Arduino UNO

The Arduino UNO is a popular microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It is widely used for
various electronics projects and prototyping. Here are some key features and specifications:
Microcontroller: ATmega328P
Operating Voltage: 5V
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB is used by the bootloader
SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
The Arduino UNO is part of the Arduino family of boards and is known for its ease of use and
large community support. It can be programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment
(IDE), which is available for Windows, mac OS, and Linux. The board is often used in educational
settings, hobbyist projects, and even some professional applications due to its simplicity and versatility.

Hardware Overview

1. Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino UNO is the ATmega328P microcontroller, which
includes all the necessary components to operate and interface with various peripherals.
2. Digital I/O Pins: There are 14 digital input/output pins (D0 to D13), six of which can be used as
PWM outputs (pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11).
3. Analog Input Pins: There are 6 analog inputs (A0 to A5), each providing 10 bits of resolution
(i.e., 1024 different values).
4. Power Jack: The board can be powered via a USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.
5. Reset Button: Allows you to reset the board manually.
6. USB Connection: Used for power, programming, and serial communication with the computer.

Communication

 Serial Communication: The UNO has a serial communication interface (UART) via digital pins
0 (RX) and 1 (TX). It also supports serial communication over USB, which is handled by the
ATmega16U2 (on newer boards) acting as a USB-to-serial converter.
 I2C Communication: The board includes I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) communication on pins
A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL).
 SPI Communication: The board supports SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) communication,
available on pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK).

Programming

 Arduino IDE: The board is programmed using the Arduino IDE, which is based on the Processing
programming language. The environment is designed to introduce programming to artists and
other newcomers unfamiliar with software development.
  Bootloader: The UNO comes with a pre-programmed bootloader that allows you to upload new
code without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original
STK500 protocol.
 Libraries: Arduino provides a vast collection of libraries to extend the functionality of the board,
making it easier to interface with sensors, motors, displays, and more.

Power

 External Power Supply: The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
 Battery Power: It is possible to power the board with a battery, for example, a 9V battery
connected to the GND and Vin pin headers.

Shields

Arduino shields are pre-built circuit boards that fit on top of the Arduino and provide additional
functionalities like motor control, GPS, Ethernet, and more. They follow a standardized form factor to
ensure compatibility with the UNO.

Atmega328p :
Power Supply Pins

1. VCC: Digital supply voltage. This is the main power supply voltage for the microcontroller.
2. GND: Ground. There are two ground pins, which are used to complete the electrical circuit.
3. AVCC: Supply voltage for the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This pin should be connected
to VCC through a low-pass filter.
4. AREF: Analog reference. This pin is used as a reference voltage for the ADC.

Oscillator Pins

5. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier. It connects to an external clock source.
6. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. It connects to an external clock source.
Reset Pin

7. RESET: Resets the microcontroller. This pin should be held low to reset the microcontroller.

Port B (Digital I/O Pins 8-13, plus SPI)

8. PB0 - PB7 (Digital Pins 8-13): These pins are used for digital I/O and also serve special
functions.
o PB0 (ICP1/CLKO): Pin Change Interrupt 0, Timer/Counter1 input capture pin, Clock
output.
o PB1 (OC1A): Pin Change Interrupt 1, Timer/Counter1 output compare A match.
o PB2 (OC1B/SS): Pin Change Interrupt 2, Timer/Counter1 output compare B match, SPI
Slave Select.
o PB3 (OC2A/MOSI): Pin Change Interrupt 3, Timer/Counter2 output compare A match,
SPI Master Out Slave In.
o PB4 (MISO): Pin Change Interrupt 4, SPI Master In Slave Out.
o PB5 (SCK): Pin Change Interrupt 5, SPI Serial Clock.
o PB6 (TOSC1/XTAL1): Pin Change Interrupt 6, Oscillator pin 1.
o PB7 (TOSC2/XTAL2): Pin Change Interrupt 7, Oscillator pin 2.

Port C (Analog Input Pins 14-19)

14. PC0 - PC5 (Analog Pins 14-19): These pins are used for analog input and also serve special
functions.

 PC0 (ADC0): ADC input channel 0.

 PC1 (ADC1): ADC input channel 1.
 PC2 (ADC2): ADC input channel 2.
 PC3 (ADC3): ADC input channel 3.
 PC4 (ADC4/SDA): ADC input channel 4, TWI (I2C) Data.
 PC5 (ADC5/SCL): ADC input channel 5, TWI (I2C) Clock.

Port D (Digital I/O Pins 0-7)

21. PD0 - PD7 (Digital Pins 0-7): These pins are used for digital I/O and also serve special
functions.

 PD0 (RXD): Pin Change Interrupt 16, USART Receive.

 PD1 (TXD): Pin Change Interrupt 17, USART Transmit.
 PD2 (INT0): Pin Change Interrupt 18, External Interrupt 0.
 PD3 (INT1/OC2B): Pin Change Interrupt 19, External Interrupt 1, Timer/Counter2 output
compare B match.
 PD4 (XCK/T0): Pin Change Interrupt 20, External Clock Input, Timer/Counter0 external clock.
 PD5 (T1/OC0B): Pin Change Interrupt 21, Timer/Counter1 external clock, Timer/Counter0
output compare B match.
 PD6 (AIN0/OC0A): Pin Change Interrupt 22, Analog Comparator negative input,
Timer/Counter0 output compare A match.
 PD7 (AIN1): Pin Change Interrupt 23, Analog Comparator positive input.

Miscellaneous Pins

27. PC6 (RESET): Reset pin. This can be configured as a general-purpose I/O pin.
28. AVCC: Analog supply voltage. Connect this to VCC.
Special Functions

 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Some pins can output PWM signals.
 ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital values.
 USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter): For serial
communication.
 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): For high-speed synchronous data transfer.
 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): For communication with other I2C devices.
 Timers/Counters: Used for time-related functions and generating precise events.

1. Core Architecture

 8-bit RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): The ATmega328P uses an 8-bit
architecture, meaning it processes 8 bits of data at a time. RISC architecture allows for a
simplified instruction set, which can lead to faster instruction execution.

2. Memory

 Flash Memory: 32 KB for storing the program code. 512 bytes are used for the bootloader,
leaving 31.5 KB for application code.
 SRAM (Static RAM): 2 KB for storing variables and data structures used during program
execution.
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): 1 KB for storing non-
volatile data that must be preserved between power cycles.

3. Clock System

 Clock Speed: Up to 20 MHz with an external clock. Typically runs at 16 MHz on the Arduino
UNO.
 Clock Sources: Can use an internal RC oscillator or an external crystal oscillator.
4. I/O Ports

 Port B, Port C, and Port D: Each port has 8 pins, providing a total of 23 general-purpose I/O
pins. These can be configured as input or output.

5. Timers/Counters

 Timer/Counter0: 8-bit timer with PWM capability.

 Timer/Counter1: 16-bit timer with PWM capability, input capture, and output compare features.
 Timer/Counter2: 8-bit timer with PWM capability.

6. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

 ADC Channels: 6 multiplexed input channels.

 Resolution: 10-bit resolution, allowing for 1024 different values.
 Voltage Reference: Can use internal or external reference voltages.

7. USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

 Communication: Supports both synchronous and asynchronous communication.

 Baud Rates: Configurable baud rates for serial communication.

8. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

 Communication: Used for high-speed synchronous data transfer between the microcontroller
and peripherals.
 SPI Pins: MOSI (Master Out Slave In), MISO (Master In Slave Out), SCK (Serial Clock), and
SS (Slave Select).

9. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) / TWI (Two-Wire Interface)

 Communication: Used for communication with other I2C-compatible devices.

 I2C Pins: SDA (Data) and SCL (Clock).

10. Interrupts

 External Interrupts: Two external interrupt pins (INT0 and INT1).

 Pin Change Interrupts: Interrupts can be triggered on any pin change.

11. Power Management

 Sleep Modes: Various sleep modes (Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standby, and Extended Standby) to reduce power consumption.
 Brown-out Detection: Detects low voltage conditions to reset the microcontroller and prevent
erratic operation.

12. Special Features

 Watchdog Timer: A separate on-chip oscillator that can reset the microcontroller if it fails to
operate properly.
 Analog Comparator: Compares two voltages and provides a digital output.
Pin Configuration

 Port B (PB0 - PB7): Digital I/O, PWM, and SPI functionality.

 Port C (PC0 - PC6): Analog inputs (ADC), I2C, and reset.
 Port D (PD0 - PD7): Digital I/O, USART, external interrupts, and timers.