MATH2601-PracticeProblems-Topic 2 Vector Spaces

4 Problems
22. For each of the following, say whether the statement is true or false and give a brief
reason.
(a) The function ϕ : (Z, +) → (Z, +) with ϕ(n) = 2n is a group homomorphism.

(b) The function ϕ : (R, +) → (R, +) with ϕ(x) = 2x is a group homomorphism.
(c) The function ϕ : (R, +) → (R, +) with ϕ(x) = 2x − 1 is a group homomorphism.
(d) The function ϕ : (R+ , ×) → (R, +) with ϕ(x) = log x is a group homomorphism.
23. For each function in Q22 which is a homomorphism, which are isomorphisms?
24. Prove Lemma 1.6 b) and c) and the second half of Lemma 1.7 from the lecture notes.
2 Vector Spaces
[K]25. For each of the following, say whether the statement is true or false and give a brief
reason.
(a) The set {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y + z = 0} is a vector space.

(b) The set {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : xyz = 0} is a vector space.
(c) The set {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : sin(x + y + z) = 0} is a vector space.
(d) The set {Ax : x ∈ R4 } is a vector space, where A is a fixed 3 × 4 real matrix.
26. Let V be the set of all sequences {αn } = {α0 , α1 , . . . , αn , . . .} of elements of R.

Define addition of sequences by: {αn } + {βn } = {αn + βn } and scalar multiplication
by λ{αn } = {λαn }. Prove that V is a vector space over R.
27. Let V = C([−1, 1]), the vector space of all continuous real valued functions defined
on [−1, 1]. Which of the following are subspaces of V ? Justify your answers.
(a) {f ∈ V : f (t) = f (−t) for all t}, (b) {f ∈ V : f (t) ≥ 0 for all t},
R1 R1
(c) {f ∈ V : −1 f (t) dt = 0}. (d) {f ∈ V : −1 f (t) dt = 1}.
[K]28. Are the following sets subspaces of R3 ? Give reasons for your answers:
(a) S1 = {x : x21 = x32 };

(b) S2 = {x : 2x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 13};
(c) S3 = {x : 2x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 0};
(d) S4 = {x : x = t1 u1 + t2 u2 , t1 , t2 ∈ R} for some fixed vectors u1 , u2 in R3 .
Find a basis for those that are subspaces.
[K]29. Determine which of the following subsets of P3 (R) are subspaces.
(a) {p ∈ P3 (R) : p′′ (x) = 0 for all x ∈ R},

(b) {p ∈ P3 (R) : p′ (x) + x + 1 = 0 for all x ∈ R}.
MATH2601 Practice Problems, 2024 5
30. Prove that the following are real vector spaces:

(a) The set {αn } : αn+1 − αn = αn+2 − αn+1 , n ≥ 0, αn ∈ R of all arithmetic
progressions.

(b) The set {αn } : αn+2 = αn+1 + αn , n ≥ 0, αn ∈ R of all Fibonacci sequences.
(c) The set of all convergent sequences, defined as

{αn } : ∃ α such that ∀ϵ > 0 ∃N ∈ Z such that n > N ⇒ |αn − α| < ϵ .
[K]31. In each case, determine whether the set {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } is linearly independent. If it is

not, express one vector as a linear combination of the other two.
(a) v 1 = (1, 2, 3)T , v 2 = (2, 3, 4)T , v 3 = (3, 4, 5)T in R3 .

(b) v 1 = (1, 2 + i, i)T , v 2 = (i, 1 − i, 1)T , v 3 = (5, 4 + i, i)T in C3 .
[K]32. Let V be the real vector space of continuous functions f : [0, 2] → R2 , and consider
the elements f, g of V defined by f (x) = (x, 1) and g(x) = (4, x). Which of the
following sets are linearly independent?
(a) The subset {f, g} of V .

(b) For fixed x ∈ [0, 2], the subset {f (x), g(x)} of R2 . (Hint: The answer depends
on the value of x.)
(c) The subset {f − g, f + g} of V .
(d) The subset {f, g, f + g} of V .
33. Decide whether the following subsets of C([0, 2π]) are linearly independent, and jus-
tify your answers:
(a) {cos x, sin x}; (b) {cos x, sin x, sin(x + π/4)};

(c) {cos x, sin x, cos 2x}; (d) {sin x, sin 2x, sin 3x}.
34. Let V be the vector space of all twice-differentiable real-valued functions defined on
the real line. For f, g ∈ V , we define the Wronskian determinant of f and g to be

f (t) g(t)
Wf,g (t) = det .
f ′ (t) g ′ (t)
(a) Prove that if there exists a t such that Wf,g (t) ̸= 0 then {f, g} is a linearly
independent set in V .
(b) Hence show that {sin t, cos t} is a linearly independent set.
(c) Show that {t3 , |t|3 } has vanishing Wronskian but is linearly independent.
Note: Wronskian determinants play a significant role in the study of linear ordinary
differential equations.
35. Show that the set {t2 + t3 , 1 + t + t2 + t3 , t, 1 + t2 + 2t3 } is a linearly independent set
in P3 (R). Hence prove that this set forms a basis for P3 (R) and find the coordinates
of 1 + 2t + 3t2 + 4t3 with respect to this basis.
6 Problems
36. Show that (1, 2) and (3, 1) are linearly dependent in Z5 2 . For which primes p are
these vectors linearly independent in Zp 2 ?
37. Show that B = {(1, 2, 2)T , (2, 1, 0)T , (0, 0, 2)T } is a basis for Z5 3 . Find the coordinates
of (4, 0, 0)T with respect to this basis. For which primes p is B a basis for Zp 3 ?
[K]38. Let V be the vector space of all symmetric 2 × 2 matrices A with real entries, that
is, A satisfies AT = A. Show that

1 −2 2 1 4 −1
B= , ,
−2 1 1 3 −1 −5

4 −11
is a basis for V and find the coordinates of with respect to this basis.
−11 −7
39. Prove Theorem 2.5 of the lecture notes. (Each part should take a couple of lines
each.)
[K]40. Let V = M2,2 (R) and let

x −x a b
W1 = : x, y, z ∈ R and W2 = : a, b, c ∈ R .
y z −a c
Show that W1 and W2 are subspaces of V and find a basis for W1 + W2 . Is this sum
direct?
41. (a) The set of all polynomials p of the form p(t) = a0 +a1 t+a2 t2 , where a0 , a1 , a2 ∈ C,
can be viewed either as a vector space over C which we will call V , or as a vector
space over R which we will call W . Exhibit a basis for V and a basis for W .
(b) Let L be the subset of such polynomials p which satisfy p(1) ∈ R. Is L a
subspace of W ? Is L a subspace of V ?
(c) Let X = {p ∈ W : p(t) = a0 + a2 t2 , a0 ∈ C, a2 ∈ R} and
Y = {p ∈ W : p(t) = a0 + a1 t, a0 + a1 ∈ R}. Find bases and the dimensions of
X, Y, X ∩ Y and X + Y in W .
[K]42. Suppose that W and X are subspaces of R8 .
(a) Show that if dim W = 3, dim X = 5 and W + X = R8 , then W ∩ X = {0}.

(b) Show that if dim W = dim X = 5, then W ∩ X has a linearly independent set
with at least 2 elements.
(c) Find an example of W and X with dim W = dim X = 5 and dim(W ∩ X) = 3.

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4 Problems

(a) The function ϕ : (Z, +) → (Z, +) with ϕ(n) = 2n is a group homomorphism.

(a) The set {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y + z = 0} is a vector space.

26. Let V be the set of all sequences {αn } = {α0 , α1 , . . . , αn , . . .} of elements of R.

(a) S1 = {x : x21 = x32 };

Find a basis for those that are subspaces.

[K]29. Determine which of the following subsets of P3 (R) are subspaces.

(a) {p ∈ P3 (R) : p′′ (x) = 0 for all x ∈ R},

30. Prove that the following are real vector spaces:

[K]31. In each case, determine whether the set {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } is linearly independent. If it is

(a) v 1 = (1, 2, 3)T , v 2 = (2, 3, 4)T , v 3 = (3, 4, 5)T in R3 .

(a) The subset {f, g} of V .

(a) {cos x, sin x}; (b) {cos x, sin x, sin(x + π/4)};

[K]40. Let V = M2,2 (R) and let

[K]42. Suppose that W and X are subspaces of R8 .

(a) Show that if dim W = 3, dim X = 5 and W + X = R8 , then W ∩ X = {0}.

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