Approved Curriculum Zoology 2021

Curriculum of the Department of Zoology 2021
BS 1st
ZOL-301 Basics of Animal Life 4(3-1)

BOT-301 Diversity of Plants 3(2-1)
CHM-321 Basic Organic Chemistry 3(2-1)
ENG-321 Functional English 3(3-0)
ISL-321 Islamic Studies 2(2-0)
MIC-301 Introductory Microbiology 3(2-1)
Total 18
For Sister Departments
ZOL-303 Basics of Animal Life 3(2-1)
Title: Zol-301. Basics of Animal Life 4(3-1)

Aims and Objectives
The course aims to impart knowledge and understanding of:
a. The concept and status of Zoology in life sciences.
b. The common processes of life through its chemistry, biochemical and molecular processes.
c. The structure and function of cell organellae and how common animal cell diversified in various
tissues, organs and organ systems.
d. Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.
e. Animals and their relationship with their environment.
Course Learning Outcomes

1. Acquire the concept that different organelles, cells and tissues for the performance of a specific
function in living body.
2. Understand that diverse forms of compounds for example Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and
enzymes perform different functions are because of the diversity in chemical structure.
3. Solve the emergence of diversity of organisms for the ecosystem.
4. Analyze the requirements of diverse forms for the performance of similar function in their past
and present needs.
Course Outline
1. Place of Zoology in Science

A one-world view: genetic unity, the fundamental unit of life, evolutionary oneness and the
diversity of life, environment and world resources; what is Zoology? The classification of animals;
the scientific method.
2. The Chemical Basis of Animal Life

Atoms and elements: building blocks of all matter; compounds and molecules: aggregates of
atoms; acids, bases, and buffers; the molecules of animals: fractional account of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids based on their structural aspects.
3. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals
Introduction to Cell. Tissues: diversity in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and
nervous tissue to perform various functions. Structural integrations for functions in organs and
organ systems.
4. Energy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Forces. Energy and the laws of energy
transformation; activation energy; enzymes: structure, function and factors affecting their activity;
cofactors and coenzymes; ATP: how cells convert energy? An overview.
5. How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients:
Glycolysis: the first phase of nutrient metabolism; fermentation: “life without oxygen”; aerobic
respiration: the major source of ATP; metabolism of fats and proteins; control of metabolism; the
metabolic pool.
6. Ecology I:
Individuals and Populations Animals and their abiotic environment; populations; interspecific
interactions.
7. Ecology II:
Communities and Ecosystems Community structure and diversity; ecosystems; ecosystems of the
earth; ecological problems; human population growth, pollution, resource depletion and
biodiversity.
Practicals
1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Note: Emphasis on the concept that tests materials have been ultimately obtained from living
organisms and constituted their body.
2. Study of the prepared slides of epithelial tissue (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective
tissue (adipose, cartilage, bone, blood), nervous tissue and muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth and).
Note: Prepared microscopic and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM computer projections must
be used.
3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood.
4. Protein digestion by pepsin.
5. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.
6. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a terrestrial and an aquatic
ecosystem study).
Books Recommended
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY,

17th Edition (International), 2017. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
th
12 Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
th
3. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 10 Edition (International), 2016. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
th
4. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 6 Edition (International), 2005. Singapore:
McGraw Hill
th
4. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 5 Edition (International), 2000.
Singapore: McGraw Hill.

th
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6 Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.
th
6. Miller, S.A. GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5 Edition (International),
2002. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
7. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L., LABORATORY STUDIES IN INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES

OF ZOOLOGY. 2000. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
th
8. Molles, M.C. ECOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS. 6 Edition. 2005. McGraw
Hill, New York, USA.
Title: ZOL-303. Basics of Animal Life 3(2-1)
Aims and Objectives
The concept and status of Zoology in life sciences.
a. The common processes of life through its chemistry, biochemical and molecular processes.
b. The structure and function of cell organellae and how common animal cell diversified in various
tissues, organs and organ systems.
c. Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.
d. Animals and their relationship with their environment.

1. Acquire the concept that different organelles, cells and tissues for the performance of a specific
function in living body.
2. Understand that diverse forms of compounds for example Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and
enzymes perform different functions are because of the diversity in chemical structure.
3. Solve the emergence of diversity of organisms for the ecosystem.
and present needs.
Course Outlines
1. Place of Zoology in Science
A one-world view: genetic unity, the fundamental unit of life, evolutionary oneness and the
diversity of life, environment and world resources; what is Zoology? The classification of animals;
the scientific method. Acids, bases, and buffers; brief introduction of biomolecules like
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids based on their structural aspects.
2. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals
Structure and functions of cell membranes; various movements across membranes; cytoplasm and
its organelles like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria,
cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, centrioles and microtubules, and vacuoles based on their structural
aspects. The nucleus: nuclear envelope, chromosomes and nucleolus.
Animal tissues: diversity in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue
and functions. Organs and organ systems.
3. Energy and Enzymes:
Energy and the laws of energy transformation; activation energy.
Enzymes: structure, function and factors (pH and Temperature) affecting their activity; cofactors
and coenzymes; ATP: how cells convert energy?
4. How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients:
Glycolysis: the first phase of nutrient metabolism; fermentation: “life without oxygen”; aerobic
respiration: the major source of ATP; metabolism of fats and proteins; control of metabolism.
5. Ecology
Individuals and Populations Animals and their abiotic environment; populations; interspecific
interactions. Communities and Ecosystems Community structure and diversity; ecosystems;
ecosystems of the earth; ecological problems; human population growth, pollution, resource
depletion and biodiversity.
Practical
1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
2. Study of the prepared slides of epithelial tissue (squamous, cuboidal, and columnar), connective
tissue (adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood), nervous tissue and muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth and
cardiac).
3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood (Hemolysis and Crenation in blood cells)
4. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.
6. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a terrestrial and an aquatic
ecosystem study).
Books Recommended
1. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 4th and 5th Edition (International), 2005. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.

3. Campbell, N.A. 2002. Biology. 6th Ed. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
4. Miller, S.A. 2002. General Zoology Laboratory Manual. 5th Ed.
(International),Singapore: McGraw Hill.
5. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L. 2000. Laboratory Studies in Integrated
Principles of Zoology. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
BS 2nd
ZOL-302 Principles of Animal Life 4(3-1)
ZOL-304 Cell Biology 3(2-1)
CHM-322 Basic Inorganic Chemistry 3(2-1)
MTH-321 Algebra and Trigonometry 3(3-0)
ENG-322 English Comprehensive and Composition 3(3-0)
PST-322 Pakistan Studies 2(2-0)
Total 18
ZOL-306 Principles of Animal Life 3(2-1)
Title: ZOL-302. Principles of Animal Life 4(3-1)
Aims and Objectives

The course imparts knowledge and understanding of:
a. Cell division and its significance in cell cycle.
b. Concepts and mechanisms of inheritance pattern, chromosome and gene linkage and molecular
basics of genetics.
c. Theories of evolution, gene flow and mechanism of evolution with reference to animals and
diversity.
d. Animal behaviour and communication.
Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of the course. How cell divide and
genetic information is distributed evenly to the daughter cells, concepts and patterns of inheritance.
The students will be able to understand the Theories of evolution and different types of animal
behaviors.
Course Contents
CELL DIVISION AND INHERITANCE
Eukaryotic Chromosomes, Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes, Number of Chromosomes, The

Cell Cycle and Mitotic Cell Division, Interphase: Replicating the Hereditary Material, M-Phase:
Mitosis, M-Phase: Cytokinesis, Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction,
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
DNA: The Genetic Material, The Double Helix Model, DNA Replication in Eukaryotes, Genes in
Action, Changes in DNA and Chromosomes
Inheritance Patterns in Animals, Segregation, Independent Assortment, Other Inheritance Patterns,

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Patterns.
EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE
Pre-Darwinian Theories of Change, Darwin’s Early Years and His Journey, Early Development
of Darwin’s Ideas of Evolution, The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Microevolution,
Macroevolution, and Evidence of Macroevolutionary Change.
EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES
Populations and Gene Pools, Must Evolution Happen?, Evolutionary Mechanisms, Species and
Speciation, Rates of Evolution, Molecular Evolution, Mosaic Evolution.
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
Four approaches to animal behaviour; proximate and ultimate causes; anthropomorphism;

development of behavior; learning; control of behavior; communication; behavioral ecology;
social behavior.
Practicals
1. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.

2. Study of meiosis in grasshopper testis (students should prepare the slide).
3. Multiple alleles study in blood groups.
4. Study of karyotypes of Drosophila, mosquito.
5. Survey study of a genetic factor in population and its frequency.
6. Problem based study of Mendelian ratio in animals.
7. Study of cytochemical detection of DNA in protozoa and avian blood cell.
8. Study to demonstrate nervous or endocrine basis of behaviour (conditioned reflex or aggression

or parental behavior).
9. Study to demonstrate social behaviour (documentary film be shown, honey bee, monkey group
in a zoo).
Note for 1-2: Prepared microscopic and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM computer
projections must be used).
Books Recommended
• Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B. 2016 Zoology, 10th Edition (International), Singapore : McGraw
Hill.
• Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY,
• Campbell, N.A. Biology. 9th Ed. 2011. Menlo Park, California Benjamin/Cummings
• Kent, G.C. and Miller, S., 2001. Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates. New York:McGraw
Hill.Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B. ; 1999 , 2002., 2007, 2009, 2012 & 2016 Zoology, 5th, 10th
Edition (International), Singapore : McGraw Hill.
• Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 4th Edition (International), 2002. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
Title: ZOL-304. CELL BIOLOGY 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of the course are:-
1. To explain the basic concepts of cell biology.
2. To understand cellular structure, composition of the organelles, cell growth and cellular division.
3. To explain how macromolecules and organelles govern the dynamic organization, function of
living cells
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. ACQUIRE the basic concepts of cell biology.
2. UNDERSTAND the metabolic processes of cells in terms of cellular organelles, membranes,
and biological molecules.
3. ABILITY to understand the role of macromolecules regulating cellular processes.
4. FORMULATE the critical thinking skills and knowledge on cell.
Course Outline:
1. Cell structure and function
a. Cell theory
b. Comparison of plant and animal cells
c. Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. Cell membranes
a. Structural models
b. Chemical composition and function
3. Cell Organelles (structure and function)
a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi Bodies
c. Mitochondria
d. Lysosomes
e. Peroxysomes
f. Ribosome
4. Nucleus
a. Structure and function
b. Nuclear membrane
c. Chromatin
5. Cytoskeleton
a. Structure and types
b. Function of cytoskeleton
6. Cellular transport
a. Diffusion and osmosis
b. Facilitated and active transport
c. Endocytosis and exocytosis
7. Cellular reproduction
a. Cell cycle
b. Mitosis
c. Meiosis
Practical:
1. Microscopy
2. Staining techniques (Gram staining)
3. Identification of cell organelles (prepared slides)
4. Preparation of temporary whole mount.
5. Preparation of permanent whole mount.
6. Squash preparation of onion root tip for mitotic stages.
7. Study of mitotic and meiotic stages (prepared slides)
Books Recommended:
1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Watson, J.D. 2017.Molecular Biology of
the Cell. 6th Edition. Garland Publishing Inc., NewYork.
2. Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, AnthonyBretscher, Hidde
Ploegh, Angelika Amon, Kelsey C. Martin. 2016.Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman
Publishers, Scientific American Inc.
3. Geoffrey M.C., Robert E.H. 2007. The cell: A Molecular Approach, SinauerAssociates, INC.
4. Karp, J. 2005. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts and Experiments,Jhon Wiley and Sons,
INC.
5. De Robertis, E. D. P. 2017. Cell and Molecular Biology,8th edition, Lea &Febiger, New York.
Title: ZOL-306. Principles of Animal Life 3(2-1)
Aims and Objectives
a. Cell division and its significance in cell cycle.
b. Concepts and mechanisms of inheritance pattern, chromosome and
gene linkage and molecular basics of genetics.
c. Animal behavior and communication.
d. Theories of evolution, gene flow and mechanism of evolution with
reference to animal diversity.
Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of the course. How cell divide and
genetic information is distributed evenly to the daughter cells, concepts and patterns of inheritance.
The students will be able to understand the Theories of evolution and different types of animal
behaviors.
Course Outline
1. Cell Division
Mitosis, cytokines is, and the cell cycle: an overview; control of the cell cycle; meiosis: the basis
of sexual reproduction; gamete formation.
2. Inheritance Patterns and cellular control
The birth of modern genetics; Mendelian genetics; other inheritance patterns; environmental
effects and gene expression.
Eukaryotic chromosomes; linkage relationships; changes in chromosome number and structure.
DNA: the genetic material; DNA replication in eukaryotes; genes in action; control of gene
expression in eukaryotes; mutations; recombinant DNA technology and its applications.
3. Animal Behavior
Four approaches to animal behavior; proximate and ultimate causes; anthropomorphism;
development of behavior; types of behavior; control of behavior; communication; behavioral
ecology; social behavior.
4. Evolution: A Historical Perspective
Pre-Darwinian theories of change; Lamarck: an early proponent of evolution; early development
of Darwin’s ideas of evolution and evidences. The theory of natural selection, adaptations, Alfred
Russel Wallace.
5. Evolution and Gene Frequencies
The Hardy-Weinberg theorem; Evolutionary mechanisms: population size, genetic drift, natural
selection, gene flow, mutation, and balanced polymorphism; species and speciation; rates of
evolution; molecular evolution; mosaic evolution.
Practical
1. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.
2. Study of meiosis in grasshopper testis
3. Problem based study of Mendelian ratio in animals.
4. Multiple alleles study in blood group.
6. Study of karyotypes of Drosophila, mosquito.
Books Recommended
1. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 4th and 5th Edition (International), 2005. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF
ZOOLOGY, 12th Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Campbell, N.A. 2002. Biology. 6th Ed. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
4. Miller, S.A. 2002. General Zoology Laboratory Manual. 5th Ed.
(International),Singapore: McGraw Hill.
5. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L. 2000. Laboratory Studies in Integrated
Principles of Zoology. Singapore: McGraw Hill
BS 3rd
ZOL-401 Diversity of Invertebrates 4(3-1)
ZOL-403 Diversity of Vertebrates 4(3-1)
BOT-302 Systemic Anatomy and Development 3(2-1)
CHM-421 Baisc Analytical Chemistry 3(2-1)
ENG-421 Communication Skills 3(3-0)
Total 17

ZOL-405 Diversity of Invertebrates & 3(2-1)
Vertebrates
Title: ZOL. 401. Diversity of Invertebrates 4(3-1)

Aims and Objectives
1. To provide the knowledge of evolutionary/ phylogenetic relationship (from simple to the

complex organisms).
2. To impart the basic taxonomic characteristics and classification of all the invertebrate phyla.
3. To provide understanding of body organization, Feeding and Digestive system; Other Organ
System;
4. To provide the description of mode of Reproduction and Development
5. To provide the information of their economic and ecological importance
This course will be based on following outcomes:
1. Acquire the basic concepts of invertebrates with explanation of evolutionary origin and
diversification.
2. Understand invertebrate organismal concepts in laboratory and field.

3. Demonstrate major evolutionary innovations for invertebrates with functional importance.
4. Understand how reproduction and development occured and able to breed animal in the
laboratory/field
5. Analyze economic and ecological importance of invertebrate
Course Outlines
INTRODUCTION a. Classification of Organisms: b. Evolutionary Relationships and Tree

Diagrams: Patterns of organization.
2. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: THE PROTOZOA a. Evolutionary perspective; Life within a
single plasma Membrane; b. Symbiotic Life-styles. c. Protozoon Taxonomy; (up to Phyla,
subphyla and super Classes, wherever applicable). d. Pseudopodia and Amoeboid Locomotion;
Cilia and other pellicular structure; e. Nutrition; Genetic Control and Reproduction; Symbiotic
ciliates; f. Further Phylogenetic Consideration.
3. MULTICELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION a. Evolutionary
Prespective: b. Origins of Multicellularity; Animal Origins. Phylum Porifera a. Characteristics and
classification. Cell Types, Body Wall, and Skeletons; b. Water Current and Body Forms; c.
Maintenance Functions, Reproduction. Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterate) a. Characteristics and
classification. The body Wall and Nematocysts: Alteration of Generations; b. Maintenance
Functions; Reproduction and c. Classification up to Class. Phylum Ctenophore; a.Characteristics,
body organization
4.THE TRIPLOBLASTIC AND WITH ACOELOMATE BODY PLAN PHYLUM
PLATYHELMINTHES a. Evolutionary Perspective; Classification up to class; b. The Free-
Living Flatworms and the Tapeworms, adaptive modification for parasitic life style Phylum
Numerate; Characteristics, body organization Phylum Gastrotrich; Characteristics, body
organization
5. PSEUDOCOELOMATE BODY PLAN PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHS a. Evolutionary
perspective; General Characteristics; Classification up to order with External Features; b. Feeding
and Digestive system; Other Organ System; Reproduction and Development including Phylum
Rotifera, Phylum Nematoda and Phylum Kinorhyncha. c. Some Important Nematode
Parasites of Humans;
6. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA a. Evolutionary perspective; Relationship to other animals; Origin
of the Coelom; b. Molluscan Characteristics, Classification up to class. The Characteristics of Shell
and Associated Structures, c. Feeding, Digestion, Gas Exchange, Locomotion, d. Reproduction
and Development, Other maintenance Functions and Diversity in Gastropods, Bivalves and
Cephalopods:
7. PHYLUM ANNELIDA a. The Metameric Body Form; Evolutionary perspective; Relationship
to other animals, b. Metamerism and Tag-matization, Classification up to Class. External Structure
and Locomotion, c. Feeding and the Digestive system, Gas Exchange and Circulation, d. Nervous
and Sensory Functions, Excretion, e. Regeneration, Reproduction and Development, in
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, Further Phylogenetic Consideration.
8. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA: a. Evolutionary Perspective: Classification and Relationship to
other Animals; b. Metamerism and Tagmatization; c. The Exoskeleton; Metamorphosis; d.
Classification up to Class; Further Phylogenetic Consideration.
9. The Hexapods and Myriapods: a. Evolutionary Perspective: Classification up to class.
External Structure and Locomotion, b. Nutrition and the Digestive system, Gas Exchange,
Circulation and Temperature Regulation, c. Nervous and Sensory Functions, Excretion, Chemical
Regulation, d. Reproduction and Development in Hexapoda, e. Insects Behavior, Insect and
Human.
Practicals
Note: Classification of each members of each phylum upto order with adaptions in relation to
habitat of the specimen. Preserved Specimen and or colored projection slide and or CD ROM
projection of computer must be used.
1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Paramecium as
representative of animal like protists. (Prepared slides and from fresh water).
2. Study of sponges and their various body forms (prepared slides).
3. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Cnidaria.
4. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representative classes of phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representative classes of groups of phylum Arthropoda.
9. Brief notes on medical/economic importance of the following:
Plasmodium, Entamoebahistolitica, Leishmania, Liverfluke, Tapeworm, Earthworm, Silkworm,
Citrus butterfly.
10. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the following: Obelia, Daphnia, Cestode, Parapodia
of Nereis.
11. How to make grade-wise series for preparation of temporary and permanent slides
Books Recommended
1.Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B. ; 1999 , 2002., 2007, 2009, 2012 &2016 Zoology, 4th , 5th, 6th,
7th, 8th , 9th& 10th Edition (International), Singapore : McGraw Hill.
2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.C/, AND Larson, A., 2018. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF
ZOOLOGY, 15th Edition (International), Singapore: McGRAW-Hill.
3.Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.C/, AND Larson, A., 2007. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF
ZOOLOGy, 12th& 13th Edition (International). Singapore:
4. Pechenik, J.A., 2015. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 7th Edition, (International),
Singapore: McGraw-Hill. 5.
5.Kent, G. C. and Miller, S., 2001. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES New
York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Campbell, N.A., 2002; BIOLOGY 6 th Edition, Menlo Park, California; Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc. BOOKS FOR PRACTICAL
Title: Zol-403. DIVERSITY OF VERTEBRATES 4(3-1)

Course Aims and Objectives
1. To enable students to understand the Taxonomic characteristics of Hemichordates and
Chordates.
2. To give the knowledge about phylogenetic relationship among various Hemichordate and
Chordate classes.
3. To develop critical thinking about phylogeny of chordates with respect to their physiological
adaptations, behavior and ecology.
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of the course, the student will be able:
▪ To acquire the basic knowledge of Taxonomic characteristics of chordates.

▪ To understand the phylogenetic relations and diversity of Pisces, amphibians, reptiles, birds
and mammals.
▪ To analyze the process of micro evolution within chordates.
▪ To demonstrate individually Phylogentic relationships of chordates and their diversity.
▪ To understand the ecological role of different groups of chordates.
▪ Obtain overview of economically important vertebrates.
Course Outlines
Echinoderms: Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals;
Echinoderm characteristics; Classification up to class level.
Form and functions: water vascular system, regeneration, reproduction, and development in
modern classes like asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea and crinoidea; further
phylogenetic considerations;
Protochordates: Phylogenetic relationship.
Form and function of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia classes of Hemichordates.
Four unique characteristics of Phylum Chordata.
Classification of Chordata.
Structure, anatomy and organ system of subphylum Cephalochordates and Urochordates
Fishes Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals,
Classification of living fishes, Adaptations in locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system,
circulation, gas exchange, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation,
reproduction and development in Agnathans and Gnathostomes Further phylogenetic
considerations.
Amphibians Evolutionary perspective, Phylogenetic relationships,
Classification up to order level. Survey of order caudata, gymnophiona, and anura. Adaptations in
external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange,
temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation,
reproduction, development, and metamorphosis. Further phylogenetic considerations.
Reptiles (The first amniotes) Evolutionary perspective. Cladistic interpretation of the amniotic
lineage. Adaptations of Amniotes. Survey of order testudines or chelonia, rhynchocephalia,
squamata, and crocodilia. Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the
digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory
functions, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development. Further phylogenetic
considerations.
Birds Evolutionary perspective. Ancient birds and flight and types of flight.
Classification of Class Aves. Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, skeleton, nutrition
and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and regulation, nervous and sensory systems,
excretion and osmoregulation. Reproduction and development: Mating system, nesting and care
of young. Migration and navigation.
Mammals Evolutionary perspective: diversity of mammals;
Adaptations in structural and function in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the
digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory
functions, excretion and osmoregulation, flight and echolocation, Reproduction and development.
Practical
1. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of Echinoderms.
2. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of Hemichordates.
3. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of Cephalochordates and
Urochordates.
4. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of Pisces.
5. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of Amphibians.
6. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of Reptiles.
7. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of class Aves.
8. Identification, classification and characteristics of representative group of class Mammalia.
9. Field trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem.
▪ Note: Preserved specimen and/or colored projection slide and/or CD ROM projection of
computer must be used.
Recommended Books
1. Campbell, N.A. Biology. 9th Ed. 2011. Menlo Park, California Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company, Inc.
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. 2010. Zoology, 8th Edition (International) Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
3. Miller, S.A. 2002. General Zoology Laboratory Manual. 5th Ed. (International), Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
4. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14th Edition
(International), 2009. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
5. Pechenik, J.A. Biology of Invertebrates, 4th Edition (International), 2000. Singapore: McGraw
Hill.

ZOL-405. Diversity of Invertebrates & Vertebrates 3(2-1)
Course Objectives:
1. To provide the knowledge of evolutionary/phylogenetic relationship (from simple to the

complex organisms).
2. To impart the basic taxonomic characteristics and classification of all the invertebrate phyla.
3. To provide understanding of body organization, Feeding and Digestive system; Other Organ
System;
4. To provide the description of mode of Reproduction and Development
5. To provide the information of their economic and ecological importance
This course will be based on following outcomes:
1. Acquire the basic concepts of invertebrates with explanation of evolutionary origin and
diversification.
2. Understand invertebrate organismal concepts in laboratory and field.
3. Demonstrate major evolutionary innovations for invertebrates with functional importance.
4. Understand how reproduction and development occured and able to breed animal in the
laboratory/feild
5. Analyze economic and ecological importance of invertebrates.
Course Contents:
Note: The minimum details of the titles in the content must be of the principal book Zoology by
Miller and Harley. This must be kept in view in teaching and assessments.
1. INTRODUCTION
a. Classification of Organisms:
b. Evolutionary Relationships and Tree Diagrams: Patterns of organization.
2. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: THE PROTOZOA
a. Evolutionary perspective; Life within a single plasma Membrane;
b. Symbiotic Life-styles.
c. Protozoon Taxonomy; (up to Phyla, subphyla and super Classes, wherever applicable).
d. Pseudopodia and Amoeboid Locomotion; Cilia and other pellicular structure;
e. Nutrition; Genetic Control and Reproduction; Symbiotic ciliates; Nutrition; Genetic

Control and Reproduction; Symbiotic ciliates;
f. Further Phylogenetic Consideration.
3. MULTICELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
a. Evolutionary Prespective:
b. Origins of Multicellularity; Animal Origins.
Phylum Porifera
a. Characteristics and classification. Cell Types, Body Wall, and Skeletons;
b. Water Current and Body Forms;
c. Maintenance Functions, Reproduction.
Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterate)

a. Characteristics and classification. The body Wall and Nematocysts: Alteration of
Generations;
b. Maintenance Functions; Reproduction and
c. Classification up to Class.
Phylum Ctenophore;
a.Characteristics, body organization
4. THE TRIPLOBLASTIC AND WITH ACOELOMATE BODY PLAN PHYLUM

PLATYHELMINTHES
a. Evolutionary Perspective; Classification up to class;
b. The Free-Living Flatworms and the Tapeworms, adaptive modification for parasitic life
style
Phylum Numerate; Characteristics, body organization
Phylum Gastrotrich; Characteristics, body organization
5. PSEUDOCOELOMATE BODY PLAN
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHS
a. Evolutionary perspective; General Characteristics; Classification up to order with

External Features;
b. Feeding and Digestive system; Other Organ System; Reproduction and Development
including Phylum Rotifera, Phylum Nematoda and Phylum Kinorhyncha.
c. Some Important Nematode Parasites of Humans;
6. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
a. Evolutionary perspective; Relationship to other animals; Origin of the Coelom;

b. Molluscan Characteristics, Classification up to class. The Characteristics of Shell and
Associated Structures,
c. Feeding, Digestion, Gas Exchange, Locomotion,
d. Reproduction and Development, Other maintenance Functions and Diversity in

Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods:
7. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
a. The Metameric Body Form; Evolutionary perspective; Relationship to other animals,
b. Metamerism and Tag-matization, Classification up to Class. External Structure and

Locomotion,
c. Feeding and the Digestive system, Gas Exchange and Circulation,
d. Nervous and Sensory Functions, Excretion, e. Regeneration, Reproduction and

Development, in Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, Further Phylogenetic
Consideration.
8. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:
a. Evolutionary Perspective: Classification and Relationship to other Animals;
b. Metamerism and Tagmatization;
c. The Exoskeleton; Metamorphosis;
d. Classification up to Class; Further Phylogenetic Consideration.
9. The Hexapods and Myriapods:
a. Evolutionary Perspective: Classification up to class. External Structure and Locomotion,
b. Nutrition and the Digestive system, Gas Exchange, Circulation and Temperature
Regulation,
c. Nervous and Sensory Functions, Excretion, Chemical Regulation,

d. Reproduction and Development in Hexapoda, e. Insects Behavior, Insect and Human;
10. PHYLUMECHINODERMS
a. Evolutionary Perspective: Relationship to other Animals; Echinoderm Characteristics;

Classification up to class.
b. Maintenance Functions, Regeneration,
c. Reproduction, and Development in Asteroida, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuridea

and Crinoidea; SOME LESSER-KNOWN INVERTEBRATES;
a. The Lophophorates, Entoprocts, Cycliophores, and Cheatognaths.
Practical:
Note: Classification of each members of each phylum upto order with adaptions in relation to
habitat of the specimen. Preserved Specimen and or colored projection slide and or CD ROM
projection of computer must be used.
1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Endameba, Plasmodium, Trypanosome, Paramecium as

representative of animal like Protists.
2. Study of prepared slides of sponges, spicules of songes, and their various body forms. Study of
representatives of classes of Phylum Porifera.
3. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Coelenterate.
4. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representatives of phylum Rotifer, Phylum Nematode.
6. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Mollusca.
7. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representatives of classes of groups of Phylum Arthropoda
9. Study of representatives of classes of phylum Echinodermta.

10. Preparation of permanent mount of Leucosolenia, Obelia, Hydra, Proglottid of Tapeworm,
Parapodia of Nereis and Daphnia. Drawing and labeling.
11. Preparation of permanent slide of mouthpart of insects (after dissection). Drawing and labeling.
12. How to make grade-wise series for preparation of temporary and permanent slides.
Recommended Book:
1. Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B. ; 1999 , 2002., 2007, 2009, 2012 & 2016 Zoology, 4th , 5th, 6th,
7th, 8th , 9th& 10th Edition (International), Singapore : McGraw Hill. Additional Readings:
ZOOLOGY, 15th Edition (International), Singapore: McGRAW-Hill.
ZOOLOGy, 12th& 13th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
4. Pechenik, J.A., 2015. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 7th Edition, (International),

Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
5. Kent, G. C. and Miller, S., 2001. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES New

York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Campbell, N.A., 2002; BIOLOGY 6 th Edition, Menlo Park, California; Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc. BOOKS FOR PRACTICAL
7. Miller, S.A., 2002. GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5th Edition

(International), Singapore : McGraw-Hill. 8. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L., 2000. Laboratory
Studies in integrated principal of zoology. Singapore : McGraw-Hill.
8. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L., 2000. Laboratory Studies in integrated principal of zoology.
Singapore : McGraw-Hill.
BS 4th
ZOL-402 Basics of Animal Form & Function 4(3-1)
ZOL-404 Principles of Animal Form & Function 4(3-1)
BOT-401 Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution 3(2-1)
PSY-422 Introduction to Psychology 3(3-0)
CSI-321 Introduction to Computing Application 3(3-0)
Total 17

ZOL-406 Animal Form & Function 3(2-1)
Title: Zol-402. BASICS OF ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION 4(3-1)

Aims and Objectives
The Objectives of the courses are:
1. To teach about animals’ diversity adapted in different strategies’ for performance of their similar
functions through modifications in body parts in past and present times.
2. To impart understanding of diverse strategic structural adaptations in each of the functions of
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory, endocrine, circulatory and respiratory
systems for effective survival in their specific conditions.
3. To understand the organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and
constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the animal’s body.
4. To embrace the phenomena in basic structure of each system that determines its particular
function.
1. Acquire the concept that for the performance of a function for example exchange of respiratory
gases the different forms are adapted in t environments e.g. gills in aquatic and lungs in terrestrial
environment.
2. Understand that diverse forms adapted to perform the same functions are because of the
different past and present conditions.
3. Solve of emergence of diversity of forms for the performance of similar function.
and present needs.
5. Evaluate the adaptations in forms for its efficiency in managing the function in differing
situations in the past and present times.
6. Demonstrate that a form is successfully adapted to perform a function adequately and
successfully.
Course Contents:
1. Nutrition and Digestion
Evolution of nutrition; the metabolic fates of nutrients in heterotrophs; digestion; animal
strategies for getting and using food, diversity in digestive structures of invertebrates and
vertebrates; the mammalian digestive system: gastrointestinal motility and its control, oral
cavity, pharynx and esophagus, stomach, small intestine: main site of digestion; large intestine;
role of the pancreas in digestion; and role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.
2. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation
Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact of Temperature on Animal Life; Heat
Gains and Losses; Some Solutions to Temperature Fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in
Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; Heat Production in Birds
and Mammals; Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion); Invertebrate
and Vertebrate Excretory Systems; How Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation; Vertebrate
Kidney Variations; Mechanism in Metanephric Kidney Functions.
3. Reproduction and Development
Asexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction;
sexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction;
sexual reproduction in vertebrates; reproductive strategies; examples of reproduction among
various vertebrate classes; the human male reproductive system: spermatogenesis, transport
and hormonal control, reproductive function; the human female reproductive system:
folliculogenesis, transport and hormonal control, reproductive function; hormonal regulation
in gestation; prenatal development and birth: the placenta; milk production and lactation.
4. Descriptive Embryology
Fertilization; embryonic development: cleavage, and egg types; the primary germ layers and
their derivatives; echinoderm embryology; vertebrate embryology: the chordate body plan,
amphibian embryology, development in terrestrial environments, avian embryology, the fate
of mesoderm.
Practical:
1. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Model).
2. Study of nutritive canal in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Dissection).
3. Study of male reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Dissection and Model).
4. Study of female reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Dissection).
5. Study of hormonal influence of a reproductive function (Model).
6. Study of preserved advanced stages of avian and mammalian development for amniotic
membranes and placenta (performance/Model).
7. Study of stages in the development of an Echinoderm.
8. Study of early stages in the development of a frog, chick and a mammal.
▪ Note for 9-10: Prepared slides and preserved specimen and/or projection slides and/or CD
ROM computer projections may be used.
Books Recommended
1. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 10th Edition (International), 2016. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 4th Edition (International), 2000.
4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 2001. New
York: McGraw Hill.
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
Title: ZOL-404. PRINCIPLE OF ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION 4(3-1)

Course Objectives:
1. To teach about animals’ diversity adapted in different strategies’ for performance of their
similar functions through modifications in body parts in past and present times.
2. To impart understanding of diverse strategic structural adaptations in each of the
functional systems of nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction and
development for effective survival in their specific conditions.
3. To understand the organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other
and constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the animal’s
body.
4. To embrace the phenomena in basic structure of each system that determines its
particular function.
1. Acquire the concept that for the performance of a function for example exchange of
respiratory gases the different forms are adapted in t environments e.g. gills in aquatic and
lungs in terrestrial environment.
2. Understand that diverse forms adapted to perform the same functions are because of
the different past and present conditions.
4. Analyze the requirements of diverse forms for the performance of similar function in
their past and present needs.
successfully.
▪ Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement and
▪ Support: the skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates;
▪ Movement: non-muscular movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the muscular
system of invertebrates and vertebrates.
Course Contents
1. Communication I: Nerves
Neurons: structure and function; neuron communication: introductory accounts of resting
membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and transmission of the action
potential between cells;invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems: the spinal cord, spinal
nerves, the brain, cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system.
2. Communication II:
Sensory reception: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, georeceptors, hygroreceptors,
phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile receptors, and thermoreceptors of
invertebrates; lateral-line system and electrical sensing, lateral-line system and
mechanoreception, hearing and equilibrium in air, hearing and equilibrium in water, skin
sensors of damaging stimuli, skin sensors of heat and cold, skin sensors of mechanical
stimuli, sonar, smell, taste and vision in vertebrates.
3. Communication III:
The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers Chemical messengers: hormones
chemistry; and their feedback systems; mechanisms of hormone action; Hormones with
principal function each of porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nemerteans, nematodes,
molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms invertebrates; an overview of the
vertebrate endocrine system; endocrine systems of vertebrates, endocrine systems of birds
and mammals.
4. Circulation, Immunity and Gas Exchange
Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates: characteristics of invertebrate
coelomic fluid, hemolymph, and blood cells; transport systems in vertebrates;
characteristics of vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the hearts and circulatory
systems of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; the human heart: blood
pressure and the lymphatic system; immunity: nonspecific defenses, the immune response;
gas exchange: respiratory surfaces; invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory systems:
cutaneous exchange, gills, lungs, and lung ventilation; human respiratory system: gas
transport.
Practical:
1. Study of insect chitin,
2. Fish scale
3. Amphibian skin
4. Reptilian scales,
5. Birds feathers
6. Mammalian skin
▪ Model study of skeleton of
1. Labeo (Labeo rohita)
2. Frog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus)
3. Varanus (Varanus bengalensis)
4. Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) ▪
5. Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
6. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catlacatla or Labeo or
any other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits dissections as per availability.
▪ Study of nervous system of
1. Earthworm
2. Fish
▪ Study of endocrine system in an
1. Insect
2. Rabbit
3. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear of rabbit
4. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate (dissection of
representative fish/mammals).
Books Recommended
2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11
th Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 5 th Edition (International), 2002. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
4. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 4 th Edition (International), 2000.
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6 th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
6. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6 th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
7. 6 th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
ZOL-406. Animal Form & Function 3(2-1)
Aims and Objectives
1. To teach about animals’ diversity adapted in different strategies’ for performance of their similar
functions through modifications in body parts in past and present times.
2. To impart understanding of diverse strategic structural adaptations in each of the functions of
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory, endocrine, circulatory and respiratory
systems for effective survival in their specific conditions.
3. To understand the organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and
constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the animal’s body.
4. To embrace the phenomena in basic structure of each system that determines its particular
function.
1. Acquire the concept that for the performance of a function for example exchange of respiratory
gases the different forms are adapted in t environments e.g. gills in aquatic and lungs in terrestrial
environment.
2. Understand that diverse forms adapted to perform the same functions are because of the
different past and present conditions.
and present needs.
successfully.
Course Contents
1. Nutrition and Digestion
Evolution of nutrition; the metabolic fates of nutrients in heterotrophs; digestion; animal strategies
for getting and using food, diversity in digestive structures of invertebrates and vertebrates; the
mammalian digestive system:
2. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation
Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact of Temperature on Animal Life; Heat
Gains and Losses; Temperature Regulation in Invertebrates, Invertebrate and Vertebrate Excretory
Systems; How Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation; Vertebrate Kidney Variations; Mechanism
in Metanephric Kidney Functions.
3. Reproduction and Development
Asexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction;
sexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction; sexual
reproduction in vertebrates; reproductive strategies; examples of reproduction among various
vertebrate classes.
4. Descriptive Embryology
Fertilization; embryonic development: cleavage, and egg types; the primary germ layers and their
derivatives; echinoderm embryology; vertebrate embryology: the chordate body plan.
5. Protection, Support, and Movement
Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement and support: the
skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement: non-muscular movement; an
introduction to animal muscles; the muscular system of invertebrates and vertebrates.
6. Communication
Neurons: structure and function; neuron communication: introductory accounts of resting
membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and transmission of the action potential
between cells. Sensory reception of invertebrates and vertebrates. Chemical messengers: hormones
chemistry; and their feedback systems; mechanisms of hormone action; Hormones with principal
function of invertebrates and vertebrates.
7. Circulation, Immunity and Gas Exchange
Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates and transport systems in vertebrates;
Immunity: nonspecific defenses, the immune response; gas exchange: respiratory surfaces;
invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory systems: cutaneous exchange, gills, lungs, and lung
ventilation; human respiratory system: gas transport.
Practical
1. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Model).
2. Study of male reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Dissection
and Model).
3. Study of female reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Dissection).
4. Study of preserved advanced stages of avian and mammalian development for amniotic
membranes and placenta (performance/Model).
5. Model study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales,feathers and mammalian
skin.
6. Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, fowl and rabbit alongwith models.
7. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
8. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a rabbit.
9. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate (dissection of
representative fish/mammals).
Books Recommended
1. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 10th Edition (International), 2016. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 4th Edition (International), 2000.
4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 2001. New
York: McGraw Hill.
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
BS 5th
ZOL-501 Structure and Function of Macro-molecules 3(2-1)
ZOL-503 Animal Physiology 4(3-1)
ZOL-505 Developmental Biology 4(3-1)
ZOL-507 General and Molecular Genetics 4(3-1)
ZOL-509 Animal Behavior 3(2-1)
Total (18)
Title: ZOL-501. Structure and Function of Macro-molecules 3(2-1)
Aims and Objectives
To provide knowledge regarding structural / storage components of basic unit of life at molecular
level also. It will also enable the students to understand Biochemistry of major food stuffs.
Learning Outcomes
This course will enable the students to study the working of life processes at molecular level.
Course Contents
Biochemistry -1(Structure and function of Macromolecules)
Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins: Standard Amino acids their structure,
Classification, Acid/Base properties and Titration curves. Amino acid
sequencing of proteins and its significance. Macromolecular separation
techniques in Biochemistry: Ion exchange chromatography; Polyacrylamide gel
Electrophoresis (PAGE); Isoelectric Focusing.
Enzymes: How enzymes work. Enzyme rate of reaction and substrate concentration. How pH and
temperature effect enzyme activity. Kinetics of Bisubstrate and Multisubstrate reactions. Enzyme
inhibition, Irreversible and Reversible Regulatory Enzymes.
Carbohydrates: Classification of Carbohydrates. History of Developments in
Structure of Glucose. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides their types structure and
properties. Polysaccharides: Storage and Structural types; Structure and major
functions of Glycogen, Chitin, Peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall.
Lipids: Fatty acids, their types. Storage Lipids: Acylglycerols; Structural
Lipids of membranes:Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids their role and
degradation. Sterols, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estiadiole. Major functions of
Lipids. Lipoproteins, their types and major functions. Lipid analysis: GLC as an
example.
Vitamins as Cofactors: Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical function of
Riboflavin.
Nucleic acids: Types and structure.
Practicals
Biochemistry-I
1. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in acidic medium.
2. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline medium.
3. Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of Reducing sugars.
4. Tests to demonstrate relative instability of glycosidic linkage in carbohydrates.
5. Tests for detection of Disaccharides.
6. Preparation of standard curve of glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.
7. Estimation of glucose from blood serum or or any other fluid using orthoToluidine
technique.
8. Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acid groups.
9. Preparation of standard curve of proteins by Biuret method.
10. Estimation of Blood serum proteins using Biuret technique.
11. Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
12. Various Qualitative Tests for detection of Lipids.
13. Determination of Acid value of Fats.
Recommended Books:
1. David I., Nelson, and Michael M, Cox. 2017, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 7th Edition,
W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Additional Reading
1. Victor W. Rodwell, David A. Bender, Kathleen, M. Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, P. Anthony
Weil. 2015. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th Edition, Mcgraw-Hill Education, New York.
2. Denise R. Ferrier. 2017. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 7 th Edition Wolters
Kluwer Health, Philadelphia.
3. Lubert Stryer, Jeremy Berg, Jhon Tymoczko, Gregory Gatto. 2019. Biochemistry, 9 th Edition,
W. H. Freeman Company, New York.
4. Zubay. G. L., 2000. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers Inc.
Oxford, England.
Title: Code: ZOL-503. Animal Physiology 4(3-1)
Objectives
One is able to understand mechanisms and adaptations of physiological systems in
animals.
1. To learn about the basic human and animal physiology particularly cardiovascular systems. Its
normal functions and cardiac diseases, cardiac output measurements.
2. To learn oxygen and carbon dioxide transport system. Regulation of lungs respiration: Gas
transfer in water (gills) and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as
hypoxia: Hypercapula in air breathing divers.
3. To learn homeostasis and organ associated process particularly kidney, its functions and control.
4. Comparative account of excretion method of various animal classes
Learning Outcomes:
The students will be able to understand the working of various systems of
organisms
Syllabus in Brief:
Introductory section: “The Scope of Human Physiology”
Central themes in Physiology: Structure-Function Relationship. Adaptations, Homeostasis.
Conformity and Regulation.
Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and CO2 between respiratory surface (the lungs) and body
cells. Regulation of lungs respiration: Gas transfer in water (gills) and its regulation. Respiratory
responses in extreme conditions as hypoxia: Hypercapula in air breathing divers. Excretion and
Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terresterial environment. Vertebrate nephron as
osmoregulatory organ: Physiological anatomy. Glomerular filtration. Tubular absorption and
secretion: Nitrogenous waste products: Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic
development. Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions: Physiological anatomy of digestive
tract (mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients.
Cardiovascular Mechanisms: Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity, Rhythmicity,
Electrocardiography, Kymography: Hemodynamics, Blood flow, pressures and resistance and
their interrelationships.Static exercise and blood pressure.Control of cardiac activity (cardiac
output) and peripheral circulation.Roles of HDLand LDLDrug therapy for hypertension, heart
failure, and coronary artery disease
Practical:
1. Hospital and lab tours to see the actual demonstration of the physiological procedures
For Example
a). To see the ECG procedure and learn reading paper of ECG by experts
b). To check the O2 deficiency by Oximeter and modern machines and learn the se of Oxygen
cylinder at home as important in present sitation of Covid-19
Books Recommended
1. Vander's Human Physiology with LearnSmart Labs and Connect Access Card 14th Edition
2. Vander, Sherman, Luciano's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function 9th
Editionby Eric P. Widmaier (Author), Hershel Raff (Author), Kevin T. Strang (Author)
3. Guyton and hall Text book of Medical Physiology 14th. Edition 2020.
4. Pathophysiology of heart disease Leonard S Lilly 2020
5. Memmler's Structure & Function of the Human Body 12th Edition by Barbara Janson
Cohen (Author), Kerry L. Hull (Author)
Title: ZOL- 505. Developmental Biology 4(3-1)

Course Objectives
The course aims to:
1. Provide information on transmission of traits from the parents in their gametes, the formation
of zygote and its development
2. Impart detailed knowledge about cellular basis of morphogenesis, mechanisms of cellular
differentiation and induction.
3. Provide understanding of the mechanisms of organogenesis, factors controlling growth.
1. Gain familiarity with features that make an organism model for the learning of developmental
biology e.g., fertilization in sea urchin with mammalian like mechanisms.
2. Apprehend the contributions of the sperm and the egg to form zygote
3. Elucidate the problems associated with cell differentiation through fate mapping.
4. Arrange and investigate the classical and modern experiments into “find it”, “block it”, and
“move it” categories
5. Assess the set of experiments that will establish whether a planned aspect is both necessary and
ample to cause a developmental episode
6. Demonstrate the ability to label macromeres, mesomeres, and micromeres and know which
cell types are derived from each of these cell layers in the early embryo (e.g., primary and
secondary mesenchyme, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm).
Course Outline:
1. Introduction
a. History and Basic Concepts of developmental biology
b. Principal features of developmental biology and embryology with special emphasis on
vertebrate models
c. Origin of sexual reproduction
d. Mitosis and Meiosis as growth and reproduction engines.
e. Developmental patterns
f. Teratogenesis
2. Spermatogenesis
a. Mammalian spermatogenesis as model for all vertebrates
b. Spermiogenesis or (spermateliosis)
c. The role of Sertoli and Leydig cells in spermatogenesis
d. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
3. Menstrual cycle and estrous Cycle
4. Oogenesis
a. Introduction, brief history
b. Mechanism of oogenesis among various classes of vertebrates.
c. Vitellogenesis and Avitellogenesis
d. Hormonal control of Vitellogenesis and oogenesis
e. Egg envelopes: comparative study
5. Fertilization
a. External & Internal Fertilization
b. Species-specific recognition of sperm and egg
c. Fusion of male and female gametes
d. Polyspermy: slow and fast blocks to polyspermy
e. Activation of egg metabolism
f. Rearrangement of egg constituents after fertilization
g. Formation of polar bodies.
6. Sex determination in vertebrates
7. Cleavage & Blastulation
a. Patterns of embryonic cleavage and blastulation among different vertebrate classes
b. Types of cleavage
c. Factors regulating cleavage
d. Mechanism of cleavage.
8. Gastrulation
a. Fate maps
b. Gastrulation in amphibians, birds and mammals
9. Early Vertebrate Development
a. Neurulation, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm formation
10. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes
11. Cellular Basis of Morphogenesis
a. Differential cell affinity, cell adhesion molecules
b. Organogenesis
12. Factors controlling growth
13. Aging and Regeneration in vertebrates
Practical
1. Microscopic study of mitotic and meiotic phases.
2. Study of the structure of gametes in some representative cases, i.e. frog, bird, fish and mammal.
3. Hen’s egg internal and external structural details
4. Microscopic analysis of hen’s egg yolk, albumin and shell membranes
5. Study of cleavage and subsequent development from prepared slides and/or models in various
animals i.e., frog, mammals and chick etc.
6. Study of fertilization, early development of frog/fish through induced spawning under
laboratory conditions.
7. Microtomy and Histology : Preparation and staining of histological slides.
Books Recommended
1. Developmental Biology, M A Subramanian. 2019
2. Sex Determination in Vertebrates. 2019. Blanche Capel.
3. Principles of Development. 2019. Lewis Wolpert, Cheryll Tickle, Alfonso Martinez Arias
4. Scott F. Gilbert and Michael J. F. Barres. 2016. Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, MA.
5. Principles of Development. 2015. Emeritus Professor of Biology Lewis Wolpert
6. Jamie. A. Davies. 2014. Life Unfolding: How the Human Body Creates Itself. Oxford University
Press, USA
7. An Introduction To Embryology 5Ed (Pb 2012) Paperback – January 1, 2012
8. An introduction to embryology 1985 by Balinsky .B.I. and Saunders
9. Medical Embryology 1981 by Largman, J.
Title: Code: Zol-507. General and Molecular Genetics 4(3-1)

Course Objectives:
1. To prepare the students to understand General and Molecular Genetics to understand Mendelian
and non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance inhuman and to understand the terms and basic concepts
of genetics, chromosomes and genes, traits and variations in changing environment, how traits are
inherited, analyses (to solve problems and complete pedigrees) and how genetic problems may
lead to disease or lethality and current issues regarding genetics e.g., cloning etc.
2. To impart knowledge about chemical, physical and biological properties of nucleic acids.
2. To understand different molecular mechanisms and their regulation inprokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of this course; on completion of course
will be able to define terms of genetics and apply concepts of modern transmission, Solve
transmission genetics problems, make accurate predictions about in heritance of genetic traits as
well as make predictions aboutthe causes and effects of changes in DNA, practice common
genetics laboratory techniques and techniques of modern genetic technology, as well as select the
correct techniques to solve practical genetic problems and identify the human traits and genetic
diseases
Course Outline
1. Nucleic acid, structure and Significance of genetic material.
2. DNA structure
Structure of DNA –A, B and Z forms.
3. DNA replication mechanisms in prokaryotes,Proofreading and role of different enzymes
DNA replication in eukaryotes
DNA polymerases and other enzymes and DNA binding proteins involved in DNA replication
DNA Damaging agents
DNA repair mechanisms.
4. Cell Cycle and its regulation.
5. Transcription in prokaryotes, different RNA polymerases and their role transcriptional control
in prokaryotes. Transcription in eukaryotes and role of different enzymes
Post-transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
6. Genetic Code, genetic code in mitochondrial DNA
7. Translation: Protein synthesis in Prokaryotes
Translation in eukaryotes
Post-translational processing of proteins
Regulation of Gene Expression: Inducive and repressive operons
Lac Operon and Trp Operon
8. Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction enzymes
Cloning vectors. PUC and PBR322, viral vectors, cosmid etc
Rstriction and Ligation
Transformation and Expression
9. Polymerase chain reaction
DNA Hyberadization techniques southern blotting, Northern blotting western blotting
DNA sequencing (Introduction to sangers method)
10. Site directed mutagenesis.Cancer genomics, Introduction Oncogens, Introduction, types and
mode of action.
Practical
1. Preparation of different stock solutions used in molecular biology (solution used in PCR,
electrophoresis, DNA isolation, RNA isolationand Protein isolation).
2. Isolation of DNA from human blood.
3. Quantification of DNA and RNA through spectrophotometer.
4. DNA amplification through polymerase chain reaction.
5. Separation of different sized DNA fragments on agarose gel.
Books Recommended
1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Watson, J.D. 2017.Molecular Biology of
the Cell. 6th Edition. Garland Publishing Inc., NewYork.
2. Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, AnthonyBretscher, Hidde
Ploegh, Angelika Amon, Kelsey C. Martin. 2016.Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman
Publishers, Scientific American Inc.
3. Geoffrey M.C., Robert E.H. 2007. The cell: A Molecular Approach, SinauerAssociates, INC.
4. Karp, J. 2005. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts and Experiments,Jhon Wiley and Sons,
INC.
5. De Robertis, E. D. P. 2017. Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th edition, Lea &Febiger, New York.
Title: ZOL-509. Animal Behaviour 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
The objectives of the course are:
1. To impart knowledge about animal responses to external stimuli
2. To emphasize on different behavioral mechanisms (classical and recent concepts).
3. To explain development of behavior with suitable examples of animals.
4. To understand role of genetic and neuro-physiology in behavioral development.
1. OUTLINE the baseline information and knowledge for animal behavior.
2. ASSOCIATE the likely role of external and internal stimuli on various animals during the day,
season and year.
3. RELATE daily behavioral rhythms in diurnal and nocturnal periodicities.
4. PREDICT and anticipate variety of animal actions (costs and benefits) as assessed by innate
and learned behavioral; displays.
5. INTEGRATE the animal behavior as balanced mechanism to develop animal personality
Course Outline (Contents)
1. Behavior and its types
2. Proximate and ultimate causes of behavior.
3. Development of behavior and impact of neural and physiological mechanisms; role of external
and internal stimuli and animal responses. Physiology of behavior in changed environments.
4. Hormones and behavior in animals.
5. Innate behavior and innate releasing mechanisms; built in programmed performance by
offspring to that of parents. Innate behavior of three spined stickle back fish.
6. Learned behavior and its mechanisms; quick learners’ vs slow learners. Concept of animal
cognition; key to understand and develop multiple behavioural choices. Ecological and genetics to
maintain animal behavior. Concept of territoriality and defense in animals.
7. Circadian rhythms and concept of bio-rhythmicity in animals .Maintenance of internal
biological clock to perform various diurnal and nocturnal periodicities.
8. Costs and benefit ratios in behavior; successful foragers and winners of predator-prey
relationships. Altruism and parental sacrifice to nurture the young.
9. Competition for resources; survival of the most suitable individuals; evolutionary arms races in
behavior.
10. Social organization in animals and concept of group living; benefits and losses. Aggression,
appeasement and selfish individuals. Social organization in insects and mammals.
11. Communication in animals: Visual, Bioacoustic, electrical, chemicaland tactile.
Various types of chemical signals in animals’ behavior and their importance in ecosystems.
Books Recommended
1. Dngatkin, L. A. 2012. Principles of Animal Behavior.W.W. Nortan and Co.New York.
2. Alcock, J. 2010. Animal behavior, an evolutionary approach. 9th Edition. Sinauer Publishers.
3. Scott, G. 2009. Essential Animal Behavior. Wiley publishers
4. Scott, G. 2005.Essential Animal Behavior. Blackwell Pub. New York.
5. Good enough, J., McGuire, B., Wallace, R.A. 2001.Perspective on Animal Behavior. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
BS 6th
STA-507 Biostatistics 3(3-0)

ZOL-502 Basic Ecology 3(2-1)
ZOL-504 Principles of Zoogeography 3(2-1)
ZOL-506 Metabolism of Macro-molecules 3(2-1)
ZOL-508 Physiology of Coordination 4(3-1)
ZOL-510 Research Methodology 2(2-0)
Total (18)
Title: ZOL-502 Basic Ecology 3(2-1)

Aims and Objectives
1. To enable the student to understand habitat and Ecology
2. To develop expertise in the students about the contemporary themes of Ecology and ecosystems
3. To understand global Environmental threats and their mitigation
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand and apply the basic concepts of Ecology
2. Acquire theoretical knowledge for rehabilitation of destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the
environment.
3. Solve the ecological Problems and their management through scientific approach
4. Student will be able to study applied and Molecular ecology.
Syllabus in Brief
Theory: Course Outline:

1. Energy
a. Basic Concepts of and Types of Ecology
b. Laws of thermodynamics, primary and secondary productions
c. Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels, energy flow, food chains and
food webs.
2. Biogeochemical cycle:
a. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulpher, Water, Carbon and nutrient.
3. Limiting factors
a. Basic Concepts, Temperature, Soil, Water and Humidity, Light and Fire.
4. Global ecosystems:
a. Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Ecosphere.
b. An overview of Ecosystem with special reference to Ecological Niche, basic concepts and types
c. Major ecosystem of world, Forest, Grassland, Desert, Tundra and Agricultural ecosystems.
d. Marine, Estuarine, Freshwater and Wetlands
5. Population ecology Basic population characters, Growth and Growth Curves, Population
Dynamics and Regulations.
6. Community ecology Basic concepts, Community Analysis, Ecotones, Inter-population

Interactions
7. Applied Ecology: resources and their ecological management;
8. Mineral, Agricultural Desalination, Weather Modification, Forest and Range Management,

Landscape and Land use
9. Pollution:
10. Definition, Types, Water, Air, Land and Noise, Sources and Management.
11. Radiation ecology: Global Environmental Changes (ozone depletion, acid rain, greenhouse
effect and global warming, Koyota protocol, Radioactivity leakage, Environmental laws).
12. Exotic and Invasive Species
a. Desertification, Deforestation, exotic and invasive species
Practical:
1. Population Sampling Techniques (Quadrate, Line Transact, Point count, Focal Scan and Capture
and Recapture Method).
2. Study of different Ecosystems (Fresh Water, Terrestrial, Marine/Mountain/ Desert). 3.

Ecological Notes.
4. Measurements of physical Factors of different Ecosystems.
5. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and environment.
6. Food chain studies through analysis of gut contents.
7. Analysis of polluted and fresh water for biotic and abiotic variations.
8. Field visits for study of selected terrestrial habitat and writing notes.
9. Experimental design and approaches in ecological research; writing a research project
10. Development of an ecological management plan of some selected area
Books Recommended (Latest Edition)
1. E.P. Odum Basic Ecology (latest Edition) Holt-Saunders (Japan); New edition (originally
published July 1, 1983)
2. E.P. Odum ,G. W. Barrett. Fundamentals of Ecology.(2004), 5th Edition

3. Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions. 12th
Edition. Thomson Learning, Australia.
4. M.L. McKinney Enviromental Sciense: System and Solution (1999) Jones & Bartlett
Publication, Boston.
5. M.C. Molles Ecology: Concepts and application (1999) WCB/McGraw Hill, New York.
6. Smith Ecology and Field Biology (1988) National Book Foundation
Title: ZOL-504 Principles of Zoogeography 3(2-1)

Course Objectives
1. To provide information on the distribution of animals and their associations in the past and to
rationalize their relationship in the present time.
2. To impart knowledge and concepts of evolution mainly on the basis of fossil record.
3. To give understanding that fossil record also provide information about the distribution of
animals in the past eras.
1. DESCRIBE the zoogeographical distribution of animals and processes involved in the
fossilization of animals.
2. ILLUSTRATE the association of animals present to their past through fossils record.
3. DEVELOP the understanding of speciation, dispersal isolation and extinction process through
biogeography and fossils record.
4. ILLUSTRATE the ability to locate, characterize and differentiate various biomes and fossils of
animals over time.
5. EXPLAIN the distribution of animals on the basis of fossils record.
6. DEVELOP understanding regarding process of fossilization and its importance in evolutionary
history of an animal and its distribution.
Theory
Introduction and history of Zoogeography, Branches of Zoogeography. Barriers to distribution and
means of dispersal in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial environment. Division of world into
various zoogeographical regions. Geographical limits, Physical, climatic features and faunas of
Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic), Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, and Neotropical regions.
Insular fauna [continental islands {Recent (British Isles, Borneo, Java, Japan, Formosa and
Philippines, and Sri Lanka islands)}, {Ancient (New Zealand and Madagascar Island)}]. [Oceanic
Islands, (Azores, Bermuda, Galapagos, St. Helena and Karakatau Island)], Wallace’s line, Weber’s
line and Wallacea. Continental drift theory and discontinuous distribution of animals.
Practical
1.Map work for identification of various Zoogeographical regions of the World.

2. Sketching and classification of Pakistan National representative of fish, Amphibia, Reptile, Bird
and Mammal.
3. Sketching and classification of important fauna showing (selected) endemic, bipolar and
discontinuous distribution
Title: ZOL- 506 Metabolism of Macro-molecules 3(2-1)
Aims and Objective
1. To understand the principles of bioenergetics;
2. To know the dietary requirements of man and animals;
3. To provide knowledge of metabolism of dietary and endogenous carbohydrate, lipid, and
protein;
4. To impart the knowledge of principles and major mechanisms of metabolic control and
molecular signaling by hormones;
Course Learning Outcome
By the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles that govern the structures of
macromolecules and their participation in molecular recognition;
2. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles and basic mechanisms of metabolic
control and molecular signaling;
3. Use basic laboratory skills and apparatus to obtain reproducible data from biochemical
experiments; 4. Implement experimental protocols, and adapt them to plan and carry out simple
investigations;
5. Analyze, interpret, and participate in reporting to their peers on the results of their laboratory
experiments;
6. Build on their knowledge and understanding in tackling more advanced and specialized courses,
and more widely to pursue independent, self directed and critical learning.
Course Outline
1. Bioenergetics: Concept of Free Energy and Standard Free Energy change. Energy rich
compounds: Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; Acyl phosphates; Enol phosphates and
Thioesters.
2. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Regulation and Anabolic role of Glycolysis. Fate of Pyruvate
under Aerobic and Anaerobic conditions. Gluconeogenesis, its regulation. Feeder Pathways in
Glycolysis i.e. Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Glucose 1-phosphate, Glyceraldehyde and Glycerol.
Phosphorolysis of Glycogen. Biosyntehsis of Glycogen. Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism.
Pentose phosphate pathway of Glucose oxidation and its major role in the animal tissues. Anabolic
role of citric acid cycle intermediates; Regulation of Citric acid cycle.
3. Lipid metabolism: Digestion, mobilization and transport of Fats. Biosynthesis and Utilization
of Triacylglycerol. Activation of Fatty acids and their transportation to mitochondria. Beta-
Oxidation and its Bioenergetics. Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty acid. Biosynthesis of Saturated
Fatty acid: As an example palmitic acid synthesis; Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) Models of FAS
system in Bacteria, vertebrate tissue. Biosynthesis of unsaturated Fatty acids, Aerobic and
Anaerobic pathways. Ketone bodies their Biosynthesis, utilization and role in the tissue.
Cholesterol regulation.
4. Nitrogen Metabolism: Metabolic fate of standard amino acids. Catabolism of Amino acids:
Decarboxylation; Deamination and Transamination. Amino acid degradation showing entry points
in citric acid cycle. Nitrogen Excretion and Urea cycle with Regulation. Incorporation of Ammonia
in Glutamate and Glutamine. Sources of various atoms in Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis.
Practicals
1. Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
2. Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration curves.
3. Estimation of Free Amino Acids in Biological samples calorimetrically.
4. Separation and identification of various amino acids by Paper chromatography / PAGE.
5. Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
6. Preparation of standard curve of proteins using Lowry’s technique.
7. Estimation of tissue (liver) proteins using Lowry’s technique.
8. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of proteins by ultraviolet (UV)
spectrophotometer.
9. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of DNA by colorimetric analysis using
Diphenylamine method.
10. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of total RNA by colorimetric analysis using
Bial’s Orcinol method.
11. Quantitative analysis of Diastase activity on starch.
12. Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction
Books Recommended
1. David I., Nelson, and Michael M, Cox. 2017, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 7th Edition,
W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
2. Victor W. Rodwell, David A. Bender, Kathleen, M. Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, P. Anthony
Weil. 2015. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th Edition, Mcgraw-Hill Education, New York.
3. Denise R. Ferrier. 2017. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 7 th Edition Wolters
KluwerHealth, Philadelphia.
4. Lubert Stryer, Jeremy Berg, Jhon Tymoczko, Gregory Gatto. 2019. Biochemistry, 9th Edition,
W. H. Freeman Company, New York.
5. Zubay. G. L., 2000. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers Inc.
6. Oxford, England.
Title: ZOL-508. Physiology of Coordination 4(3-1)

Course Objectives:
1. To impart knowledge about animal responses to external stimuli
2. To emphasize on different behavioural mechanisms (classical and recent concepts).
3. To explain development of behavior with suitable examples of animals.
4. To understand role of genetic and neuro-physiology in behavioural development.
1. OUTLINE the baseline information and knowledge for animal behavior.
2. ASSOCIATE the likely role of external and internal stimuli on various animals during
the day, season and year.
3. RELATE daily behavioural rhythms in diurnal and nocturnal periodicities.
4. PREDICT and anticipate variety of animal actions (costs and benefits) as assessed by
innate and learned behavioura; displays.
5. INTEGRATE the animal behavior as balanced mechanism to develop animal
personality.
Course Outline (Contents)
1. Introduction Behaviour and its types
a. Proximate and ultimate causes of behaviour.
b. Development of behavior and impact of neural and physiological mechanisms; role of
external and internal stimuli and animal responses. Physiology of behavior in changed
environments.
c. Hormones and behavior in animals.
d. Innate behavior and innate releasing mechanisms; built in programmed performance
by offspring to that of parents. Innate behavior of three spined stickle back fish.
e. Learned behavior and its mechanisms; quick learners’ vs slow learners. Concept of
animal cognition; key to understand and develop multiple behavioural choices.
Ecological and genetics to maintain animal behavior. Concept of territoriality and
defense in animals.
f. Circadian rhythms and concept of bio-rhythmicity in animals. Maintenance of internal
biological clock to perform various diurnal and nocturnal periodicities.
g. Costs and benefit ratios in behavior; successful foragers and winners of predator-prey
relationships. Altruism and parental sacrifice to nurture the young.
h. Competition for resources; survival of the most suitable individuals; evolutionary arms
races in behavior.
i. Social organization in animals and concept of group living; benefits and losses.
Aggression, appeasement and selfish individuals. Social organization in insects and
mammals.
j. Communication in animals: Visual, Bioacoustic, electrical, chemical and tactile.
k. Various types of chemical signals in animals’ behavior and their importance in
ecosystems.
Mechanisms in Resting Membrane
Potentials: Electrogenic ion pump. Donnan equilbrium. Ionic mechanisms in action
Potentials: Roles of ion channels. Properties of action potential. Propagation of Action
Potential: Synaptic transmission: Structure and function of electrical synapse &chemical
Synapse: Neurotransmitters: Synaptic receptors: Excitatory postsynaptic potentials:
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials: Presynaptic inhibitions: Integration at synapses:
Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Facilitation. Posttetanic Potentiating.
Photoreception: Ultra structure of photoreceptors. Photochemistry, Photo transduction
and physiological basis of color vision: Physiological mechanisms in electroreception.
Chemical Messenger and Regulators/ Endocrine Physiology: An overview of invertebrate
endocrine structures, their hormones and physiological roles. An overview of hormones,
their chemistry and physiological roles of Hypothalamus. Leptin effects on hypothalamus
and anterior pituitary Pituitary, Thyroid, IGF-I and fetal growth.
Parathyroid and associated structures, Endocrine pancreas, Gastropancreatic system,
Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin Tissue), Adrenal cortex, Ovary, Testis and Placenta.
Endocrine functions of kidneys & heart and pineal gland. A generalized model account
of hormone synthesis, storage and secretion (a peptide hormone model and steroid
hormones).
Inhibition of glucagon secretion by insulin
Overweight and obesity Fever and neural pathways from liver
General account of hormonal regulations, hormonal turnover, recognition:
Mechanisms of hormonal interactions involving metabolic, developmental, membrane
receptors and nuclear modulated gene expression:
The study of Animal Behaviour: Introduction. History of animal Behaviour.
Approaches and Methods. Mechanisms of Behavior: The Nervous System and Behaviour.
Hormones and Behaviour and Learning Behaviour. Finding Food and Shelter:
Migration. Orientation and Navigation.
Books Recommended
1. Vander's Human Physiology with LearnSmart Labs and Connect Access Card 14th Edition
2. Vander, Sherman, Luciano's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function 9th
Edition by Eric P. Widmaier (Author), Hershel Raff (Author), Kevin T. Strang (Author)
Practicals:
1. Hospital and lab tours to see the actual demonstration of the physiological procedures
2. To work with animals to learn animal handling so that students are prepared for future
research requirements and take their physiological measures and check the serological data
of hormones etc.
Title: Research Methodology 2(2-0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aims to:
1. Develop research skills Provide understanding how to design scientific research, to collect data
and its interpretation
2. Emphasize the importance of ethics in scientific research
3. Enable students to write a research proposal
On completion of this course, the students should be able to:
1. UNDERSTAND a general definition of research design.
2. IDENTIFY the overall process of designing a research study from its inception to its report.
3. Become FAMILIAR with ethical issues in educational research, including those issues that
arise in using quantitative and qualitative research.
4. KNOW the primary characteristics of quantitative research and qualitative research.
5. IDENTIFY a research problem stated in a study.
6. Become FAMILIAR with how to write a good introduction to an educational research study.
7. To DISTINGUISH a purpose statement, a research question or hypothesis, and a research
objective.
Course Outline
1. Introduction:
a. Objectives of Research, Motivations
2. Research Process:
a. Research methods vs. research methodology, scientific method
b. Types of research, general steps involved in research
c. Introduction to Quantitative research, its study design and Data analysis
d. Introduction to Qualitative research, its study design and Data analysis
c. Research ethics
d. Problems of research in Pakistan
3. Topic Selection:
a. Problem identification for research, criteria and evaluation
b. Sampling techniques
c. Methods of Data collection
4. Literature review:
a. Importance and sources
b. Referencing and citation and Bibliography
c. Plagiarism
5. Research Design
a. Parts, important features, important concepts in research design
6. Aims and Objectives
a. Research objectives, qualities of research objectives
7. Material and methods:
a. Bioethics, sampling, data collection and data analysis, sampling requirements, scales of
measurement, error of measurement and its sources
8. Data Analysis:
a. Processing, statistics in research, hypothesis testing, t-tests and ANOVA
9. Scientific Writing:
a. Difference between thesis/report/synopsis/research proposal
b. Parts of synopsis/project proposal, parts of thesis/report
10. Budgeting: Cost estimates for a research project, funding sources e.g. USAID, HEC, DoST,
HED, PMRC, WWF, PSF etc..
Books Recommended
1. Paul Leedy, 2004, Practical Research: Planning and Design (8th Edition), Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
2. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design Quantitatvive Qualitative and Mixed Methods
Approaches. Sage.
3. Hess-Biber, S. N. and P. Leavy. (2004). Approaches to Qualitative Research, A Reader on
Theory and Practice. New York, Oxford University Press.
4. Khan, J.A. (2008). Research Methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing.
5. Kothari, C.R., & Gaurav, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New
Delhi: New Age International.
6. Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step By Step Guide for Beginners. Cornwall:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
7. Laurel, B. (2003). Design Research, Methods and Perspectives. London England, The MIT
Press.
8. Walliman, N. (2005).Your Research Project, 2nd Edition, A step by step guide for the first-time
researcher. New Delhi, Vistaar Publications.
9. Creswell, J. W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. 5th
Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2018. ISBN: 978-1-5063-8670-6
BS 7th
BIT-405 Introduction to Biotechnology 3(2-1)
ZOL-601 Evolution and Principles of Systematics 3(3-1)
ZOL-603 Fisheries 3(2-1)
ZOL-605 Biodiversity 3(2-1)
ZOL-607 Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)
ZOL-630 Research/ 3(2-1)
*Optional Paper
Total 18
*Optional Paper (In lieu of Research students can select any two courses, one in 7th and one
in 8th semester, Research which will be awarded to only those student having marks
percentage > 85%)
Title: ZOL- 601. Evolution and Principles of Systematic 3(2-1)

Aims and Objectives
Course Objectives: The objective of the course are
1. To show how natural selection ultimately underpins all biological processes and how
evolution has generated biological diversity.
2. To understand relationship between evolution and systematics concepts.
3. To investigate the theoretical basis and methods of modern biological systematics and
classification.
Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to understand classification, philosophy of nomenclature, species
concepts, phylogenetic inference and evolutionary perspectives of biodiversity.
Syllabus in Brief
Theory: Contribution of systematic to Biology; History of Taxonomy (Downward classification,
upward classification, impact of origin of species and their delimitation, population systematics,
current trends); Micrortaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic categories; species category, infra
species category, higher categories; species concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic concept,
Biological concept, evolutionary concept). Species mate recognition concept; non-dimensional
species concept; Multidimensional species concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the
application of biological species; ploytypic species, subspecies, superspecies, sibling species;
study of major type of variation within a single population, Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of
Synonym, Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and
application of the code (stability, priority, first revisor principle) range of authority of code;
concept of availability, type method formation of specific names, cladistics, Taxonomic characters
and their kinds and weightage, Importance and application of biosystematics in biological studies.
The nature and origin to life, Evidences of evolution.
Theories to explain the diversity to life – Lamarckism, Darwinism and Special Creation. The
present status of these theories, Modern synthetic theory. Factors initiating elementary
evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing gene frequencies, mutation pressure,
selection pressure and immigration, genetic drift. Role of isolation in evolution.
Factors of large evolutionary changes, (macro-evolution) Heterochrony, allometry, orthogenesis,
adaptive radiation Modern concept of Natural Selection; Level of selection, selection patterns,
laboratory and field examples regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection
leading to convergence, radiation, regression and extinction, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian
mimicry, Sexual selection; Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s handicap theory. Trend and
rates in evolution.
Practical
1. Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to class level.
2. Collection, Preservation and identification of common species with the help of keys.
3. Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations.
4. Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens.
Books Recommended
1. Mayr, E. and Ashlock, P.D., (Latest edition). Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw-Hill
Inc. New York.
2. Ridley, M. 2004. Evolution, 3rd edition. Blackwell Science.
Mayr, E. Pouplations. Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
Title: ZOL-603. Fisheries 3(2-1)
Aims and objectives:
Introduction to fisheries and aquaculture, national and international trends. Aims and evolution of
Fish Culture, Requisite conditions for fish suitable for Fish Culture; Types of ponds, planning
construction and pond preparation; maintenance and improvement of pond. Pond fertilization,
dosage and methods of application; natural food and growth of cultivated fishes; Techniques and
methods of fish cultivation, Breeding and cultivation of cyprinids, biological means of increasing
production;; Artificial feeding of fish; Enemies and diseases of fish; Harvesting the fish.
Learning Outcomes.
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to
1. Acquire basic knowledge of history and aims of fish culture
2. Selection of fish species on the basis of their characteristics.
3. Demonstrate site selection and components of fish ponds.
4. Compute dosage and formulation of feed and fertilizers in fish ponds.
5. Evaluate fish health and product quality Course Contents:
a. History of fish culture
b. Aims of fish culture.
c. Pond fish culture: Planning and construction of fish pond
d. Water quality criteria
e. Culturable fishes of Pakistan.
f. Pond preparation: Fertilization of fish pond: Organic and inorganic fertilizers, fish seed
stocking.
g. Artificial feeding in fish culture: Fish feeding methods, different components of fish
feed, composition of commonly available feed ingredients, preparation and feed storage methods.
h. Integrated fish farming: Concepts and practices.
i. Fish enemies. Fish diseases and remedial measures.
j. Fish hatchery management.
k. Fishing gears, pre- and post-harvesting care of fish,
l. Fish handling and transportation,
m. Fish storage and marketing.
n. Principles of fish processing and preservation technology.
Practical
1. Morphological characters of a typical fish
2. Identification of commercially important fish species, meristic counts, fin formula, scale
formula etc.
3. Dissection of common fish to study its various systems.
4. Practical demonstration of induced fish breeding.
5. Introduction to artificial feed ingredients
6. Study of various aquatic culture systems (fish farm, hatcheries and nurseries).
7. Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environment in fish spp.
8. Fish diseases, symptoms and treatment.
Books Recommended
1. Joesph, E. 2016. Fishing Gears and Fishing Methods (Review Paper).Academia Publisher.
2. Stickney R.R. 2016. Aquaculture an introductory text, CABI.
3. Vin T. Sparano. 2015. Complete Guide to Fresh and Saltwater Fishing: Conventional Tackle.
Fly Fishing. Spinning. Ice Fishing. Lures. Flies. Natural
4. William R. Persons, David L. Ward, and Luke A. 2015. Standardized Methods for Grand
Canyon Fisheries Research, By Avery U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia/ First Release:
2013 Revised: January 2015 (ver. 1.1).
5. Dunham, R.A., 2011. Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic approaches. CABI,
UK.
Title: Zol-605. Biodiversity 3(2-1)
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is
1. To enable the student to understand and investigate the diversity of living world,
2. To understand the effect of human activities on species, communities and ecosystems; and
3. To develop a practical interdisciplinary approach to protect and restore biological diversity.

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
1. ACQUIRE theoretical knowledge about the phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and
restoration of biological diversity.
2. UNDERSTAND the ecological and evolutionary principles of biological diversity which

influence the conservation of wildlife at spatial and temporal scales in Pakistan as well as abroad.
3. SOLVE the conservation issue by applying the scientific principles and modern technologies.
4. ANALYSE, interpreting and synthesize data and other information about the determinants of
the conservation problems.
5. EVALUATE the conservation actions taken by the biologists for solving the conservation
problems across biological scales (genes to landscapes) and geographical scales (local to global).
6. DEMONSTRATE sound research skills based on ecological and evolutionary principles in

investigating problems in conservation biology.
Course Contents
Introduction to Biodiversity:
a. Definition,
b. History and
c. Scope.
d. Types of Biodiversity
2. Biodiversity:
a. Species Diversity; Genetic Diversity; Ecosystem Diversity;
b. Measurement of Biological Diversity;
c. AnOverview of World’s Biodiversity;
d. The Value of Biodiversity
• Ecological aspects of Biodiversity
• Impacts on Biodiversity
3. Threats to Biodiversity:
a. Human Population Growth;
b. Habitat Destruction; Habitat Fragmentation;
c. Environmental Degradation and Pollution;
d. Global Climate Change;
e. Overexploitation;
f. Invasive Species
4. Extinctions:
a. Extinction and Mass Extinctions;
b. Rates of Extinction; Island Biogeography;
c. Vulnerability to Extinction;
d. Problems of Small Populations; Minimum Viable Population (MVP);
e. Loss of Genetic Diversity; Effective Population Size;
f. Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity
5. Conserving Populations and Species:
a. Applied Population Biology; Monitoring populations; Population viability analysis; Meta
populations,
b. International agreements for conservation of fauna and flora; Role of national and International
Laws in Protection of Species;
c. Ex Situ Conservation Strategies; Zoos; Aquariums; Botanical gardens; Seed banks.
d. Protected Areas and their Establishment and categories;
e. Managing Protected Areas; Challenges to Protected Areas Management.
f. Unprotected Public and Private Lands
g. Ecosystem Management
h. Integration of Local Community in Conservation
i. Restoring Damaged Ecosystems
6. Sustainable Development:
a. Challenges Involve in Conservation and Sustainable Development at the Local Level
b. International Approaches to Sustainable Development
c. Funding for Conservation by the World Bank and international NGOs;
d. Conservation Education and the Role of Conservation Biologists
Practicals:
1. Conservation issues in protected areas of Pakistan.
2. Study of the role of local community in protected areas of Pakistan.
3. Challenges to sustainable development and their solution in Pakistan.
4. Procedures for studying species richness, Simpson Index, Shannon and Weiner Function.
5. Sampling Techniques of biodiversity
6 Population of some local subterranean animals and report writing
Books Recommended
1. Richard B. Primack, 2012. A Primer of Conservation Biology; 5th Edition: Sinauer Associates,
Inc. Publishers Sunderland, MA U.S.A.
2. Groom, M.J., G.K. Meffe and C.R. Carroll, 2006, Principles of Conservation Biology, 3rd
edition, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
3. Malcolm L. Hunter, Jr. 2001. Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, 2nd Edition. Blackwell
Science Inc.
4. Mills, L.S. 2007. Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics and
Management. Blackwell Publishing, USA.
5. Richard B. Primack. 2002. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates
Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A
Title: ZOL-607. Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)

Aims and Objectives:
The major objective of this course is to introduce the students to the effects of
toxicants/contaminants on the aquatic life.
Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, student would be able to:
• Understand the basic concept of aquatic ecotoxicology, including bioaccumulation, trophic
transport of contaminants, biomarkers, specific challenges, and in vitro toxicology.
• be aware of the behavior of fish in response to toxicants
• know the factors affecting chronic environmental toxicity
Syllabus in Brief:
Introduction and background of aquatic toxicology, Definitions, sources of contamination: water
pollution, General concepts in toxicology. Transport of pollutants, Factor affecting distribution
and fate, bioavailability and bioaccumulation, biotransformation, metabolism and de-toxication,
Heavy metals, organics. Behavioral responses of fish to toxicants. Toxicity assessments and
environmental regulations. Factors affecting the chronic environmental toxicity, Ecotoxicity.
Practicals
➢ Determination of physico-chemical parameters in relation to metal’s toxicity.
➢ Determination of acute (LC50 and lethal concentrations) toxicity of metals by using Probit
Curve
➢ Effects of chronic metals toxicity on fish growth
Books Recommended
1. Rand, G.M., 2001. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis
Publisher, USA. E-book published August 2020
2. Walker, C.H., Sibly, R.M., Hopkin, S.P. and Peakall, D.B., 2012. Principles of
ecotoxicology, 4th ed. CRC Press, USA.
3. Adel, D., 2007. Water Pollution Biology. CRC Press, USA.
4. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M. and Imboden, D.M., 2005. Environmental Organic
chemistry. 3rd ed. Wiley and Sons, USA.
5. Blaise, C. and Ferard, J.F., 2005. Small Scale Freshwater Toxicity Investigation: Toxicity
Test Methods. Springer, USA.
6. Mason, C.F., 2002. Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Prentice Hall, USA.
7. Klaasen, C.D., 2001. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology The basic science of poisons.
McGraw-Hill Company, USA.
8. An introduction to Aquatic Toxicology, by Mikko Nikinmma (2014). Elsevier
9. Karen E. Stine and Thomas M. Brown (2015). Principles of Toxicology, CRC Press
BS 8th
ZOL-602 Fundamentals of Limnology 3(2-1)
ZOL-604 Wildlife of Pakistan 3(2-1)
ZOL- 606 Bioremediation and Bio-procession 3(2-1)
ZOL-608 Fundamentals of Entomology 3(2-1)
ZOL-610 Principles of Paleontology 3(2-1)
ZOL-630 Research 6(0-6)
/*Optional Paper 3(2-1)
Total 18
*Optional Paper (In lieu of Research students can select any two courses, one in 7th and one
in 8th semester, Research which will be awarded to only those student having marks
percentage > 85%)
Title: ZOL-602. Fundamentals of Limnology 3(2-1)

Aims & Objectives:
1. To enhance the concept of Limnological parameters and Lake formations.
2. To equip students with basic knowledge of limnology its origin and different types
3. To familiar students with the chemical and biological process occurring in the lakes to support
aquatic life.
4. To familiar students with the importance and conservation management of lakes problems and
management of fish farm
Learning Outcomes:
1. Recall the basic knowledge of physico-chemical properties of lentic and lotic environment.
2. Describe the rmal stratification, management and conservation of lakes.
3. Relate the inland water quality with the production of aquatic fauna.
4. Illustratethe basin morphometry and eutrophication of lakes.
5. Determinethe values of various physico-chemical and biological parameters of lotic and lentic
water bodies
Theory:
Introduction ofApplied Limnology, History, Discovery of Plankton, oceanography, old terms

Inland Waters and water cycle: Lotic Environment, Lentic environment, Dynamics of lotic and
lentic environments, filling of lakes
Origin of Lakes: Tectonic lakes, volcanic lakes, landslide lakes, glacial lakes, river originated
lakes, coastal lakes, karstic lakes, artificial lakes
Lentic Ecosystems: Zones of lake based on Light penetration, Zones based on Temperature
stratification
Lotic Ecosystems: Size classification, Channel types, riffles and pools, Oxbow lake & meander
scar, Flood plain, stream gradient, The river continuum concept
Organisms in lotic and lentic environments: Algae, Fungi, Plankton, Nekton, Sestons, Benthos
Plankton: organisms composing plankton, Occasional plankton, Adventitious Plankton elements,

Classification and Terminology of plankton
Types of Plankton: Phytoplankton, zooplankton, Bacterio-plankton and virio-plankton
Bacteria: General distribution in lakes, kinds and characteristics of bacteria in lakes, classification
of bacteria
Distribution of Bacteria,
Factors affecting distribution of bacteria, fundamental role of bacteria
Nekton: the fish population, water temperature and fish species,fish feeding, types of fish and lake
conditions,
Benthos: phyto-benthos, macrophytes, the benthic animals
Food chain in lake: producers, consumers, detritivores,
Biological productivity: Circulation of food materials, Indices of productivity in lakes
Classification of Lakes based on productivity: Oligotrophic lakes,Mesotrophic lakes, Eutrophic

lakes
Bog Lakes:definition, physical and chemical characteristics, biological conditions, importance of
bog lakes
Practicals
1. Collection and study of animal life both Plankton and Nekton from various approachable water
bodies;
2. Study of aquatic adaptations in both plants and animals water quality parameters,
3. Concentrations of CO3-2, HCO3- ions by volumetric analysis in the given water sample,
Dissolved Gases, Suspended and dissolved Solids, Turbidity
4. Phytoplankton- methods of collection, identification, estimation of standing crop
5. Survey of lotic and lentic water bodies
6. Study of a lake ecosystem
7. Field visit to different Lakes
8. Collection and study of rooted and submerged and free floating plants of various approachable
water bodies.
9. Collection and study of animal life both Plankton and Nekton.
10. Study of aquatic adaptations in both plants and anima.
11. Determination of physicochemical parameters of different water bodies
Books Recommended:
1. Boyd, C.E. and G.S. Tucker. 2009. Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management. Rashtriya
Printers, Delhi. 700p. (ISBN: 978-81-8489-186-7) .
2. Huet, M., 1986. Text book of fish culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish. 2nd Edition. Fishing
News Book ltd. England.
3. Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and fisheries in India. 2nd Edition. Hinduston Publishing
Corporation, New Dehli. Welch, P.S. 1952. Limnology 2nd Ed. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
New York, 538p
4. Wetzel, R.G. 2006. Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems. Reed Elsevier Private Ltd. India.
5. Dodson, S. 2005. Introduction to Limnology. 1st Edition. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New
York.
6. Kumar, A .2003. Aquatic Ecosystems. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
7. Agrawal, S.C.2003. Limnology. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, N. Dehli.
8. Singh, H.R. 2003. Advances in Limnology. Narendra Publishing House, N. Dehli.

9. Horne, A.J. and Golman, C. R. 2000. Limnology. McGraw-Hill. Science.
10. Wetzen, R. G. and Likens, G.E. 2000. Limnological Analysis. 3rd Ed. Springer-Verleg. New
York.
11. Boyd, C.E. 2000. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture. Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
12. Allen S.E. 1990. Chemical analysis of Ecological Materials. Scientific publishers, London.
Title: ZOL-604. Wildlife of Pakistan 3 (2-1)

Course Objectives:
1. To familiarize the students with the wildlife fauna of Pakistan
2. To create the awareness among the students about the important wildlife species
3. To equip the students with the knowledge of wildlife conservation
4. To equip the students with the knowledge of Wildlife Rules and Regulations
1. ACQUIRE theoretical knowledge about the identification, distribution, status, conservation and
management of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals of major importance in Pakistan
2. UNDERSTAND the protected area system (Game Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National
Parks)
3. SOLVE the threats to wildlife by applying the scientific principles and modern technologies
(Sustainable development through local community participation).
4. ANALYSE, interpret and synthesize data and other information about the population of
wildlife
5. EVALUATE the conservation management by government department, National and
International organizations
6. DEMONSTRATE the ecological assessment and importance of wildlife to certain area.
a. Wildlife,
b. Definitions,
c. from wildlife to livestock, household and pet animals.
d. Values and Economics of Wildlife
e. Existing Wildlife in Pakistan (Province wise)
f. Wildlife Population Ecology
Wildlife Conservation
a. History of Wildlife Conservation
b. Philosophy and significance of wildlife conservation.
c. Conservation and Management (population estimate technology) of fishes, amphibians, reptiles,
birds and mammals of major importance in Pakistan
d. In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation
Biodiversity of Pakistan:
a. Biodiversity and sustainability of wildlife.b. Identification, distribution, status of native species
c. Identification, distribution, status of endangered species
d. Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and fishes of Pakistan
Wildlife rules and regulations in Pakistan
a. Laws, Policy and social issues
Protected Areas:
a. Definition and categories of Protected Areas in Pakistan
b. Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks and Game Reserves.
c. Wetlands National and International organizations involved in conservation and management of
wildlife
Practicals
1. Study of distribution, biology and status of wild fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
of Pakistan province wise and in different zoogeographical regions.
2. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and environment
3. Construction of food chain and food webs of wild animals.
4. Comparison of housing of wild fauna after Visit to National Park or Zoo
5. Report writing on burning wildlife issues of Pakistan.
Title: ZOL-606. Bioremidiation and Bio-procession 3(2-1)

Objectives:
1. Bioremediation is to control of environmental pollution and to address other

problems by
2. Using living organisms. This keeps the environment free of natural and manmade
3. Pollutants by using living or dead organisms, their metabolites, biochemical and
Processes.
Learning Outcomes:
This course will develop techniques to tackle with the environmental pollution by
biological means.
Muncipal and Industrial Waste Water Treatment: Primary, Secondary including aerobic
(Activated sludge, Biological filters, Rotating biological contactors, Fluidized bed reactors,
Inverse fluidized bed reactors, Expanded bed reactors) anaerobic (Anaerobic baffled reactors,
Membrane bioreactors, Anaerobic contact digester, Anaerobic blanket reactor), Tertiary and
Sewage Treatment including disinfection. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal.
Biohydrometallargy: for extraction of Precious metals from their ores (Iron, Uranium, Gold,
Copper, Silver)
Biofuel generation; Biogas generaton Use of Algae, Alcohol etc. for production of Biofuels.
Microbial Enhanced Oil REcovary, advantages and disadvantages.
Practicals
1. Isolation and studies of heavy metals tolerant/resistant microorganisms; Studies on bacterial
capable of degrading xenobiotics; production of alcohol from decaying fruits
Books Recommended
Practical Environmental Bioremediation the field guide, 1997. R. Barry King, Gilbert M. Long,
John K. Sheldon, Lewis publishers.
1.General Microbiology, 1995. Schlegel, H.G., Cambridge University Press.
2.Biotechnology, 1996. Smith, J.F., Cambridge University Press.
3. Environmental Biotechnology Principals and applications, 2000. Pruce, R. Hmana, Parry
McCarty, McGraw Hill.
4.Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 1999. Martin Alexender academic press Inc.
5.Modern Biotechnology: Connecting Innovations in Microbiology and Biochemistry to

Engineering Fundamentals by NS Mosier and MR Ladisch.
6. Biotechnology by John E. Smith
7. Environmental Microbiology: Methods and Protocols, 2nd Edition, Ian T. Paulsen, Andrew J.
Holmes
8. Advances in environmental biotechnology by Raman Kumar, Anil Kumar Sharma, Sarabjeet
Singh Ahluwalia.
9. Principles and Applications of Environmental Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future by
Rakuten Kobo
Title: ZOL-608. Fundamentals of Entomology 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
1. To describe the reasons for evolutionary success of insects.
2. To establish the understanding about body structure of insects.
3. To familiarize the students about different physiological processes of insect.
4. To introduce concepts of insect ecology.
Learning Outcomes:
1. ACQUIRE the basic knowledge of the body structure of insects.
2. UNDERSTAND the role of structures in different life processes of insects.
3. CLASSIFY the insects at order level.
4. ASSOCIATE the insect structure, physiology and ecological interactions with their abundance
and huge diversity.
5. DIFFERENTIATE the structural differences between different insects.
6. ANALYZE the impact of environmental factors on insect life.
Course Outline:
Morphology
a. General characteristics of insects. Relationship with other Arthropods, splitting up into different
evolutionary lines, Reasons for success of the insects in diverse environments.
b. Hard Parts: General segmentation, tagmatosis and organization.
c. Integument: Cuticle: Detailed structure along with its biochemistry. Epidermal layer; itsstructure
and function. Basement membrane, Cuticular outgrowths and appendagessclerotization.
d. Colors of Insects.
e. Head: cephalization, sclerites, modifications.
f. Antennae: Typical Antenna and its types.
g. Mouthparts: Mouthparts and their types. Different modes of ingestion and types of mouthparts.
h. Neck: Sclerites.
i. Thorax: Sclerites: legs, their different modifications and functions.
127
j. Wings: Origin; Different regions. Development and basal attachments, main veins and their
branches (generalized insects), Modifications of wings and wing coupling.
k. Flight: Types of flight.
l. Abdomen: Secondary appendages and external genitalia.
Physiology
a. Soft Parts: Muscular system; basic structure, types of muscles; muscle contraction and its
energetics.
b. Comparative structure of all the systems, e.g., digestive, excretory, respiratory, incubatory,
reproductive and nervous system and their physiology.
c. Sense organs: sound and light producing organs.
d. Exocrine and endocrine glands including pheromones and their functions.
e. Development: Different types of metamorphosis, apolysis and ecdysis and the role of endocrine
secretions.
Ecology
a. Population dynamics: Density dependent and density independent factors regulating insect
population.
b. Life history and life tables.
c. Predation and competition.
d. Insect defenses and adaptations.
e. Diapause.
f. Insect communication.
Practical:
1. Preparation of permanent slides. All the hard parts (antennae, mouth parts, wings, legs and
genitalia).
2. Dissection of insects to study different systems especially digestive, reproductive system of the
available representative insects preferably following insects. American Cockroach, Grasshopper.
3. Field visits for collection of different developmental stages of insects belonging to different
orders.
4. Field visits and report writing of ecological interactions of different insects.
Books Recommended:
1. Schowalter, T.D., 2017. Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach. Academic Press.
2. Ambrose, D.P., 2015. The Insects: Structure Functions and Biodiversity. Kalyani
publishers,Ludhiana, India.
3. Chapman, R. F., 2013. The Insects-Structure and Function.5th Edition. CambridgeUniversity
Press,New York.
4. Gullan, P. J. and Cranstan, P. S., 2014. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology.
4thedition.Wiley-Blackwell. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication, UK.
5. Miller, S.A., 2002. General Zoology Laboratory Manual. 5th Ed. (International), Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
6. Pedigo, L.P. and Marlin, E. R. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th Edition, Person
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, U.S.A.
Title: ZOL-610. Principles of Paleontology 3(2-1)

Course Objectives
1. To provide information on the distribution of animals and their associations in the past and to
rationalize their relationship in the present time.
2. To impart knowledge and concepts of evolution mainly on the basis of fossil record.
3. To give understanding that fossil record also provide information about the distribution of
animals in the past eras.
1. DESCRIBE the zoogeographical distribution of animals and processes involved in the
fossilization of animals.
2. ILLUSTRATE the association of animals present to their past through fossils record.
3. DEVELOP the understanding of speciation, dispersal isolation and extinction process through
biogeography and fossils record.
4. ILLUSTRATE the ability to locate, characterize and differentiate various biomes and fossils of
animals over time.
5. EXPLAIN the distribution of animals on the basis of fossils record.
6. DEVELOP understanding regarding process of fossilization and its importance in
evolutionary history of an animal and its distribution.
Revised Syllabus
Theory:
The history of life; Earth, Shells of earth (Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere);
Development of life on earth; Rock, types of rocks (lgneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks);
Introduction to Paleontology; Fossil, types and Significance of fossils, Nature of fossils,
Fossilization and Processes of fossilization (Study of process of dying and what processes occur
to animals after their death, Geological concepts of fossilization); Introduction to vertebrate
origins. Origin of Fishes: Fishes, Early Fishes and Acquiring Jaws, Post-DevonianFish Evolution,
Sharks, rays, and bony fishes, Sarcopterygii and the oldest tetrapods. Origin of Reptiles and
Dinosaurs, Origin of mammals.
Geological time scale; Pre-Cambrian life, Post-Cambrian life (Paleozoic life, Mesozoic life,
Cenozoic life); A brief history of the Siwaliks; Dating the rocks, Radio-activity methods
(Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, Fission track dating and palaeomagnetism);
Evolutionary histories of camel, horse, elephant and man.
Practicals:
1. General survey of Paleontological lab.
2. Study of various kinds of Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks).
3. Study of various kinds of fossils (Petrified, pseudomorphs, mold, casts, Imprints, foot prints and
Coprolites etc.).
4. Identification and classification invertebrate fossils like foraminifers, coelenterates,
Brachiopodes, arthropods (Trilobites), Molluscs and Echinoderms.
5. Study of vertebrate fossils of evolutionary importance e.g. Horses, Elephants, Primates and
Camels etc.
6. Osteology of the fish, reptilian and mammalian Skull
TextBooks:
1. Brouwer, A., 1977. General Palaeontology. Oliver and Boyed, London.
2. Samiullah, K 2014. A hand book of Paleontology
Books Recommended:
1. S.S. Ali, 1999. Palaeontology, Zoogeography and Wildlife Management.
2. Young J.Z., 1950. (3rd edition & 7th edition). Life of vertebrates. London, Oxford Univ. Press.
3. Dunbar C.o., 1969. Historical Geology, John willey and sons Inc. New York.
4. Gilbert, Colbert, E.H., 1980. Evolution of vertebrates. John Willey and Sons Inc. New York.
5. Moore, R.C. Lalicker, G.C., Fisher, A.G., 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York.
6. Steven M. Stanley, 2008. Earth system History3rd addition.
7. Abu Bakr, 1981. Palaeontology.
8. Vertebrate Palaeontology 3rd Edition (2005), by Michael J. Benton
BS Zoology 7th and 8th Optional Subjects (in lieu of Research)
Sr. No. Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
1. ZOL-611 Ornithology 3(2-1)
2. ZOL-612 Applied Limnology 3(2-1)
3. ZOL-613 Basic Immunology 3(2-1)
4. ZOL-614 Applied Entomology 3(2-1)
5. ZOL-615 Basic Mammalogy 3(2-1)
6. ZOL-616 Biological and Chemical Control 3(2-1)
of Insect Pest
7. ZOL-617 Endocrinology 3(2-1)
8. ZOL-618 Applied Microbiology 3(2-1)
9. ZOL-619 Fundamentals of Cancer Biology 3(2-1)
10. ZOL-620 Taxidermy 3(2-1)
11. ZOL-621 Herpetology 3(2-1)
12. ZOL-622 Vertebrate Parasitology 3(2-1)
13. ZOL-623 Air Pollution Monitoring 3(2-1)
Title: ZOL-611 Ornithology 3(2-1)

Course objectives:
Objectives of the proposed course are aimed to:
1. Impart knowledge to identify birds and understand their behavior and relationships in their
natural habitat.
2. Provide vision to understand the factors that cause bird populations to change, and to assess
certain bird habitats in relation to climate changes.
3. Address both the theoretical and practical knowledge regarding widespread bird diversity in the
diversified environments.
On the successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. ACQUIRE the basic knowledge of the birds in the diversified habitats.
2. UNDERSTAND their behavior and possible their relationships to the natural habitats.
3. SOLVEthe issues to detect minute morphological variations by using different high power
spotting scopes in the field study for various habitats.
4. ANALYZE the likely impacts of changing climatic conditions on variety of birds in different
ecosystems to sift in roosting, nesting and behavioural mechanisms.
Course Contents
Origin and evolution of birds: The evolutionary origins and evolution of flight, Taxonomy and
systematic (species and evolution).
Adaptations for flight: Anatomy and morphology, Feathers (kinds, molt, color), Skeletons,
musculature and flight, advantages of flight.
Adaptations for various environments: Foraging, Physiology, Senses, Migration, Navigation
and musculature.
Ethology: Behaviour, innate vs. learning, Communication, Territory, Flocking, Songs, Courtship,
Mating systems, Nest building, Incubation and egg laying.
Ecology of birds: Predation, Seed dispersal, Pollination, Relations to habitat.
Biodiversity and Conservation: Threats to biodiversity, Causes and patterns of extinction,
Human efforts to conserve biodiversity.
Practicals
Gross anatomy, bird watching tour in Pakistan, field techniques and specimen preparation, and
systematic study of avian groups using the collections of the Museum specimens.
Books Recommended
1. Sandy Podulka, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Rick Bonney. 2004.
2.Hand book of Bird Biology. 2nd Edition Cornell Lab of Ornithology, ISBN093802762X,
9780938027621. Gill, F.B. 2007.
3.Ornithology; New York: W.H. Freeman & Company B. Peterson, R.T. 1998.
4.Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America: Peterson’s Field Guide Series;
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Title: ZOL-612 Applied Limnology 3(2-1)
Aims & Objectives:
1. To enhance the concept of Limnological parameters and Lake formations.
2. To equip students with basic knowledge of limnology its origin and different types
3. To familiar students with the chemical and biological process occurring in the lakes to support
aquatic life.
4. To familiar students with the importance and conservation management of lakes problems and
management of fish farm
Learning Outcomes:
1. Recall the basic knowledge of physico-chemical properties of lentic and lotic environment.
2. Describe thermal stratification, management and conservation of lakes.
3. Relate the inland water quality with the production of aquatic fauna.
4. Illustrate the basin morphometry and eutrophication of lakes.
5. Determine the values of various physico-chemical and biological parameters of lotic and lentic
water bodies
COURSE CONTENTS:
Introduction of Applied Limnology, History, Discovery of Plankton, oceanography, old terms
Inland Waters and water cycle: Lotic Environment, Lentic environment, Dynamics of lotic and
lentic environments, filling of lakes
Origin of Lakes: Tectonic lakes, volcanic lakes, landslide lakes, glacial lakes, river originated
lakes, coastal lakes, karstic lakes, artificial lakes
Lentic Ecosystems: Zones of lake based on Light penetration, Zones based on Temperature
stratification
Lotic Ecosystems: Size classification, Channel types, riffles and pools, Oxbow lake & meander
scar, Flood plain, stream gradient, The river continuum concept
Organisms in lotic and lentic environments: Algae, Fungi, Plankton, Nekton, Sestons, Benthos
Plankton: organisms composing plankton, Occasional plankton, Adventitious Plankton elements,
Classification and Terminology of plankton
Types of Plankton: Phytoplankton, zooplankton, Bacterioplankton and virioplankton
Bacteria: General distribution in lakes, kinds and characteristics of bacteria in lakes, classification
of bacteria
Distribution of Bacteria, Factors affecting distribution of bacteria, fundamental role of bacteria
Nekton: the fish population, water temperature and fish species,fish feeding, types of fish and lake
conditions,
Benthos: phyto-benthos, macrophytes, the benthic animals
Food chain in lake: producers, consumers, detritivores,
Biological productivity: Circulation of food materials, Indices of productivity in lakes
Classification of Lakes based on productivity: Oligotrophic lakes, Mesotrophic lakes, Eutrophic
lakes
Bog Lakes: definition, physical and chemical characteristics, biological conditions, importance of
bog lakes
Practical:
Collection and study of animal life both Plankton and Nekton from various approachable water
bodies; Study of aquatic adaptations in both plants and animals
Water quality parameters, concentrations of CO3-2, HCO3- ions by volumetric analysis in the given
water sample, Dissolved Gases, Suspended and dissolved Solids, Turbidity,
Books Recommended
1. Wetzel, R.G. 2006. Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems. Reed Elsevier Private Ltd. India
2. Dodson, S. 2005. Introduction to Limnology. 1st Edition. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New
York.
3. Agrawal, S.C.2003. Limnology. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, N. Dehli.
4. Singh, H.R. 2003. Advances in Limnology. Narendra Publishing House, N. Dehli.
5. Allen S.E. 1990. Chemical analysis of Ecological Materials. Scientific publishers, London.
6. Welch, P.S. 1968, Limnology. 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York.
Title: ZOL-613 Basic Immunology3(2-1)

Course Objectives
1. To be able to clearly state the role of the immune system and a foundation in immunological
processes
2. To provide students with knowledge on how the immune system works building on their
previous knowledge from biochemistry, genetics, cell biology and microbiology
1. Explore the basic knowledge of immune system
2. Describe the concepts of how the immune system works.
3. Interpret the problems using immunological techniques for diagnosis of immune disorders.
4. Identify the problems using immunological diagnostic tools.
5. Detect the problems using the same techniques for other disorders.
Course Contents
1. Overview and Elements of the Immune System
a. Medical Importance of the Immune System
b. How the Immune System Works: Cells and Organs of the Immune System
2. Components of Immunity
a. Antigen and Antibody structure and types
b. Antigen-Antibody Interactions
c. Innate and Acquired immune responses.
d. Infection and Immunity
e. Hyper sensitivity and its types
f. Complement system
g. Macrophages phagocytosis and process of antigen presentation in Association with MHC Class
II proteins
Practicals
1. Isolation of DNA
2. Counting of WBCs by Haemo-cytometer
3. Counting of RBCs by Haemo-cytometer
4. Gel Techniques
5. SDS PAGE
Books Recommended
1. Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter.
Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th ed. 2008, Garland)
2. Thomas J Kindt, Richard A Goldsby, Barbara A Osborne, Janis Kuby: Immunology (2003,
Freeman).
3. Peter J. Delves, Seamus J. Martin, Dennis R. Burton, Ivan M. Roitt Roitt: Roitt’s Essential
Immunology (12th ed. 2012, Blackwell)
4. Abul Abbas , Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th
edition, 2017. Elsevier Pub Co.
5. Gerd R. Burmester, Antonio Pezzutto Color Atlas of Immunology, 2006. Thieme Stuttgart, New
York.
Title: ZOL 614 Applied Entomology 3(2-1)
Course Objectives:
Acquire knowledge of insect pests of crops, vegetables, fruits, stored grains and household pests.
Identification of insect pests, their control methods and pesticide application equipments.
Introduction with entomological cottage industries.
Learning Outcomes:
1. ACQUIRE the basic knowledge aboutpest of economic importance.
2. UNDERSTAND the relationship of various crops and pest population.
3. SOLVE the problems using integrated pest management.
4. ANALYZE the problems of pesticides resistance mechanism.
5. EVALUATE the problems problems using practical knowledge in Entomology.
Collection, identification and mode of damage of insect pests of various crops, Fruits Vegetables,
Stored grains and household.
Insecticide formulations, their dilutions and safe handling;
instructions for apiculture, sericulture and lac-culture.
Teaching Methodology:
Lecturing, Written Assignments, Guest Speaker, Field Visits and Report Writing
Assessment:
Mid Term (30%)
Written (Long Questions, Short Questions, MCQs) 20%, Presentation 05%, Assignments 05%
Final Term (70%)
Written (Long Questions, Short Questions, MCQs) 55%, Practical 10%, Attendance 05%
Books Recommended:
1. Atwal, A.S. 2005. Agricultural Pests of Southeast Asia and their Management. Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana.
2. Gullan, P. J. and Cranstan, P. S. 2010. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. 4th edition.
Wiley-Blackwell. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication, UK.
3. Pfadt, E.R. 1985. Fundamentals of Applied Entomology, 4 th Ed. The McMillan Co., N. Y.
4. Shah, H.A. and Saleem, M.A. 2002, Applied Entomology, 3rd Ed. Izhar Sons Printers, Lahore.
Title: ZOL-615 Basic Mammalogy3(2-1)

Course Objectives
Followings will be the objectives of this course to:
1. Assess ecological and evolutionary processes which led to the diversification and diversity of
mammals.
2. Identify factors for mammalian adaptations for survival in a variety of conditions.
3. Study mammalian classification up to orders and determine the distribution and abundance of
the mammalian species with structure communities for various ecosystems.
1. ACQUIRE the basic knowledge of the mammals in diversified ecosystems.
2. UNDERSTAND the behavior of the mammals and their relationships to the natural habitats.
3. SOLVE the problems in the mammalian study using scientific approaches and methods.
4. ANALYZE the impacts of mammals on the ecosystem and likely impacts on economy.
5. UNDERSTANDING the role played by mammologists in the conservation and management
of mammals.
Course Outlines:
a. Introduction and history ofmammalogy; basic characteristics ofmammals; diversified habitats
for mammals in Pakistan and variouscontinents.
b. Mammalian phylogeny; dentition and dental formulae, cranialcharacteristics, evolution of
mammals. Concepts of viviparity and ovoviviparity.
c. Concept of biogeography; mammalian radiations, biogeography ofmammals of Pakistan,
occurrence, habits and varied habitats,importance to ecosystems and negative values.
d. Food and feeding strategies; preferred food sourcesof mammals,foraging habits, diurnal
andnocturnal feeding regimes of mammals; ecological constraints andmammalian adaptations.
f. Concepts of stenophagy and euryphagy.
g. Population dynamics of mammals; rates of natality, mortality,immigration and emigration
h. Population modeling concepts in mammals; mammalian crowding andscuffles with respect to
various environments.
i. Communication and social organization; chemical signaling inmammals, types and causes of
occurrence, communication skills andemergence of mammalian call notes.
j. Mammalian Adaptations;concept of torpor formation, aestivation,hibernation, acoustic laterlis
systems in mammals. Concept of molecularbasis of mammalian adaptations.
k. Behavior of mammals; home range, territoriality, predation pressure,
evolutionary arms races and competition for resources
Practicals:
1. General survey of mammalian species (Visits to zoological museumsand zoos and field study)
2. Study of techniques for the collection of mammals, their identificationand systematic
relationships
3. Comparative study of mammalian skeleton
4. Dissection of a rabbit or rat to expose its different systems
Books Recommended:
1. Vaghuan, T. A., J. M. Ryan and N. J. Czaplewski. 2010. Mammalogy. 5thEd. The John Hopkins
University Press, New York, USA. 185
2. Feldhamer, G. A., L. C. Drickamer, S. H. Vessey, J. F. Merritt and C.Krajewski. 2007.
Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. 3rd Ed. TheJohn Hopkins University Press, New
York, USA.
3. Genoways, H.H., 2000. Current Mammalogy. Plennium Press, New York
Title: ZOL-616. Biological and Chemical Control of Insect Pests 3(2-1)
OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the culturing, conservation and augmentation of entomophagous insects.
2. To introduce the insect pests of major crops of Pakistan
3. To study the integration of biological and chemical control of insect pests.
4. To elaborate the control/management strategies of various insect pests of agricultural crops in
order to improve the food production.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Identify the insect pests of major crops.
2. Use biological and chemical approaches to control insect pests.
THEORY:
Introduction; history, development and scope of biological control with special reference to
condition of Pakistan; Steps in establishing biological control programme; Concept and
significance of natural control; Constraints to biological control; Advantages and disadvantages of
biological control; Strategies for using natural enemies (Classical biological control, conservation
and augmentation of natural enemies); Methods of colonization, recovery and evaluation of natural
enemies; Quality control for natural enemies; Biological control of weeds; Importance of chemical
control: Classification of insecticides, stomach poison, control poison, fumigants; Biology, life
histories and control measures of insects attacking Rice, sugar cane, cotton, apple and some forest,
trees; Integrated Pest Management.
Practical:
Collection and identification of insect pests of agricultural crops and forest trees; Laboratory
rearing of parasitoids, predators and micro-organisms of economic importance; Visit of
organizations working on mass-production of biocontrol agents. Demonstration of effects of some
insecticides on the survival of insect pests in the Laboratory.
Books Recommended:
1. Chukwuebura Egbuna and Barbara Sawicka (2019). Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and
Weed Control. 1st edition; ELSEVIER.
2. T.M. Butt, C.M. Jackson and N. Mogan(2001). Fungi as Bio-control Agents (Progress, Problems
and Potential) CABI Publishing.
3. Ann E Hajek and Jorgen Eilenberg (2018). Natural Enemies (an introduction to biological
control) 2nd edition; Cambridge.
4. M. Irshad, 2008. Biological Control of Insect and Weeds in Pakistan HEC.
Title: ZOL-617 Endocrinology 3(2-1)

Aims and objectives
To overview the general scheme of endocrinology
1.An overview of general concepts and principles of endocrinology: types of hormones;
endocrine and nervous system relationship; general principles in function, interaction, synthesis,
secretion and transport of hormones; general concept of feedback; genetic control of peptide
hormones; pathology and assessment of endocrine function; evolution of endocrine system.
2. Neuroendocrinology: neural control of glandular secretion, Hypothalamic-pituitary unit,
hypophysiotropic neuronal system, hypophysiotropic hormones and neuroendocrine axis.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing
hormones, somatostatin, prolactin-regulating factor, GnRH.
3. Pituitary hormones: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis hormones and their chemistry,
synthesis and release.
4. Thyroid gland: Anatomy and histology of gland, formulation and secretion of thyroid
hormones, thyroid hormone in peripheral tissues, regulation and factors affecting thyroid
hormones.
5. Calcitotrophic and mineral metabolism hormones: chemistry, physiological actions and
metabolism of parathyroid hormones, calcitonin and calciferols, homeostasis of calcium,
phosphate and magnesium.
6. Adrenal medulla and cortex: Chromaffin cell and organization, structure of adrenal medulla
and cortex, biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism, adrenergic receptors. regulation and
metabolism of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal sex steroids.
7. Reproductive endocrinology: Testicular and ovarian structure and function, hypothalamic-
pituitary-gonadal axis and control of germ cells production.
8. Endocrinology of pregnancy: Hormones in conception and implantation, growth factors in
implantation, hormonal action and adaptation in pregnancy and parturition.
9. Endocrinology of lactation: hormones in lactation.
10. Overview of endocrine mechanisms in invertebrates
Practicals
1.Demonstration of endocrine glands and associated structures in mouse/ rat dissection.
2.Histological and immunohistochemical procedures to study the endocrine glands, experiments
to demonstrates physiological role of hormones from different endocrine glands.
3. Study the regulation of hormones.
4. Experiments to demonstrate the functional diversity of hormones in different vertebrates,
experiments on endocrine mechanism in vertebrates.
5. Hormone assessment techniques including RIA and ELISA with standard curve preparation.
Books Recommended:
1..Larsen PR, Konenberg HM, Melmed S and Polonsky KS. 2012. Williams .
2.Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Pennsylvania. Jameson JL and De Groot LJ 2010.
3.Endocrinology, 2-Volume Set, 6th Edition Nussey S and Whitehead S. 2001. 4.
Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. BIOS Scientific Publishers; Oxford. Norris & Carr 2013
Vertebrate Endocrinology, 5th Edition. Academic Press. US.
Title: ZOL-618. Applied Microbiology 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
1. To provide first-hand knowledge to students in the fundamental aspects of basic
microbiology
2. To impart the practical know-how about the morphology and microbial activities
3. To acquaint the students with basic techniques of sterilization, culturing and isolation of
microorganisms
1. ATTAIN the basic knowledge of microorganisms
2. FAMILIARIZE with the concepts of basic microbiological techniques
3. ELUCIDATE the role of microbes with reference to food, health and environment in general
4. EXPLORE the plant-microbial interaction
5. INVESTIGATE the potential of pathogenic microorganisms
6. APPLY the appropriate microbiological techniques, methodologies and equipment in
accordance with Lab safety protocol
Course Outline
Microorganisms and diseases. Control of Microorganisms, antibiotics and other
chemotherapeutic agents, Host-microbial interactions, Resistance and Immunity, food and water-
borne human infections. Human contact diseases. Infectious diseases of animals, sick building
syndrome, Control of Diseases. Microarrays technology, Microbiology of domestic water and
sewage. Microbiology of food, milk and milk products. Industrial Microbiology: Scope of
industrial microbiology in food production, Metals in yeast fermentation processes, control of
insects, human therapy, petroleum, mining and bioremediation, Biotechnology and its role in
modern human comforts, Biotechnology and leather industry.
Practicals :
1. Bacteriological examination of fresh ponds, canal, domestic water
2. Isolation and identification of coliform bacteria
3.. Isolation of pathogens
4.. Normal throat microflora and its reaction with blood agar
5.. Enumeration and identification wounds microorganisms
6.. Enumeration and identification of common carp skin microbes
7.. Eradication of microbes through physical agents
8.. Eradication of microbes through chemical agents
9.. Inhibitory zone formation(Bacterial sensitivity tests)
10. Survey of industries based on microbial activities.
Books Recommended
1. Durieux, A and J-P. Simon. 2001. Applied Microbiology. Boston : Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Database: WorldCat
2. Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N. and Nester, M.T., 2004.
Microbiology: A human perspective. McGraw Hill, Higher Education, New York.
3. Kale, V. V. 2007. Applied Microbiology. Publisher: Mumbai : Himalaya Pub. House, Database:
WorldCat
4. Hans G. Schlegel. 2002. General Microbiology. VII Ed. Cambridge University Press. UK. 5.
James. G. Cappucino. And Natabe Sherman, (2004).
5. Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual, VI Ed., (I Indian Reprint). Pearson Education
(Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., India
Title: ZOL-619 Fundamentals of Cancer Biology 3(2-1)

Course Objectives
1) What are the common cellular and molecular mechanisms that are deregulated in cancerous
cells, and how does their deregulation contribute to the development of cancer?
2) What role does gene mutation play in the development of cancer? In what ways can cancer be
considered a “heritable” trait?
3) In what ways do environmental factors influence cancer susceptibility and how may we use this
information to prevent cancer?
4) How does cancer manifest itself in the human body? What features of cancer lead to high
mortality rates?
5) What is the biological rationale for both traditional chemotherapies and novel targeted
therapeutic approaches? What are the benefits and limitations of each option?
6) In what ways can genomic technologies provide insight into cancer prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment? What are the limitations of these technologies?
Learning Outcome!
The students will be able to achieve that

1. Linking of basic science and medicine-how research at the cellular and molecular level can
inform how we treat patients with cancer.
2) Technology development-how advances in biomedical technology are changing the way we
think about the underlying causes of cancer and how we treat it
What is cancer: Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence? Types of Tumors, Ways in which
cancer differ, which kind of Cellular abnormalities and genes play role in development of cancer?
Hallmarks of cancer, Detection, Treatment and protection of cancer.
Profile of a Cancer Cell: Features of cancer cell, Proliferation, Growth factors and the cell cycle,
Apoptosis and cell survival, DNA damage and repair, Tumor immunology.
Causes of cancer: Chemicals that cause cancer, Carcinogens, Radiation, Ionizing Radiation,
Heredity risk, Infectious agents.
How cancer spread: Tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.
Oncogenes: How cellular oncogenes arise? Proteins produced by oncogenes; growth factors,
Receptor proteins, Plasma membrane G proteins, Intracellular protein kinase, Transcription
factors, cell cycle or cell death regulators.
Tumor suppressor genes and cancer overview: Role in cell proliferation and cancer death, Role
in DNA repair and genetic stability, overview of carcinogenesis.
Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and treatment: Cancer screening and diagnosis, Surgery,
Radiation and chemotherapy, Emerging treatments; Immunotherapy and molecular targets i.e.
Antibodies, vaccines, Therapies, Drugs. New Genomic and proteomic technologies
Practicals:
1. Identification of cancer cells from prepared slides of various human cancer tissues.
2. Quantification of live and dead cells using Trypan blue assay and Live/Dead assay.
3. Assessment of nuclear morphological changes using PI and H33258 staining from prepared
sides.
4. Thawing and revival of cryopreserved cells.
5. Cryopreservation of mammalian cell lines.
6. Sub culturing and passaging of mammalian cell lines.
Recommended Books:
1. Lewis J. Kleinsmith., 2013. Principles of Cancer Biology, 1st edition. Pearson Education.
2. Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer,2009. Margaret A. Knowles
and Peter J. Selby. Oxford Biosciences.
3. Cell biology and medicine, bettar E.E. John Wiley.
4. The cell in Medical Sciences, beck, F. Academic Press, New York.
5. Molecular cell biology, Lodish, Berk, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira
Ed, 6th W.H freeman, 2009.
6. Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer by L.M.Franks (Editor),
N.M. Teich (Editor) 3rd ED. Oxford.
Weinberg, Robert A. The Biology of Cancer, Second Edition. New York: Garland Science, 2013.
Title: ZOL-620 Taxidermy 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
1. Introducing students to the ethics, regulations, materials, wildlife identification and basic
techniques appropriate for preparing natural specimens.
2. Giving the students a basic introduction of what a person must know to start in taxidermy.
1. Practice basic taxidermy techniques.
2. Produce taxidermy mounts using a variety of taxidermy techniques.
3. Review state and federal taxidermy laws.
4. Compare different taxidermy techniques in order to recommend appropriate techniques for
preserving specimens.
Course Outline:
1. Introduction
a. Definition
b. Scope and importance; daily life, hobby, zoos, wildlife, sport huntingand science (natural history
museums)
2. Materials and equipment
a. Chemicals and solutions
b. Skinning and mounting tools
3. Techniques
a. Skinning
b. Dehydration
c. Tanning
d. preparing and mounting of reptiles, birds and mammals
e. mounting of heads of mammals (deer, markhoretc)
f. mounting of skeletons
g. resin embedding
h. preparation of head casts.
4. Transportation and status
a. Laws of transportation of skins across the continents
b. Status of taxidermy in the modern time today
c. Alternatives of taxidermy.
5. Wet preservation
a. Materials and methods
b. Pinning
c. Curation of stuffing
d. Mountings
e. Wet materials preservatives for different specimens
Practicals:
1. Complete mounting of a small mammal specimen (domestic or wild, asis convenient)
2. Complete mounting of a bird
3. Practical demonstration of resin embedding (videos may be shown insupport)
4. Wet preservation demonstration through different invertebrate andvertebrate specimens
5. Study trip to a place taxidermy is done by skilled professionals (PakistanMuseum of Natural
History Islamabad or as is convenient)
Books Recommended:
1. Pray, L.L. (1943). Taxidermy. The Macmillan Company.
2. Simpkins, J. (1974). Techniques of biological preparations. Blackie andSons Limitted,
Bishopbrigs, Glasgow G64 2NZ.
3. British Museum (Natural History), Instructions for Collectors No 1 Mammalaand No 2 Birds.
4. Wagstaffe, R. and Fidler, J.H. (1968). The preservation of natural historyspecimens Volume
Vertebrates. Witherby. Video presentations fromyoutube can be helpful
Title: ZOL-621. Herpetology 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
1. Understand the basic concepts of herpetology.
2. Enable to know history of Amphibians and Reptiles
3. Develop vision about systematics, mechanisms of speciation.
4. Evaluate role of Amphibians and Reptiles.
5. Demonstrate Economic values of Reptiles and Amphibians
Course Outline:
a. History of Amphibian and Reptilian biology,
b. Early amphibian origins. Characteristics, taxonomy and systematic,
c. Biogeography and mechanism of speciation,
d. Evolution, reproductive strategies.
e. Development, homeostasis and behavior in relation to biotic environment.
f. Food, feeding, defense and conservation.
g. Role of amphibians and reptiles containing pest populations.
h. Medicinal importance of reptiles and amphibians.
i. Economic values of reptiles and amphibians.
Practicals:
1. Identification of museum reptile and amphibian specimens.
2. Classification and taxonomic characteristics of reptiles.
3. Comparative study of skeleton of amphibians and reptiles.
4. Field visits national parks,zoos and different habitats.
5. Presentations of field reports/survey reports.
Recommended Books:
1. Stebbins, R. C. and Cohen, N. W. 2002. A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, N. Jersey.
2. Coleman, J. Freeman, W.H. and Olive, G. 1993. Introduction to Herpetology (3rd ed.), W.H.
Freeman, N. York.
3. Vitt, L. J., & Caldwell, J. P. 2013. Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and
reptiles. Academic press.
4. Kerridge, R. (2014). Cold blood: Adventures with reptiles and amphibians. Random House.
Wells, K. D. 2010. The ecology and behavior of amphibians. University of Chicago Press.
5. Wells,K.D. 2007.The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians.University of Chicago Press
Title: ZOL-622. Vertebrate Parasitology 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
1. Describe general principles and concepts of animal parasitological
2. Classify major animal parasites of animals and humans.
3. Describe many of the disease conditions that animal parasite cause and to consider measures
that may lead to control of these disease agents
1. Assess general principles and concepts of animal parasitology
2. Analyze many of the disease conditions that animal parasite cause and to consider measures that
may lead to control of these disease agents
Course Outline:
1. History and Origin of parasitism a. Classification of relationships between two individuals b.
Symbiosis, commensalisms, parasitism, myiasis, zoonosis c. Infection and infestation.
2. Evolutionary aspects related to parasites a. Geographical distribution b. Epidemiology:
Incidences of occurrence and prevalence.
3. Classification of parasites a. Ectoparasites, endoparasite, temporary parasites, permanent
parasites, facultative parasites, accidental parasites, wandering parasites (brief account and
examples)
b. Classification of hosts: Definitive, intermediate and paratenic hosts.
4. Host susceptibility and specificity
a. Various types of susceptibilities
b. Host-parasite relationships
c. Morphology and physiology of parasites
d. Adaptations to parasitic mode of life e. Effects of parasitism on parasites.
5. Effcets of parasites on hosts
a. Influence of parasites on host populations.
b. Pathological responses
c. Immunoparasitology: immunity and immune responses of host.
6. Diagnosis, prevention, control treatment
a. Common drugs and anthelmintics
b. Vector control methods.
7. Protozoology
a. Protozoan parasites of man and other animals
b. Classification, life cycle, habitat, morphology, epedimiology and immunopathology of
infections e.g., Entamoeba spp. Pathogenic amoeba, Giardia spp. Trichomonas, Trypanosoma,
Leshmania, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii.
8. Helminthology
a. Helminth parasites of man and other animals
b. General account, classification, biology, life cycle, pathology and symptology and immunology.
Platyhelmenthes: e.g. Trematodes (Fisccciola and Schistosoma) Cestodes: Taenia. Nematodes:
Trichuris, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Filaria worms.
9. Medical and Veterinary Entomology
a. Biology and classification of arthropods of veterinary and medical importance.
b. Biology and life cycles e.g. lice, Ticks, mites, mosquitoes, fleas, flies, bugs etc.
c. Arthropods as disease transmitters/vectors.
Books Recommended:
1. Foundation of Parasitology, 2000, 6th ed. Roberts, L.S. and Janovy, J. McGraw-Hill Book Co
2. Protozoology, 1996, 2nd ed. Hausman, K. and hulsmann, N. Thieme medical publishers, Inc.
New York
3. Cheesbrough, M., 1987. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Medicine.Vol.I. University
Press Cambridge
4. Roberts, L.S. and Janovy, J. Jr., 2005. Foundations of Parasitology, 7 th Edition. W.M. Brown
Publishers, Chicago, London, Tokyo, Toronto
5. Urquhart, G.M., Hucan, J.L., Dunn, A.M. and Jennings, F.W. Veterinary Parasitology. 2000.
Longman Scientific and Technical publications, Longman Group, UK
Title: ZOL-623. Air Pollution Monitoring 3(2-1)

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is
1. To enable the student to understand Air Pollution
2. To understand monitor different air pollutants
3. To understand how global warming and green house effects by greenhouses gases
1. ACQUIRE theoretical knowledge about air pollution, air quality, climate change and air
pollution monitoring techniques
2. UNDERSTAND the reasons, consequences, associated diseases of air pollution.
3. SOLVE the problem by using national and International mitigation measures.
4. ANALYSE, Ecological and health Impacts of air pollution and climate change.
5. EVALUATE the health risk and sustainable strategies to reduce impact
6. DEMONSTRATE the impact health assessment.
Course Outline:
1. Air Pollution a. Introduction b. Important Definitions c. Indoor and Outdoor air pollution d. Air
pollutants. Types Properties and Sources
2. Particulate matter and Aerosol
3. Aerosol fundamentals and instrumentation a. Definition and Classification of Aerosol b.
Tropospheric aerosol c. Air pollution monitoring techniques
4. Aerosol types, sources and effects
5. Bio-aerosols a. Introduction b. Types c. Sources
6. Air borne diseases, testing and remediation
7. Air pollution and climate change a. Introduction b. Causes c. Mitigation measures
8. Bio indicators, Thresholds and Injury
9. Genetic Adaptations
10. Industrial melanism, sensitivity and tolerance
11. Instrumentation and Impacts a. The nitrogen cycle b. Global Warming c. Greenhouse effect d.
Plant effects 11. Human implications
Practicals:
1. Study and analysis of PM 10 of ambient air
2. Study and analysis of PM 10 of indoor air
Books Recommended:
1. Ali. Z. Colbeck, I, and Nasir, Z. A. 2010. Basics of air pollution monitoring, HEC-BC Link
publication.
2. Welburn, A. 2007. Air pollution and climate change: 2nd edition; Longman Scientific and
Technical
3. Write.T.R. 2007. Environmental Science, towards a sustainable future. Pearson Prentice Hall.
4. Purohit, S.S. and Ranjan, R. 2003. Ecology, Environment and Pollution, Agrobios.
5. Colbeck, I. 1998. Physical and Chemical Properties of Aerosols, Blackie Academic &
Professional
6. Ruzer L.S. And Harley, N. H. 2005. Aerosols Handbook, CRC Press 8. Vincent, J. H. 2007.
Aerosol Sampling: Science, Standards, Instrumentation and Applications, John Wiley

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Curriculum of the Department of Zoology 2021

ZOL-301 Basics of Animal Life 4(3-1)

For Sister Departments

ZOL-303 Basics of Animal Life 3(2-1)

Title: Zol-301. Basics of Animal Life 4(3-1)

The course aims to impart knowledge and understanding of:

a. The concept and status of Zoology in life sciences.

d. Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.

e. Animals and their relationship with their environment.

Course Learning Outcomes

3. Solve the emergence of diversity of organisms for the ecosystem.

1. Place of Zoology in Science

2. The Chemical Basis of Animal Life

5. How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients:

1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood.

4. Protein digestion by pepsin.

5. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.

1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY,

Singapore: McGraw Hill.

7. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L., LABORATORY STUDIES IN INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES

For Sister Departments

Title: ZOL-303. Basics of Animal Life 3(2-1)

Aims and Objectives

The concept and status of Zoology in life sciences.

c. Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.

d. Animals and their relationship with their environment.

3. Solve the emergence of diversity of organisms for the ecosystem.

1. Place of Zoology in Science

2. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals

3. Energy and Enzymes:

Energy and the laws of energy transformation; activation energy.

1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood (Hemolysis and Crenation in blood cells)

4. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.

2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY,

For Sister Departments

ZOL-306 Principles of Animal Life 3(2-1)

Title: ZOL-302. Principles of Animal Life 4(3-1)

Aims and Objectives

Eukaryotic Chromosomes, Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes, Number of Chromosomes, The

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Inheritance Patterns in Animals, Segregation, Independent Assortment, Other Inheritance Patterns,

EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE

EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES

Four approaches to animal behaviour; proximate and ultimate causes; anthropomorphism;

1. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.

3. Multiple alleles study in blood groups.

4. Study of karyotypes of Drosophila, mosquito.

5. Survey study of a genetic factor in population and its frequency.

6. Problem based study of Mendelian ratio in animals.

7. Study of cytochemical detection of DNA in protozoa and avian blood cell.

8. Study to demonstrate nervous or endocrine basis of behaviour (conditioned reflex or aggression

Title: ZOL-304. CELL BIOLOGY 3(2-1)

For Sister Departments

Title: ZOL. 401. Diversity of Invertebrates 4(3-1)

1. To provide the knowledge of evolutionary/ phylogenetic relationship (from simple to the

4. To provide the description of mode of Reproduction and Development

5. To provide the information of their economic and ecological importance

Course Learning Outcomes