ABSTRACT

An essential quality factor for a website's success or failure is its usability. While navigating
the web, consumers encounter numerous issues on the internet. How to solve these issues is a
challenge key query in human-computer interaction. The difficulties in creating accessible
web content the website is still up. The primary purpose of this present paper will outline the
difficulties users face on the internet. The paper discusses a number of issues and problems
with web while navigating through websites and finding information. Additionally, the paper
analyses a variety of variables provides recommendations for improving web in general, the
difficulties that these elements encounter.
 INTRODUCTION
Web is mostly determined by its usability. It is a metric for determining how simple
something is to understand and utilize. It is sometimes referred to as a measure of what
something enables someone to achieve and how successfully it does it their desired action.
The art of creating is what it is. People can use technology to essentially accomplish goal-
setting is the process by which products can achieve their utilized effectively by the intended
users appropriately and successfully. the previous decades more people are visiting websites,
which is in terms of personal development, exponential also in a business sense. It is
important to consider a variety of factors when evaluating a website's usability, including
how long it takes to learn how to navigate the site, how quickly the desired goal is attained,
and even the user's perceptions, emotions, and views. It is closely related to how simple or
challenging it is for visitors to complete tasks when they encounter a website's design for the
first time. After learning the designs, the user must immediately put them to use. If they
haven't visited in a while, how well will they be able to develop their proficiency.
 BRIEF HISTROY OF WEB AND SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while
working at CERN. The Web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for
automated information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the
world. The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the evolving technologies of computers,
data networks and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global information system. Tim
Berners-Lee wrote the first proposal for the World Wide Web in March 1989 and his second
proposal in May 1990. Together with Belgian systems engineer Robert Cailliau, this was
formalised as a management proposal in November 1990. This outlined the principal
concepts and it defined important terms behind the Web. The document described a
"hypertext project" called "Worldwide Web" in which a "web" of "hypertext documents"
could be viewed by “browsers”.
Thanks to the efforts of Paul Kunz and Louise Addis, the first Web server in the US came
online in December 1991, once again in a particle physics laboratory: the Stanford Linear
Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. At this stage, there were essentially only two kinds
of browser. One was the original development version, which was sophisticated but available
only on NeXT machines. The other was the ‘line-mode’ browser, which was easy to install
and run on any platform but limited in power and user-friendliness. It was clear that the small
team at CERN could not do all the work needed to develop the system further, so Berners-
Lee launched a plea via the internet for other developers to join in. Several individuals wrote
browsers, mostly for the X-Window System. Notable among these were MIDAS by Tony
Johnson from SLAC, Viola by Pei Wei from technical publisher O'Reilly Books, and Erwise
by Finnish students from Helsinki University of Technology. Thanks to the efforts of Paul
Kunz and Louise Addis, the first Web server in the US came online in December 1991, once
again in a particle physics laboratory: the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in
California. At this stage, there were essentially only two kinds of browser. One was the
original development version, which was sophisticated but available only on NeXT
machines. The other was the ‘line-mode’ browser, which was easy to install and run on any
platform but limited in power and user-friendliness. It was clear that the small team at CERN
could not do all the work needed to develop the system further, so Berners-Lee launched a
plea via the internet for other developers to join in. Several individuals wrote browsers,
mostly for the X-Window System. Notable among these were MIDAS by Tony Johnson from
SLAC, Viola by Pei Wei from technical publisher O'Reilly Books, and Erwise by Finnish
students from Helsinki University of Technology.
Early in 1993, the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the
University of Illinois released a first version of its Mosaic browser. This software ran in the X
Window System environment, popular in the research community, and offered friendly
window-based interaction. Shortly afterwards the NCSA released versions also for the PC
and Macintosh environments. The existence of reliable user-friendly browsers on these
popular computers had an immediate impact on the spread of the WWW. The European
Commission approved its first web project (WISE) at the end of the same year, with CERN
as one of the partners. On 30 April 1993, CERN made the source code of Worldwide Web
available on a royalty-free basis, making it free software. By late 1993 there were over 500
known web servers, and the WWW accounted for 1% of internet traffic, which seemed a lot
in those days (the rest was remote access, e-mail and file transfer). 1994 was the “Year of the
Web”. Initiated by Robert Cailliau, the First International World Wide Web conference was
held at CERN in May. It was attended by 380 users and developers, and was hailed as the
“Woodstock of the Web”.
As 1994 progressed, stories about the Web hit the media. A second conference, attended by
1300 people, was held in the US in October, organised by the NCSA and the newly-
formed International WWW Conference Committee (IW3C2). By the end of 1994, the Web
had 10 000 servers - 2000 of which were commercial - and 10 million users. Traffic was
equivalent to shipping the entire collected works of Shakespeare every second. The
technology was continually extended to cater for new needs. Security and tools for e-
commerce were the most important features soon to be added.
 TAXONOMIES OF WEB
A website's material is logically organized using a structure called a taxonomy to make it
easier for users to browse the site and comprehend its objectives. Visually, this might
resemble several menus and pages on a website or sections of a blog.
Website taxonomy is also related to URL structure, which is how URL are organized to reflect
content within specific site pages. Every website domain stays the same for every URL
address, but subdirectories and URL slugs change as page content gets more specific.
For example, say your website’s primary domain is www.samplewebsite.com.
Your taxonomic structure will include subdirectories within your domain that are relevant to
the page’s content. So, if your sample website has a ‘Contact’ or ‘Announcements’ page, the
URLs would change to reflect the information displayed on each page. The URLs for these
pages would
be www.samplewebsite.com/contact and www.samplewebsite.com/announcements,
respectively.
Best Practices for Creating a Website Taxonomy
1 Know your audience.
Just like all types of marketing, the key to creating your taxonomy is understanding your
users.
You’ll want to know who they are, why they’re visiting your site, and what they want to find
on your site. It’s essential to understand what their specific needs are so you can structure
your content accordingly. To better understand your users, you can do things like create
buyer personas.
2 Conduct keyword research.
When you know who your users are and what they want, you want to make sure you have the
necessary information to keep them on your site.
You can use your site's primary purpose to rank in search results, but it’s essential to have
multiple keywords for the additional categories you’ll create within your site. These
keywords should be directly related to the content that users will find on those specific pages.
3 Be consistent.
Consistency with categories and the content within those categories makes it easier for users
to understand your site. It also makes it easier for those executing your content strategy to
create relevant content. For example, on the HubSpot Blog, we have four different
properties: Service, Sales, Marketing, and Website.
4 Keep it simple.
While there are certainly hundreds of categories and subcategories you could come up with to
sort content on your site, less is more. The ideal web taxonomy is focused and
straightforward.
5 Leave room for growth.
Taxonomy can, and should, change as your business scales.
If you create new forms of content, you may need to shuffle categories to ensure that they
still relate to each other and have room for new content.
Types of Website Taxonomy
Once you know your audience and have created your keyword-relevant categories, it’s
essential to decide on the taxonomic structure that works best for your site. Since taxonomy is
a classification system, it may seem like the logical structure is a hierarchical one, organized
by importance. However, this isn’t always the case. Let’s review the different types of
website taxonomies so you can select the one that works best for your site.
1 Flat Taxonomy
A flat taxonomy, sometimes called unlayered taxonomy, is a simple list of top-level
categories. All categories on this site carry equal weight in comparison to each other. It’s a
perfect structure for smaller websites that don’t have a large amount of content.
2 Hierarchical Taxonomy
A hierarchical taxonomy is an arrangement of categories by order of importance. Larger
websites typically use it, and top-level categories are broad.
3 Network Taxonomy
A network taxonomy involves organizing content into associative categories. The
relationships and associations between categories can be basic or arbitrary, but they should be
meaningful to users.
4 Facet Taxonomy
A facet taxonomy is used when topics can be assigned to multiple different categories. Sites
that typically use this structure allow users to find content by sorting for specific attributes.
It’s also great for users who will likely arrive at certain content by different means.

SOME WEB ISSUES AND THEIR PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

Website design and development model issues
1. Setting Goals:
There are many challenges in web development. The first thing you have to overcome in a
project is to clearly define your goals. Goals can affect or reduce the quality of your website
or web application. Starting with a specific goal simplifies the process and allows developers
to focus on the right direction.
2. Designing and UI (User Interface)
The first thing that catches the viewer’s attention is usually an attractive design. People like
to interact with attractive designs as well as web development. Everything created for
marketing should be of high quality. This allows you to increase user engagement and
conversions. For this reason, good web design is essential for any website or app.
The attractive user interface can continue to attract users for a long time. Therefore, the user
interface should be simple and unique. This allows users to get a quality user experience. The
responsive user interface includes clear navigation, easy-to-read text, and compelling
graphics. With an attractive design, you can not only retain old customers but also attract new
ones. Keep in mind that the UI is the most basic aspect of web development and can act as a
bridge between the user and the web application.
3. Speed and Performance
Search engines can provide Google users with thousands of results by searching for just one
word. With so many sites to choose from, users don’t have to wait for the site to load. If it
takes too long, you will be taken to another search result. For this reason, slow loading speeds
can cause serious damage to viewers and businesses.
The load time should not exceed 3 seconds. Otherwise, users may lose interest and leave the
site. Improving the speed and performance of your website or application is one of the
biggest challenges for developers.
4. Working Frame and Knowledge Required
There are some frameworks, programming languages, and equipment to be had withinside
the net improvement industry, for constructing net apps. Selecting the proper form of
equipment and frameworks can sound easy, however, this is an undertaking many builders
fail to apprehend withinside the early ranges of improvement.
5. Growth and Scalability
Scalability refers to the growth of a web application over time. This is a long-term plan that
starts with a basic business model and plans to expand in the future. For example, you might
use a fashion blog for some time, but after getting a lot of traffic, convert the blog to an e-
commerce platform.
6. Safety and Security
Security is one of the most worrisome issues for modern enterprises with a large online
presence. Protecting your application is important for protecting sensitive information.
There are many ways to improve the security of your website or app. Make sure your web
developer is considering all possible security measures during the development process.
Web quality issues
Ill be discussing 5 issues:
1. Poor or dated visual design
Nothing makes a customer say “no thanks” as quickly as a really gruesome home page. It
could be horrendous colour choices or a naff logo. Or it could just be that things have aged
badly. We sympathise a lot with businesses here because quality websites cost money; but
things move quickly in the digital era. Sites that looked slicker than a brand-new Ferrari a
few years ago now look like a third-hand Volvo.
The simple answer is to refresh or start again. Yes, it costs money, but how much income
might you be losing due to a duff website?
2. Slow upload speed
There is little more annoying than waiting forever for something to load. Worse, Google will
actually penalise you in the rankings for this! Large image files are the most common cause,
and the remedy can be simple: cut your file sizes down! File-crunching aids like tinyjpeg.com
are extremely handy here. Or invest in a CMS system that automatically resizes images.
3. Lack of quality images
While huge files are bad news, the same could also be said for poor pictures. Seeing as that
opening image is the first impression the viewer will get, why settle for mediocre? Again,
rather than thinking “how much will it cost to get quality pictures?” ask yourself “how much
will it cost me if I don’t have quality pictures?” A good photographer is worth every penny.
4. Clutter
This is a common trap for so many businesses. You might have started with a simple main
message and a couple of tidy banners; three years later you have a dozen different windows
all wrestling for space and attention. This can be a headache for the user and could easily
detract from your main message.
The solution here is to sort your priorities. Your home page needn’t try and squeeze in every
last thing you do. Smart, simple, logic always wins the day. Unless you are the infamous
Ling’s Cars (below), whose chaotic site has not only become the stuff of legend, but a key
sales tool! To get away with this sort of chaos though, it goes without saying that you need
excellent customer service and a great reputation.
5. Poor or confusing user journey
Talking of clutter and confusion, another common issue with websites is a lack of clear
signposting. Ask yourself a simple question: how easy is it for someone to get where you
want them to go? If it takes more than two clicks for the customer to be able to buy or book,
your conversion rate could well be suffering.
How can you solve this? Well, the obvious way is to get others to test it. At Clockwork we do
this meticulously, taking every detail into account, testing different strategies and monitoring
bounce rates and other factors. A bit OTT? Not at all- there is a definite science to making
more sales conversions online!
Web security issues
Protecting your website against the most common website security issues and threats doesn’t
have to be difficult. With a few well-chosen precautions, you can greatly reduce the chances
that you’ll fall victim to one of the eight threats mentioned below.
1. Put a Web Application Firewall to Work
Use a web application firewall, or WAF on your web server or CDN to inspect all application
layer website traffic requests. This way, the WAF can block a request if it’s malicious,
thereby thwarting human and machine attackers alike.
Recommendation: Not all web application firewalls are the same. To implement a WAF to
your greatest advantage, choose a fully managed web app firewall. With this solution, the
rules are updated regularly, which helps to protect you against the latest threats.
2. Restrict Access to Only Those Who Need It
This should go without saying: not everyone who wants access to everything actually needs
it. Following the principle of least privilege is a great idea because it helps you to ensure that
you’re only allowing users who need access to sensitive systems and data to have it.
Recommendation: Setting up access controls within your organization is kind of like raising
kids: you sometimes have to tell them no (even though they won’t like it) because it’s the
best way to keep them safe and secure. Likewise, you have to deny users’ unnecessary access
requests to protect your organization and keep its data safe.
3. Carry Out Daily Vulnerability Testing on Your Site
Implement daily vulnerability scans to detect threats and security flaws on your website. This
is among the best ways to protect your website and data against hackers. By identifying these
weaknesses quickly, you can address vulnerabilities before a hacker uses them against you.
Recommendation: Rather than just choosing a random solution, do your homework and
choose one that supports your website’s specific platform. For example, if you use Magento,
ensure your vulnerability scanner supports it.
4. Double-Check Your Website Configurations and Follow Industry Best Practices
No matter how great or user-friendly your website is, it won’t matter if you don’t keep
customers’ information secure.
Recommendation: Take the time to ensure you’ve got proper configurations in place and
that you’ve crossed your T’s and dotted your I’s. Follow secure coding best practices and
implement these website security tips from other industry experts.
5. Provide Mandatory Security Awareness Training
The cyber awareness of your employees can be the difference between your site staying
secure versus it being hacked. All it takes is one employee clicking on a malicious link to
trigger a world of trouble, so be sure your staff is trained to recognize social engineering
tactics and common phishing scams.
Recommendation: You can find plenty of free security awareness training resources online.
A couple of quick examples include the DoD Cyber Awareness Challenge and NIST’s online
resources directory.
6. Encourage Users to Turn on Multi-Factor Authentication
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) helps to protect your website’s accounts against many
types of login attacks. Even if a hacker somehow discovers your account password, they can’t
put it to use without having the required secondary identification factor (such as a fingerprint
or a physical security token).
Recommendation: While traditional MFA methods improve your security, a more secure
method is using certificate-based authentication instead. This is a form of passwordless
authentication because it uses a digital certificate to identify you (rather than you having to
manually type in clunky passwords). But if you’d prefer a more traditional MFA method, you
can enable it through any of the following methods:
1Using custom code,
2Installing a plugin, or
3Enabling MFA via your WAF.
7. Enable HTTPS on All Pages
It’s important to force HTTPS on every page of your website to ensure that your visitors are
protected against insecure cookie attacks, password theft, and other risks. You can do this by
installing a website security certificate (i.e., an SSL/TLS certificate) on your server.
Recommendation: Be sure you’re also securing all of your subdomains. A wildcard SSL
certificate can help you do it quickly and cost effectively by using a single certificate to
secure an unlimited number of subdomains.
8. Automate Website Backups So You Don’t Miss Anything
When things go wrong with your website, you don’t have time to sit back and relax. You
need to have a solution in place that can help you get things back up and running right away.
Regardless of the cause, having a recent website backup makes your life much easier and
saves you a lot of time and money in terms of resources.
Recommendation: It’s always a good idea to create physical backups of your website.
However, this shouldn’t be your only approach. You can set up automatic cloud backups
with SiteLock or CodeGuard, too, so you have a second type of backup ready to go when (not
if) things go wrong.
9. Scan Your Site For Malware Every Day
Checking your website every day for malware is your last line of defense — if something
malicious slipped through, you want to find and remove it ASAP. Don’t give hackers access
to your site and data even a moment longer.
Recommendation: Some tools check only your source code or your public website. If the
solution you use doesn’t cover both, it’s likely going to miss malware that can cause serious
harm and cost you loads of money. This is why it’s best to use a malware scanner that checks
both avenues of approach.

Web Social issues

The phenomenon of the Social Web (i.e., the Web of Social Media) has caught the attention
of research communities in the last decade. Researchers from diverse disciplines ranging
from social and behavioural sciences to computer science have started investigating the issues
and challenges in the Social Web. Within computer science, researchers from established
research areas such as language technologies, machine learning, and service and cloud
computing have started looking into the computational and development challenges brought
about by the Social Web.
1. Neglecting Family and Responsibilities
Problem: As you are online 24×7, are you neglecting your family, kids, siblings and
friends?
Solution – Family and your relationships should always come first, and this is a reminder for
me too! Thus when you need to be with them, you need to move away from the social media.
Don’t allow social media to interfere with your daily chores, responsibilities, nor your
relationships with your family, friends, parents, kids, and spouse. Take out time for it, and
move away after that!
2. Wasting Time on social media
Problem: Some people bore you and you don’t like to interact with them, yet you do
because you are being polite. So, do you waste time in talking to those who don’t matter
to you over issues?
Solution – If you are on the social networks just to waste time, you can never get anything
worthwhile done. In case you have to deal with people who bore you, and you are one of the
polite ones, you need to change!
After one or two replies, excuse yourself from the conversation and get away. If you continue
talking, they will continue asking or talking. So, the choice is always in your hand.
3. Lack of Focus and Productivity
Problem: Do you lack focus and think your productivity is taking a back seat due to
these social media sites?
Solution – When you are forever online working and visiting several social media and social
networking websites in day, you tire your brain and lack the attention and focus.
Yes, if you have the free time, these social networks are good, or else, they can reduce your
efficiency and productivity, besides harming your entire days work and routine.
Thus, time yourself and remain focused in what you need to do first – everything else can
come up later. Setting your priorities is essential, which ensures you only work to achieve
your target.
4. Seeking Validation
Problem: Do you spend time clicking your pictures and sharing it on the social
media and seeing what others share, or comment on them?
Solution – You need to remember that all that you share on the social networks becomes
public. So, be careful when you click your pictures and share them.
CONCLUSION
In today's Web development, a good page design is essential. A bad design will lead to the
loss of visitors and that can lead to a loss of business. In general, a good page layout has to
satisfy the basic elements of a good page design. Security concerns are taking challenging
dimensions in this Web services-driven world. The basic concepts of enterprise security,
although very relevant, are not directly applicable to Web services because of complex

application-to-application interactions and quality of an entity is easy to recognize but hard

to define and evaluate, and sometimes costly to incorporate in the end product. In this chapter
we have discussed what quality in general, and what Web quality in particular is about.
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