Module 4 Reviewer | faces when they are looking for short-term,

Physical Self rather than long-term, relationships.

The Various Aspects of the Self
Golden Ratio
Shared by | Kianna Baja Vecina The Greeks especially valued faces that
UTS Instructor were symmetrical, in harmony, and in
proportion. Greek philosopher Pythagorus,
• Discuss how the definitions of for example, felt that a mathematical
beauty found in different cultures concept called the Golden Ratio could
and in ads affect the ways you view provide the mathematical model for the most
your physical self. beautiful face.
• Survey your body in front of the
mirror, identifying body parts that Importance of Female Beauty
you find beautiful and ugly. Beauty is gendered. There are different
• Decide on how to positively view standards of beauty for men and women, but
and treat your body, so that it women, especially in modern society, are
contributes to your well-being and held to a much higher and difficult (some
relationships. say impossible) to attain standard than men.
Standards of beauty were largely created by
The Science of Beauty men, but men are not defined by them
If beauty is universal - in other words, because men are valued for things like
according to evolutionary psychologists, all wealth and status.
culture have, more or less, the same concept
of what is beautiful - then beauty should Beauty Myth
have developed as an evolutionary unreachable cultural ideal of feminine
adaptation beauty that “uses images of female beauty as
a political weapon against women’s
Programmed Beautiful; clean, advancement.” Women are trapped in an
unblemished skin. Narrow jaws (indicates endless cycle of dieting, cosmetics, and
low testosterone and high estrogen), high surgery.
cheekbones, large eyes (Indicated Youth)
symmetrical face, full lips, thick shiny hair Contrast Effect
men who are surrounded by beautiful
“Baby beauty” women view their own mates as less
Since women are considered beautiful when attractive.
they display a set of features that indicate
youth and fertility, beautiful women display Prevalence of mass media, Women who
a combination of adult beauty and baby constantly see images of beautiful women
beauty. also rate themselves as less attractive,
leading to a drop in self-esteem
in terms of male beauty, women are thought
to look for indicators of high testosterone. halo effect
However, studies show that women who are beautiful people are judged by others to be
not ovulating respond less well to a hyper- smarter, more popular, and better adjusted;
masculine face, In addition to such studies, with beauty have a “halo” around them.
women are attracted to different types of
Lookism weight-loss cost runs from S10,000 to
where we judge other people by their looks, S40,000)
and those who do not rate high on the looks
scale are treated with prejudice. Folk devil
Ridiculed and scorned for their weight and
Beautiful Men blamed for a whole host of social problems
According to evolutionary theory, women (American and European Newspaper and
judge men to be most attractive when they online media sites informing us of the
have symmetrical face, average facial problem; photos of poorly dressed, slovenly
features, and signs of testosterone and thus looking obese people)
fertility; strong jaws, big muscles, and tall
stature. Headless Fatties
The heads removed from the photos, can
Cosmetic surgery then be presented as objects open to ridicule
Cosmetic surgery develop during world war and scorn
I, when doctors needed to develop new
techniques to repair the bodies and faces of Drive to lose weight
soldiers who were wounded in the war. Televisions, advertising, music, women’s
Today, cosmetic surgery generally refers to magazines, movies, and surgeries.
procedures that have been developed to
repair congenital birth defects such as cleft, Televisions; Biggest Loser, Extreme
palates, or disfigurements caused by Makeover
accidents or injury. Magazines; Seventeen, Cosmopolitan, Marie
Claire, and Vogue
Body dysmorphic disorder Surgeries; Bariatric Surgery
Psychological disorder in which an
individual is desperately unhappy with his or Eating Disorders
her own body, patients cannot stop getting • Anorexia Nervosa
surgeries because, regardless of the results, Eating Disorder in which the sufferer has a
they are never happy with their appearance. distorted image of their body leading them
to undereat and sometimes over-exercise,
Obesity Epidemic sometimes to the point of starvation and
more and more children and adults are not death.
just overweight, but obese, defined as • Bulimia
having a body mass index (BMI) of over 30. Purging through vomiting, exercise,
laxatives, or splitting.
Twinkle Tax Many anorexics and bulimics have formed
Taxes that are placed on unhealthy foods, “pro-anna” online communities in which
with the idea that the more expensive the they support each other’s choices, swap
food, the less likely folks will eat it. weight-loss tips, share photos of extremely
thin people called thinspiration
Moral Panic • Binge Eating Disorder
Officials are using obesity as a way to A condition in which individuals binge eat,
frighten citizens, and to encourage yet more often compulsively, in order to relieve stress
money to be spent on the multi-billion dollar or other unpleasant feelings
diet and bariatic surgery (surgery for