FSC Running Notes For Instructor
FSC Running Notes For Instructor
Trying to do the right thing and buying responsibly produced products can be confusing. The FSC label
makes it easy to make the right choice when buying timber and paper products as well as other forest
products. Here is why choosing FSC makes a difference:
Only FSC
prohibits conversion of natural forests or other habitat around the world
prohibits the use of highly hazardous pesticides around the world
controls each certified operation at least once a year – and if they are found not to comply, the certificate is
withdrawn
FSC is an independent, non-governmental, not for profit organization established to promote the responsible
management of the world’s forests. FSC is a certification system that provides internationally recognized
standard-setting, trademark assurance and accreditation services to companies, organizations, and
communities interested in responsible forestry.
The FSC label provides a credible link between responsible production and consumption of forest products,
enabling consumers and businesses to make purchasing decisions that benefit people and the environment
as well as providing ongoing business value.
Concerns and large-scale public debates about the state of world’s forests escalated globally in the 1980’s
and led to a gridlock between different stakeholders fighting about environmental, social and economic
interests. Initiatives from governments and international organizations did not manage to reduce forest
destruction worldwide and the need to substantially improve forest management practices persisted.
In the late 1980’s, tropical timber boycotts proclaiming to save the last tropical forests, not only failed, but
worse, caused opposite effects in many cases. Conversion of forests to more economical land uses
continued and in some cases accelerated.
The clear need for an effective mechanism to improve forest management and conservation worldwide was
further emphasized in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de
Janeiro. The World Summit in Rio de Janeiro agreed that progress towards sustainable development is the
shared responsibility of social, environmental and economic interests although no legally binding
commitments were agreed.
Disillusioned by the continuous failure of international negotiations progressive forest industries, social
groups and environmental organizations came together to develop an alternative solution. Rather than
boycotting poor practices, they wanted to use market forces to promote socially beneficial, environmentally
appropriate and economically viable forest management.
For the first time, leading social, environmental and economic players from the Global South and Global
North joined in an international process with equal and equitable voices, decision-making powers and
responsibilities and founded FSC. To this day, FSC provides a platform for these different interest groups to
work together in a dynamic environment where each interest group has a voice and an equal say.
Since its inception countless stakeholders around the world have worked with the FSC in its equitable
participatory processes in support of responsible forest management. However, also since its early days,
FSC was often criticized by conservative industries which did not believe in sharing decision-making with
social and environmental stakeholders. Much like conservative industries, some environmental stakeholders
believe that confrontational campaigns are a more appropriate conservation tool than equitable participatory
solutions-oriented approaches. FSC will continue to try to engage conservative industries as well as
confrontational NGOs in its approach.
FSC believes that it is part of the solution for the conservation of natural forests and that a full set of different
complementary conservation strategies are necessary to protect and maintain the world’s forests.
A short history of FSC
Category: History, Top 10 Questions about FSC
What role does FSC see itself play in the carbon market?
FSC is currently exploring and carefully debating the role it could play in relation to the global
climate debate including the possible role of forests in carbon sequestration.
How can FSC certification contribute to reducing the impact of climate change?
FSC certification supports the conservation and long-term maintenance of forests so that they
are permanently maintained and managed in a socially and environmentally responsible
way. FSC certified timber does not include raw material from damaging forestry practices or
forest conversion which lead to carbon emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and
forest fires.
Nevertheless FSC does not claim that certification to its standards can offset carbon emissions.
To the best of our knowledge, there are no companies or FSC initiatives at present making such
claims.
FSC is currently exploring and carefully debating the role it could play in relation to the global
climate debate including the possible role of forests in carbon sequestration.
Natural forests throughout the world are threatened by global demand for forest products
which will not only continue, but also accelerate. Much of the world’s remaining natural forests
still suffer from illegal exploitation, poor management and conversion to other land uses,
commonly resulting in severe degradation or complete destruction. It was these very concerns
that led the to establishment of FSC in 1993.
FSC promotes the equitable incorporation of social and environmental considerations when
decisions are taken to manage forests. Under FSC certification, civil and indigenous rights are
respected, areas of high social and environmental conservation value are maintained or
enhanced, natural forests are not converted, highly hazardous pesticides and genetically
modified trees are prohibited, and harvesting must meet national laws and international
treaties.
It is in natural forests where FSC standards can result in substantial social and environmental
improvements and ultimately support the conservation and long-term maintenance of these
forests.
As the biodiversity hotspots of the world, tropical forests are vital to the existence of millions of
indigenous people, and possess a unique set of social and environmental attributes. When
decisions are taken by societies, industries or communities to further explore tropical forests, it
is particularly important that FSC standards are met.
FSC promotes the equitable incorporation of social and environmental considerations when
decisions are taken to manage forests. Under FSC certification, civil and indigenous rights are
respected, areas of high social and environmental conservation value are maintained or
enhanced, natural forests are not converted, highly hazardous pesticides and genetically
modified trees are prohibited, and harvesting must meet national laws and international
treaties.
It is in the tropics where FSC standards can result in substantial social and environmental
improvements and ultimately support the conservation and long-term maintenance of these
forests.
How does FSC avoid certifying forests that are illegally logged?
Principle 1 of the FSC principles and criteria requires forest managers to comply with all
applicable laws and international treaties which must be independent verified by an FSC
accredited certification bodies.
FSC also has strict requirements to control the non-certified material in FSC-Mixed Sources
products. The non-certified material must comply with FSC Controlled Wood standards which
ensures the material comes from forests that are not harvested illegally. This must also be
independently verified before it is mixed with certified material.
These certification requirements as well as accreditation control mechanisms ensure that FSC is
not unwillingly certifying illegal logging. FSC is monitoring its performance and continuously
improving the system to deal with particular difficult or new issues.
FSC is open to concerns raised by stakeholders. Every component of the FSC system – from
governance to defining responsible forest management – is developed through consensus. It is
therefore imperative that any concerns be addressed in a way that considers the governance
and decision-making structure of FSC – in social, environmental and economic balanced
decisions – in order for them to contribute to the growth of the FSC system.
These can feed into stakeholder-balanced decisions on the direction of the organization at FSC
General Assemblies, or the technical improvement of FSC’s
certification and accreditation frameworks. FSC is open to improving its system, and welcomes
collaboration with partners and stakeholders.
FSC certification process
The FSC principles and criteria apply to natural forests, plantations and also include some non-
forest vegetation types.
As a rule of thumb the FSC Principles and Criteria generally apply to the growing of trees which
can also extend to forest and 'non-forest' land-uses as they contribute to the mission of FSC.
We have developed a number of advice notes on the applicability of the FSC Principles and
Criteria from bamboo to windbreakers. You can find all available advice notes in the document
center.
As a forest manager or owner, certification is a way of ensuring that your careful and long-term
forest management is recognized. Certification is voluntary. It involves an inspection of the
forest management by an independent organization to check that it passes the internationally
agreed FSC Principles and Criteria of good forest management.
FSC accredited certification bodies certify and audit each individual forest management
operation. If forest management is in full compliance with FSC requirements, the
FSC certificate is awarded. If minor non-compliances are noted, the certificate can be issued
with conditions that have to be met within a clearly determined time frame. If the forest
management is not fully compliant with FSC requirements, preconditions are noted which have
to be fulfilled before the FSC certificate can be awarded.
FSC is the only global forest management certification system that requires regular yearly
controls of each forest management operation certified to its standards.
FSC accredited certification bodies audit each FSC certificate at least once a year. If during these
audits the certification body finds that a company has non-compliances with FSC requirements,
Corrective Action Requests (CARs) are issued and the company is required to make the
prescribed changes within a given time frame or else it will lose its FSC certificate. Depending
on the seriousness of the infringement, the time line can vary from one year for minor
administrative infringements to three months or less for major infringements.
To trade the forest products with the FSC logo and claim, the forest manager or owner must
also obtain FSC chain of custody certification. It offers a guarantee that the product comes from
a well-managed forest and enabling you to pass on the benefits of certification to your
customers.
Which safeguards exist against timber from unacceptable sources entering my supply chain?
FSC has developed tools that help FSC certified companies to avoid wood produced from
sources that are considered to be socially and environmentally damaging. There are strict
requirements to control the non-certified material in FSC-Mixed Sources products.
The non-certified material must comply with FSC Controlled Wood standards and be
independently verified before it is mixed with certified material. It specifically helps
manufacturers and traders to avoid wood that has been:
1. Illegally harvested
What is accreditation?
FSC does not issue certificates itself. The certification process is carried out by independent
organizations called certification bodies. Before being able to certify according to FSC
standards, certification bodies have to gain FSC accreditation. To do this, certifiers have to
comply with an extensive set of rules.
Accreditation controls the proper implementation of the FSC rules and procedures by the FSC
accredited certification bodies. The company managing the FSC accreditation program is
called Accreditation Services International (ASI).
FSC is the only global forest management certification system with an integrated
accreditation program that systematically controls its certification bodies.
FSC does not issue certificates itself. The certification process is carried out by independent
organizations called certification bodies. They assess forest management against the FSC
Principles and Criteria as well as national standards. This allows FSC to remain independent
from the assessment process and supports the integrity of the FSC certification system.
The first step is to contact an FSC accredited certification body. We recommend you follow our
recommended 5 steps towards FSC certification.
FSC also offers two special options to smallholders and low intensity managers to
make certification more accessible and affordable: FSC SLIMF certification and FSC
Group certification. Find out more at www.fsc.org/smallholders
The costs, timescale and resources required for FSC forest management certification can vary
considerably as it depends on the size and complexity of the woodland and its setting.
FSC has developed different models for small or low intensity managed forests and small
forests that may wish to become certified by joining a group certification of similar forest
owners. Find out more about these models atwww.fsc.org/smallholders.
I have a complaint about an FSC certificate, what should I do and who should I speak to?
FSC has an official Complaints and Disputes Procedure which is designed to help stakeholders
make their concerns known and to find the best way of resolving complaints.
This can be resolved on different levels within the FSC system and we encourage people to
take a stepwise approach and hope that most complaints can be resolved in this way. FSC
developed a fact sheet that explains this procedure very well. This procedure is currently
being revised to improve its application.
Ref. FSC fact sheet "Resolving complaints and dispute in the FSC system" (pdf)
If a stakeholder, an environmental NGO, is concerned about how a certified forest or a forest in
the process of certification is managed, they should contact the forest manager,
the certification body and/or the FSC National Initiative. They should explain their concerns,
listen to the explanation and try to come to a solution. This is often the fastest and easiest way
to solve a problem.
If a certificate holder is not fully compliant, they are required to make the prescribed changes
within a given timeframe or else it will lose its FSC certificate. This could be a temporary
suspension where it cannot trade with the FSC claim, or immediate termination depending on
the severity of non-compliance.
If a stakeholder still has concerns, this could be related to the certification audit itself (i.e. the
process in which a forest was certified or the activities of a certification body) or the quality of
FSC's standards.
All FSC certified forest operations, certification bodies and National Initiatives have a system for
managing and responding to complaints. These are in line with FSC and ISO standards.
I have a complaint about the quality of a certification audit, what should I do and who should
I speak to?
FSC has an official Complaints and Disputes Procedure which is designed to help stakeholders
make their concerns known and to find the best way of resolving complaints.
This can be resolved on different levels within the FSC system and we encourage people to
take a stepwise approach and hope that most complaints can be resolved in this way. FSC
developed a fact sheet that explains this procedure very well. This procedure is currently
being revised to improve its application.
FSC fact sheet "Resolving complaints and dispute in the FSC system"
You should file a complaint directly to the certification body. If the stakeholder is concerned
with the quality of an FSC accredited certification body, they should contact Accreditation
Services International (ASI) who is managing FSC's accreditation program. This often leads to
additional audits of certification bodies by ASI to ensure that they are compliant with FSC's
standards.
If the certification body is not fully compliant, they are required to make the prescribed changes
within a given timeframe or else it will lose its FSC accreditation. This could be a temporary
suspension resulting in the suspension of all certificates it has issued and a ban to make any
new contracts, or the immediate loss of FSC accredited status. This depends on the severity of
their non-compliance.
I have a complaint about the quality of an FSC standard, what should I do and who should I
speak to?
FSC has an official Complaints and Disputes Procedure which is designed to help stakeholders
make their concerns known and to find the best way of resolving complaints.
This can be resolved on different levels within the FSC system and we encourage people to
take a stepwise approach and hope that most complaints can be resolved in this way. FSC
developed a fact sheet that explains this procedure very well. This procedure is currently
being revised to improve its application.
FSC fact sheet "Resolving complaints and dispute in the FSC system" (pdf)
The list of FSC accredited certification bodies does not include an address for my country.
What do I do?
The list of FSC accredited certification bodies contains the contact details for the main offices. It
does not specify local offices. But most of certification bodies work internationally. Please
contact the certification body directly for information once ratification in your country.
You may wish to check the FSC certificate database to see which certification bodies have
already issued certificates in your country.
FSC has an accreditation program to control the proper implementation of the FSC rules and
procedures by the FSC accredited certification bodies. The company managing
the FSC accreditation program is called Accreditation Services International (ASI).
ASI conducts an office audit and the witnessing of one trial audit in the field. If
thecertification body is compliant to FSC standards, it will gain FSC accreditation. One
such requirement is that all FSC accredited certification bodies have to be incompliance with
relevant international ISO standard (ISO/IEC Guide 65: 1996 (E)).
Every year ASI controls the continued implementation of FSC rules and procedures through at
least one office and one field audit for each FSC accredited certificationbody. The exact number
and distribution of ASI surveillance audits is calculated based on ASI’s sampling procedure
taking into account complex settings (geographic areas, policies or products that carry
increased risk) and the number of FSC certificates handled by a FSC
accredited certification body.
If an FSC accredited certification body is found to not fully comply with FSC rules and
procedures, Corrective Action Requests (CARs) are raised. These must be fulfilled within a
certain time frame.
Depending on the seriousness of the infringement, the timeline can vary from one year for
minor administrative infringements to three months or less, or even suspension, for major
infringements.
If the certification body fails to comply with FSC requirements within the given time,
the certification body will be suspended and loose its FSC accreditation if the suspension is not
lifted after one year.
FSC chain of custody (CoC) allows credible tracking of FSC material from the forest, through all
successive stages of the production process, to committed retailers and consumers.
CoC certification is for operations that manufacture, process or trade in timber or non-timber
forest products.
CoC certification requires operations to identify the origin of raw materials used in FSC
certified products and to keep FSC certified products separate from other products throughout
the production process. Only operations with FSC CoC certificate are allowed to label products
with the FSC trademarks.
The FSC label provides the link between responsible production and consumption that enables
the consumer to make socially and environmentally responsible purchasing decisions.
Any operation making, changing, trading, re-labeling or repackaging FSC certified products
needs to be CoC certified in order to use the FSC trademarks and to enable its customers to
make an FSC claim about these products. Retailers were traditionally seen as the end of the
supply chain; today
Brokers or agents, who neither take physical nor legal possession of the products, and retailers,
who sell FSC products to end consumers that do not want to make an FSC claim, usually do not
need to become certified.
The non-certified material must comply with FSC Controlled Wood standards and be
independently verified before it is mixed with certified material. It specifically helps
manufacturers and traders to avoid wood that has been:
1. Illegally harvested
Yes.
Small enterprises may form or join a group of operations and apply for group chain of
custody certification. FSC has specifically designed Group CoC certification to
make CoC certification accessible to small operations for which individual CoC certification may
be too costly.
Larger companies operating at multiple locations can, if they comply with certain requirements,
choose to apply for multi-site chain of custody certification. This makes use of elements of scale
and thus is more economical than to seek a separate certificate for each site.
Both, group and multi-site CoC certification, allows certification bodies to evaluate participating
operations or sites based on samples in recognition of existing common, centrally administered
and monitored control and reporting systems and thereby reduce the auditing costs.
FSC project certification is a non-bureaucratic way to get one-off and complex products FSC
certified without each involved participant having to become individually FSC certified. It has
been specifically designed for building projects. In some countries FSC project certification has
been a great success with the building industry.
Category: Chain of Custody Certification
The costs and timescale for CoC certification vary depending on the size and complexity of the
operation. It also depends on the range of products and processes.
If you are interested in becoming FSC CoC certified, please contact an FSC
accredited certification body for a cost estimate. Please also contact an FSC
accredited certification body for more information on how to become an FSC
certified enterprise.