PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL

▪ BEHAVIORS
A psychological dysfunction within an individual
associated with distress or impairment in - All physical and mental disorders were considered
functioning and a response that is not typical or the work of the devil.
culturally expected. 4D’s: ▪ Demons and witches - psychological disorders
▪ were seen as the work of the devil and witches.
- Dysfunction - Psychological dysfunction refers to ▪ Stress and melancholy - insanity was a natural
a breakdown in cognitive, emotional,
or phenomenon caused by mental or emotional
behavioral functioning. (being afraid when there distress. (Common treatments: rest, sleep, and
is nothing to be afraid of) healthy and happy environment) Mass Hysteria -
- Distress - extremely upsets a person. (but it ▪ simultaneously run in the stress, dance, shout,
doesn’t mean that it is a problematic abnormal rave, and jump around in pattern as if they were at
behavior. E.g namatayan ka. It’s part of being a a wild party.
human.) - Phenomenon of emotion contagion.
- Deviant (atypical or not culturally expected) - it is ▪ The moon and the Stars - the movement of the
considered abnormal if it occurs infrequently. It moon and stars had profound effects on
deviates from the average. (pagiging emo) psychological functioning. (Kapag bilog ang buwan,
Dangerous - if the symptoms bring danger to the maraming baliw/nababaliw) (Lunatic derives from
-
person or other people. (sign of psychological the word luna which means “moon”.) The
disorder) ▪ supernatural tradition is alive and well.
▪ Psychological disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders) - it describes
behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
that are unexpected in their cultural context and
associated with present distress and impairment in
functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, ▪ Hippocrates and Galen - Humoral Theory of
or impairment. Disorders (Chemical Imbalance)- Normal brain
▪ The scientist - practitioner approach - Take a functioning was related to
4 boldly fluids or humors:
scientific approach to their clinical work. - Blood from the heart
-- Use the most current diagnostic and treatment - Black bile from the spleen
- procedure. - Yellow bile from the liver
Evaluate their own assessment or treatment - Phlegm from the brain
▪ Hippocrates coined the word hysteria to describe
procedure.
Might conduct research to produce new a concept. (Somatic Symptom Disorder) Because
information. ▪ of Syphilis, many health professionals assumed
that comparable causes and cures might be
DESCRIBING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR discovered for all psychological disorders. John
▪ P. Grey - The causes of insanity were always
▪ Presenting Problem - why the person came to the
clinic.
Clinical physical. Therefore, the mentally ill patient
▪ should be treated as physically ill.
Description - represents the unique
combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that
make up a specific disorder.
-- Prevalence - how many people in the population THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL
-- have the disorder (frequency/common) TREATMENTS
Incidence - how many cases occur during a given
period, a year. ▪ Insulin shock therapy - stimulate appetite in
Course - some disorders (schizophrenia) follow a psychotic patients Electroconvulsive therapy -
course; they tend to last a long time or lifetime. ▪ shock cause strangely elated (depression)
Prognosis - the anticipated course of a disorder. Neuroleptics (major tranquilisers) - Hallucinatory
▪ and delusional thought processes could be
▪ Etiology - study of origins.
diminished (agitation and aggressiveness)
▪ Causation - biological, psychological, and social
dimensions.

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▪ Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) - reduce GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO
anxiety. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
▪ French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel and Jean
Baptiste Pussin ▪ Genes - molecules of DNA that influence our
▪ Moral therapy
- treating institutionalized patients as
normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and makeup.
▪ Chromosomes - 23 pairs
reinforced normal social interaction thus providing
them with many opportunities for appropriate social - Faulty DNA can lead to abnormal outcomes from
and interpersonal contact. physical to psychological.
▪ Dorothea Dix - mental hygiene movement ▪ Diathesis-Stress Model (Greek word:
▪ Mid 19th century - the mental illness was caused by predisposition) - people with predisposition are
brain pathology and was incurable. more likely to develop the disorder when faced with
▪ Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis - study about stress.
hypnotism with Charcot. ▪ The Gene-Environment Correlation Model
▪ Humanistic Theory - Self actualization. We could - Genetic endowment may increase the
reach our highest potential. probability that an individual will experience
▪ Behaviorism - Classical and Operant Conditioning stressful life events.
▪ Adolf Meyer - emphasized the equal contribution of
biological, psychological, and sociocultural EPIGENETICS AND THE NON-
determinism. GENOMIC “INHERITANCE” OF BEHAVIOR

INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO ▪ Epigenetics - study of how your behavior and

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY environment can cause changes that affect the way
your genes work.
▪ Unidimensional - linear model of causation. “Genetic influences are often a lot less
▪ Multi-dimensional - multiple systems interact in powerful than is commonly believed. The
contributing to mental disorder. environment, even working subtly, can still
▪ Model mold and hold
interactions itsshape
that own in thewe
who biological
are”
George (BPS)
L. - Engel
biochemical
Biopsychosocial
approach is flawed
because the body alone does not contribute to - Robert Sapolsky
▪ Some behaviors do not need to be passed down by
illness. Individual’s mind plays a significant role in
how an illness is caused and how it is treated. genes. (Cycle of violence, being a musician, drug
addiction)
▪ Neuroscience - study of the nervous system, especially
the brain to understand the behavior, emotions, and
cognitive process.
- Genetic contribution might lead to patterns of
neurotransmitters. (Depression = Selective
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
▪ Psychopathologist - exploring the cause of
psychopathology, causes, and treatment.
▪ Initiation Factors - why the disorder developed in the
first place.
▪ Maintaining Factors - why the problems still exist.

CONDITIONING AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES

▪ Classical and Operant Condition - develop working

Figure 1 ideas about the world that allow us to make
appropriate judgements. Learned Helplessness
▪ (Martin Seligman & Steven Maler) - It’s a
phenomenon that occurs when rats or other
animals encounter conditions over which they have
no control.
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▪ Learned Optimism - If people faced with stress and Criteria:
difficulty in their lives nevertheless display an A. Severe recurrent outburst
optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to function B. Temper outbursts are inconsistent with
better psychologically and physically. developmental level.
C. Temper outbursts occur 3 or more times per
week.
ORIGIN OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY D. Persistently irritable or angry most of the day,
nearly everyday.
▪ Social Factors -put us directly or indirectly on most
E. Criteria A and D have been present for 12 or more
of us. F. months.
- War and violence A and D are present in at least 2 settings (home,
- Deviance producing social roles school, w/peers)
- Group prejudice and discrimination G. Cannot diagnose before the age of 6 and after 18
- Economic and employment problems years old
- Rapid social change
▪ Assessment - in-depth study of a person’s ▪ Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) – 5 or more
functioning. The first edition of the DSM, published
symptoms. 2 weeks present. Should have the
in 1952. (developed by the U.S Army during WW2)
symptoms of anhedonia or depressed mood.
The importance of assessment:
- To provide a diagnosis To help Criteria:
- select a type of treatment To
- help the court decide the issue A. Depressed mood
B. anhedonia/loss of interest
- To help assess job applicants C. Weight loss/gain
▪ The clinical interview - face to face between a
D. Insomnia/hypersomnia
mental health professional and a patient in which E. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
she/he observes that patient’s behavior, attitude, F. Fatigue
current situation, personality, and life history. G. Feelings of worthless or excessive guilt
- Unstructured Interview - non-directive interview H. Decreased concentration
- (not pre-arranged) I. Thoughts of death/suicide
Structured interview - Standardized interview
(can provide diagnosis through DSM) TYPES OF DEPRESSION:
▪ Mental Status Examination (MSE) - systematically
examines a patient’s mind and the way they look, unusual distress - depression with
▪ Anxious
think, feel, and behave. restlessness or worry about possible events or loss of
control.
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS ▪ Mixed Features - simultaneous depression and mania.
▪ Melancholic Features - Severe depression with
- a group of disorders in which depression is the anhedonia and associated with early morning
main feature. awakening, worsened mood in the morning.
▪ Atypical features - temporarily be cheered by happy
▪ Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) events, increased appetite.
persistent
- irritability and frequent episodes of ▪ Psychotic Features - accompanied by delusions or
extreme behavioral dysfunction (can’t be hallucinations.
diagnosed before 6 years old but must present the ▪ Catatonia - includes motor activity that involves either
symptoms before 10 years old.) (Persistent rather uncontrollable & purposeful movements.
than episodic) (Can’t comorbid with oppositional- ▪ Peripartum onset - occur during pregnancy or in the
defiant disorder ODD or intermittent explosive weeks or months after delivery (Postpartum)
disorder IED. But can be in conduct disorder CD) ▪ Seasonal pattern - related to changes in season and
reduced exposure to sunlight.

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▪ Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - severe DIGFAST:
irritability, depression, or anxiety in the week or two - Distractibility
before the period starts. - Impulsivity
- Grandiosity
▪ Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) (dysthymia) - - Flight of ideas
continuous long-term form of depression (chronic). - Activity
- Sleep
Criteria: - Talkativeness
A. Depressed mood most of the day for at least 2
years. ▪ Bipolar II - meet the criteria for a current or past
B. Presence of two or more: hypomania episode, then follow major depressive
- Poor appetite/overeating episodes.
- Insomnia/Hypersomnia - Hypomanic Episode - period of abnormally and
- Low energy/ Fatigue persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
- Low self esteem Abnormally and persistently increased energy,
- Poor concentration/ difficulty in making lasting at least 4 consecutive days, present most of
decision the day.
- Feeling of hopelessness Criteria:
- 3/7 DIGFAST
C. During the 2 years (1 year for a child), the - At least 4 days
individual has never been w/out the symptoms for - No manic or psychosis
more than 2 months ▪ Cyclothymic Disorder - At least 2 years. Numerous
D. May continuously present for 2 years
Causes: periods of hypomanic episode but does not meet the
criteria of hypomanic episode and have depressive
-- Biological differences - PDD people may have symptoms but does not meet the criteria.
physical changes in their brain. - The symptoms are not attributable to drugs or
Brain chemistry - neurotransmitters are naturally medication.
occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in
depression. ▪ Rapid-Cycling - have four or more mood episode
- Inherited Traits- PDD pips whose blood relatives (Depression, mania, hypomania)
have also have this condition. - Causes: The exact cause of bipolar disorder is
- Life Events unknown. Biological differences and Genetics.
Risk Factors:
- Having a first degree relative with bipolar disorder
- Period of high stress
BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS - Drug or alcohol abuse
- group of disorders in which mania is the defining
feature. ANXIETY
▪ Bipolar I - necessary to meet the criteria for a manic - defined as a negative mood state that is
accompanied by bodily symptoms such as increased
episode. Then it can be preceded by and may be heart rate, muscle tension, a sense of unease, and
followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. apprehension about the future. (Future threat)
- Manic Episode - period of abnormally and
persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. ▪
Abnormally and persistently increased goal Fear - emotional responses to imminent threat.
directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week ▪ Generalized
excessive Anxiety Disorder (GAD) -
Criteria: anxiety and worry (occurring days but not for at
- 4/7 DIGFAST Symptoms least 6 months) (3 or more symptoms)
- At least 1 week - Restlessness
- Hospitalization - Easily fatigue
- Or Psychosis - Difficulty in concentrating
- Irritability
- Muscle tension

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 - Sleep disturbance (unsatisfying) ▪ Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- The anxiety or worry can cause distress in social, - Perfectionist
occupational. - Superiority complex
- No compulsion
▪ Panic Attack - abrupt surge of intense fear or - Ego syntonic (they are not aware of what’s wrong
discomfort that reaches a peak within a min. with them).
▪ ▪ Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - preoccupied
Panic Disorder - at least one of the attacks has been
followed by 1 month of one of both ff: with a perceived flaw on their physical appearance
- Persistent concern about additional panic attacks that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable.
- Significant maladaptive change in behavior related (hindi pantay ang kilay even tho pantay naman)
to the attacks. (gagawa ka ng bagay para maiwasan ▪ Hoarding Disorder - persistently difficulty
ang panic attack.) discarding or parting with possession, regardless of
▪ Agoraphobia - fear of marketplace (avoidance of their actual value. Trichotillomania (hair-pulling
situation which it might be difficult to escape or receive ▪ disorder) - recurrent pulling out of one’s hair,
help if it experiences panic attacks) (hindi ka na lalabas resulting in hair loss. Excoriation (skin-picking)
ng bahay kasi natatakot kang walang tutulong sa’yo at ▪ disorder - skin picking resulting in skin lesion.
do’n ka na mamamatay)
▪ Phobia (Greek word “fear”) - excessive, persistent,
and distressing fear or anxiety about a specific DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
object/situation.
Acquisition of phobias through learning
▪ Dissociation is a mental process of disconnecting
- Classical conditioning
- Modeling from one’s thoughts, feelings, memories, or send of
- Verbal transmission identity. (complicated). Dissociative discontinuity
▪ Disorder - disruption of and/or
Treatment:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - change in the normal integration of
their thinking or behavior. (takot ka sa matataas, consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception,
this treatment assure you na hindi ka mamamatay body representation, motor control, and behavior.
▪ Depersonalization/derealization (criteria)
o masasaktan kapag nasa mataas ka.)
- Systematic Desensitization (Joseph Wolpe) -
Gradual exposure. A. The present of persistent or recurrent experiences
of depersonalization, derealization, or both.
▪ Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) - fear of appearing - Depersonalization - experiences of unreality
or detachment with respect to one’s
clumsy, silly, or shameful (ayaw mo ng spotlight or thought (kausap mo mga kaibigan mo pero
nakatuon sa’yo kasi natatakot kang magkamali o biglang nagging vague at hallow sila, as if
mapahiya.) (Lasting for 6 months or more) nasa malayo ka sa kanila) Derealization -
▪
Separation Anxiety - Excessive fear or anxiety
- experiences of unreality with respect to
concerning separation from those to whom the surroundings. (naging vibrant color and
individual is attached. (Persistent and lasting at least 4 unrealistic iyong paligid. Masyadong exage.)
weeks in children. 6 mos. or more in adults.)
▪ Selective Mutism - child’s inability to speak and
communicate effectively in select social settings, such B. During 1 and 2, reality testing remains intact.
as school. They can speak if they are comfortable, C. Cause clinically significant distress or
secure, and relaxed. impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning. The
D. disturbance should not attributable to the
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER physiological effects of a substance Not better
▪ Obsession -recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or E. explain by another mental disorder
Causes:
images that are experienced. (intrusive thoughts) - - Traumatic experiences Extreme distress
▪ Compulsion -repetitive behavior or mental acts aimed
- Cognitive deficits on measures of attention
to prevent or reduce anxiety. Treatment:
- There is a compulsion Psychotherapy and CBT
- Egodystonic (aware sila na kailangan nila ng
tulong) -

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 D. Persistent avoidance of stimuli (effort to
▪ Dissociative Amnesia - inability to recall important avoid memories and external reminders;
autobiographical information, usually of a people, places, activities, etc)
traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent E. Negative Alteration (instability to
with ordinary forgetting. (most often on localized or remember the event, persistent/exaggerated
selective amnesia) negative beliefs, distorted about the cause
- Localized - most common a failure to recall (blaming herself), persistent negative
specific events, usually traumatic events that emotional state (horror, anger, guilt),
occur during a specific period. Generalized - diminished interest, detachment, inability to
- unable to remember anything, including who experience positive emotion)
they are. Can’t remember any of their past, F. Alteration in arousal and reactivity (irritable
even non-traumatic past. behavior, reckless behavior, hypervigilance,
exaggerated startle response, prob with
▪ Dissociative fugue (flight) - memory loss revolves concentration, sleep disturbance)
around a specific incident – an unexpected trip/s. ▪ Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
▪ Dissociative Identity Disorder (the host and the -- parehas ng ptsd pero walang reckless behavior
alter/s) (criteria) - (trauma, intrusion, avoidance)
- 3 days to 1 month
A. Disruption of identity characterized by two or Only 1 symptoms of negative mood
more distinct personality states. (observed or May dissociative
reported by others) Treatment:
B. Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events,
CBT, mindfulness, and medication.
important personal information, and/or traumatic -
events that are inconsistent with ordinary
forgetting. ▪ Adjustment Disorder
C. Cause clinically significant distress or impairment A. Identifiable with stressor(s) occurring within 3
in social, occupational, or other important areas of months.
functioning. - Marked distress that is out of proportion to
D. The disturbance is not a normal part of a broadly severity
accepted cultural or religious practice - Significant impairment in social, occupational,
E. Should not attributable to the physiological effects or other areas of functioning.
o/f a substance B. Stress-related disturbance does not meet the
Causes: criteria for another mental health disorder.
-
Abused as a child. C. Do not represent normal bereavement
D. Do not persist for more than an additional 6
TRAUMA AND STRESSOR-RELATED months.
DISORDERS Specifier:
- With depressed mood
- Trauma refers to both the event that produces - With anxiety
distress and the ensuing distress in an individual. It - With mixed anxiety and depressed mood
is an emotional response to a terrible event. - With disturbance of conduct
-- With mixed disturbance of emotions and
▪ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (more than 1 month) conduct
A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, Unspecified
serious injury, or sexual violence. (direct
experiencing, witnessing, learning, repeated ▪ Reactive Attachment Disorder (before age 5 yrs old)
experienced) (not apply through social media,
movies, pics, not unless work related) - (extreme reluctance to engage with caregivers, avoid
eye contact, resist or reject physical touch, struggle
B. Intrusion symptoms (recurrent memories of the with emotional regulation).
traumatic event, recurrent distressing dreams) A. Consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally
C. Dissociative reactions (flashbacks) withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers
- The child rarely or minimally responds to
comfort when distressed

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 -
The child rarely or minimally seek to comfort ▪ Schizoid Personality Disorder (4 or more) -
when stressed pervasive pattern of detachment from social
B. Persistent social and emotional disturbance relationship and a restricted range of expression of
- Minimal social and emotional responsiveness emotions in interpersonal setting
- Limited positive affect - Neither desires nor enjoys closed relationships
- Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, - including family
or fearfulness. - Solitary activities (laging “alone” sa mga activity)
C. Has experienced a pattern of extremes of - Has a little interest in having sexual experiences
insufficient care Walang kaibigan (appears indifferent) (cold,
- Social neglect or deprivation (basic emotional detached)
- needs)
- Repeated changes of primary caregivers that ▪ Schizotypal Personality Disorder (5 or more)-
limit to form stable relationship pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits
Limit to form selective attachments marked by acute discomfort.
D. Developmental age of at least 9 months - Ideas of reference
- Odd beliefs or magical thinking
▪ Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder - Unusual perceptual experiences
A. A pattern of behavior in which a child actively - Odd thinking and speech
-
approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
-
- Reduced or absence reticence in approaching - Behavior or appearance are odd
and interacting with unfamiliar adults - Lack of close friends
- Diminished or absent checking back with adult Excessive social anxiety
caregiver after venturing away
B. The behaviors in criterion A are not limited to ▪ Antisocial Personality Disorder (3 or more) -
impulsivity pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the
C. Experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient rights of others (occurring since age 15 years old)
care - Failure to conform to social norms with respect to
- Social neglect - lawful behaviors
- Repeated change of caregivers Deceitfulness, repeated lying, use of aliases, or
- Limits the opportunity to form selective - conning others for personal benefit
attachment - Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
-
D. The development of age of at least 9 months - Irritability and aggressiveness (repeated physical
- fight)
- Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
- Consistent irresponsibility
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Lack of remorse
- is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, At least 18 years old
and behavior that results in enduring Conduct disorder before the age 15
emotional distress for the person affected.
▪ Ego-dystonic (aware sila na may mali sa kanila)
▪ CLUSTER B: THEATRICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND
Ego-syntonic (hindi sila aware) ATTENTION-SEEKING

CLUSTER A: WITHDRAWN, COLD, SUSPICIOUS, ▪

Borderline Personality Disorder (5 or more) -a
IRRATIONAL pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal
▪ relationship, self-image, and affects, and impulsivity.
Paranoid Personality disorder (4 or more) - - Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such
- abandonment
that their motives are interpreted as malevolent.
- Unstable and intense interpersonal relationship
- Suspects, without sufficient basis - Impulsivity (binge, drive, smoke)
- Preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the - Recurrent suicidal behavior
- loyalty of others - Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of
- Takot magsabi ng info kasi baka magamit ‘yon - mood
against sa kaniya. Chronic feelings of emptiness
Suspicious without justification Inappropriate, intense anger

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▪ Histrionic Personality Disorder (5 or more) - SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER
excessive emotionality and attention seeking.
- Uncomfy in situation in which she is not the center are defined by one of the following main symptoms:
- of attention
- Displays rapidly shifting emotions - delusional
- Consistently uses physical appearance to draw - hallucinations
- attention - disorganized thinking/speech
- Style of speech (impressionistic and lacking in - disorganized abnormal motor behavior, and
detail) -
-
negative symptoms) (psychosis).
Self-dramatization, theoretically, exaggerated individuals diagnosed with a schizophrenia
Suggestible (easy to be influenced) spectrum disorder experience psychosis, which is
defined as a loss of contact with reality.
▪ Narcissistic Personality Disorder (5 or more) -
▪ Positive
delusions, symptoms: hallucinations,
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of disorganized thinking, disorganized/abnormal motor
empathy.
behavior, catatonic behavior.
▪ Negative symptoms: Affective flattening, Alogia,
- Grandiose sense of self importance
Apathy, Anhedonia, Asociality, and Avolition.
-- Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, ▪
Disorganized symptoms
- power, brilliance, beauty, love
- Believes that she is special and unique
- Requires excessive admiration TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
▪ Brief Psychotic Disorder (at least 1 day but less than
- Sense of entitlement
- Interpersonally exploitative 1 month)
- Lack of empathy ▪ Schizoaffective Disorder requires the presence of a
Often envious of others depressive or manic episode.
▪ Schizophreniform Disorder (at least 1 month but not
Shows arrogance
longer than 6 months)
▪ Schizophrenia (at least two of the ff: hallucinations
and delusions. At least 6 month)
CLUSTER C: ANXIOUS, TENSED, OFTEN
OVERCONTROLLED
▪ DELUSIONS
social inhibition,
Avoidant Personalityfeeling
Disorderof(4 or
inadequacy,
more) - and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation - fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in
light of conflicting evidence.
▪ Delusion of grandeur - belief of having exceptional
- Avoids occupational activities because of fears of
- criticism, disapproval abilities, fame
▪ Delusion of control - belief that others control their
- Unwilling to get involved with people unless
- certain of being like thoughts
- ▪ Delusion of thought broadcasting - belief that their
Shows restraint within intimate relationships
- because of fear of being shame or ridiculed thoughts are transparent and everyone knows what they
- Preoccupied with being criticized are thinking
Inhibit in new relationships because if feelings of ▪ Delusions of persecution - naniniwalang may papatay
inadequacy sa kanila
Socially inept (lacking) ▪ Delusions of reference - akala nila lahat ng specific
Reluctant to take a risk gestures ay para sa kanila
▪ Delusion of thought withdrawal - naniniwala sila na
▪ Dependent Personality Disorder (5 or more) - inalis ng tao ang kanilang liver
excessive need to be taken care of that leads to
Negative Symptoms- inability to initiate actions, speech,
submissive and clinging behavior and fear of express emotions, or feel pleasure.
separation ▪ Affective flattening - reduction in emotional
▪ Obsessive-Compulsive
- Personality Disorder expression
▪ Alogia - poverty of speech or content
preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and ▪ Anhedonia - inability to feel pleasure
mental and interpersonal control.
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▪ Apathy - general lack of interest
▪ Asociality - lack of interest in social relationships
▪ Avolition - lack of interest for goal directed behavior

DELUSIONAL DISORDER
- at least 1 delusion that lasts for at least 1 month
▪ Erotomanic Delusion - they believe that the celebrity
(higher status) are in love with them
▪ Grandiose delusion - magsasabi sila na naka-imbento
na sila ng gamot para sa cancer
▪ Jealousy delusion- may conviction na ang asawa niya
- may papatay sa kanila or
ay nag ch-cheat - may mga uod sa mga braso nila at
▪ Persecutory delusion
mananakit
▪ Somatic delusions
gumagapang.

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