Chapter 1 Introduction to IoT

Definition

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

https://www.oracle.com/in/internet-of-things/what-is-iot/

Characteristics of IoT

1. Connectivity
Connectivity is an essential feature of IoT. IoT lets you connect mobile phones, laptops, and
other internet devices. Any person can get information about anything at any time and place.

IoT can connect through several wireless devices, like sensors, mobile phones, trackers, etc.
This way, the person will not have to wait for an internet connection to operate a device.

2. Identity of Things
The collaboration of name and number gives an identity to an internet device. Giving an
identity to the device is an essential aspect of loT. Identity helps to differentiate between
various internet devices and select the device we want to send the command.

Every device needs a different controlling power based on the type of data provided. It is
essential to give a unique identity to every device so that we can set up passwords or other
security means. For example, fingerprints, face recognition IP addresses, and Face lock
systems are several means of security given to the different identified devices to protect them.

3. Intelligence
The intelligence of IoT devices depends on the sensors' intelligence. The sensors send the data
to the user for further analysis.

We need to update the IoT devices regularly to get the smart work done. It adds to their
features and makes them smarter.

4. Dynamic
We need to create IoT devices in a way that they can adapt to the environment. For example,
an AC should have a sensor that can send a signal to the cloud and adjust it to the premises of
the place. Similarly, the camera can easily click photographs by adjusting to light situations,
like day and night.

5. Scalability
Scalability means the amount of data one can handle efficiently. The IoT has created a setup to
handle enormous data and generate useful analysis.
6. Self Upgradation
As we saw above, updating the software regularly is important. But who has the time to
remember to do that? Thus, with its artificial intelligence, IoT upgrades itself without human
help. It also allows the set up of a network for the addition of any new IoT devices. Thus, the
technology can quickly start working without delay if the setup has already been done.

7. Architecture
The architecture of IoT is designed in a way that it is capable of supporting various devices,
technologies, and protocols. Its main work is to confirm whether each connected device does
not interfere with the other. This way, the safety and security of each device's data are
maintained.

8. Security
With the increasing number of IoT devices, issues regarding the security of personal data have
arisen. There might be a chance of data leakage as a large amount of data is collected,
exchanged, and generated. There is a chance of personal data being transferred without
approval, which is a matter of concern.

To overcome this challenge, IoT has created networks, systems, and devices wherein privacy is
well maintained. Maintaining safety and security is a big dare for IoT. However, it still handles
it without any disruption.

9. Network
With the increasing number of IoT devices in a network, it becomes difficult to maintain
communication for proper functioning. However, cloud service and gateway are a few
methods that can solve such problems.

Often, one device can use the connectivity of another device to establish network connectivity
even if the second device is not connected to a network. Because IoT devices can communicate
with one another, it is more effective and adaptable than other current technologies.

10. Data
The data gathered from IoT devices are analyzed for future prediction. For example, a calorie
meter. It helps to regulate the number of calories each day. We also have fitness data,
thermostats, and various devices that monitor our health. Therefore, we can use the data
collected through these devices.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-characteristics-of-internet-of-things-iot
conceptual framework of iot
1. Sensing Layer –

The sensing layer is the first layer of the IoT architecture and is responsible for
collecting data from different sources. This layer includes sensors and actuators that
are placed in the environment to gather information about temperature, humidity,
light, sound, and other physical parameters. These devices are connected to the
network layer through wired or wireless communication protocols.

2. Network Layer –

The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing communication

and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes protocols and
technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each other and with
the wider internet. Examples of network technologies that are commonly used in IoT
include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G. Additionally,
the network layer may include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries
between devices and the wider internet, and may also include security features such as
encryption and authentication to protect against unauthorized access.

3. Data processing Layer –

The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software and hardware
components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from
IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from the devices,
processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action.The data processing
layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such as data management systems,
analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms. These tools are used to extract
meaningful insights from the data and make decisions based on that data.Example of a
technology used in the data processing layer is a data lake, which is a centralized
repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.

4. Application Layer
 –
The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that interacts directly
with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and
functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices.This layer includes
various software and applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and other user
interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure. It also
includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and systems to
communicate and share data seamlessly.The application layer also includes analytics
and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed into
meaningful insights. This can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization
tools, and other advanced analytics capabilities.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/architecture-of-internet-of-things-iot/

Physical Design of IOT- The Internet of Things will become part of the fabric of everyday life.
It will become part of our overall infrastructure just like water, electricity, telephone, TV and
most recently the Internet. Whereas the current Internet typically connects full-scale
computers, the Internet of Things (as part of the Future Internet) will connect everyday
objects with a strong integration into the physical world.

1.Plug and Play Integration

·If we look at IoT-related technology available today, there is a huge heterogeneity. It is
typically deployed for very specific purposes and the configure requires significant technical
knowledge and may be cumbersome. To achieve a true Internet of Things we need to move
away from such small- scale, vertical application silos, towards a horizontal infrastructure on
which a variety of applications can run simultaneously. This is only possible if connecting a
thing to the Internet of Things becomes as simple as plugging it in and switching it on. Such
plug and play functionality requires an infrastructure that supports it, starting from the
networking level and going beyond it to the application level. This is closely related to the
aspects discussed in the section on autonomy.

·On the networking level, the plug & play functionality has to enable the communication,
features like the ones provided by IPv6 are in the directions to help in this process. Suitable
infrastructure components have then to be discovered to enable the integration into the
Internet of Things. This includes announcing the functionalities provided, such as what can be
sensed or what can be actuated.

2.Infrastructure Functionality-The infrastructure needs to support applications in finding

the things required. An application may run anywhere, including on the things themselves.
Finding things is not limited to the start-up time of an application. Automatic adaptation is
needed whenever relevant new things become available, things become unavailable or the
status of things changes. The infrastructure has to support the monitoring of such changes
and the adaptation that is required as a result of the changes.
3.Semantic Modeling of Things-To reach the full potential of the Internet of Things, semantic
information regarding the things, the information they can provide or the actuations they can
perform need to be available. It is not sufficient to know that there is a temperature sensor or
an electric motor, but it is important to know which temperature the sensor measures: the
indoor temperature of a room or the temperature of the fridge, and that the electric motor can
open or close the blinds or move something to a different location. As it may not be possible to
provide such semantic information by simply switching on the thing, the infrastructure should
make adding it easy for users. Also, it may be possible to derive semantic information, given
some basic information and additional knowledge, e.g. deriving information about a room,
based on the information that a certain sensor is located in the room. This should be enabled
by the infrastructure.

4.Physical Location and Position-As the Internet of Things is strongly rooted in the
physical world, the notion of physical location and position are very important,
especially for finding things, but also for deriving knowledge. Therefore, the
infrastructure has to support finding things according to location (e.g. geo-location based
discovery). Taking mobility into account, localization technologies will play an important
role for the Internet of Things and may become embedded into the infrastructure of the
Internet of Things.
5. Security and Privacy-In addition, an infrastructure needs to provide support for security
and privacy functions including identification, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation
authentication and authorization. Here the heterogeneity and the need for interoperability
among different ICT systems deployed in the infrastructure and the resource limitations of
IoT devices (e.g., Nano sensors) have to be taken into account.

Logical design of IOT-

·The Logical design of IoT is however too abstract to be used for building directly concrete
architectures. In order to implement a compliant IoT solutions, Reference Architectures must
be defined, describing essential building blocks as well as design choices able to select
specific constructs able to deal with converging requirements regarding functionality,
performance, deployment and security, to name a few. Interfaces among different
technological functional blocks should be standardized; best practices in terms of
functionality and information usage need to be provided.

·Existing literature provides methodologies for dealing with system architectures (hereafter
called Concrete Architectures) based on Views and Perspectives. The way that the IoT-A
project illustrates the Reference Architecture (RA) is through a matrix that provides clear
technological choices in order to develop concrete architectures. To establish the contents of
this matrix we need to analyze all possible functionalities, mechanisms and protocols that
can be used for building any concrete IoT-related architecture and to show how
interconnections could take place between selected design and technological choices. A
system architect should then have a tool to make a rational selection of protocols, functional
components, and architectural options, needed to build specific IoT systems.

·The IoT-A project sees views as a representation of one or more structural aspects of an
architecture that illustrates how the architecture addresses one or more concerns held by one
or more of its stakeholders. Some typical examples for viewpoints are Functional, Information,
Concurrency, Development, Deployment and Operational viewpoints. However, architectural
decisions often address concerns that are common to more than one view. These concerns are
often related to non-functional or quality properties.

·The approach that the project is following is to define special perspectives to address these
aspects of a concrete architecture, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder requirements.
Therefore we are define a perspective as a collection of activities, tactics, and guidelines that
are used to ensure that a system exhibits a particular set of related quality properties that
require consideration across a number of the system’s architectural views, where a quality
property is defined as an externally visible, non-functional property of a system such as
performance, security, or scalability.

Fig. 1.4 IoT Logical View

IOT applications-Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse, permeating into
practically all areas of every-day life of individuals, enterprises, and society as a whole. The
IoT application covers smart environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation,
Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User
interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy. Below are some of the IoT
applications.

·IOsL (Internet of smart living)-Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off

remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy, Weather: Displays outdoor weather
conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability
to transmit data over long distances, “mart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen
telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the
information available on a Smartphone app. Washing machines allowing you to monitor the
laundry remotely, and. Kitchen ranges with interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely
adjustable temperature control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature, Safety
Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their daily life at
home, Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations
to prevent intruders, Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption
monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources.

·IOsC ( Internet of smart cities)-Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material

conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments, Lightning: intelligent and
weather adaptive lighting in street lights, Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control
management, public announcement systems, Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent
High-ways with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and
unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams, Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of
parking spaces availability in the city making residents able to identify and reserve the
closest available spaces, Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to
optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the
sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.

·IOsE (Internet of smart environment)-Air Pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions

of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms, Forest Fire
Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to define alert
zones, Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity, temperature,
pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection, Water Quality: Study of water
suitability in rivers and the sea for eligibility in drinkable use, River Floods: Monitoring of
water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs during rainy days, Protecting wildlife:
Tracking collars utilizing GPS/GSM modules to locate and track wild animals and
communicate their coordinates via SMS.

·IOsI (Internet of smart industry)-Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels
and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside
mines, Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers
and goods safety, Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and Cisterns,
Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions and service
maintenance can be automatically scheduled ahead of an actual part failure by installing
sensors inside equipment to monitor and send reports.

·IOsH (Internet of smart health)-Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of

patients inside hospitals and in old people’s home, Medical Fridges: Control of conditions
inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and organic elements, Fall Detection: Assistance
for elderly or disabled people living independent, Dental: Bluetooth connected toothbrush
with Smartphone app analyzes the brushing uses and gives information on the brushing
habits on the Smartphone for private information or for showing statistics to the dentist,
Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the mattress sensing small
motions, like breathing and heart rate and large motions caused by tossing and turning
during sleep, providing data available through an app on the Smartphone.
·IOsE (internet of smart energy)-Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and
management, Wind Turbines/ Power house: Monitoring and analyzing the flow of energy
from wind turbines & power house, and two-way communication with consumers’ smart
meters to analyze consumptionpatterns, Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC
power supplies that determines required energy, and improve energy efficiency with less
energy waste for power supplies related to computers, telecommunications, and consumer
electronics applications, Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and optimization of
performance in solar energy plants.
· IOsA (internet of smart agriculture)-Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to
maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its quality, Compost: Control of
humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other
microbial contaminants, Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in
farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements, Offspring Care: Control of growing
conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health, field Monitoring:
Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining,
and management of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity
and watering.

https://vedveethi.co.in/eNote/IoT/CS-6005%20Unit%201%20-
%20Internet%20of%20Things.htm

IoT Functional blocks

An IoT system consists of a number of functional blocks like Devices, services, communication,
security, and application that provide the capability for sensing, actuation, identification,
communication, and management.
These functional blocks consist of devices that provide monitoring control functions, handle
communication between host and server, manage the transfer of data, secure the system using
authentication and other functions, and interface to control and monitor various terms.
Application
It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the status and
analyze of system.

Management
This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT system.
Services
This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling a device and
publishing and deleting the data and restoring the system.

Communication
This block handles the communication between the client and the cloud-based server and
sends/receives the data using protocols.

Security
This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like authorization, data
security, authentication, 2-step verification, etc.

Device
These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control functions that collect data
from the outer environment.

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What are “Smart Objects”?

Smart Objects (also known as Intelligent Objects) are objects that are equipped with
positioning and communication technologies and are integrated into a communication
network, the so called Internet of Things (IoT).

These intelligent objects can enter, store and process data and interact with other objects,
systems or people. They can be embedded or fixed in other objects and capture data about
position and sensors, as well as execute decision and control functions.
Smart Objects in the Internet of Things fill the gap between the real and the digital world and
offer new functionalities:

 Real-time Data Acquisition within the Operational Processes

 Decentralized Information Processing and Decision Making
 Independent execution of complete business processes

These functionalities create significant added value for both companies and people:

 Work Support: Supporting people by intuitive, easy-to-use devices and novel cyber-
physical services
 Digital data processing: gaining additional information about processes at shorter
intervals
 High Resolution Management: Support for planning, management and controlling
through automated data collection

https://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/ff/lv/dataanalytics/smart-object.html

Advantages in designing IoT systems based on smart objects are as follows:

1. Energy saving is one of them. Smart objects are usually powered by battery.
2. The second advantage is automation. IoT smart objects are autonomous and self-governed.
3. They operate independently and can collaborate with other objects globally.

Challenges of Using Smart Objects:

1. Smart objects are often constrained devices and are usually powered by battery.

2. Frequently they are working in real-time mode. These are the main causes of the
challenges.

3. Other challenge is connectivity. Currently a large number of networking technologies are

being employed in connecting physical devices together and to the Internet.
4. Security and privacy is of big concern for smart object based loT systems.

5. Diversity of communication technologies: Depending on the application and the

environment in which the system is deployed, smart objects can use a wide range of
communication technologies.

Classification of Smart objects : Smart objects are categorized as :

 Mobile or Static – This classification is predicated on whether the “thing” should move
or always reside in the identical location. A sensor might also be cell due to the fact it is
moved from one object to some other (Example, a viscosity sensor moved from batch to
 batch in a chemical plant) or due to the fact it is connected to a transferring object
(Example, an area sensor on transferring items in a warehouse or manufacturing unit
floor). The frequency of the movement may additionally vary, from occasional to
permanent. The range of mobility (from some inches to miles away) often drives the
possible power source.
 Low or Excessive Reporting Frequency – This classification is primarily based on
how regularly the object must report monitored parameters. A rust sensor can also
report values as soon as a month. A motion sensor can also report acceleration at
various hundred instances per second. Higher frequencies force greater strength
consumption, which can also create constraints on the feasible strength supply (and
consequently the object mobility) and the transmission range.
 Battery-Powered or Power-Connected – This classification is primarily based on
whether or not the object incorporates its very own energy supply or receives non-stop
power from an exterior power source. Battery-powered matters can be moved greater
without difficulty than line-powered objects. However, batteries restrict the lifetime
and quantity of power that the object is allowed to consume, for this reason, riding
transmission varies and frequency.
 Simple or Rich Data – This classification is based totally on the extent of records
exchanged at every reporting cycle. A humidity sensor in an area can also report an
easy daily index value (on a binary scale from zero to 255), whilst an engine sensor
may also record various parameters, including temperature to pressure, compression
speed, carbon index, etc. Richer records normally drive greater strength consumption.
This classification is regularly mixed with the preceding to decide the object
information throughput (low throughput to excessive throughput). A medium-
throughput object may additionally ship easy records at as an alternative high
frequency (in which case the glide shape appears continuous) or may additionally send
prosperous information at as a substitute low frequency (in which case the flow shape
appears bursty).
 Object Density Per Cell – This classification is based totally on the number of smart
objects (with a comparable need to communicate) over a given area, linked to the
identical gateway. An oil pipeline can also make use of a single sensor at key places
every few miles. By contrast, telescopes like the SETI Colossus telescope at the Whipple
Observatory set up hundreds, and occasionally thousands, of mirrors over a small area,
each with more than one gyroscopes, gravity, and vibration sensors.
 Report Range – This classification is primarily based on the distance at which the
gateway is located. For example, for your fitness band to speak with your phone, it
desires to be positioned a few meters away at most. The assumption is that your
smartphone needs to be at a visible distance for you to seek advice from the said
records on the smartphone screen. If the phone is a long way away, you commonly do
not use it, and reporting records from the band to the phone is now not necessary. By
contrast, a moisture sensor in the asphalt of a street might also want to speak with its
reader numerous hundred meters or even kilometres away.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classification-of-smart-objects/