What I'm getting at is this: Every educationist, unless he is a

jelly-fish, has some faith behind him. He could not possibly edi>
cate unless he was convinced of some standards, some immutables,
some ideals. He might be an atheist or a dialectical materialist or ,a
Quaker or an Anglican — his teaching would inevitably be affected
by his position. But it would not make him a bad teacher. There is
no evidence anywhere that "the devout evangelist and the con-
scientious schoolmaster" are "always at war within him." There is
plenty of evidence to the contrary: plenty of evidence to show
that nearly every revolutionary step forward in Western Euro-
pean education systems was in fact taken by the Church. It is not
a bad thing to remember that the premier L'nivcrsities of Europe to
this day stand on a Christian, foundation — and it is, paradoxically,
for that very reason that men like Bertrand Russell are able to teach
in them.

However, such matters need a whole article to themselves. As a

missionary suptnntendent- 1 am well content to be criticised so
fairly and straightforwardly by "Titshala."
He concludes his article "we little thought-the dav would come
when we should mourn the passing of the mission schools. The
day is here." He might have added "And. so is the night."

The Meaning of

BANTU EDUCATION
By DUMA NOKWE

D A N T U education is the 'education' designed for the 'Bantu' by

the Nationalist Government; it is a development of 'Native
Education/ the education which was designed .for the 'Native' of
South Africa.

Like 'Native Education/ 'Bantu education' is a qualified educa-

tion which is a product of the political and economic structure of the
country. Like its predecessors too, 'Bantu education' was not intro-
duced as a means of raising the cultural leveh of the Africans, nor
of developing the abilities of the African child to the full, but as
one of the devices which aim at solving the cheap labour problems
of the countfy. The development of education amongst -the Africans
and the policy of Governments have been closely connected with the
labour Droblems of the country.

12
 Dr. Verwoerd's statement that " (Native) education in each of the
four provinces, therefore, took into account neither the comnramty-
interests of the Bantu, nor the general policy of the country," is
incorrect in so far as it refers to the general policy of the country.
It %is, of course, correct that 'Native Education 1 did not take into
account the interests of the Africans, it was never intended to ful-
fil that task. T h e Director of Education of the Transvaal made it
very clear that "teach the Native to work" was the "true principle
hy which the education of the Native is to fee regulated and con-
trolled" and that a plan for "Native education" must "contemplate
the ultimate social place of the native as an efficient worker" The
report continues to Ngtetibe .a scheme through which the aims of
Native education could be realised, and the scheme which had to be
for the continuation of M A N U A L TRAINING with ELEMENTARY
INSTRUCTION, and in tho second place for the shaping of
the elementary instruction to equip the Native for more intelligent com-
prehension of any industrial work before him." T h e scheme was
implemented; and it determined the salient features of Native
education, which were:—

1) The complete application of segregation in the purpose,

administration and organ sation of dducation.

2) The vesting of control" of education Of the Africans in

hands which were not responsible- to the Africans, despite
the fact that Africans were made to pay for their educa-
tion.
3) The careful regulation of the number of children who had
access to education to keep it as low as possible, so as not
to upset the reservoir of cheap, unskilled labour, Among
of the 'controls' used were the denial of free, compulsory
education to Africans and the insistence that parents who
wanted their children "educated" should pay for them, and
the inadequate and poor schooling provided for Africans.

4) The careful regulation of the curriculum of African schools

so that African education remained basically elementary
with an emphasis on M A N U A L labour. This is illustrated
by the following ^tftrac* from the report of the Native
Education Commission, of 1930-1932 (P. 75) ' T h e students
were taught gardening other manual work, every student
at Lovedale had to work two hours in the garden or on
the road, this excellent practice continues to this day."

5) T h e denial of technical education to Africans, and the

restriction of their trairing to teaching, nursing. *nd inter-
preters and priests.
ihis scheme of 'education consistent with the general policy of

13
The government attempted to check the flow to towns by imposing
restrictions on the movements of Africans, in the form of permits
under the Native Urban Areas Act of 1935. But as industry deve"-
loped, the contradictions sharpened proportionately.
Successive governments of the country have tried various devices
to resolve the contradiction between country and town. The Amend-
ment to the Urban Areas Act was calculated to tighten restrictions on
the entry of Africans into towns; elaborate influx control depart-
ments were established, the police force was increased, .and pass
raids were intensified; and arrested Africans found themselves work-
ing on the farms. Farmers were allowed to buikl farm goals and
secure their cheap Labour behind bars. The Nationalist Government,
which represents the interests of the capitalist farmers and the
-mine magnates, has intensified the efforts to drive Africans from the
towns to the country in a more ruthless manner. 'BANTU EDU-
CATION' is one of these numerous efforts of the Nationalists,
aimed at resolving, the conflict between the farms and mines on the
one hand, and industry and commerce on the other, by compelling
the African to accept the miserable oppressive conditions of work on
th<* farms and mines.
'Native education' was the education' imposed upon the African
during the period'of the development of capitalism in the towns;
the period when there was a. shortage of cheap labour in towns, and
consequently a gre** demand for it. 'Bantu education' is imposed on
;he Africans in the period of the development of capitalism in the
country .a period of intensified exploitation by farmers and the
shortage .of chaap labour on farms and mines.

Through it, the Nationalists are attempting to harness the Afri-

can to the most ruthless exploitation and oppression.
BENEFICIAL — T O WHOM?
Dr. Verwoerd's exposition of Bantu education contains the out-
worn fallacy'that it is intended to benefit the African. In his
pamphW-on Bantu Education, he says:—
"The Bantu pupil must obtain knowledge, skills and attitudes in the
school which will be useful and advantageous to him, - at the
same time beneficial to his community. The subject matter must
be presented to" him in such a way that he can understand and
master it, easily making it his own* to the benefit and services
of his community."

In the very next paragraph, however, Dr/Verwoerd proceeds

to expose this fallacy by stating that:
" A school must equip him to meet the demands which the
economic life of South Africa impose upon him." He admits that

14
t u c country maintained the difference in standards between Euro-
pean and African to perpetuate the illusion of white supremacy
and black inferiority, the fallacy upon whch the exploiters rely to
justify their ruthless- exploitation of the people. Native education
lulfilled the function of supplying the growing commercial enter-
prises and mines with 'efficient* workers without disturbing the
cheap labour reservoir.

Native education was the educational' scheme for Africans

during the period of i+ie shortatze of labour in the mines and the
growing commercial enterprises of the country; rogether with other
measures like the Land Act of 1913 and the Taxation laws, it main-
tained a steady flow ^ faap labour from the country to the
(owns.

Before World War I, whan South Africa had mainly .an

•igricultunl-minerol economy, most of the energies of the govern-
ment were spent in. squeezing Mricnns out of the Reserves and driv-
ing them to the towns. With the development of industry in the
towns after the first World War, the process which the Govern-
ments had be»un assumed inconvenient proportions as the flow from
country :o town increased.

This created two 'problem*' for the economy of the country:—

a. The participation of the African ia industry aftd his low
Waue constituted a threat' to -the privileged position ofThfi European
worker, ac<ord.inu to the Report of the Economic Commission
(P. 16):
'industry in the t nion in areas where the Native predominates
used to be based almost entirely on European supervision and
skilled work, .and Native manual labour. This was rhe natural divi-
sion of labour in the earlier period of the contact between races
.... when however, the land began to fill up and the struggle for a
share in the material goods became keener, this division of labour be-
gan to change. On the one hand, there arose a small butt increasing
number of natives who aspired to the more lucrative occupations of
the Europeans."
To remedy this position, and to restore the 'natural division of
labour1 which protected the European, Colour Bar laws were passed
which denied'Africans access to skilled labour, the 'natural' pre-
serve of the European.
b. Africans were naturally attracted by the more favourable
conditions of work offered by the growing industries, as opposed to
the feudal conditions on the farms and the exploitation of the
mines. This Created a condition of surplus cheap labour In ttre towns
and a 'shortage' of labour in the country and on the mines, thus
sharpening the contradiction between the town and the country.
15
"the economic structure of our country of course results in large num-
bers of natives having to earn their living in the service of Euro*
peans."
These lasf two quotations represent a more honest declaration
of the purpose of Native education. Dr. VerwoerdV exposition of
'Bantu Education' is full of glaring contradictions, but in characteris-
tic Nationalist style he staggers blindly over the contradictions and
imposes upon the majority of the people of South Africa a com-
plete racialist and fascist system of 'education.1 It is a negation of
every single principle of education, which has been accepted by de-
mocratic people of the world.

The content ,oi 'Bantu education' is a uroe* lowering of th,

already low education facilities of the African*. Dr. Verwoer
shamelessly set$ Standard II as 'fundamental* education, atu
which pupils will be carefully selected for what is called high.
primary education. Dr. Verwlvd keeps ;i judicious silence about ih
fate of those who are not selected for the higher primary ami*.
The currifialum is Jisf^rted. Fundamental education consist*
reading, writing and .arithmetic, Afrikaans and "EniHish. retime
.education and sinuinu. History and ue^raphy Ivive heen excluJ.
The intention is.oKion>v the African child who i< Krinu prepah
as an instrument of cheap labour in a Mviety which relies on fsili
cies must-not -know either the Condition- of hi*- country nor the tjru»
about the world whw.h are apparent -Wen 4H tbc^distorted Soi.
Afrtcan histort. k^ks, >l«d arc likely to expose the fallacies.

Dr. Verw*aerd blame* the African child for* the low perceir
of African children who have access to-education, and not •
eflWpltfeFy inadequate schooling facilities To iivrea*e tfee pen*.
age, he proposes, first, to reduce *cho*«l hours ol the sub-stand;:
to three a day . . . . "it-is wroh« t«* utilise expensive teaching *•-
to supervise large classes of bored pupils while thousands of ch::
ren who are entitled to the same measure of primarv education v
kept out of schocd."
Secondly, to remove children who keep in suh-standnn.U f '
years, "keeping other children out of the mailable >ch*>ob accoinr -
dation and wasting public funds without themselves deriving :
benefit worth mentioning."

ThiAily, to dismiss children who fail-to attend school reutih-'•

Fourthly, to refuse admission to children who cannot all--'•
school requisites, such as pens and exercise Kn>ks.

c t_ T , h ? c . P ^ i p o s ^ s a e made
I under
Ae heading of "Extension of
does not mention .a word
about building new schools. On this point, however, he proposes
later on*—

16
 a. "Bantu mothers can, in accordance with local methods, erect
walls where farmers allow, it, and the Department will provide the
windows, doors and roofs."

b. "The present arrangement in Native Areas by which the De*

partment provides the necessary labour is sound and can continue.
The urban Bantu community will have to meet its obligations just
as the rural community has to do."
The net result of these proposals is a reduction in the educa-
tional facilities for Africans.
The intensification of oppression and exploitation i$ extended to
the teachers. IflPftttttn teachers who are less e^ensive than men
will be preferred. Instead of an increase in wages which teachers
have been clamouring arfd hoping for, Dr. Verwoerd proposes a
reduction in the present scales, despite the fact that European teach-
ers have had increases and cost of living continues to rise. Dr.
Verwoerd argues' that tfce European- teacher has a higher salary
because "he ih in the service of the European community and his
salary must be fixed accordingly-" He ingeniously explains that the
European teacher in the. service of Africans «ets & European wage
because he can be regarded as on loan to the African. Dr. Ver-
woerd does not explain why he does not apply hi? principles to
the messengers and the "Irfrge numbers of niiitfir0 who earn their
living in the service of the Europeans?'

Dr. Verwoerd says of African renchers that they are entrusted

with "a role in which they will be in the. service-of -and responsible
to the Bantu community/ 1 At the "beginning of his pamphlet, how-
ever, he says "the control of the educational system has been
taken out of the hands of the Provinces .and placed-in the hands, of
the Department of Native Affairs," and later he says "no new school
may, however, be established without the prior approval of the
Department." The only responsibility the African community has
in Bantu education is that of providing the children and the schools.
The introduction of * mother-tongue' education as a medium for
teaching is justifiable on two grounds: first, as an expression of res-
pect for a people? and its national culture; secondly as ,a step towards
the democratisation of education amongst a people.
The facts about Bantu education and numerous oppressive laws
of the Nationalists.iridicate .clearly that Dr. Verwoerd has n& res-
pect for the Africans and in fact despises them, nor has he any in-
tention of democratising education so that it is available to all Afri-
cans to develop their abilities to the full, and so that they can con-
tribute freely and fully to raising of the material wad. cultural stan-
dards of all people of this country. The reasons why Dr. Vet
woerd introduces mother-tongue instruction is to enable the African
17
child to master his distorted schemes easily, and to fan the spirit of
tribalism to divide the African people.
"Bantu education" is a reactionary scheme which very nearly
destroys education for the African in South Africa. It is reactionary
because it is designed to satisfy the needs of a reactionary and heart'
less class of exploiters. Whilst the Nationalists disregard the needs
and interests of the masses of the people, and subject the people to
a more rOthless oppression and exploitation in the interests v>f solv-
ing the contradictions of their society they do not take into account
the sharpening conflict they are creating between themselves and
the people, which will ultimately break their artificial political and
economic structure.

DAN TLCOME. writes on

RENT INCREASES
AX enthusiastic campaign is being conducted by the Non-Euro-
peans throughout the country in opposition to rent increases re-
cently introduced by the Government for African Townships, loca-
tions, arid hostels, falling'within the jurisdiction of the local autho-
rities. Of Q\\ the outstanding-issues which have "provoked^ intense
protest and re^efttment* affront the African people, the question o\
-increase in rentals stands' out as the most callous and a direct
assault upon the ever-worsening economic position of the lowest in-
come group of the community — the Africans.

The circular letter circulated to tenants of various Township.-

by the Johannesburg, local authority states: inter alia:
"In terms of the Government Notice. No. 1516 of the 23rd July,
'1954, the Minister, of Native Affairs has ruled that as from the
1st October of this year tenants in the African houses shall pay
an economic rental if their family income exceeds £15 per month,
and a sub-economic rental if their family income falls below £15
per month. The Minister has further ruled that all tenants will
be regarded as belonging to the economic group .and be re-
quired to pay an economic rental unless and uhtil they are able
to prove to the satisfaction of their- respective Superintendents
that their income was less than £15 per month on an average
over the period 1st July, 1953 to 30th June, 1954." '

The Chief information officer of the Department of Native

Affairs, Mr. C. W. Prinsloo, explaining the specified directive issued
to Urban Local .authorities on this question stated, inter alia, "that
the Governmen has issued this directive after receiving continued anfcl
justified representations from local authorities about the excessive