention
• 96 articles.
• Signed by 52 countries.
• Ratified by India.

Documents to are carried –

(1) Certificate of registration.
(2) Certificate of airworthiness
(3) Licenses for each member of crew
(4) Journey Log book
(5) Radio station licenses
(6) Passengers list and details
(7) Cargo details

ICAO Technical Publications

1 Procedure of Air Navigations Services (PANS)
Approved by council for worldwide application.
2 Regional Supplementary procedure (SUPPS) Similar status as PANS only regional.
3 Technical Manuals – Guidance and info for SARPS and PANS.
4 Air Navigation plans – detailed requirement for facilities and services for international air
navigation.
5 ICAO circulars – specialised information of interest to contraction states.
ICAO Standards:
 Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing
 Annex 2 - Rules of the Air
 Annex 3 - Meteorological Services
 Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts
 Annex 5 - Units of Measurement
 Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft
 Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
 Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft
 Annex 9 - Facilitation
 Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications
 Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services
 Annex 12 - Search and Rescue
 Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
 Annex 14 - Aerodromes
 Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services
 Annex 16 - Environmental Protection
 Annex 17 - Security
 Annex 18 - The Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air
 Annex 19 - Safety Management
ICAO Recommended practice
 Doc 4444: PANS – ATM
 Doc 7030: SUPPS
 Doc 8400: ICAO abbreviations and codes.
 Doc 7333: Search and Rescue Manual.
 Doc 8168: Aircraft operations.
 Doc 7910: Location indicators.
 Doc 9137: Airport service Manual.
 Doc 9674: WGS- 84 Manual.
The International air service Transit Agreement.
 Technical freedoms
First freedom of Air: The privilege to fly across its territory without landing.
Second freedom of Air: The privilege to land for not traffic purposes

 Commercial freedoms
Third Freedom of Air: The privilege to put down passengers, mail and cargo taken on in the
territory of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses.
Fourth Freedom of Air: The privilege to take on passengers, mail and cargo destined for the
territory of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses.
Fifth Freedom of Air: The privilege to take on passengers, mail and cargo destined for the
territory of any other Contracting State and the privilege to put down passengers, mail and
cargo coming from any such territory.
Tokyo convention
• Following conventions were held to deal with unlawful acts associated with Aviation,
• Ratified by India.

Hague convention
• Unlawful seizer of aircraft.

Montreal convention
• Compliments Hague convention.
• Commit acts of violence on board aircraft that endanger people and property and the safety
of the aircraft.
• Destroy or damage any navigation facility or interference with its correct operation.

Warsaw Convention
• 12 October, 1929.
• Documentation on the carriage of passengers, luggage and cargo.

Rome convention
• 1952
• The convention produced uniformity in place of the differing national laws covering the
liability of the owner or operator of an aircraft that causes damage to persons or property on
the ground.

Geneva convention
• Protects right of seller for aircraft bought on hire purchase, Lease or Mortgage.

Leasing Aircraft
• Dry Lease: when only aircraft is allotted.
• Wet Lease: when aircraft along with its crew is allotted.

Ministry of Civil Aviation (MOCA)

• Located at Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan at the Safdarjung Airport in New Delhi.
• the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for formulation of national policies and
programmes for the development and regulation of the Civil Aviation sector in the country.

Directorate General of civil aviation (DGCA)

• It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for
enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness standards.

Airport Authority of India (AAI)

• view to accelerate the integrated development,
expansion, and modernization of the operational, terminal and cargo facilities at the airports
in the country conforming to international standards.
 Aircraft Nationality and
Registration Mark
FUNCTION AUTHORITY
REGISTRATION MARK State of Registry/
Common mark registering authority.
RADIO CALL SIGN to the states of registry by the ITU
REGISTERING AIRCRAFT DGCA (central govt.)
CERTIFICATE OF REGISTERTAION DGCA
REGISTER OF AIRCRAFT Maintained by DG

▪ Annex 7
▪ ITU has allotted symbol 4 YA TO 4 YZ for common marks for two or more aircrafts carrying out
joint operations.

Identification plate
• Material: fireproof metal of any other fireproof material
• Position: secured to the aircraft in a prominent position near the main entrance .

Registration Mark
• Letters, numbers or a combination of letters and numbers consisting 1 to 5 characters.
• Shall not be confused with International code of Signals,
(1) 3 Letter combination beginning with Q used in Q Code
(2) distress signals SOS
(3) or other Urgency signals (PAN, XXX and TTT)
• India has been allotted AT to AW by ITU.
• But India uses,
VT → Civil A/c.
VU → Air force A/c.
U followed by 6 alpha Numeric → unmanned A/c registered in India.

Measurements of Registration Marks

(1) Heavier than air A/c –
(a) Wings- at least 50 cm
(b) Fuselage- at least 30 cm
(2) Lighter than air A/c – at least 50 cm
(3) Unmanned free balloon- shall be determined by state of registry.
 Rules of the Air

▪ Rules of the air apply to all the aircrafts:

a) flying over the Indian territory
b) and the aircraft with Indian registration, wherever they might be as long as they do
not conflict with the rules of that state.
c) Over sea
▪ Compliance of rules of air shall be done with respect to:
1. Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
2. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

Responsibility for compliance with the Rules of Air

• Responsibility of the Pilot in Command (PIC)
• Pre-flight: PIC should be familiar with all the available information intended for the operation.
• Authority: PIC of an A/c shall have the final authority as to the disposition of A/c with valid
reason (Like weather, etc.)

General rules
Permission Clearance Description
Dropping or Spraying Not Permitted Appropriate ATS unit Conditions mentioned
in Rule 26 of Aircraft
Rules, 1937.
Towing Not Permitted Appropriate ATS unit
Parachute Descents Not Permitted Special order from
Central government
(DGCA) in writing.
Acrobatic Flight Not Permitted Appropriate ATS unit . manoeuver shall be
completed at of not
less than 2000ft or at a
height mentioned in
the AOC.
. no persons shall fly
less than 2Nm from
the perimeter of
aerodrome.
.no persons shall fly
below 6000ft above
the aerodrome.
Formation Flights Not Permitted
(for civil A/c)
Minimum Safe Flights are not Director General A/c shall not be flown
Altitude (MSA) permitted below MSA below MSA over
unless T/O or Landing. congested areas of
settlements.
• When an A/c is used for acrobatics
1. By incense pilot only or by a student with qualified instructor.
2. With passenger only when their consent is taken in writing.

• ACAS equipment for avoid and of collision.

• Right of way:
A/C having right of way shall maintain its heading and speed.

Condition Right of Way

Head-on Each A/c shall alter course to right.
Converging . The A/c that has the other on its right (left A/c) shall give
way.
. Power driven → Airships → Glider → Balloons
(Power driven shall give way to airships, glider and
balloons.)
. Power driven shall give way to A/c that can be seen
towing (A/c or objects).
Overtaking . The A/c that is being overtaken has the right of way.
(A/c that approaches the
other A/c from the rear on
a line forming an angle of
less than 70 deg.)
Landing . In flight and on ground/water
Shall give way to A/c landing or in final stages of approach.
. A/c at a higher level shall give way to lower A/c.
Emergency Landing . A/c shall give way to the A/c that is impelled to land.
Taking Off A/c on taxing or manoeuvring area shall give way to A/c
that is about to t/o

• Surface movement:
o An A/c taxing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all runway holding
positions unless authorised by control tower.
o An A/c taxing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all lighted stop bars
and may proceed when lights are switched off.

Condition Right of Way

Head -On . each shall stop
.wherever practicable shall alter course to right.
Converging . The A/c that has the other on its right (left A/c)
shall give way.
Overtaking . The A/c that is being overtaken has the right of
way.
Simulated Instrument Flight
For simulated instrument flight:
1. Dual control shall be fully functioning.
2. Qualified pilot shall be on the control seat.

In the vicinity of aerodrome

1. All turns to the left for landing and T/O, unless instructed otherwise.
2. Land and T/O into the wind (head wind).

Light to be Displayed
• From sunset to sunrise or during any other period as prescribed by Director General all A/c
shall display:
1. Anti-collision lights to attract attention.
2. Landing lights and airframe flood lights to enhance A/c conspicuity.
3. Nav light for indicating it path.
• On Ground
1. Manoeuvring Area and when moving – Nav Lights.
2. Movement Area to attract A/c- Anti-collision.
3. Engine Running – Anti-collision.
l
Flight Plans
• Shall be submitted to appropriate ATS unit at least 180mins (3hrs) but not earlier than
120hrs. (5days) before EOBT.
• Flight plans for RPA (remotely piloted A/c) shall be submitted at least 24hrs before ETD.
• To be filed when flying beyond 5Nm from ARP.
• If you are going to cross 5Nm in air, then flight plan must be filed 10mins before crossing.
• Shall be submitted prior to operating:
a) Any fight or portion to be provided with Air Traffic Service.
b) Any IFR flight within advisory air space.
c) Any flight across international borders.
• All changes to the flight plan shall be reported immediately to the ATS unit.
• Item Numbers:
o Item no. 3- A/c identification/registration
o Item no. 8- Flight rules and Type of flight.
Flight Rules:
a) IFR → “I”
b) VFR→ “V”
c) IFR to VFR→ “Y”
d) VFR to IFR→ “Z”
Type of flight:

a) Scheduled air service → S

b) Non-scheduled → N
c) General aviation → G
d) Military → M
e) Other than any of the defined → X
o Item no. 9- Number, Type of A/c and Wake Turbulence Category.
a) Number
Number of A/c flying on the same route. Entries will start from 0 or 2. Only
military A/c are allowed for formation flights i.e. more than one A/c on same
route. If only one A/c is flying on the same route, then no need to write
anything.
b) Type of A/c
A/c operations manual. (ex. A320, B777, C172 etc.)
c) Wake Turbulence category
MTOW,
upto 7000kg → L (light)
7000kg to 136000kg → M (medium)
136000kg and above → H (heavy)
More than 560000 → J (jumbo / super heavy)
o Item no. 10 Equipment-
(a) Standard Equipment → S
(b) Non Standard equipment → N
o Item no. 13- Departure Aerodrome and Time
 Delay of 15mins or more to the departure time, PIC or its representative shall amend
the fight plan file a new flight plan and submit it to the ATC. The old flight plan stands
cancelled.
o Item no. 15 –Cruising speed, Altitude and Route.
o Item no. 16- Destination Aerodrome, Total EET, Alternate Aerodrome and 2nd
Alternate.
Fight plan should contain alternate aerodrome.
o Item no. 18- Other information.
o Item no. 19- Supplementary Information.
Should contain number of passengers (POB). If uncertain then write “TBN”.
Time
• Time shall be in 24hr format in UTC (co-ordinated universal time).
• Clocks shall be correct within plus minus s 30 seconds of UTC.

Air Traffic Control service

The appropriate ATS unit shall be informed if the

 TAS changes by 0.02 Mach or ±19 km/hr or ± 10kt

 Approach time changes in excess of 2mins.

Radio Communication Failure

• Visual Metrological Conditions (VMC)
1. Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome.
2. Continue as IFR flight.
• Instrument Metrological Conditions (IMC)
1. Where radar is not used,
Maintain the last assigned flight level (or min. flight altitude, whichever is higher) and
speed for 20 mins and then adjust the flight level according to flight plan.
2. Where radar is used,
Maintain the last assigned flight level (or min. flight altitude, whichever is higher) and
speed for 7 mins and then adjust the flight level according to flight plan.

VMC visibility and Cloud Minima

Visual Flight Rules

• Shall be operated in a period from 30 mins before sunrise till 30 mins after sunset.
• VFR flights shall not T/O when:
(a) ceiling is less than 1 500 ft
(b) ground visibility is less than 5 km.
• VFR flights shall not operate when:
(a) above FL150.
(b) at transonic and supersonic speeds.
(c) more than 100NM seaward from the shoreline within controlled airspace.
• VFR flights shall not be flown:
 (a) over the congested areas or over an open air assembly of persons at a height less than
300 m (1000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of 600 m from the aircraft.
(b) elsewhere, at a height less than 150 m (500 ft) above the ground or water.

Special VFR Flights

• Permission of special VFR shall be taken from approach control service.
• When the ground visibility is at least 1500m but not more than 5km.

IFR Flight Rules

• Flight by night- a flight performed between 30 mins after sunset to 30 mins before sunrise.
• Minimum Level.
Location Height Radius from A/c
(above highest obstacle)
High terrain or Mountain 2000ft 8km
Elsewhere 1000ft 8km

Signals
• Daylight fluorescent-coloured wands, table-tennis bats or gloves shall be used for all signalling by all
participating ground staff during daylight hours.
• Illuminated wands shall be used at night or in low visibility.

Distress and Urgency Signals

• Distress Signals (immediate assistance required)-
(a) a radiotelephony distress signal consisting of the spoken word MAYDAY
(b) rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals, a parachute flare
showing a red light.
(c) SOS ( . . . _ _ _ . . . morse code)
• Urgency Signals (when immediate is not required)
(a) a radiotelephony urgency signal consisting of the spoken words PAN, PAN.
(b) signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group
X,X,X
(c) the repeated switching on and off of the landing lights
(d) the repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights in such manner as to be distinct
from flashing navigation lights.

Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)

• 5 Nm range, 1000ft AGL of aerodrome.
• A/c operated through or within the ADIZ shall obtain ADC
• Validity of ADC is – 15 mins to +45 mins of EOBT.

Interceptions
• Communicate with the intercepting A/c at 121.5 MHz and repeat at 243MHz
• SSR transponder mode A code 7700
• If ADS-B and ADS-C is available then select the appropriate emergency.
• Visual contact
• If failed to establish contact with A/c establish contact through appropriate ATS unit.
Signal for Aerodrome Traffic
 Air Traffic Services

Air Traffic Services

• Objectives of Air Traffic Service.
a) Prevent collision in flight and on ground.
b) Maintain orderly flow.
c) Provide advice and information.
d) Notify appropriate organisation during Search and rescue.

• Divisions of Air Traffic Services:

1. Air Traffic Control Service (ATC)
2. Advisory Airspace.
3. Flight Information Service.
4. Alerting Service.

I. Air Traffic Control Service (ATC)

 Sub-divided into 3 categories:
1. Area Control Service
Provided by the Area Control Centre to the a/c enroute its journey.
2. Approach control Service
Provided by the Approach Control Unit to the a/c which is on its approach path or has just
taken off.
3. Aerodrome Control service
Provided by the Control Tower to the a/c on the apron, taxing etc.

 Read-back clearances and safety-related information:

 a) ATC route clearances
b) Clearances to enter, land, take off hold short cross and backtrack any runway
c) runway-in-use, altimeter settings, SSR codes, level instructions, heading and speed
instructions and, whether issued by the controller or contained in ATIS broadcasts,
transition levels.
II. Advisory Airspace
 Where a/c is not bound to follow the instructions provided.
 Provided to the a/c operating outside controlled airspace.

III. Flight Information Service

 Shall be provided to all the a/c that are likely to be affected by the information.
 Application:
 Voice-automatic Terminal Information Service (Voice ATIS)
(a) It shall not be transmitted on the voice channel of an ILS.
(b) It shall not exceed 30 sec
 Data-link Automatic Terminal Information (D-ATIS)
 ATIS
a) cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude,
whichever is greater
b) cumulonimbus
c) if the sky is obscured, vertical visibility when available
d) these elements are replaced by CAVOK when the weather is better than the
prescribed value or condition.
IV. Alerting Service
 to all the A/C receiving ATCS, who have submitted flight plan, and also A/C subjected to
unlawful interference.
 Air Traffic Services shall inform the rescue units immediately if an a/c is in the state of
emergency under the following circumstances:
a) INCERFA
 Uncertainty phase
 no communication has been received within a period of thirty minutes after
the time a communication should have been received.
 an aircraft fails to arrive within thirty minutes of the estimated time of arrival
last notified.
b) ALERFA
 Alert phase
 following the uncertainty phase
 when cleared to land and fails to land within five minutes of the estimated
time of landing
 not to the extent that a forced landing is likely
c) DISTRESFA
 Distress phase
 following the alert phase
 the fuel on board is considered to be exhausted
 forced landing is likely
 aircraft and its occupants are not threatened by grave and imminent danger
and do not require immediate assistance.
Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM)
• It is meant to achieve maximum utilisation of the major resources viz., airport, airspace and aircraft at
every Indian airport where there is a capacity constrain.
• Airports Authority of India (AAI has established a Central Air Traffic Flow Management (C-ATFM)
system in India.
• The C-ATFM network consist of a
1. Central Command Centre (CCC) at Delhi
2. Flow Management Positions (FMPs) at major Area Control Centres (ACCs) and ATC towers
across the country.
• The CCC provides ATFM service in conjunction with the FMPs.
• In phase I, FMPs of six airports namely Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad,
which account for 60 % Air Traffic handled at Indian Airports, have become operational to provide
support to Central Command Centre (CCC).
• In Phase II, FMPs will be made operational in a phased manner at additional 30 airports.

ATS Classes of Airspace

Class Type Separation Service Speed Radio Subject to
of provided Limitations** Communication an ATC
Flight Provided Requirement Clearance
A*
IFR All aircraft Air traffic control Not applicable Continuous two- Yes
only service way
B*
IFR All aircraft Air traffic control Not applicable Continuous two- Yes
service way

VFR All aircraft Air traffic control Not applicable Continuous two- Yes
service way
C
IFR IFR from IFR Air traffic control Not applicable Continuous two- Yes
service way
IFR from
VFR

VFR VFR from 1) Air traffic 250 kt IAS Continuous two- Yes
IFR control service below way
for separation
from IFR; 3050 m (10000
ft) AMSL
2) VFR/VFR
traffic information
(and traffic
avoidance advice
on request)
D
IFR IFR from IFR Air traffic control 250 KIAS Continuous two- Yes
service. Traffic below 3050M way
information about (10000 Ft)
VFR flights (and AMSL
traffic avoidance
advice on
request)

VFR Nil IFR/VFR and 250 KIAS Continuous two- Yes

VFR/VFR traffic below 3050M way
information (and (10000 Ft)
traffic avoidance AMSL
on request)
E
IFR IFR from IFR Air traffic control 250 KIAS Continuous two- Yes
service and, as below 3050M way
far as practical, (10000 Ft)
traffic information AMSL
about VFR flights

VFR Nil Traffic 250 KIAS No No

information as far below 3050M
as practical (10000 Ft)
AMSL
F
IFR IFR from IFR Air traffic 250 KIAS Continuous two- No
as far as advisory service below 3050M way
practical Flight information (10000 Ft)
service AMSL

VFR Nil Flight information 250 KIAS No No

service below 3050M
(10000 Ft)
AMSL
G
IFR Nil Flight information 250 KIAS Continuous two- No
service below 3050M way
(10000 Ft)
AMSL

VFR Nil Flight information 250 KIAS No No

service below 3050M
(10000 Ft)
AMSL

* When the height of the transition altitude is lower than 3050M(10000 Ft) AMSL, FL100 should be used
in lieu of 10000 Ft.

** When the height of the transition altitude is lower than 3050 m (10000 ft) AMSL, FL100 should be
used in lieu of 10000 ft.

• Procedures in class C airspace: Certain airspaces around airports capable of a runway handling
capacity of more than 20 aircraft per hour and equipped with primary and secondary radars have
been designated as class C airspaces.
• Class C airspaces extend from 4000 feet to FL 285. Airspaces upto 30 NMs around these airports are
designated as class D airspaces. It is proposed to classify airspaces above FL 285 as class A airspace.
Flight Information Regions (FIR)
• provide Flight Information Service and alerting service outside controlled airspace.

Location Indicators:

 Formation of a location Indicator

a) First alphabet identifies the AFSRA
b) Second alphabet identifies the State / Country
c) Third and fourth alphabets identify the place / station
Examples:
VIDP V...AFSRA, A,E.I,.......INDIAN FIR DP.....Delhi
OPKC O.....AFSRA, P.....Pakistan KC......Karachi
OAKB O...AFSRA, A.....Afghanistan KB.....Kabul

 ICAO has divided the entire world into 22 non overlapping AFSRA.
India uses “V”
 The second alphabet assigned to India are I, E, A, O. Indian FIRs are allotted
Alphabets as follows:
1. Bombay FIR (Western India) is identified by "A"
2. Calcutta FIR (Eastern India)"E"
3. Guwahati sub FIR (Eastern India) "E"
4. Delhi FIR (Northern India) is identified by "I"
5. Madras FIR (Southern India) is identified by "O"

 Indicators:
 NDB - 2 or 3 capital letters
 VOR - 3 capital letters
 ILS - 4 capital letters starting with “I”
 Aerodromes - 4 capital letters.
 Significant points - 5 capital letters including 2 Vowels.
 Routes - at least 1 alphabet and one number from 1 to 999. Domestic – Starts with “W”
 Route designators - A, B, G, R, W
 SID and STAR - Starts with NDB / VOR Significant point indicators followed by a number
and may have alphabet suffixed
 Prohibited area - P
 Restricted area - R
 Danger area - D

Flying Areas
• Prohibited Area - Flying not permitted at any time under any circumstances.
• Restricted Area - Flying with certain restrictions is permitted.
• Danger Area – Certain dimensions in which activities that are dangerous to the flight take place in a
specified time, it is advised to avoid these areas when active. Such times are notified by NOTAM.
• Military Exercise and Training Areas –
a) Temporary Segregated Area (TSA): will not be allowed to transit.
b) Temporary Reserved Area (TRA): traffic may be allowed to transit under ATC clearance.

A single series of numbers between 501 to 999 is used for both the areas. They are identified by
codes starting with ‘TRA ‘or ‘TSA ‘followed by number from 500 to 999 and name of the place.

The allocation of numbers is according to the following:

 1. Mumbai: 501 to 600
2. Kolkata: 601 to 700
3. Delhi: 701 to 800
4. Chennai: 801 to 900
5. Reserved for Future use: 901 to 999

Local Training Flights

An area of 5Nm radius of aerodrome reference point and vertical limits upto 3000ft AGL shall be treated as
the vicinity of aerodrome for VFR flights.

Control Areas
A lower limit of a control area shall be established at a height above the ground or water of not less than
200m (700ft).

Services to an Aircraft in the event of Emergency

To indicate that it is in a state of emergency operate the equipment as follows:

a) on Mode A, Code 77 00
b) on Mode A, Code 75 00, to indicate specifically that it is being subjected to unlawful interference
c) activate the appropriate emergency and / or urgency capability of ADS
d) transmit the appropriate emergency message via CPDL C.
 Area Control Service

IFR Separation Methods Provided by ATC

1. Vertical Separation
 Altitude difference based upon CVSM and RVSM airspace.
2. Horizontal Separation
 Angular, Time and Speed difference based upon:
(a) Lateral Separation
(b) Longitudinal Separation
(c) Separation based upon ATS surveillance
3. Composite Separation
 Combination of vertical and horizontal separation
 Separation method whereby the vertical and horizontal separation may be reduced till a
maximum of half the standard criteria.
 Shall only be used on the basis of regional air navigation agreements.

Vertical Separation

• CVSM (Conventional Vertical Separation Minima)

o FL 050 to FL 140 → Quadrental Rule

o FL 150 to FL 290 → Semi- Circular Rule

o FL 300 to FL 460 → Same Track - 4000ft
Reciprocal Track - 2000ft

• RVSM (Reduced Vertical Separation Minima)

o Only from FL 290 to FL 410.
o Rest of the airspace follows separation according to CVSM.

• Cruise climb is not permitted in Indian FIR.

Horizontal Separation

I. Lateral Separation:

Angle
Distance
Navigational Aid (angular distance between a/c tracks
is at least)
At least one a/c is away from the
facility by
VOR 15
28 km/ 15 Nm
 NDB 30 28 km/ 15 Nm

DR 45 28 km/ 15 Nm

RNAV 15 28 km/ 15 Nm

Distance from a common point.

(ground distance)

Aircraft 1: VOR or GNSS

15 - 135 FL 010 – FL 190 = 28 km/ 15 Nm
Aircraft 2: GNSS

FL 200 – FL 600 = 43 km / 23 NM

II. Longitudinal Separation:

Track Angle
Same Track 45 - 135
Reciprocal Track 225 - 315
Crossing Track 315 - 45 and 135 - 225

(a) Aircraft on cursing level

Track Time
15 mins

10 mins
(if navigation aids permit frequent determination of positon and speed)
Same Track
5 mins
(a/c 1 is faster by 20 kts or more)
3 mins
(a/c 1 is faster by 40 kts or more)
15 mins
10 mins
(if navigation aids permit frequent determination of positon and speed
Crossing Track And vertical separation does not exist)
5 mins
(while vertical separation does not exist , provided that level change is commenced within
10 min of the time the 2nd a/c has reported over an exact reporting point.

(b) Aircraft climbing and descending

Track Time
Same Track 15 mins
Reciprocal Track 10 mins
15 mins
(while vertical separation does not exist)
Crossing Track 10 mins
(vertical separation does not exist and if navigation aids permit frequent determination of
positon and speed)
 5 mins
(while vertical separation does not exist, provided that level change is commenced within
10 min of the time the 2nd a/c has reported over a common point which is derived from a
navigation aid GNSS, CPDLC or a third party communication.)

(c) DME Distance or GNSS Separation

Distance Condition
20 Nm
( same level)
10 Nm
Same Track
(Same level, same track when a/c ahead is 20kts faster)
10 Nm
(a/c climbing and descending)
20 Nm
(Same level)
Crossing Track
10 Nm
(Same level, when a/c ahead is 20kts faster)

Reciprocal Track 10 NM

III. Separation based upon ATS surveillance

Based on Radar and/or ADS- B and/or MLAT systems.

a) 5 Nm - upto 60 NM from radar head.
b) 5 Nm - within 60 NM in non-radar environment only when ADS—B is used.
c) 10 Nm - beyond 60 NM from radar head.
d) 10 Nm - beyond 60 NM in non—radar environment when ADS- B Used.
e) 3 Nm - when authorised.

Mach Number Technique

• Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
• Required Communication Performance (RCP)
• Required Surveillance Performance (RSP)
• Required Surveillance Performance Specification (RSPS)
• Performance Based Communication (PBC)
• Performance Based Surveillance (PBS)
• Performance Based Navigation (PBN)
 Approach Control Service

Minimum Separation between Departing Aircraft

Time Condition
1 min Tracks diverge by at least 45 immediately after take off.
2 min Same track; preceding a/c is faster by 40kts or more.
Vertical separation does not exist; the departing a/c will be flown through the
5 min
level of the first a/c and will follow the same track.

Separation of Departing Aircraft arriving Aircraft

(a) Arriving a/c is making a complete instrument approach

Direction Condition
Until the arriving a/c has started its procedure turn or base turn leading to
Any direction
final.
When the arriving a/c has started its procedure turn or base turn leading to
Direction is at least 45 from the
final provided that take off will be made 3mins before the arriving a/c is over
reciprocal of approach track
the beginning of the instrument runway.

(b) Arriving a/c is making a straight in approach

Direction Condition
Any direction 5 mins before the arriving a/c is over the beginning of the instrument runway.
Direction is at least 45 from the 3 mins before the arriving a/c is over the beginning of the instrument runway.
reciprocal of approach track Before the arriving a/c has crossed a certain fix on the approach track.

Procedures for Arriving Aircraft

• At aerodrome where STARs (Standard Instrument Arrivals) and SIDs (Standard Instrument Departures)
have been established, arriving aircraft should normally be clear to follow the appropriate STAR.
• Visual Approach:
Is an approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not
completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrain.
• Expected Approach Time (EAT):
o Shall be determined for an a/c that will be subjected to delay of 10 mins or more.
o A revised EAT shall be transmitted to the a/c without delay whenever it differs from that
previously transmitted by 5mins
Information for Arriving Aircraft

• As early as practicable after an aircraft has established communication with the unit providing
approach control service, the following information, in the order listed, shall be transmitted to the
aircraft, with the exception of such elements which it is known the aircraft has already received:
(1) type of approach and runway-in-use.
(2) meteorological information, as follows:
(3) current runway surface conditions, in case of precipitants or other temporary hazards.
(4) changes in the operational status of visual and non-visual aids essential for approach
and landing.

• At the commencement of the final approach, the following information, shall be transmitted to the
aircraft:
o significant changes in the mean surface wind direction and speed. Significant changes are:
Mean head-wind component: 10 kt
Mean tail-wind component: 2 kt
Mean cross-wind component: 5 kt
 Procedures for
Aerodrome Control Service

Function of Aerodrome Control Towers

• Issues information and clearances to A/c under the control of towers to achieve safe, orderly and
expeditious flow of air traffic on and in the vicinity of on aerodrome with the effect of preventing
collisions:
a) aircraft flying within the designated area of responsibility of the control tower, including the
aerodrome traffic circuits.
b) aircraft operating on the manoeuvring area.
c) aircraft landing and taking off.
d) aircraft and vehicles operating on the manoeuvring area.
e) aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area.

• The function of an aerodrome controller may be performed by different control or working positions,
such as:
a) Aerodrome Controller- responsible for operations on the runway and aircraft flying within the
area of responsibility of the aerodrome control tower.
b) Ground Controller - responsible for traffic on the manoeuvring area with the exception of
runways.
c) Clearance Delivery Position- responsible for delivery of start-up and ATC clearance to
departing IFR flights.

Alerting Services provided by Aerodrome Control Towers

Aerodrome control towers are responsible for alerting the rescue and firefighting services whenever:

a) an aircraft accident has occurred on or in the vicinity of the aerodrome.

b) information is received that the safety of an aircraft which is or will come under the
jurisdiction of the aerodrome control tower may have or has been impaired.
c) requested by the flight crew.
d) when otherwise deemed necessary or desirable.

Control of Aerodrome Traffic

• Designated positions of a/c in the aerodrome traffic and taxi circuits:
 • Traffic on the manoeuvring area, control of taxiing a/c
o Taxi Clarence
Taxi clearances shall contain concise instructions and adequate information so as to assist the
a/c to follow the correct
taxi routes,
to avoid collision with other aircraft or objects and
to minimize the potential for the aircraft inadvertently entering an active runway.

Information to Aircraft by Aerodrome Control Towers

• Aerodrome and Metrological Information
Prior to taxiing for take-off, aircraft shall have the following information:
a) the runway to be used
b) the surface wind direction and speed, including significant variations
c) the QNH and the QFE altimeter setting;
d) the air temperature for the runway to be used, in the case of turbine-engine aircraft;
e) the visibility representative of the direction of take-off and initial climb, if less than 10 km, or,
when applicable, the RVR value(s) for the runway to be used;
f) the correct time.

• Prior to take-off aircraft shall be advised of:

a) any significant changes in the surface wind direction and speed, the air temperature, and the
visibility or RVR value(s)
b) significant meteorological conditions in the take-off and climb-out area, except

• Prior to entering the traffic circuit or commencing its approach to land, an aircraft shall be provided
with the following
a) the runway to be used.
b) the surface wind direction and speed, including significant variations there from.
c) the QNH altimeter setting and, either on a regular basis in accordance with local
arrangements or, if so requested by the aircraft, the QFE altimeter setting.

• Essential Local Traffic Information

Essential local traffic shall be considered to consist of any aircraft, vehicle or personnel on or near the
manoeuvring area or traffic operating in the vicinity of the aerodrome, which may constitute a hazard
to the aircraft concerned.

• Uncertainty of position on the manoeuvring area

a) A pilot in doubt as to the position of the aircraft with respect to the manoeuvring
1) Stop the aircraft
2) Simultaneously notify the appropriate ATS unit of the circumstances (including the
last known position)
b) where a pilot is in doubt as to the position of the aircraft with respect to the manoeuvring
area, but recognizes that the aircraft is on a runway, the pilot shall immediately:
1) Notify the appropriate ATS unit of the circumstances (including the last known
position).
2) If able to locate a nearby suitable taxiway, vacate the runway as expeditiously as
possible, unless otherwise instructed by the ATS unit; and then,
3) Stop the aircraft.
Suspension of Visual Flight Rules Operations

• Any or all VFR operations on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome may be suspended by any of the
following units, persons or authorities whenever safety requires such action:
a) the approach control unit or the appropriate ACC
b) the aerodrome control tower
• The following procedures shall be observed by the aerodrome control tower whenever VFR operations
are suspended:
a) hold all VFR departures;
b) recall all local flights operating under VFR or obtain approval for special VFR operations
c) notify the approach control unit or ACC as appropriate of the action taken
d) notify all operators, or their designated representatives, of the reason for taking such action

Aeronautical Ground Lights

All aeronautical ground lights shall be operated:

1) Sunset to sunrise.
2) Sunrise to sunset if visibility ≤ 3000 m
3) When requested by the. Pilot.
4) Any other time lased on met conditions.

Wind Shear Advisories

• It is low level wind shear', occurring from the surface to a height of approximately 1500 feet, which
can cause problems on the final stages of approach of a/c.
• Designation of Hotspot: The hot spot(s) shall be chartered in accordance with Annex 4.
• Coefficient of Friction:
It has been found necessary to provide assessed surface condition information, including estimated
surface friction, for each third of a runway. When giving landing information to a pilot before landing,
the sections are referred to as first, second or third part of the runway. The first part always means
the first third of the runway as seen in the direction of landing.
 Use of Air Traffic Service
Surveillance System

• ATS surveillance system (is a generic term) is used for identification of a/c by the means of any of
these; ADS- B, PSR, SSR, or any comparable ground based system.

• PSR:
o Primary Surveillance Radar
o PSR systems should be used in circumstances where other ATS surveillance systems alone
would not meet the air traffic services requirements.

• SSR:
o Secondary Surveillance Radar
o SSR systems, especially those utilizing mono-pulse techniques or having Mode S capability, or
MLAT may be used alone, including in the provision of separation between aircraft, provided:
a) the carriage of SSR transponders is mandatory within the area
b) identification is established and maintained.

• ADS - B:
o Automatic Dependent Surveillance -Broadcast
o like PSR, SSR, it allows ATC to automatically and repeatedly access data form all equipped a/c
within range.

• ADS - C:
o Use the same system on board the a/c to automatically transmit similar information only to
one or more specific ATSU (Air Traffic Service Unit) or AOC (Aeronautical Operation Control)
for surveillance and rote conformance monitoring.

• MLAT:
o Multilateration
o locate a/c using Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA).
o Employs a number of ground station which are placed in strategic locations around an airport
o It does not require additional avionic equipment as it use replies from mode A, C and S
Transponders as well or military IFF and ADS-B Transponders.

• Radar Application’s:
o Improved accuracy.
o To reduce minimum separation between a/c.
o Radar vectors will be related to Magnetic Heading only.
o Radar control service – for a/c operating within controlled airspace.
o Radar advisory service – for a/c operating in class F airspace
o Radar flight information service – for identified a/c in any part of FIR.
• Separation based on ATS surveillance systems in India
o 5Nm- horizontal separation upto 60 Nm from radar head
o 10 Nm- horizontal separation beyond 60 NM from radar head

• Separation Minima Based on ATS surveillance system (ICAO):

o 5Nm - Separation minimum based on radar and/or ADS – B and/or MLAT systems
o 3Nm - when radar and/or ADS – B and/or MLAT capabilities at a given location so permits
o 2.5Nm - between succeeding aircraft which are established on the same final approach track
within 18.5 km.
o Mode S - irrespective of Radar position.

• Procedures for operation of Transponder:

o Transponder not be operated or ground except for the time when entering runway or vacating
runway to avoid Interference.

• Verification of accuracy of altitude obtained from Mode C or ADS-B:

o all aircraft must report the level on contact with the radar unit to facilitate the verification of
altitude.
o if the display of information is not within the approved tolerance
300’ - Mode C
100’ - Mode S
The pilot is advised to check his pressure settings and confirm his level Verification of accuracy
of mode C derrived level information / ADS -B altitude data transmits.
o Tolerance of pressure altitude
- level info displayed in RVSM = ±200 ft
- In other airspace = ±300 ft
o Report level/altitude on first contact with radar to facilitate verification of mode C altitude
information.
 Aeronautical Information Service

▪ The object of Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) is to ensure the flow of aeronautical data and
information necessary for global Air Traffic Management (ATM) system safety, regularity, economy
and efficiency in an environmentally sustainable manner.
▪ Responsibilities and Functions
- AIS (except AIC) published by AAI (Airport Authority of India)
- AIC (Aeronautical Information Circulars) published by DGCA.

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

• Satisfies international requirements for the exchange of aeronautical information of a lasting
character i.e. permanent nature and long duration temporary changes, essential to air navigation.

Specifications for AIP Amendments:

• Permanent changes shall be published as AIP amendments
• When AIP amendment will not be published at a given interval or date, NIL notification shall be given
in NOTAM.

Specifications for AIP Supplements:

• Temporary changes of long duration (3months or longer) are published here.

Electronic AIP (eAIP)

• Displayed on a computer

Notice to Air Man (NOTAM)

• Issued when operations of a/c are affected.
• At least 7 days advance notice of the activation of established danger, restricted, prohibited areas and
airspace restrictions.
• 24 hr notice to permit timely completion of the notification process.
• NOTAM (N)- NOTAM New
NOTAM (R)- NOTAM Replacement
NOTAM (C)- Cancellation of NOTAM

Trigger NOTAM
• Serves as a reminder in the Pre- Flight Information Bulletin (PIB) for the forthcoming operationally
significant change in AIP.

General Specifications
• SNOWTAM: Information regarding snow, slush, ice and sanding water on aerodrome.
• ASHTAM: Information concerning volcanic activity and a volcanic ash cloud. In Red font.
Aeronautical Information Regulation And Control (AIRAC)
• Information about establishment, withdrawal, or significant changes upon a series of common
effective dates at intervals of 28 days.

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

• Basic aviation document intended to satisfy international requirements for the exchange for
permanent aeronautical information and long duration temporary changes.
• Parts of AIP
1) Part 1- General (Gen)
2) Part 2- En-route (ENR)
3) Part 3- Aerodrome (AD)

Part 1: General
1. National regulation and Requirements
2. Tables and Codes
3. Services
4. Air Traffic Services
5. Communication Services
6. Metrological Services
7. Search and Rescue

Part 2: En-route
1. General Rules and Procedures
2. FIR / CTA /TMA, Other Regulated Airspace
3. Radio Navigation Aids/Systems
4. Navigational Warnings

Part 3: Aerodrome
1. Aerodrome/Helicopters - Introduction
2. Aerodrome/Helicopters Availability
3. Rescue and Fire Fighting Services and Snow Plan
4. List of Aerodrome, Heliports, water Aerodromes
5. Grouping of Aerodromes / Heliports
6. Status of Aerodrome Licencing
7. Aerodrome

NOTAM and PIB

1. Series A: for more than 2hrs
2. Series B: more than 30mins but less than 2hrs
3. Series C: domestic flights only
4. Series D: military controlled airfields
5. Series G: general a/c; operated only by international NOTAM office; serial number starts from
No.0000UTC as of 1st January every year.
 Search and Rescue

▪ To render assistance to persons in distress.

▪ Services are provided on 24hr basis.
▪ For portions of high seas and undetermined sovereignty Search and Rescue shall be done according to
the Regional Air Navigation Agreements.

National Provisions

• Search and rescue in India is provided by the following organisations:

Region Organisation for SAR Notes
Indian SSR Indian Government
Land Areas NASARCC Secretary, ministry of Civil Aviation as
(National Aeronautical Search and its chairman.
Rescue Coordination Committee)
Oceanic Areas NMSARB Director General, Indian Coast guard
(National Maritime SAR Board)

• AAI provides SAR over Indian regions (excluding the oceanic sectors) in coordination with SAR
agencies.

Delhi FIR

AAI
coordinates
Mumbai FIR SAR through Kolkata FIR
coordination
centers at

Chennai FIR

• In high seas,
SAR provided by through 3 MRCCs 1. Mumbai
Indian Coast located at 2. Chennai
Guard 3. Port Blair
Search and Rescue Equipment

• Many vessels can communicate with an a/c on the following frequencies:

1. 121.5 MHz
2. 2182 kHz
3. 4125 kHz

• Colours of Survival Equipment containers, dropped by SAR:

a) Food and Water - Blue
b) First Aid - Red
c) Blanket - Yellow
d) Arms - Black

Operating procedures

• Procedures for PIC at the Scene of Accident:

Keep the a/c in distress in sight until compelled to leave the scene or advised by the rescue
coordination centre that it is no longer necessary.

• If the first a/c to reach the scene of an accident is not a search and rescue a/c, it shall take charge of
on scene activities of all other a/c subsequently after the first SAR a/c reaches the scene of accident.

• Procedures for a PIC who intercepts a distress transmission:

a) Acknowledge the transmission.
b) Record the position of a/c in distress.
c) Take a bearing on the transmission.
d) Inform the appropriate rescue coordination centre or ATS unit.
e) While awaiting instructions, proceed to the position given.

Search and Rescue Signals

• Signals with Surface Craft:

When an a/c wishes to direct a surface craft towards an a/c or a surface craft in distress:
a) Circle the surface craft at least once.
b) Crossing the projected course of the surface craft close ahead at low altitude and
1) Rock the wings
2) Opening and closing the throttle Due to high noise these two are
3) Changing the propeller pitch less affective and are alternatives
for the first.

• Ground air Visual signal code for use by Survivors:

 • Ground air Visual signal code for use by Rescue Units:
o Symbols shall be 8feet tall
o Symbols maybe formed by any means fabric, wood, stones, staining with oil etc.
o Attention to the signals maybe attracted by radio, flares, smoke and reflected light.

• Air to ground signals

o In daylight - by rocking a/c wings
o In darkness - flashing on and off a/c landing lights or navigation lights.

Satellite Aided Search and Rescue

• Operates on 406 MHz
• Location accuracy within 5km
• Under this programme two local user terminal have been established in Bangalore and Lucknow.