Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Applications for underwater wireless communication range from oceanographic data

gathering to underwater robotics and surveillance. It is a tough but important topic.
Due to the medium's high attenuation, multipath propagation, and susceptibility to
noise and interference, transmitting data underwater faces substantial challenges [1].
Under these conditions, it becomes essential to design effective underwater
communication systems.

In order to meet the particular difficulties of underwater communication, this paper

describes an underwater wireless communication system that uses a modem outfitted
with cutting-edge signal processing algorithms. The system incorporates a number of
different elements, such as modulation, output bit processing, fading mitigation,
adaptive equalization, cyclic prefix addition, inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT),
cyclic phase shift keying (QPSK) demodulation, fading mitigation, cyclic prefix
addition, and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) modeling. To increase error
resilience and transmission reliability in the face of underwater channel distortions,
the communication process starts with encoding input data bits using robust channel
coding algorithms. After that, QPSK modulation, which effectively uses the available
bandwidth and improves spectral efficiency, gets the modulated signal ready for
transmission. In order to reduce the impact of inter-symbol interference and multipath
propagation, which are characteristics of underwater channels, the system uses IFFT
to convert the modulated signal into the time domain, and then cyclic prefix addition
to reduce ISI. The transmitted signal is still vulnerable to degradation from AWGN
and fading, even with these precautions. Adaptive equalization techniques are
integrated into the system to mitigate the effects of noise and fading. These techniques
dynamically modify receiver characteristics to accommodate for variations in the
channel and maximize signal recovery. Furthermore, FFT is used at the receiver to
precisely extract the transmitted data from the received signal. The system's
performance is assessed by comparing the output bits with the original input
following demodulation and decoding. The bit error rate, throughput, and overall
reliability of the suggested system are evaluated through simulation and analysis.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 1

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

To sum up, the underwater wireless communication system that has been
shown provides a complete answer to the problems associated with data transmission
in underwater environments. The system seeks to deliver reliable and strong
communication by incorporating cutting-edge signal processing techniques and
modulation schemes, enabling a range of underwater applications with enhanced
performance and dependability.

1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT

Underwater wireless communication systems play a crucial role in various

applications such as underwater exploration, environmental monitoring, offshore oil and gas
industry, and underwater robotics. The significance of such systems lies in their ability to
transmit data reliably and efficiently in the challenging underwater environment. Let's break
down the components and their significance in such a system:
1. Input bits: These are the digital data bits that need to be transmitted
underwater. They could be sensor readings, commands, or any other form of
information.
2. Channel coding: Channel coding techniques like forward error correction
(FEC) are employed to add redundancy to the data before transmission. This
redundancy helps in error detection and correction at the receiver end, thereby
improving the reliability of communication in noisy underwater channels.
3. QPSK Modulation: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation is
used to modulate the digital data onto the carrier signal. QPSK is chosen due
to its ability to transmit two bits per symbol and its resilience to phase shifts
and noise.
4. IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform): In underwater communication,
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is commonly used.
IFFT is used at the transmitter to convert the modulated symbols into the time-
domain OFDM signal. OFDM helps combat multipath propagation and
frequency-selective fading.
5. Cyclic Prefix Adder: The cyclic prefix is added to the OFDM symbol to
guard against intersymbol interference caused by multipath propagation. It
ensures that the symbol can be received correctly even if there is delay spread
in the channel.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 2

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

6. AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise): Underwater channels are

characterized by noise, including thermal noise and noise from other
underwater sources. AWGN is added to simulate this noise in simulations and
to evaluate system performance under realistic conditions.
7. Fading: Fading refers to the variation in signal strength and phase due to
multipath propagation, water conditions, and other environmental factors.
Modeling fading is essential for designing robust communication systems that
can operate effectively in dynamic underwater environments.
8. Adaptive Equalizer: Adaptive equalization techniques are used at the
receiver to mitigate the effects of fading and intersymbol interference. These
algorithms adjust filter coefficients based on the received signal
characteristics, improving the overall system performance.
9. FFT (Fast Fourier Transform): At the receiver, FFT is used to convert the
received OFDM signal back into the frequency domain for further processing.
This allows for the extraction of individual subcarriers and demodulation of
the data.
10. QPSK Demodulation: QPSK demodulation is performed to recover the
transmitted data bits from the received symbols. Demodulation techniques
must account for noise, fading, and other channel impairments to accurately
decode the data.
11. Output bits: These are the recovered digital data bits at the receiver end,
which ideally should match the input bits transmitted at the beginning of the
communication chain.
12. Comparative results: Comparative results are crucial for evaluating the
performance of the communication system under different conditions. Metrics
such as bit error rate (BER), throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are
typically compared to assess the effectiveness of different modulation
schemes, coding techniques, and signal processing algorithms in underwater
communication systems.
Overall, the significance of each component lies in its contribution to achieving
reliable and efficient communication in the challenging underwater environment,
where factors like noise, fading, and multipath propagation pose significant
challenges. Through careful design and integration of these components, underwater

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 3

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

wireless communication systems can facilitate various critical applications in ocean

exploration and monitoring.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The underwater domain presents a challenging environment for wireless

communication, necessitating the development of robust systems to overcome issues
such as signal attenuation, multipath propagation, and limited bandwidth. Despite
significant advancements, the integration of modems into underwater wireless
communication systems remains an area of active research. The seamless integration
of modems is crucial for encoding, modulating, and decoding signals in underwater
communication systems. However, optimizing modem configurations and parameters
for specific underwater conditions poses a significant challenge.
1.3 MOTIVATION

The motivation behind the development and advancement of underwater wireless

communication systems is rooted in the necessity to explore and understand the vast,
mysterious depths of our oceans. These systems serve as the vital link between humanity and
the underwater world, enabling scientists, researchers, and engineers to gather invaluable
data, monitor environmental changes, and unlock the secrets of marine ecosystems.
Moreover, they play a crucial role in various industrial applications, such as offshore oil and
gas exploration, underwater robotics, and offshore renewable energy installations. The ability
to communicate reliably and efficiently underwater opens up new frontiers for innovation and
discovery, promising solutions to pressing challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss,
and resource management. By pushing the boundaries of technology and overcoming the
inherent obstacles of underwater communication, we not only expand our scientific
knowledge but also pave the way for sustainable development and conservation efforts in our
oceans. Ultimately, the motivation behind these endeavors lies in our innate curiosity and
responsibility to explore, protect, and preserve the Earth's last great frontier.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

An in-depth overview of underwater acoustic communication channels,

including their propagation characteristics, modeling techniques, and statistical
characterization, is the main goal of Milica Stojanovic's article, "Underwater Acoustic
Communication Channels: Propagation Models and Statistical Characterization,"
which was published in the IEEE Communications Magazine in January 2009. The

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 4

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

significance of underwater acoustic communication systems for a range of uses,

including military operations, undersea exploration, and oceanographic research, is
probably highlighted in the beginning [1].
The capacity of OFDM systems over fading underwater acoustic channels is
the subject of a 2011 IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering paper by Polprasert C.,
Ritcey J., and Stojanovic M. This paper provides a thorough analysis of the
effectiveness of OFDM systems in the context of underwater acoustic communication
channels, which are notorious for their difficult characteristics like severe multipath
fading, lengthy propagation delays, and frequency-dependent attenuation [2].
Presented at the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal
Processing (ICASSP'08) in April 2008, Stojanovi M. introduced OFDM for
Underwater Acoustic Communications: Adaptive Synchronization and Sparse
Channel Estimation. This paper addresses important issues in underwater
communication systems, with an emphasis on the use of Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and adaptive techniques for synchronization and
channel estimation.[3].
Presented at the IEEE Oceans Conference in September 2006, Stojanovic M.'s
work, titled "Low complexity OFDM detector for underwater acoustic channels,"
focused on creating a simplified Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) detection scheme designed especially for underwater acoustic
communication channels. The difficulties in underwater communication, such as
severe multipath propagation, time-varying channel conditions, and scarce bandwidth
availability, are probably described in the introduction. [4].
Presented at the IEEE OCEANS conference in September 2007, the evolution
by Li B., Zhou S., Stojanovic M., Freitag L., Huang J., has been dubbed MIMO-
OFDM over an underwater acoustic channel. The focus is on the use of Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) technology combined with Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for underwater acoustic communication systems. Background
information on the difficulties of underwater communication is probably included in
the introduction, with special attention to problems like multipath propagation,
Doppler effects, and bandwidth limitations [5].
Published in the IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering in 2008, Willett P.'s
study, "Multicarrier communication over underwater acoustic channels with non-
uniform Doppler shifts," focuses on the analysis of multicarrier communication
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 5
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

techniques, specifically Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), in the

context of underwater acoustic channels that exhibit nonuniform Doppler shifts.
OFDM is probably introduced in the study as a modulation technique that is
appropriate for underwater communication because of its spectral efficiency and
capacity to counteract frequency-selective fading. [6].
A seminal work in the field of digital mobile communication, specifically
focusing on the application of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), is
presented by Cimini J.L. in his 1985 paper Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile
channel using OFDM, which was published in IEEE Transactions on
Communications.Background information on the difficulties of mobile
communication systems, including multipath fading, inter-symbolic interference, and
bandwidth constraints, is probably given in the paper's introduction[7].
Presenting at the IEEE Oceans'00 Conference in September 2000, Kim B-C.
described the parameter study of the OFDM underwater communications system. The
study's main goal is to look into different parameters that have an impact on how well
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) performs in underwater
communication systems. Background information on the significance of underwater
communication systems for uses in military operations, undersea exploration, and
oceanographic research is probably included in the introduction. [8].
Singer, Nelson, and Kozat give a thorough review of signal processing
methods designed especially for underwater acoustic communication systems in their
2009 IEEE Communications Magazine article, "Signal Processing for Underwater
Acoustic Communications." [9].
Simulink is a popular simulation tool for modeling and analyzing
communication systems. Lun Zhang and Zhongpei Zhang use Simulink to conduct a
thorough investigation into OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
systems in their paper, Simulation and Analysis of OFDM System Based on Simulink.
Background information on OFDM, a modulation technique well-known for its
capacity to thwart multipath propagation and achieve spectrum efficiency, is probably
provided in the introduction. [10].
The IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials journal, volume 20, issue 4,
published an article by H. Luo, K. Wu, R. Ruby, Y. Liang, Z. Guo, and L. M. Ni titled
"Software-defined architectures and technologies for underwater wireless sensor
networks: A survey" in the fourth quarter of 2018.An extensive examination of
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 6
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

software-defined architectures and technologies designed especially for underwater

wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is given in this survey article [11].
In the first quarter of 2017, Z. Zeng, S. Fu, H. Zhang, Y. Dong, and J. Cheng
published an article titled "A survey of underwater optical wireless communications"
in the IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials journal, volume 19, number
1.Underwater optical wireless communications (UOWC) is a promising technique that
can facilitate high-speed data transmission in underwater situations. This study paper
gives a thorough overview of UOWC [12].
The design and development of an inexpensive underwater acoustic modem
with a special purpose for short-range communication within sensor networks is
presented in the paper "Design of a low-cost, underwater acoustic modem for short-
range sensor networks," written by B. Benson et al. The OCEAN IEEE SYDNEY
conference, which took place in Sydney, NSW, and Australia in 2010, was when this
study was presented. [13].
I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia presented a paper titled "State-of-
the-art in protocol research for underwater acoustic sensor networks" at the 1st ACM
International Workshop on Underwater Networks (WUWNet) in November 2006. An
overview of the state-of-the-art in protocol research, specifically for underwater
acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), is given in this publication [14].
Authors M.-A. Khalighi, C. Gabriel, T. Hamza, S. Bourennane, P. Léon, and
V. Rigaud presented a paper titled "Underwater wireless optical communication:
Recent advances and remaining challenges" at the 16th International Conference on
Transparent Optical Networks in Graz, Austria in 2014. The paper starts out by
outlining the idea of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) and how
important it is for enabling high-speed data transmission in underwater environments.
[15].
In the first quarter of 2019, S. Jiang's study "On securing underwater acoustic
networks: A survey" appeared in the IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
journal, volume 21, number 1. The importance of protecting underwater acoustic
networks (UANs) is discussed at the outset of the study because of its growing use in
a variety of applications, including environmental monitoring, underwater
surveillance, and offshore drilling. [16].
I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia's paper "Underwater acoustic
sensor networks: Research challenges" was published in the Ad Hoc Networks journal
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 7
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

in 2005's volume 3, issue 3. The first section of the paper introduces the idea of
underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) and discusses its importance in a
number of underwater applications, including underwater surveillance, environmental
monitoring, and the gathering of oceanographic data [17].
In August 2004, P. Ögren, E. Fiorelli, and N. E. Leonard published a paper
titled "Cooperative control of mobile sensor networks: Adaptive gradient climbing in
a distributed environment" in the IEEE Transactions on Automatic management,
volume 49, number 8. In order to highlight the value of networked sensors working
together, the study presents the idea of cooperative control in mobile sensor networks
[18].
Authors J.-H. Cui, J. Kong, M. Gerla, and S. Zhou published an article titled
"The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic
applications" in IEEE Network magazine, volume 20, issue 3, May/June 2006.The
difficulties in developing mobile underwater wireless networks (MUWNs) for a range
of aquatic applications are presented in this research. [19].
Authors G. Han, J. Jiang, N. Bao, L. Wan, and M. Guizani published an article
titled "Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks" in IEEE
Communications Magazine, volume 53, issue 11, November 2015.The difficulties and
significance of routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are
discussed in this research. It draws attention to the distinctive qualities of underwater
settings. [20].
The Journal of Network and Computer Applications, volume 78, published an
article by M. Ahmed, M. Salleh, and M. I. Channa titled "Routing protocols based on
node mobility for underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN): A survey" in January
2017. In this research, the idea of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is
presented, and the importance of routing protocols in enabling communication
between underwater sensor nodes is emphasized [21].
In May 2017, M. Khalid et al.'s study "A survey of routing issues and
associated protocols in underwater wireless sensor networks" was published in the
Journal of Sensors. Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are presented in
this research, which also highlights the role that routing protocols play in facilitating
communication between underwater sensor nodes. [22].
.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 8

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

CHAPTER 3
UNDER WATER COMMUNICATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Underwater communication is a specialized field that focuses on transmitting data,
signals, or messages through water medium. It plays a crucial role in various
applications, including ocean exploration, environmental monitoring, underwater
navigation, offshore industries, defense, and scientific research. Unlike terrestrial or
aerial communication, underwater communication faces unique challenges due to the
properties of water, such as high attenuation, multipath propagation, signal dispersion,
and limited bandwidth.
One of the primary challenges in underwater communication is the attenuation of
electromagnetic signals. Electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, are quickly
absorbed by water, limiting their range and penetration depth. As a result, alternative
communication methods are often employed, including acoustic, optical, and
electromagnetic induction techniques.
Acoustic communication is one of the most common methods used for underwater
communication. It involves transmitting sound waves through water, which can travel
long distances with minimal attenuation. However, acoustic communication is
susceptible to noise, multipath propagation, and Doppler effects, which can degrade
signal quality and reliability.
Optical communication utilizes light waves to transmit data through water. Optical
signals can achieve high data rates and are less susceptible to interference compared
to acoustic signals. However, optical communication is limited by water turbidity,
absorption, and scattering, which can attenuate the signal and reduce transmission
range.
Electromagnetic induction communication relies on magnetic fields to transmit
signals through conductive mediums, such as seawater. While electromagnetic
induction can penetrate water more effectively than electromagnetic waves, it is
limited by its low data rates and short transmission range.
In recent years, advancements in underwater communication technologies have led to
the development of hybrid systems that combine multiple communication modalities
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 9
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

to overcome the limitations of individual methods. These hybrid systems leverage the
strengths of different communication techniques to achieve robust, high-speed, and
long-range communication in underwater environments.
Overall, underwater communication continues to be an active area of research
and development, driven by the increasing demand for ocean exploration, resource
exploitation, and environmental monitoring. By overcoming the challenges of
underwater communication, scientists, engineers, and policymakers can gain valuable
insights into the world's oceans and address pressing environmental and societal
issues.

Underwater communication systems employ various methods to transmit data,

signals, or messages through water mediums. These methods can be broadly
categorized into several types:
1. Acoustic Communication: Acoustic communication is one of the most
common methods used for underwater communication. It involves
transmitting sound waves through water to convey information. Acoustic
communication can utilize low-frequency or high-frequency sound waves
depending on the desired range and data rate. This method is particularly
suitable for long-range communication in underwater environments, such as
oceanographic research, underwater vehicles, and offshore industries.
2. Optical Communication: Optical communication relies on light waves to
transmit data through water. It can achieve high data rates and is less
susceptible to interference compared to acoustic communication. Optical
communication is commonly used in underwater imaging, underwater sensors,
and short-range communication applications where high bandwidth is
required.
3. Electromagnetic Induction Communication: Electromagnetic induction
communication utilizes magnetic fields to transmit signals through conductive
mediums, such as seawater. This method can penetrate water more effectively
than electromagnetic waves and is suitable for short-range communication
applications, such as underwater sensors, underwater vehicles, and underwater
power transfer systems.
4. Radio Frequency (RF) Communication: RF communication involves
transmitting radio waves through the water-air interface to establish
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 10
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

communication between underwater devices and surface stations or satellites.

While RF communication is limited by the high attenuation of radio waves in
water, it can be used for short-range communication applications in shallow
water environments, such as coastal surveillance, underwater navigation, and
underwater vehicle control.
5. Acoustic Modems: Acoustic modems are specialized devices that encode
digital data into acoustic signals for transmission underwater. They are
commonly used in acoustic communication systems to establish
communication links between underwater devices, surface stations, or other
underwater vehicles. Acoustic modems typically operate at low to medium
frequencies and can achieve data rates ranging from a few kilobits per second
to several megabits per second.
6. Underwater Networking: Underwater networking involves establishing
communication networks between multiple underwater devices to facilitate
data exchange, coordination, and collaboration. This can include ad-hoc
underwater sensor networks, underwater acoustic networks, and underwater
communication networks deployed for oceanographic research, environmental
monitoring, and offshore industries.
These are some of the main types of underwater communication methods and
technologies used in various applications. Each method has its advantages and
limitations, and the choice of communication method depends on factors such as the
desired range, data rate, environmental conditions, and specific application
requirements.

3.3 ISSUES IN UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION

Underwater communication faces several significant challenges due to the unique
properties of the underwater environment. Some of the key issues include:
1. Attenuation and Absorption: Water absorbs and attenuates electromagnetic
waves, including radio frequencies and optical signals, leading to limited
communication ranges. This attenuation increases with frequency, making it
challenging to achieve long-range communication using traditional methods.
2. Multipath Propagation: Underwater communication signals can undergo
multiple reflections and refractions off surfaces and boundaries, resulting in

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 11

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

multipath propagation. This phenomenon causes signal fading, intersymbol

interference, and difficulties in signal demodulation and decoding.
3. Signal Dispersion: Signals transmitted through water mediums experience
dispersion, where different frequencies propagate at different speeds. This
dispersion distorts the signal waveform and can degrade communication
performance, especially in high-data-rate applications.
4. Noise and Interference: Underwater environments are often noisy due to
biological, anthropogenic, and environmental factors such as marine life,
shipping, and geological activity. This background noise and interference can
mask communication signals, reduce signal-to-noise ratio, and impair
communication reliability.
5. Limited Bandwidth: The available bandwidth for underwater communication
is limited, particularly in the acoustic spectrum. This limitation constrains the
achievable data rates and complicates the design of communication protocols
and modulation schemes.
6. Environmental Variability: Underwater environments are dynamic and
heterogeneous, with properties such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and
currents varying spatially and temporally. These environmental variations
affect signal propagation, channel characteristics, and communication system
performance.
7. Power Constraints: Power sources for underwater communication systems,
such as batteries or renewable energy sources, are often limited and need to be
carefully managed. Power-efficient communication techniques and protocols
are necessary to prolong device lifespan and operational duration.
8. Deployment and Maintenance: Deploying and maintaining underwater
communication infrastructure, such as underwater sensors, buoys, and cables,
can be logistically challenging and expensive. Harsh environmental
conditions, accessibility, and equipment reliability are significant factors in the
success of underwater communication deployments.
Addressing these issues requires interdisciplinary efforts combining expertise in
engineering, physics, oceanography, and marine biology. Researchers and engineers
are developing innovative solutions, such as advanced modulation and coding
techniques, underwater acoustic networks, adaptive signal processing algorithms, and

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 12

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

hybrid communication systems, to overcome the challenges and unlock the potential
of underwater communication for various applications.
3.4 EXISTING SYSTEM
Underwater acoustic channel propagation is influenced by three major factors,
attenuation that increases with signal frequency, time-varying multipath propagation
and low speed of sound (1500 m/s). Underwater acoustic propagation is best
supported at low frequencies. Since attenuation increases with frequency, for long
range communication low frequency band only can be used, this in turn reduces the
channel capacity. Bandwidth is extremely limited for long range communication.
Other parameters that deteriorate the performance of underwater communication
include the background noise or the ambient noise and Doppler spread due to random
motion between the transmitting and receiving systems. Noise domination is more in
low frequencies and decays with increase in frequency.
As of right now, FSK is a simple digital modulation technology that can provide
reliable communication in difficult media environments. Many researchers employ
FSK modulation because of its receiver dependability and simplicity. One of the main
disadvantages of FSK modulation is that its bit rate is slower than that of other
modulation schemes. FSK is not the optimal option for high data rate applications like
autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) control and music or video streaming. Given
that frequency shift keying is a low-bandwidth modulation technique that is
straightforward and efficient. It was chosen to be implemented as a physical layer
communication protocol because of its resistance to frequency spreading of
underwater acoustic channels, and because it has been widely used in underwater
communication for 20 years (to match transducer properties and analog circuits
employed).

Fig.3.1. Existing System Architecture

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 13

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED METHOD

4.1 Introduction
The proposed method for an underwater wireless communication system
utilizing a modem is designed to address the significant challenges posed by
underwater environments. Traditional wireless communication technologies struggle
in underwater conditions due to substantial attenuation, multipath propagation, and
other unique challenges.
At the heart of this system is the modem, responsible for transmitting and
receiving digital signals that undergo modulation and demodulation processes. To
combat the effects of noise, fading, and other channel impairments, a series of signal
processing techniques and modulation schemes are integrated into the system.
The communication process begins with input bits, which are encoded using
channel coding techniques to enhance robustness against errors introduced by the
underwater channel. The encoded bits are then modulated using Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK), a modulation scheme known for its efficiency in noisy
environments.
After modulation, the signal undergoes additional processing, including
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and Cyclic Prefix Adder, to prepare it for
transmission. These techniques help mitigate the effects of multipath propagation, a
common issue in underwater communication.
Despite these measures, the transmitted signal is still subject to noise and
fading. To combat this, the system employs techniques such as Adaptive Equalization,
which adjusts the receiver's parameters in real-time to counteract the effects of fading.
Additionally, the signal is passed through an Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) channel model to simulate the underwater noise environment accurately.
At the receiver end, the received signal is processed through Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) and QPSK demodulation to recover the original data bits. The demodulated bits
are then decoded to correct any errors introduced during transmission.
Through comprehensive testing and analysis, comparative results are obtained
to evaluate the performance of the proposed communication system. The emphasis is
placed on reducing the impacts of noise, fading, and other channel impairments,

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 14

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

ultimately aiming to achieve reliable communication in challenging underwater

conditions.
4.2 Scope of the project
The scope of the project encompasses several key areas essential for the
successful development and implementation of an underwater wireless
communication system using a modem. These areas include:
1. System Design: This involves conceptualizing and designing the overall
architecture of the underwater communication system, including the selection
of appropriate hardware components, signal processing algorithms,
modulation schemes, and communication protocols.
2. Signal Processing Techniques: The project will explore various signal
processing techniques tailored to mitigate the effects of noise, fading, and
other channel impairments encountered in underwater environments. This
includes techniques such as channel coding, modulation, equalization, and
synchronization.
3. Modem Development: The central component of the communication system
is the modem, responsible for modulating and demodulating digital signals.
The scope involves designing, implementing, and testing the modem to ensure
efficient and reliable communication performance underwater.
4. Simulation and Testing: Extensive simulation and testing are essential to
evaluate the performance of the proposed communication system under
different underwater conditions. This involves simulating realistic underwater
channel models, such as attenuation, multipath propagation, and noise, to
assess the system's robustness and reliability.
5. Performance Evaluation: Comparative analysis and performance evaluation
are crucial to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system in comparison to
existing underwater communication technologies. This involves quantifying
metrics such as bit error rate (BER), throughput, latency, and energy
efficiency under various operating conditions.

4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 15

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Figure 3.1 Proposed Block diagram

Input Bits:
The input to the system consists of digital data bits that need to be transmitted
through the underwater channel.
Channel Coding:
Before modulation, channel coding techniques are applied to the input bits to
enhance reliability and mitigate errors that may occur during transmission.
QPSK Demodulation:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is used as the modulation scheme,
allowing for efficient transmission of digital data by encoding multiple bits per
symbol. QPSK demodulation at the receiver end decodes the received signals back
into binary data.
IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform):
In OFDM-based systems, such as the one described here, the modulated signal
undergoes an IFFT operation to convert the frequency-domain signal into the time-
domain signal before transmission.

Cyclic Prefix Adder:

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 16

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

A cyclic prefix is added to the time-domain signal to mitigate the effects of

multipath interference and improve robustness against channel distortions such as
inter-symbol interference.
AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise):
The transmitted signal is subject to noise, including AWGN, which degrades
the signal quality. Proper signal processing techniques are necessary to mitigate the
impact of noise on communication performance.
Fading:
Fading refers to the fluctuations in the received signal strength caused by
factors such as multipath propagation and environmental changes. Techniques such as
adaptive equalization are employed to combat fading and maintain reliable
communication.
Adaptive Equalizer:
An adaptive equalizer adjusts the receiver parameters dynamically to
compensate for channel variations and enhance the quality of the received signal.
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform):
At the receiver end, the received signal is processed using FFT to convert it
back to the frequency domain for demodulation and decoding.
Modulation:
The modulated signal is transmitted through the underwater channel, utilizing
the chosen modulation scheme (QPSK in this case) to encode digital data onto the
carrier signal.
Output Bits:
At the receiver end, the demodulated signal is processed to extract the
transmitted data bits, which are the output of the communication system.
4.3 METHODOLOGY
The methodology for developing an underwater wireless communication
system using a modem involves several key steps, including:
1. Requirement Analysis: Understanding the specific requirements and
constraints of underwater communication, including depth, distance, data
rates, and environmental conditions.
2. Literature Review: Conducting a comprehensive review of existing research,
technologies, and methodologies related to underwater wireless

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 17

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

communication systems, modems, signal processing techniques, and channel

modeling.
3. System Design: Designing the overall architecture of the communication
system, including the selection of hardware components, communication
protocols, modulation schemes, and signal processing algorithms.
4. Modem Development:
 Implementing the transmitter module to encode, modulate, and prepare
the digital data for transmission.
 Developing the receiver module to receive, demodulate, decode, and
recover the transmitted data.
 Integrating error correction coding techniques to enhance the reliability
of data transmission.
5. Signal Processing Techniques:
 Implementing channel coding techniques (e.g., Forward Error
Correction) to mitigate the effects of noise and interference.
 Employing modulation schemes suitable for underwater
communication, such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) or
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
 Incorporating adaptive equalization algorithms to compensate for
channel distortions and fading.
6. Simulation and Testing:
 Creating realistic underwater channel models to simulate various
environmental conditions, including attenuation, multipath
propagation, and noise.
 Conducting simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of the
communication system under different scenarios.
 Testing the system using physical prototypes in controlled underwater
environments or test tanks.
7. Performance Evaluation:
 Quantifying performance metrics such as bit error rate (BER),
throughput, latency, and energy efficiency.
 Comparing the performance of the developed system with existing
underwater communication technologies.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 18

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

 Analyzing the robustness and reliability of the system under

challenging underwater conditions.
8. Integration and Deployment:
 Integrating the developed communication system into practical
underwater applications, such as marine research, underwater
monitoring, or industrial operations.
 Deploying the system in real-world underwater environments to assess
its performance and usability.

4.4 MODIFIED DUAL TREE COMPLEX WAVELET TRANSFORM

ALGORITHM
Key features and characteristics of the Modified Dual Tree Complex Wavelet
Transform Algorithm may include:
Implementation
1) Hardware Setup:
 Select the right gear, including power supply, microcontrollers, transducers, and
modems, to enable underwater operation.
 Verify that the hardware is built to survive the challenging conditions found
underwater, including resistance to corrosion, pressure, and temperature.
2) Modem Design:
 Create or acquire a modem that can manage the demands of underwater
communication, such as signal processing, modulation and demodulation, and
component interface.
 Use signal processing methods in the modem for demodulation (such as QPSK
demodulation) and modulation (such as QPSK modulation)
3) Channel Coding:
 To improve reliability and reduce transmission errors, select the proper
channel coding techniques (e.g., forward error correction codes like
convolutional codes or Reed-Solomon codes).
 Set up the modem's encoding and decoding algorithms for the selected coding
scheme.

4) OFDM Implementation:

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 19

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

 Use the modem's FFT (fast fourier transform) and IFFT (inverse fast fourier
transform) algorithms for OFDM modulation and demodulation.
 Add a cyclic prefix to the transmitted OFDM symbols to combat multipath
interference.
5) Adaptive Equalization:
 Create adaptive equalization algorithms to reduce the impacts of fading and
channel distortions by dynamically adjusting receiver characteristics.
6) Noise and Fading Mitigation:
 Implement techniques to mitigate the effects of additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) and fading in the communication system, such as adaptive filtering and
diversity combining.
7) Performance Evaluation:
It is essential to compare the input and output bits in order to evaluate the
communication system's performance. A number of metrics, including the bit error
rate (BER), which measures the precision of data transmission, can be measured
thanks to this comparison. Analyzing the consistency of input and output bits allows
one to determine how reliable and dependable the system is in transmitting data.
FLOW CHART

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 20

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Performance Metrics
Here are commonly used performance metrics for evaluating the
performance of communication system.
Bit error rate (BER):
The number of bit mistakes per unit of time is known as the bit error rate, or
BER. The amount of bit errors divided by the total number of bits transferred during
the examined time span yields the bit error ratio, or BER. A unit-less performance
metric known as the bit error ratio is frequently stated as a percentage

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 21

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

CHPATER 5
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 REQUIREMENTS
Hardware
 Hard Disk-1GB
 RAM-4GB
 LAPTOP
 Windows-7 OS
Software
 MATLAB 2013a Version

5.2 MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It
integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical
notation. MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that
does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the
time it would take to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or
FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was
originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the
LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the
LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix
computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is
the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes.
Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply
specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 22

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes
of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control
systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
Key features:
• High-level language for numerical computation, visualization, and application
development
• Interactive environment for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving
• Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis,
Filtering, optimization, numerical integration, and solving ordinary differential
equation.
• Built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots
• Development tools for improving code quality and maintainability and maximizing
Performance
• Tools for building applications with custom graphical interfaces
• Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and
languages such as C, Java, .NET, and Microsoft
THE MATLAB SYSTEM:
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts
Development Environment:
This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files.
Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop
and command window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for
viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.
The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library:
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary
functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated
functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier
transforms.
The MATLAB Language:
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
“programming in the small” to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs,
and “programming in the large” to create large and complex application programs
Graphics
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 23
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as
well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation,
and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user
interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API):
This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic
linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing
MAT-files.
Various toolboxes are there in MATLAB for computing recognition techniques, but
we are using IMAGE PROCESSING toolbox.

Getting Started
If you are new to MATLAB, you should start by reading Manipulating Matrices. The
most important things to learn are how to enter matrices, how to use the: (colon)
operator, and how to invoke functions. After you master the basics, you should read
the rest of the sections below and run the demos.
At the heart of MATLAB is a new language you must learn before you can fully
exploit its power. You can learn the basics of MATLAB quickly, and mastery comes
shortly after. You will be rewarded with high productivity, high-creativity computing
power that will change the way you work.
Introduction - describes the components of the MATLAB system.
Development Environment - introduces the MATLAB development environment,
including information about tools and the MATLAB desktop.
Manipulating Matrices - introduces how to use MATLAB to generate matrices and
perform mathematical operations on matrices.
Graphics- introduces MATLAB graphic capabilities, including information about
plotting data, annotating graphs, and working with images.
Programming with MATLAB - describes how to use the MATLAB language to
create scripts and functions, and manipulate data structures, such as cell arrays and
multidimensional arrays.
5.1.1 DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 24
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Introduction
This chapter provides a brief introduction to starting and quitting MATLAB, and the
tools and functions that help you to work with MATLAB variables and files. For
more information about the topics covered here, see the corresponding topics under
Development Environment in the MATLAB documentation, which is available online
as well as in print.
Starting and Quitting MATLAB
Starting MATLAB
On a Microsoft Windows platform, to start MATLAB, double-click the MATLAB
shortcut icon on your Windows desktop. On a UNIX platform, to start MATLAB,
type matlab at the operating system prompt. After starting MATLAB, the MATLAB
desktop opens - see MATLAB Desktop. You can change the directory in which
MATLAB starts, define start up options including running a script upon start up, and
reduce start up time in some situations.
Quitting MATLAB
To end your MATLAB session, select Exit MATLAB from the File menu in the
desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. To execute specified functions each
time MATLAB quits, such as saving the workspace, you can create and run a finish.m
script.
MATLAB Desktop
When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools
(graphical user interfaces) for managing files, variables, and applications associated
with MATLAB. The first time MATLAB starts, the desktop appears as shown in the
following illustration, although your Launch Pad may contain different entries.
You can change the way your desktop looks by opening, closing, moving, and
resizing the tools in it. You can also move tools outside of the desktop or return them
back inside the desktop (docking). All the desktop tools provide common features
such as context menus and keyboard shortcuts.
You can specify certain characteristics for the desktop tools by selecting Preferences
from the File menu. For example, you can specify the font characteristics for
Command Window text. For more information, click the Help button in the
Preferences dialog box.
Desktop Tools

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 25

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

This section provides an introduction to MATLAB's desktop tools. You can also use
MATLAB functions to perform most of the features found in the desktop tools. The
tools are:
 Current Directory Browser
 Workspace Browser
 Array Editor
 Editor/Debugger
 Command Window
 Command History
 Launch Pad
 Help Browser
Command Window
Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.
Command History
Lines you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History
window. In the Command History, you can view previously used functions, and copy
and execute selected lines. To save the input and output from a MATLAB session to a
file, use the diary function.
Running External Programs
You can run external programs from the MATLAB Command Window. The
exclamation point character (!)is a shell escape and indicates that the rest of the input
line is a command to the operating system. This is useful for invoking utilities or
running other programs without quitting MATLAB. On Linux, for example,
emacsmagik.m invokes an editor called emacs for a file named magik.m. When you
quit the external program, the operating system returns control to MATLAB.
Launch Pad
MATLAB's Launch Pad provides easy access to tools, demos, and documentation.
Help Browser
Use the Help browser to search and view documentation for all your Math Works
products. The Help browser is a Web browser integrated into the MATLAB desktop
that displays HTML documents.To open the Help browser, click the help button in the
toolbar, or type help browser in the Command Window. The Help browser consists of

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 26

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

two panes, the Help Navigator, which you use to find information, and the display
pane, where you view the information.
Help Navigator
Use to Help Navigator to find information. It includes:
Product filter - Set the filter to show documentation only for the products you
specify.
Contents tab -View the titles and tables of contents of documentation for your
products.
Index tab - Find specific index entries (selected keywords) in the Math Works
documentation for your products.
Search tab - Look for a specific phrase in the documentation. To get help for a
specific function, set the Search type to Function Name.
Favourites tab -View a list of documents you previously designated as favourites.
Display Pane After finding documentation using the Help Navigator, view it in the
display pane. While viewing the documentation, you can:
Browse to other pages- Use the arrows at the tops and bottoms of the pages, or use
the back and forward buttons in the toolbar.
Bookmark pages - Click the Add to Favourites button in the toolbar.
Print pages - Click the print button in the toolbar.
Find a term in the page - Type a term in the Find in page field in the toolbar and
click Go. Other features available in the display pane are: copying information,
evaluating a selection, and viewing Web pages.
Current Directory Browser MATLAB file operations use the current directory and
the search path as reference points. Any file you want to run must either be in the
current directory or on the search path.
Search Path
To determine how to execute functions you call, MATLAB uses a search path to find
M-files and other MATLAB-related files, which are organized in directories on your
file system. Any file you want to run in MATLAB must reside in the current directory
or in a directory that is on the search path. By default, the files supplied with
MATLAB and Math Works toolboxes are included in the search path.
Workspace Browser

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 27

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays) built up
during a MATLAB session and stored in memory. You add variables to the
workspace by using functions, running M-files, and loading saved workspaces.
To view the workspace and information about each variable, use the Workspace
browser, or use the functions who and who’s.
To delete variables from the workspace, select the variable and select Delete from the
Edit menu. Alternatively, use the clear function.
The workspace is not maintained after you end the MATLAB session. To save the
workspace to a file that can be read during a later MATLAB session, select Save
Workspace As from the File menu, or use the save function. This saves the workspace
to a binary file called a MAT-file, which has a .mat extension. There are options for
saving to different formats. To read in a MAT-file, select Import Data from the File
menu, or use the load function.
Array Editor
Double-click on a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Array Editor. Use
the Array Editor to view and edit a visual representation of one- or two-dimensional
numeric arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings that are in the workspace.
Editor/Debugger
Use the Editor/Debugger to create and debug M-files, which are programs you write
to runMATLAB functions. The Editor/Debugger provides a graphical user interface
for basic textediting, as well as for M-file debugging.
You can use any text editor to create M-files, such as Emacs, and can use preferences
(accessible from the desktop File menu) to specify that editor as the default. If you use
another editor, you can still use the MATLAB Editor/Debugger for debugging, or you
can use debugging functions, such as dbstop, which sets a breakpoint.
If you just need to view the contents of an M-file, you can display it in the Command
Window by using the type function.
MATLAB working environment
MATLAB desktop:-

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 28

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

MATLAB Desktop is the main MATLAB application window. The desktop contains
five sub windows, the command window, the workspace browser, the current
directory window, the command history window, and one or more figure windows,
which are shown only when the user displays a graphic.

Figure 5.1: Basic Window of MATLAB

The command window is where the user types MATLAB commands and expressions
at the prompt (>>) and where the output of those commands is displayed. MATLAB
defines the workspace as the set of variables that the user creates in a work session.
The workspace browser shows these variables and some information about them.
Double clicking on a variable in the workspace browser launches the Array Editor,
which can be used to obtain information and income instances edit certain properties
of the variable. The current Directory tab above the workspace tab shows the contents
of the current directory, whose path is shown in the current directory window. For
example, in the windows operating system the path might be as follows: C:\
MATLAB\Work, indicating that directory ―work‖ is a subdirectory of the main

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 29

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

directory ―MATLAB‖; WHICH IS INSTALLED IN DRIVE C. clicking on the

arrow in the current directory window shows a list of recently used paths. Clicking on
the button to the right of the window allows the user to change the current directory.
MATLAB uses a search path to find M-files and other MATLAB related files, which
are organize in directories in the computer file system. Any file run in MATLAB
must reside in the current directory or in a directory that is on search path. By default,
the files supplied with MATLAB and math works toolboxes are included in the search
path. The easiest way to see which directories are on the search path. The easiest way
to see which directories are soon the search paths, or to add or modify a search path,
is to select set path from the File menu the desktop, and then use the set path dialog
box. It is good practice to add any commonly used directories to the search path to
avoid repeatedly having the change the current directory.
The Command History Window contains a record of the commands a user has entered
in the command window, including both current and previous MATLAB sessions.
Previously entered MATLAB commands can be selected and re-executed from the
command history window by right clicking on a command or sequence of commands.
This action launches a menu from which to select various options in addition to
executing the commands. This is useful to select various options in addition to
executing the commands. This is a useful feature when experimenting with various
commands in a work session.
MATLAB Dip Toolboxes
Communications Toolbox provides a comprehensive set of tools for the design,
analysis, and simulation of digital and analog communication systems. The toolbox
contains an extensive collection of MATLAB/Simulink blocks for developing and
simulating algorithms and system designs in applications such as wireless devices,
modems and storage systems. It also serves as an excellent basis for research and
education in communications engineering.
Table 6.1: MATLAB Toolboxes

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 30

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Control System Toolbox - is a collection of MATLAB functions for modelling,

analysing, and designing automatic control systems. The functions in this Toolbox
implement mainstream classical and modern control techniques. With the Control
System Toolbox, you can analyse and simulate both continuous-time and discrete-
time linear dynamic systems. The graphical user interfaces allow you to quickly
compute and graph time responses, frequency responses, and root-locus diagrams.
Data Acquisition Toolbox provides a complete set of tools for controlling and
communicating with a variety of off the-shelf, PC-compatible data acquisition
hardware. The toolbox lets you configure your external hardware devices, read data
into MATLAB for analysis, or send data out.
Database Toolbox allows you to connect to and interact with most ODBC/JDBC
databases from within MATLAB. The Database Toolbox allows you to use the
powerful data analysis and visualization tools of MATLAB for sophisticated analysis
of data stored in databases. From within the MATLAB environment, you can use
Structured Query Language (SQL) commands to: Read and write data to and from a
database; Apply simple and advanced Conditions to your database queries.
Data feed Toolbox integrates the numerical, computational, and graphical
capabilities of MATLAB® with financial data providers. Data feed Toolbox provides
a direct connection between MATLAB and data provided by the Bloomberg data
service. Once the data is inMATLAB, it can then be analysed using other tools in the
MATLAB product family such as GARCH, Statistics, Financial Time Series, and
Neural Networks.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 31

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Filter Design Toolbox - A collection of tools built on top of the MATLAB

computing environment and the Signal Processing Toolbox. The Filter Design
Toolbox provides advanced techniques for designing, simulating, and analysing
digital filters. It extends the capabilities of the Signal Processing Toolbox, adding
architectures and design methods for demanding real-time DSP applications and it
also provides functions that simplify the design of fixed-point filters and analysis of
quantization effects.
Financial Toolbox is used for a wide array of applications including fixed income
pricing, yield, and sensitivity analysis; advanced term structure analysis; coupon cash
flow date and accrued interest analysis; and derivative pricing and sensitivity analysis.
Frequency Domain System Identification Toolbox provides specialized tools for
identifying linear dynamic systems from time responses or measurements of the
system's frequency response. Frequency domain methods support continuous-time
modelling, which can be a powerful and highly accurate complement to the more
commonly used discrete-time methods. The methods in the Toolbox can be applied to
problems such as the modelling of electronic, mechanical, and acoustical systems.
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox features a simple point-and-click interface that guides you
effortlessly through the steps of fuzzy design, from setup to diagnosis. It provides
built-in support for the latest fuzzy logic methods, such as fuzzy clustering and
adaptive neuro-fuzzy learning. The Toolbox's interactive graphics let you instantly
visualize and fine tune system behaviour.
Higher-Order Spectral Analysis Toolbox contains specialized tools for analysing
signals using the cumulants, or higher-order spectra, of a signal. The Toolbox features
a wide range of higher-order spectral analysis techniques, providing access to
algorithms at the forefront of signal processing technology.
Image Processing Toolbox provides engineers and scientists with an extensive suite
of robust digital image processing and analysis functions. Seamlessly integrated
within the MATLAB development environment, the Image Processing Toolbox is
designed to free technical professionals from the time consuming tasks of coding and
debugging fundamental image processing and analysis operations from scratch. This
translates into significant time saving and cost reduction benefits, enabling you to
spend less time coding algorithms and more time exploring and discovering solutions
to your problems.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 32

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Instrument Control Toolbox provides features for communicating with data

acquisition devices and instruments, such as spectrum analysers, oscilloscopes, and
function generators. Support is provided for GPIB (IEEE-488, HPIB) and VISA
communication protocols. You can generate data in MATLAB to send out to an
instrument or read data into MATLAB for analysis and visualization.
Mapping Toolbox provides a comprehensive set of functions and graphical user
interfaces for performing interactive geographic computations, data fusion, map
projection display, generation of presentation graphics, and accessing external
geographic data. In addition, the toolbox ships with several, widely used atlas data
sets for global and regional displays. Its flexibility, broad functionality, ease-of-use,
and built-in visualization tools serve a wide range of engineering and scientific users
who work with geographically based information.
MATLAB Compiler serves for two primary user groups: - Developers looking to
deploy MATLAB applications to standalone C/C++ applications and - users who
want to compile their MATLAB algorithms to improve code performance by
converting them to C. The MATLAB Compiler automatically converts M-files into C
and C++ source code
MATLAB C/C++ Graphics Library is a collection of approximately 100 graphics
routines that works with the MATLAB C/C++ Math Library. By using the Graphics
Library with the MATLAB Compiler and MATLAB C/C++ Math Library, you can
automatically convert MATLAB GUIs, graphics, and images to C and C++ code.
MATLAB C/C++ Math Library is a compiled version of the math functions that
resides within MATLAB. The library contains advanced math functionality ranging
from fast Fourier transforms and singular value decompositions to random number
generators that are callable from C or C++. The C/C++ Math Library serves two user
groups: - MATLAB programmers who have developed an application or algorithm
and want to convert their M-file to C/C++; - Programmers working in C and C++ who
need a fast, easy-to-use matrix math library.
MATLAB Report Generator and Simulink Report Generators let you easily
create standard and customized reports from your MATLAB, Simulink, and State
flow models and data in multiple output formats, including HTML, RTF, XML, and
SGML. You can automatically document your large-scale systems, as you create a set
of reusable and extensible templates that facilitate the transfer of information across
departments. Your reports can contain any information available from the MATLAB
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 33
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

workspace, including data, variables, functions, MATLAB programs, models, and

diagrams. You can even include snapshots of all system graphics or figures generated
by your M-files or models.
MATLAB Runtime Server lets you turn any MATLAB application into a standalone
product that is easy and cost-effective to distribute. By creating your own application-
specific graphical user interfaces (GUIs) using the MATLAB GUI development tools,
you can deliver MATLAB based products that do not require your end users to learn
MATLAB.
MATLAB Web Server lets you easily deploy any MATLAB or Simulink based
applications via the Web. The Web Server is an ideal deployment tool for developers
who want a quick, inexpensive, and secure way to share their applications. MATLAB
applications running on the MATLAB Web Server can be run on any machine with
Internet access using a Netscape or Microsoft Web browser.
Neural Network Toolbox provides comprehensive support for the design,
implementation, and simulation of many proven network paradigms and is completely
extensible and customizable. Its consistent methodology and modular organization
facilitate research, provide a flexible framework for experimentation, and simplify
customization.
Optimization Toolbox extends the MATLAB environment to provide tools for
general and large-scale optimization of nonlinear problems. Additional tools are
provided for linear programming, quadratic programming, nonlinear least-squares,
and solving nonlinear equations.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE) Toolbox contains tools for the study and
solution of PDEs in two space dimensions (2-D) and time, using the finite element
method (FEM). Its command line functions and graphical user interface can be used
for mathematical modelling of PDEs in a broad range of engineering and science
applications, including structural mechanics, electromagnetic, heat transfer, and
diffusion.
Robust Control Toolbox provides tools for the design and analysis of multivariable
control systems where robustness is a concern. This includes systems where there
may be modelling errors, dynamics that are not completely known, or parameters that
can vary during the lifespan of the product. The powerful algorithms in this toolbox
allow you to perform complex calculations while considering a number of parameter
variations.
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 34
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Signal Processing Toolbox provides a rich, customizable framework for digital

signal processing (DSP). Built on a solid foundation of filter design and spectral
analysis techniques, the toolbox contains powerful tools for algorithm development,
signal and linear system analysis, and time -series data modelling.
Simulink is an interactive tool for modelling, simulating, and analysing dynamic
systems. It enables you to build graphical block diagrams, simulate dynamic systems,
evaluate system performance, and refine your designs. Simulink integrates seamlessly
with MATLAB, providing you with immediate access to an extensive range of
analysis and design tools. Simulink is tightly integrated with State flow for modelling
event-driven behaviour. These benefits make Simulink the tool of choice for control
system design, DSP design, communications system design, and other simulation
applications.
The Spline Toolbox is a collection of MATLAB functions for data fitting,
interpolation, extrapolation, and visualization.
State flow is an interactive design tool for modelling and simulating complex event-
driven systems. Tightly integrated with Simulink and MATLAB, State flow provides
an elegant solution for designing embedded systems that contain supervisory logic. Its
combination of graphical modelling and animated simulation brings system
specification and design closer together.
Statistics Toolbox is an easy-to-use environment for analysing historical data,
modelling systems to predict their behaviour, developing statistical algorithms, and
learning and teaching statistics. Interactive GUI tools let you apply statistical methods
easily and consistently, while the MATLAB language lets you easily create custom
statistical methods and analyses. This combination gives you the freedom to access
functions such as probability and ANOVA directly from the command line, or to use
the interactive interfaces to learn and experiment with the Toolbox's built-in
visualization and analysis tools.
Symbolic/Extended Math Toolbox integrates symbolic mathematics and variable
precision computation into MATLAB. The toolbox incorporates the computational
kernel of Maple V release 5, developed by Waterloo Maple Software. Extended
Symbolic Math adds support for full Maple programming and Maple's specialized
libraries. With the Symbolic Math Toolboxes, MATLAB users can easily combine
numeric and symbolic computation into a single environment without sacrificing
speed or accuracy.
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 35
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

System Identification Toolbox is a collection of MATLAB® functions for creating

mathematical models of dynamic systems. Both novices and experts can build
accurate, simplified models of complex systems based on observed input/output data.
Applications include control system design, model-based and adaptive signal
processing, time-series analysis, and vibration analysis.
Wavelet Toolbox provides a comprehensive collection of routines for examining
local, multi scale, and non-stationary phenomena. Wavelet methods offer additional
insight and performance in any application where Fourier techniques have been used.
The Wavelet Toolbox is useful in many signal processing applications, including
speech and audio processing, communications, geophysics, finance, and medicine.
MATLAB DIP Toolbox Instructions
MATLAB digital image processing toolbox is able to perform a large various image
processing tasks. There are two important I/O instructions (imread and imwrite) to
load and save images with various extensions. Usual data type of images is 8 bit
unsigned integer which is not conventional for matlab. Major part of functions deal
with double type variables. Consequently, it is recommended to convert image matrix
to double data type using double instruction. Instructions as imshow and apply form
strictly obey such dynamic range constraints. Three types of images are defined in
matlab: colour, gray and indexed. For each pixel of a colour image, 3 bytes are
dedicated to colour components. It is possible to transform well known colour spaces
with makecformand applycform. A special case of gray images is black and white
images with just two intensity levels. The last image type is indexed image in which
each pixel has an index referring to a specific colour in associated colour map. Colour
space transforms are also applicable to colour maps while colour maps also obey
double and uint8 dynamic ranges. Except for extracting colour image from gray or
BW images (which has its own ambiguity), there are functions to convert other
images.
Many of well-known signal processing functions are extended for 2–D processing as
fft2, corr2, conv2, filter2. Although there are alternatives, especially designed for
image processing as imfilter, imadd and etc., but it is recommended to convert image
to double and exploit all matlab functions since the number of predefined image
functions is restricted. Pixel addressing in matlab differs from addressing in text book.
Indeed the axis x and y are replaced with n2 and n1 respectively. Consequently, two
pixels of I (n1, n2) and I (n′1, n2) have same horizontal coordination while I (n1, n2)
Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 36
Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

and I (n1, n′2) have same vertical coordination. In matlab pixels are addressed in
conventional way where I (q1, q2) represents the pixel of [q1, q2] T that can also be
addressed by one index as q = (q2 − 1) size (I, 1) + q1. Occasionally, this one element
addressing simplifies m-file development.
In addition to intensity processes, there is a group of functions (namely spatial
transforms) usually employed for registrations and motion modelling (camera or
object). Two important and general functions of this group are maketformand
imtransformthat can apply many spatial transforms .With respect to high computation
and time cost of these functions, it is recommended to use substitutes as imrotateand
imresizewhen the motion or deformation is not sophisticated.
4.2 MIPAV software:
Medical Image Processing and Visualization (MIPAV) software can be used to
generate statistics on contoured volume of interest (VOI) regions and to calculate the
volume of painted pixels and voxels and also use MIPAV‘s algorithms to perform
more sophisticated image analysis.
Calculating statistics for contoured VOIs
Once we have contoured structures, we can generate statistics on the VOI.
To select the type of statistics to calculate for a single VOI
1 Open an image.
2 Contour a VOI. An example of a contoured VOI is shown below figure (6.1).
3 Select the VOI.
4 Do one of the following:
• Select VOI > Properties.
• Right-click inside the VOI, which automatically selects it. Then select Properties on
the menu. The VOI Statistics dialog box (Figure 6.1) opens.
5 Choose the types of statistics that you want the program to calculate by selecting the
appropriate check boxes in the Statistics to calculate group. Refer to Figure for
information on each statistic you can select.
6 Click Calculate.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 37

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Figure 5.2(a) VOI Statistics dialog box

Figure 5.2(b) VOI Statistics dialog box

To view the statistics for a single VOI

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 38

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

1 Select the Output window.

2 Select the Data tab on the Output window to view the information. The Data page of
the Output window (Figure 8.2) appears showing the results of the calculations. To
save the statistics for a single VOI
1 Select File > Save Messages in the Output window. The Save dialog box opens.
2 Specify a name for the messages file and select a location for storing it.
3 Click Save. The software saves the file and places it in the specified location.

Figure 5.3 Data page in the Output window showing statistics

Calculating statistics on VOI groups
The Statistics Generator command on the VOI menu in the MIPAV window opens the
Calculate Statistics on VOI Groups window, which allows you to obtain statistics on
one VOI or on multiple grouped VOIs. You can save the statistics to a tab-delimited
file, which can then be incorporated into a database.
The Calculate Statistics on VOI Groups dialog box includes three tabs:
• VOI Selection page—on this page you can select the VOIs on which to calculate the
statistics. It also allows you to name and save the logging file at the path you choose.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 39

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

• Statistics Options page—this page provides a choice of the types of statistics that
may be calculated as well as the conditions under which they may be run.
• Logging page—this page provides the results of the statistics in a tabular form.
Depending on the number of VOIs included in the calculation, the results may include
one or more lines of text.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 40

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULTS
Figures 4 through 5 display the MATLAB simulation results for the underwater
wireless communication system model, respectively. Figure 4 displays the suggested
system's BER performance as a function of SNR. Four distinct phase shifts are
employed to represent four different symbols in the QPSK digital modulation
technique. Because of the modulation's vulnerability to noise, QPSK will normally
have a greater BER at lower SNR values on the graph than at higher SNR levels.
Because there is less noise interfering with the signal, the BER lowers as the SNR
rises. By establishing orthogonal channels, the linear equalization method known as
"zero forcing" seeks to reduce the impact of ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference). QPSK
ZF can provide better BER performance than regular QPSK, particularly in situations
where ISI is a major concern. In the graph, you may notice that QPSK ZF has a lower
BER than regular QPSK, especially at lower SNR values. As the performance
enhancement saturates, there may be diminishing returns at greater SNR values.
Another linear equalization method that reduces the mean square error between the
broadcast and received signals is called minimum mean square error. Like ZF, QPSK
MSE seeks to counter ISI and enhance system performance in general. In the graph,
QPSK MSE may exhibit even better BER than QPSK ZF, especially in situations
when there are notable channel impairments. But at higher SNR values, there might
be diminishing gains, similar to ZF.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 41

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Fig.6.1. BER VS SNR for QPSK,QPSK ZF

Fig.6.2. Comparision of various detectors in 6*6 systems

Fig.6.3 Graph for ZF equalizer

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 42

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

Table 1 .Comparison of existing and proposed Method

Method Technique SNR BER

1 0.6

2 0.5

3 0.4
Existing Method FSK
4 0.3

5 0.2

6 0.1

1 0.14

2 0.12

3 0.11
Proposed Method QPSK
4 0.1

5 0.08

6 0.07

4 Method
Technique
3 SNR
BER
2

0
1 2

Fig.7. Comparison of SNR VS BER for Existing(FSK) and proposed Method(QPSK)

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 43

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

It is evident that the current method with FSK modulation yields lower Bit Error
Rates at all SNR levels when compared to the proposed approach with QPSK
modulation. According to this, the recommended method outperforms the others in
terms of error resilience and reliability, making it a more viable choice for underwater
wireless communication systems, especially in environments with challenging SNR
conditions

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 44

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
The creation and application of an underwater wireless communication system that
integrates advanced signal processing methods like OFDM modulation, adaptive
equalization, and channel coding holds considerable promise for facilitating
dependable and efficient communication in challenging underwater environments.
Through the implementation of these solutions, the system can more effectively
mitigate the adverse effects of fading, noise, and other channel impairments, hence
improving overall communication performance. Furthermore, the evaluation of
system effectiveness, namely through metrics such as bit error rate (BER), provides
important insights into the effectiveness of the communication system.
FUTURE SCOPE
Underwater communication systems must increase their coverage and range in
order to provide continuous connectivity and long-distance communication across
vast maritime zones. Future efforts may focus on developing efficient transducers,
antenna arrays, and relay nodes in order to get over the limitations placed on
underwater networks by signal attenuation and propagation losses and expand their
reach.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 45

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

REFERENCES

1. Milica Stojanovic, Underwater Acoustic Communication Channels:

Propagation Models and Statistical Characterization. IEEE Communications
Magazine (January 2009).
2. Polprasert C., Ritcey J., and Stojanovic M., Capacity of OFDM Systems over
Fading Underwater Acoustic Channels. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 36(4) (2011).
3. Stojanovic M., OFDM for Underwater Acoustic Communications: Adaptive
Synchronization and Sparse Channel Estimation. in Proc. International
Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP'08), April
2008.
4. Stojanovic M., Low complexity OFDM detector for underwater acoustic
channels. IEEE Oceans Conference, September 2006.
5. Li B., Zhou S., Stojanovic M., Freitag L., Huang J., and Willett P., MIMO-
OFDM over an underwater acoustic channel. in Proc. IEEE OCEANS, Sep.
2007, DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449296.
6. Li B., Zhou S., Stojanovic M., Freitag L., and Willett P., Multicarrier
communication over underwater acoustic channels with nonuniform Doppler
shifts. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 33(2) (2008): 198–209.
7. Cimini J.L., Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing analysis and
simulation of a digital mobile channel. IEEE Trans. Commun., 33(7): 665–675
(1985).
8. Kim B-C. and Lu I-T., Parameter study of OFDM Underwater
Communications System. in Proc. IEEE Oceans’00 Conf., (Sept. 2000).
9. Singer, Andrew C., Jill K. Nelson, and Suleyman S. Kozat. "Signal processing
for underwater acoustic communications." IEEE Communications Magazine
47.1 (2009): 90-96.
10. lun Zhang, Zhongpei Zhang “Simulation and Analysis of OFDM System
Based on Simulink” IEEE 2010 pp.28-31.
11. H. Luo, K. Wu, R. Ruby, Y. Liang, Z. Guo, and L. M. Ni “Softwaredefined
architectures and technologies for underwater wireless sensor networks: A
survey,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2856–2888, 4th
Quart., 2018.

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 46

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

12. Z. Zeng, S. Fu, H. Zhang, Y. Dong, and J. Cheng, “A survey of underwater

optical wireless communications,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 19, no.
1, pp. 204–238, 1st Quart., 2017.
13. B. Benson et al., “Design of a low-cost, underwater acoustic modem for
short-range sensor networks,” in Proc. OCEAN IEEE SYDNEY, Sydney,
NSW, Australia, 2010, pp. 1–9.
14. I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, “State-of-theart in protocol
research for underwater acoustic sensor networks,” in Proc. 1st ACM Int.
Workshop Underwater Netw. (WUWNet), vol. 11, no. 4, Nov. 2006, pp. 7–16.
15. M.-A. Khalighi, C. Gabriel, T. Hamza, S. Bourennane, P. Léon, and V.
Rigaud, “Underwater wireless optical communication; Recent advances and
remaining challenges,” in Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Netw., Graz,
Austria, 2014, pp. 2–5.
16. S. Jiang, “On securing underwater acoustic networks: A survey,” IEEE
Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 729–752, 1st Quart., 2019.
17. I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, “Underwater acoustic sensor
networks: Research challenges,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 257–279,
2005.
18. P. Ögren, E. Fiorelli, and N. E. Leonard, “Cooperative control of mobile
sensor networks: Adaptive gradient climbing in a distributed environment,”
IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 1292–1302, Aug. 2004.
19. J.-H. Cui, J. Kong, M. Gerla, and S. Zhou, “The challenges of building mobile
underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications,” IEEE Netw., vol. 20,
no. 3, pp. 12– 18, May/Jun. 2006.
20. G. Han, J. Jiang, N. Bao, L. Wan, and M. Guizani, “Routing protocols for
underwater wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 53, no. 11,
pp. 72–78, Nov. 2015.
21. M. Ahmed, M. Salleh, and M. I. Channa, “Routing protocols based on node
mobility for underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN): A survey,” J.
Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 78, pp. 242–252, Jan. 2017.
22. M. Khalid et al., “A survey of routing issues and associated protocols in
underwater wireless sensor networks,” J. Sens., vol. 2017, May 2017, Art. no.
7539751

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 47

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

APPENDIX
MATLAB – PROGRAMMING CODE

This is an MATLAB Programming Code used in my project “Underwater wireless

communication system using Modem”. This code Simulated into MATLAB Tool.

Programming code:
clc
ii=1;
t_data=randint(2*9600,1)'; %%% random bits /
data generation
datalen=length(t_data);
x=1;
si=1;
fftlength=128; %%%% 150 fft blocks
dataframelength=48; %%%%% 400 frames
Modul=[4 16 8];
sf=[2 4 3];
EbN0dB = [0:15]; % bit to noise ratio
EsN0dB = EbN0dB + 10*log10(112/fftlength) + 10*log10(128/144); %
converting to symbol to noise ratio
%%%%%%
L=2; % constalation size
loops=30; %number of channels
complex_flag=0;
symbols_dat=100; %number of data per channels
N=6; % number of user Tx Antenna
M=6;%number of user Rx Antennas
sig_streng=1:5:40;
L_EP=10;
%%%%%%%
x=floor(rand(N,symbols_dat,loops)*L)*2-(L-1);
n=randn(M,symbols_dat,loops);
H=randn(M,N,loops);
%%%%% All equalizer array initializations
pre_dq=zeros(length(sig_streng),1);
nom_zf=zeros(length(sig_streng),1);
nom_zf_opt=zeros(length(sig_streng),1);
nom_mse=zeros(length(sig_streng),1);
nom_mse_opt=zeros(length(sig_streng),1);

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 48

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

for ii=1:3
for d=1:datalen/dataframelength;
trans;
ch_parameter = [0.2, 0.3, 2, 3]; %%% Known channel
parameters (adaptive equalization is not done here)
o=1;

for loop1=1:length(EbN0dB)

snr=EsN0dB(loop1);
[ofdm_sig ofdm_sig1]=channel(recv,ch_parameter,snr,ii); %%%
cliping and Multipath
if d==1 && loop1 ==1 && ii==1
% sence;
receive;
end
receive; %%% Reciever
script

end
end

for col=1:length(EbN0dB);
bit_err=0;
normal=0;
snr=EsN0dB(col);
for row=1:(datalen/dataframelength);
bit_err=bit_err+BER(row,col);
end
bit_err=bit_err/(datalen/dataframelength);
M=Modul(ii);
normal=bit(M,col,snr,ii);
bit_err=bit_err*normal;
ber(1,col)=bit_err;
end

Ber(ii,:)=(sort(ber,'descend'))/sf(1);

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 49

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

end
for i=1:loops

%pre_dq=pre_dq+func_alloct(L,complex_flag,1,symbols_dat,N,M,sig_stren
g,x(:,:,i),n(:,:,i),H(:,:,i))/loops;

nom_zf=nom_zf+zff(L,complex_flag,1,symbols_dat,N,M,sig_streng,x(:,:,i
),n(:,:,i),H(:,:,i))/loops;

nom_zf_opt=nom_zf_opt+zffic(L,complex_flag,1,symbols_dat,N,M,sig_stre
ng,x(:,:,i),n(:,:,i),H(:,:,i))/loops;

nom_mse=nom_mse+msse(L,complex_flag,1,symbols_dat,N,M,sig_streng,x(:,
:,i),n(:,:,i),H(:,:,i))/loops;

nom_mse_opt=nom_mse_opt+msseic(L,complex_flag,1,symbols_dat,N,M,sig_s
treng,x(:,:,i),n(:,:,i),H(:,:,i))/loops;
end
%
figure
%
grid on;
semilogy(EbN0dB,Ber(1,:),'bs-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(EbN0dB,Ber(2,:),'mx-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(EbN0dB,Ber(3,:),'cd-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 15 10^-5 1])
%
hold on;

legend('QPSK MSE','QPSK ZF','QPSK');

grid on
axis on
ylabel('BER');
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
title('BER vs SNR');
N=6;M=6;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
figure;

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 50

Underwater wireless communication system Using Modem

semilogy(sig_streng,smooth(nom_zf),'r-s',
sig_streng,smooth(nom_zf_opt),'g-s','Linewidth',1.5);
xlim([sig_streng(1) sig_streng(end)]), xlabel('SNR (dB)'),
ylabel('Outage Prob')
legend('U1 ZF','U2 ZF')
constalation_name='QPSK';
title(['Comparison of various detectors in
',num2str(N),'x',num2str(M),' system, ', constalation_name, '
symbols']);
axis([sig_streng(1) sig_streng(end) 1e-4 1]);
grid on
figure;
semilogy(sig_streng,smooth(nom_mse),'r-<',
sig_streng,smooth(nom_mse_opt),'g-<','Linewidth',1.5);
xlim([sig_streng(1) sig_streng(end)]), xlabel('SNR (dB)'),
ylabel('Outage Prob')
legend('U1 MMSE','U2 MMSE')
constalation_name='QPSK';
title(['Comparison of various detectors in
',num2str(N),'x',num2str(M),' system, ', constalation_name, '
symbols']);
axis([sig_streng(1) sig_streng(end) 1e-4 1]);
grid on

Department of ECE, SVNE, Tirupati Page 51