Squatter Settlement

Guiding questions
1. What are squatter settlements, and

where are they located?
2. What are the problems associated
with them?
3. Are they a symbol of failure of good
planning and leadership - is it always
a negative entity?
What are squatter settlements?
A group of individuals living under the same roof in an
urban area who
lack one or more of the following:
1. Durable housing of a permanent nature
2. Sufficient living space
3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts
4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet
5. Legal rights to housing
- UN Habitat Definition
Where are squatters located?
Overview of problems
Env Social & Economic Political

Wellbeing
Urban Vulnerabilities
magnified by Securing
overspills Employment legal
slum’s interaction Corporation -
Public Access to housing Slum
with nat & mn Health Education
hazard rights
Formal –
Informal
Gender
Environment
Interaction with Natural &

Urban Overspills Manmade hazard
Loss in arable Man encroaching Floods, Bad

land into nature Fire, Toxic Waste
Geology
Slums of Hanoi
Urban Overspill in Hanoi – Loss in
agriculture
Annual urban growth of 6% -> 41% of urban

population live in slums
– 9 million Vietnamese
Rapid land use change  Peri-urban agriculture

reduction in arable land in contaminated by toxics
peripheral areas of Hanoi (1/3 found in human and
converted into built-up areas) animal manure.
Urban Overspill – whose encroachment
Man encroaching into
nature spaces
‘Invasion’ into ecological

sanctuaries
Tensions in Man – Nature

relationship
Nature’s response
Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Bombay
Environment
Natural & Manmade

Urban Overspills hazards
Man encroaching Loss in arable Floods, Bad

Fire, Toxic Waste
into nature land Geology
Presence of slums aggravates natural and
manmade hazards
Manmade hazards
Tudor Shaft, Johannesburg
Previously, gold mining activities creates mining

waste (uranium rocks)  radioactive tailings
Radioactivity level x32times more than limit allowed
Enters groundwater and river system
Establishment of squatter settlements

Natural -
Bad Geology
‘Caracas Valley’, Venezula
Natural factors:
Unstable hillsides, seismically active valley
Establishment of informal settlements (human

activities) -> greater surface pressure
Destabilization of hill  Increase in major landslides

and slope failures
Natural –
Flooding
Flooding in Slums of Manila
Natural factors:
Increase in frequency of
tropical storms. Philippines
located at the Typhoon Belt
+ Pacific Ring of Fire
+
Interaction with squatters:
Garbage clogged
waterways. Crammed
alleyways.
=?
Social &
Wellbeing
Access to Public Health

education
Contamination Spread of
Infectious Clean
of resources sanitation
diseases
Contamination of potable water
supply
Situation + Response
Kibera Slums, Nairobi
PRIVATISATION OF WATER
Privatization of water
Spread of vector borne & infectious
diseases
Diseases affecting squatter
settlements
1. Water-borne diseases - contamination of
water supply with raw sewage
2. Vector-borne infectious diseases -- living

environment & carried by hosts
Implications on gender equality
Lack of toilets & privacy  ?
Sanitation facilities in India
Lacking in
functional
common toilet
lacking in toilets
for girls
presence of
functional female
toilets
Link between sanitation facilities and
school drop outs
Lack of sanitation facilities -> inconvenience &

embarrassment
Religious Taboos  social stigmas
A taboo is defined as that which is “always seen as

symbolically dangerous or otherwise defiling” (Delaney
1976:4)
Importance of providing better sanitation facilities
Bridging the education gap 
• Economic benefits: increase in GDP,

higher labour force participation
• Social benefits: gender equality, good

family planning
Informal slum economy
• “Self-created special economic zone (SEZ)

for the poor”
• Exists outside government oversight, help

or encouragement
• “Every slum has its businesses. Every kind

of business is there in the slums.”
–Mr Mobin, Dharavi Millionaire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Im0tHRs
9Bng
Dharavi, Mumbai
90% employment rates, 1 million

people
Lower crime rates than wealthier,

less dense areas
Annual economic output of $500

million
Dharavi Redevelopment Plan –

http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=f7y9WoGwJJI
Conference of the Parties
starring
Rakesh, 24
Leather Worker
US$65/month + US$11/month
Shares 2 rooms with 5 others
Arockia, 18
College student
Family income $196/month
Lives with 8 family members
over 2 floors
Vimla, 27
Domestic maid, Flower band
maker
Has 4 children
$22/month
Hut by railway tracks with no
toilet or water
Esakkiamal, 40
Housewife
Has 3 sons all of whom are
studying
Lives on 1 floor, rents out the
other for $11/month
Janjibhai, 45
Pottery worker
$260/month, no $ during monsoon
Stays with family of 5
Selvaraj, 46
Aircraft engineer for Jet Airways

$260/month
Lives in 1 room with wife & son
https://todaysmeet.com/DharaviSlum

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Guiding questions

1. What are squatter settlements, and

1. Durable housing of a permanent nature

2. Sufficient living space

3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts

4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet

5. Legal rights to housing

Env Social & Economic Political

Interaction with Natural &

Loss in arable Man encroaching Floods, Bad

Annual urban growth of 6% -> 41% of urban

Rapid land use change  Peri-urban agriculture

‘Invasion’ into ecological

Tensions in Man – Nature

Natural & Manmade

Man encroaching Loss in arable Floods, Bad

Previously, gold mining activities creates mining

Radioactivity level x32times more than limit allowed

Enters groundwater and river system

Establishment of squatter settlements

Unstable hillsides, seismically active valley

Establishment of informal settlements (human

Destabilization of hill  Increase in major landslides

Access to Public Health

2. Vector-borne infectious diseases -- living

Lack of sanitation facilities -> inconvenience &

Religious Taboos  social stigmas

A taboo is defined as that which is “always seen as

Bridging the education gap 

• Economic benefits: increase in GDP,

• Social benefits: gender equality, good

• “Self-created special economic zone (SEZ)

• Exists outside government oversight, help

• “Every slum has its businesses. Every kind

90% employment rates, 1 million

Lower crime rates than wealthier,

Annual economic output of $500

Aircraft engineer for Jet Airways

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