Lesson 1 Cultural Anthropology.

It deals with the study of

the differences and similarities of various cultures
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
and how they correlate to each other. Study of
POLITICS
human culture
Culture comprises beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and Biological Anthropology. It concerned the origin,
everything that a person learns and shares as a member evolution, and diversity of people. Ancestry,
of society. development, genetic and other characteristics of
human species
 A product of human interaction.
 A social heritage that is complex and Archaeology. It refers to the scientific study of
socially transmitted. humans, their history and culture, through
 Provides socially acceptable patterns for examination of the artifacts, remains or left behind
meeting biological and social needs.
 A distinguish factor. Anthropological linguistics. It examines human
 An established pattern of behavior. languages.
 Cumulative (force by successive additions) SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE AS A TOOL IN
 Meaningful to human beings. UNDERSTANDING SOCIOLOGY
THE DIVERSIFIED HUMAN SOCIETY What is Sociology?

 Man influenced by culture Sociology is the systematic or scientific

 Society influenced culture study of human society and social behaviour, from
large scale institutions and mass culture to small
SHARING OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL groups and individual interactions.
BACKGROUNDS
Sociology is also the study of reifications, or
 Filipino culture social constructions.
 Sub-cultures
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT SOCIAL,
POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL BEHAVIOR Complex relationships among individuals in the
AND PHENOMENA. society and how they react to their environment.

Crime rate, poverty, elections, corruptions and 1. THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE

media controversies  Sees the society as composed of different
but interdependent integral parts, and these
OBSERVATIONS ON SOCIAL, POLITICAL, parts play a vital role in keeping the society
AND CULTURAL CHANGE. together in-tact and functioning.

Key word: Change Eg., government, church, schools and other social
--------------------------------------------------------------- institutions

SECTION II: ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY 2. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
HERBERT BLUMER believes that in order to
ANTHROPOLOGY AS THE STUDY OF understand society, it is of paramount concern to
HUMAN BEINGS know underlying concepts embedded in everyday
communication and interaction.
Anthropology- is the study of man
Eg., written or unwritten (human conversations,
responses and interpretation
  Any discipline or branch of science that
Self-awareness. One’s-awareness is present, an deals with the sociocultural aspects of
individual can characterize his own self in human behaviour.
accordance to his conception of himself.  Scientific method started from 18th century

Shared Symbols. Communication Major Fields in Social Science (Divided in 19 th

century)
Negotiated Order. There is a preconceived reaction
or response to every kind of interaction.  Psychology
However these preconceptions can be re-negotiated  Sociology
in another way which can be also understood by  Anthropology
other people.  Political Science
 Economics
3. SOCIAL CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE _________________________________________
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Lesson 2: Anthropology The Scope of
Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science
“Accumulation of wealth at one pole is, therefore, at
the same time accumulation of misery, agony of toil Why there is a need for studying Social, Cultural,
slavery, ignorance, brutality, mental degradation, at and Political Behavior through Science?
the opposite pole.”
The Evolution of Man
- Karl Marx
 Helps us to identify and analyze man’s
POLITICAL SCIENCE AS THE STUDY OF
physiological development which is
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
important in his subsistence.
 Became an important concern in the
POLITICAL SCIENCE is the art of politics and
emergence of different societies.
governance according to Aristotle it is the study of
state including its form of government, political  Early man’s development serves as an
system, political behavior and political ideology. avenue in analysing the progress of our
society.
Fields in Political Science  Man’s progression and characteristics are
essential in understanding the capability of
 Political Philosophy. It deals with the study adaption.
of concepts such as politics government,
liberty and justice. Man’s Cultural Evolution

 Comparative Government and Politics.

Incorporates topics such as the different
forms of government found in different
countries, evaluating the advantages and
disadvantages of it.

Public Administration. Administer the needs of the

general public.

International Relations. refers to diplomatic Anthropology

relations and practices among the states.
 Is derived from two Greek words anthropos and
logos, which intensively studies human and the
Social Science
 respective cultures where they were born and He also considered the importance of
actively belong to. studying social behavior and social relations
 Is a branch of knowledge which deals with the in their concrete cultural contexts through
scientific study of man, his works, his body, his participant-observation.
behavior and values, in time and space (Palispis,
2007 p. 6). It includes man’s physical, social and  It is a method of social science research that
cultural development that describes and explains requires the anthropologists to have the
the phenomenon of human life. ability to participate and blend with the way
of life of a given group of people. He is also
considered as one of the most influential
Franz Boas ethnographers in the 20th century.
 The father of American anthropology,
physicist, strongly believed that the same Trobriand People
method and strategy could be applied in
measuring culture and human behavior  Malinowski showed in detail that no matter how
while conducting research among humans strange or exotic various practices might appear
including uniqueness of their cultures. to outsiders, they were an integral part of the
healthy functioning of the Trobriand community,
 Boas is well known for his theory of cultural revealing their logic and function within the
relativism, which held that all cultures were context of that society.
essentially equal but simply had to be  The Trobrianders are very liberal in
understood in their own terms. Comparing their sexual relations, and are subjected to
two cultures was tantamount to comparing sexuality from a tender age. As children, they
apples and oranges; they were are exposed to and weaned into sexual activity
fundamentally different and had to be by their elders, so that by adolescence the
approached as such. Trobrianders are allowed, and encouraged, to
 This marked a decisive break with the seek out several different partners to engage in
evolutionary thinking of the period, which intercourse with. As adults, these liaisons
attempted to organize cultures and cultural become a permanent way of life, and a "group
artifacts by an imagined level of progress. marriage" is often formed.
For Boas, no culture was more or less
developed or advanced than any other.
Structural-Functionalist Paradigm
They were simply different.
• Human Nature is the PROBLEM.
Alfred Kroeber and William Henry Morgan • Social Organization, institutions and culture
keep people from destroying themselves.
 Two American anthropologists, who became
prominent in their field since their • The Functional perspective assumes that conflict
specialization included the championing of is caused by human nature.
indigenous rights like traditional cultural
preservation and ancestral domain of the • Social Organization, institutions and culture are
American Indian tribes they intensively needed to male societies functional.
studied. • Social Organization and culture are the
Bronislaw Kaper Malinowski SOLUTION to the problem.

 Malinowski's functionalism was greatly Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

influential in the 1920s and 1930s. As • Radcliffe-Brown focused on the conditions
applied methodology, this approach worked, under which social structures are maintained. He
except for situations of social or cultural also believed that there are certain laws that
change. However, Malinowski made his regulate the functioning of societies.
greatest contribution as an ethnographer.
 • He also modified the idea of need and replaced it community as a result of systems used
with necessary conditions for existence for throughout history, which can be valuable in
human societies and these conditions can be viewing our own lives and in explaining the
discovered by proper scientific enquiry. world to others.
• The basic unit of analysis for anthropology and
social sciences are the social structures and
functions they perform to maintain the
equilibrium. Example:
-------------------------------------------------------------------- When buying a new gym shirt, sociological imagination
-------------------------------------------- asks you to look beyond simple questions, like your
needs for new clothing, or your aesthetic preferences.
Lesson 3: Sociology
For instance, why are you buying a gym shirt in
The Scope of Anthropology, Sociology and Political particular? Why go to the gym as opposed to some other
Science kind of exercise? Why exercise? Why look for new
products instead of used ones?
What is Sociology?
Sociology
PETER BERGER
 It is the study of society, social institutions,
and social relationship.  The perspective of sociology involves seeing
 It is interested in describing and explaining through the outside appearances of people’s
human behavior, especially as it occurs actions and organizations” (Berger, 1963). The
within a social context. sociological perspective is one that observes
society through a lens without personal opinions.
(Merriam-Webster) It generalizes the causes and actions of
individuals into patterns and categories.
 According to Joseph Fichter, Sociology is However, it not only observes these patterns of
the scientific study of patterned, shared society but also tries to explain such patterns or
human behavior. It analyzes human behaviors.
interaction which is essential in
understanding man’s cultural make-up.  He made major contributions to the field known
as sociology of knowledge, which studies the
ways in which society shapes human thought.
CHARLES WRIGHT MILLS
Sociological Imagination  Interestingly, the reasons that people get married
have changed throughout history, and continue
 Accordingly, Mills defined sociological to vary across cultures. Marrying “for love” is a
imagination as "the awareness of the relationship relatively new societal norm, one which didn’t
between personal experience and the wider start becoming popular until the 17th century.
society." Viewing this kind of contrast can help us better
understand our own decisions about marriage,
 Mills also believed studying history was an and how they are made within our own
important element in sociological imagination. contemporary social frameworks.
 Because historical events have helped our shape
contemporary society, and the lives of every Emile Durkheim
living person. As such, learning history can help
us view our lives within the context of others,  Emile Durkheim (1864-1920) a French
based on past experiences. sociologist who put forward the idea that
individuals are more products rather than the
 It provides us a better basis for understanding creator of society; the society itself is external to
our own actions, and the actions of our the individual. In his book Suicide, Durkheim
 proved that social forces strongly impact on and find a social and political theory to move
people’s lives and that seemingly personal event beyond a capitalist society to one that benefits
is not personal after all. every member. The main points of Marxism
include:
 Pioneering study on suicide in the 1800s
 Capitalism is broken into two classes: workers
revealed that there are categories of people who
and capitalists (proletariats and bourgeoisies).
are more likely to commit suicide.
 Those that control the corporations exploit
 Durkheim concluded that the more socially workers and control society.
integrated and connected a person is, the less  Eventually, workers will rise up to make
likely he or she is to commit suicide. As social everyone even and get rid of classes.
integration decreases, people are more likely to
commit suicide.
Historical Materialism
• seeks to explain human history and development
Harriet Martineau on the basis of the material conditions
underlying all human existence.
 “Founding Mother” of Sociology
 English writer and reformist • the most important of all human activities is the
 With physical disabilities activity of production by means of labor.
 Traveled a lot in United States and wrote her • For Marx, the productive labor of human beings-
travelogues. and the resulting interplay between the forces
and relations of production-function together as
the engine which drives all historical change and
 How to Observed Morals and Manners (1838)
development.
the deep sociological insights that now we call
as ethnographic narratives are fully expressed. • By understanding how the productive activities
of human beings give rise to the division of
labor and class conflict, it becomes possible,
Auguste Comte
according to Marx, to understand how different
 A French philosopher and Mathematician, is a historical epochs succeed one another, and how
founding father of sociology but he originally the trajectory of human history points towards a
used “social physics”. communist society within which the division of
 Suggested that there were stages in the labor and class conflict will be abolished.
development of societies: Theological Stage,
Metaphysical Stage, Positive Stage
Slave societies were marked by their use of slavery and
minor private property; production for use was the
POSITIVISM
primary form of production. Slave society is considered
 Positivism is a term used to describe an by historical materialists to be the first class society
approach to the study of society that relies formed of citizens and slaves.
specifically on empirical scientific evidence, “The increase of production in all branches –cattle-
such as controlled experiments and statistics. raising, agriculture, domestic handicrafts – gave human
Positivism is a belief that we should not go labor-power the capacity to produce a larger product
beyond the boundaries of what can be observed. than was necessary for its maintenance. Prisoners of war
were turned into slaves. With its increase of the
productivity of labor, and therefore of wealth, and its
Karl Marx extension of the field of production, the first great social
division of labor was bound, in the general historical
 In an attempt to make the world a fairer and
conditions prevailing, to bring slavery in its train. From
more perfect place, they drafted a manifesto
the first great social division of labor arose the first great
called “The Communist Manifesto”. It was an
attempt to explore the problems with capitalism
cleavage of society into two classes: masters and slaves, that all communities aim at some good.
exploiters and exploited.” (Britannica.com)

2. Religious-Oriented
Max Weber • Augustine's Conception of Peace. Both
Augustine's political world view and his
• Rationalization refers essentially to the
approach to war incorporate his conception of
disenchantment of the world.
peace. According to Augustine, God designed
• As science began to replace religion, people also all humans to live together in the “bond of
adopted a scientific or rational attitude of the peace.” However, fallen man lives in society as
world, people refuses to believe in myths and according to the divine will or as opposing it.
superstitious beliefs.
Bureaucracy
Niccolò Machiavelli
• According to the bureaucratic theory of Max
• The prince, originally a treatise, was written at a
Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the
time of political instability since Italy was
systematic formation of any organization and is
experiencing internal division during that time
designed to ensure efficiency and economic
and this resulted in threats from opportunist
effectiveness. It is an ideal model for
neighbors, and consequently, Machiavelli saw a
management and its administration to bring an
need to advise rulers in the art of successful
organization's power structure into focus.
leadership (Gilbert, 1939: 453).
--------------------------------------------------------------------
• Machiavelli has also pointed out that human
Lesson 4: Political Science appetites are insatiable, short-sighted and naive.
With this nature of man, it became the basis of
The Scope of anthropology, Sociology and Political Machiavelli in establishing his proposition of the
Science kind of governance a state must undergo for its
future development or, in Machiavelli’s
Political Science ‘destructive purification’ (Holler, 2007).

 Deals with the study of politics, power and a) A leader must be ready to take advantage of
governance, according to Aristotle it is the study the existing state of things;
of state including its form of government, b) strong enough to sin boldly for his country’s
political system, political behavior and political welfare;
ideology. c) shrewd enough to understand human nature;
d) overcome evil with evil;
Political Science has a complex history. e) play with passions and impulses of men and
use them for his advantage;
1. Ancient Greek political philosophy
f) he must be decisive;
• In Plato's Republic, Socrates is highly critical of g) able to foresee problems and take action in
democracy and proposes an aristocracy ruled by advance. Where he is strong, he should be
philosopher-kings. resolute, where weak he should exercise
caution;
• Plato is known as the 'father of political h) he must defend upon himself and his own
philosophy' because he was the 1st person to forces;
describe 'what constitutes an ideal state. i) he must be dispassionate and unsentimental
• The aim of the Politics, Aristotle says, is to and
investigate, on the basis of the constitutions j) he should resort to any means to save his
collected, what makes for good government and fatherland, even at the cost of his soul
what makes for bad government and to identify
the factors favorable or unfavorable to the Thomas Hobbes
preservation of a constitution. Aristotle asserts
  For Hobbes, the solution is a social contract in required in the mass media tend to produce
which society comes to a collective slogans rather than interpretations.
understanding — a social contract — that it is in
everyone's interest to enforce rules that ensure
In the 20th Century, political Science has moved from
safety and security for everyone, even the
behavioral approach that emphasizes scientific method
weakest.
towards doing research on more pressing social
problems. Today, political science is composed of
John Locke diverse paradigms and interpretations.

 According to Locke, the purpose of the

Government and law is to uphold and protect the
natural rights of men. So long as the
Government fulfils this purpose, the laws given
by it are valid and binding but, when it ceases to
fulfil it, then the laws would have no validity
and the Government can be thrown out of
power. In Locke’s view, unlimited sovereignty is
contrary to natural law.
 Among these fundamental natural rights, Locke
said, are "life, liberty, and property." Locke
believed that the most basic human law of nature
is the preservation of mankind.
Jean Jacques Rousseau

 The agreement with which a person enters into

civil society. The contract essentially binds
people into a community that exists for mutual
preservation. In entering into civil society,
people sacrifice the physical freedom of being
able to do whatever they please, but they gain
the civil freedom of being able to think and
act rationally and morally. Rousseau believes
that only by entering into the social contract can
we become fully human.

Walter Lippmann
Stereotype

 He defined “stereotype” as a “distorted picture

or image in a person’s mind, not based on
personal experience, but derived culturally.”
Lippmann reasoned that the formation of
stereotypes is driven by social, political, and
economic motivations, and as they are passed
from one generation to the next, they can
become quite pervasive and resistant to change.
 In perhaps his most influential book, Public
Opinion (1922; reissued 1956; paperback ed.,
1965), Lippmann seemed to imply that ordinary
citizens can no longer judge public issues
rationally, since the speed and condensation
 society’s norms with regard to acceptable social
relationships and social behavior.

Agents of Socialization
These refers to the various social groups or
SOCIALIZATION social institutions that play a significant role in
 Socialization is a continuing process whereby introducing and integrating the individual as an
an individual acquires a personal identity and accepted and functioning member of society
learns norms, values, behavior, and social skills (Banaag, 2019 p.138)
appropriate to his and her social position.
 continues to be important part of human  INDIVIDUAL
development. It is an instrument on how an  Mass Media
individual will adapt to his existence to survive.  Family
The process of socialization enables the  School
individual to grow and function socially  Peer group
(Medina, 1991 p. 47). Hence, the change in  Church
man’s social reality modifies his culture . The  Work place
culture becomes internalized that the individual
According to Peter Worsely, values are general
“imbibe” it. This influences his/her conduct.
conceptions of “the good”, ideas about the kind of ends

that people should pursue throughout their lives and their
SOCIALIZATION can be described from two points activities they engage.
of view: objectively & subjectively
Objective Socialization
Major Value Orientation according to Robin
• - refers to the society acting upon the child. Williams
Subjective Socialization Achievement and Success
• - The process by which society transmits its Activity and Work
culture from one generation to the next and
Moral Orientation
adapts the individual to the accepted and
approved ways of organized social life. Humanitarianism
This perspective on socialization helps identity Effiency And Practically
formation of individuals which is essential in
establishing her/his social skills. Its functions are: In study about Filipino values, Jaime Bulatao, SJ,
discovered the following values held highly by the
 Personality Development - It is through the Filipinos.
process of socialization that we develop our
sense of identity and belongingness. Emotional Closeness and Security in the Family
 Skills Development and Training - Social Authority Value
skills like communication, interpersonal and
occupational are developed. Economic and Social Betterment
 Values Formation - Individuals are influenced
Patience, Suffering and Endurance
by the prevailing values of social groups and
society.
 Social Integration and Adjustment -The
socialization process allows us to fit-in an  Socialization serves as an avenue for developing
organized way of life by self-concept which is essential in role
being accustomed including cultural setting. identification. The
 Social Control and Stability -Integration to self responds to categories called social statuses (Clark
society binds individual to the control and Robboy, 1986 p.65). The child must learn the
mechanisms set forth by the
categories or statuses by which to identify or define George Peter Murdock - Family is a
himself or herself like being a daughter, friend, social group that has the following characteristics:
student, Catholic lay evangelist, teacher, officer of an 1. Share common residence
organization. Social status refers to position an
2. Presence of economic cooperation
individual occupies in society and implies an array of
3. Reproduce offspring
rights and duties. Related to status is a social role
4. Includes adults of both sexes, wherein at least two
which involves the pattern of expected behavior in a
of whom uphold a socially approved ofrm of sexual
social relationship . Social status can be classified
relationship.
into two:
5. Responsible for the socialization of infants and
Ascribed Statuses children.
Ascribed Statuses
-Those which are assigned to Kingsley Davis - Family is a group of individuals
wherein the relationship is based on consanguinity
the individual from birth.
and kinship.
-It involves little personal
Talcott Parsons - Family is a factory that develops
choice like age and sex. and produces human personalities.

-It carries with it certain Bronislow Malinowski - Family is an institution that

passes down the cultural traditions of a society to the
expectations of behavior next generations.

Achieved Statuses Kinship refers to these bond and all other

-It is acquired by choice, merit, or individual effort. relationships resulting by them.

-Made possible through special abilities or talents, Types of kinship

performance or opportunities 1. kinship by blood
-Choice in occupation, marriage, joining religious 1. Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on
organization are examples. blood is considered as the most basic and
general form of relations. This relationshipis
achieved by birth or blood affinity.
WHAT IS FAMILY?
Descent- refers to a biological relationship.
 is considered as the basic unit of social Lineage refers to the line where one’s
organization. It is made up of group of ddescent is traced.
individuals who are linked together by marriage, 2. Kinship by Marriage
blood relations, or adoption. Affinal Kinship refers to type of relations
 a social group made up of parents and their developed when marriage occurs. When
children. marriage takes
place new forms of social relations are
DIFFERENT DEFINITION OF FAMILY developed.
ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGISTS AND
ANTHROPOLOGISTS Types of Descent
Sociologist and Anthropologists Definition
Unilineal Descent is a system of
of Family
determining descent groups in which one
belongs to one's father’s or mother's line,
whereby one's descent is traced either
 exclusively through male ancestors -consist of two parents (usually married) and their
(patriline), or exclusively through female children.
ancestors (matriline).
. Single Parent
Bilateral Descent some societies trace their -families consist of one parent with one or more kids.
descent through the study of both parents
ancestors. Extended Families
-kinship is traced through both ancestral -are families with two or more adults who are related
lines of the mother and father. through blood or marriage, usually along with children

ASSUMPTIONS OF MAJOR . Childless Family

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- are families with two partners who cannot have
ABOUT FAMILY
or don't want kids
- Stepfamily
Theoretical Perspective Assumptions about Family
- -A stepfamily is when two separate families
merge into one.
Structural Functionalism Family is important because it performs different
- for
roles . Grandparent
society Family

1.-Agent
-A grandparent family is when one or more
of socialization
grandparent is raising their grandchild or
2. Provides emotional and practical support for
grandchildren.
family members
Conformity and Deviance And Function of Deviance
3. Controls sexual activity and sexual
Conformity and Deviance
reproduction
 Social Role must be performed in connection
4. Provides family
with the members
expected with social
behavior. Erving Goffman, in
his book The Presentation of Self in Everyday
identity
Life, tried to show how certain social processes
modify the presentation of self and the impact of
the role expectations on the behavior of the
individual. To Goffman, everyone is consciously
playing a role. When persons present themselves
to others in everyday interaction they organize
their overt behavior in such a way as to guide
and control the impressions others form of them
to elicit role-taking response.
Conflict Theory
What is Conformity Conformity?
Family is a cause of social inequality because it
 is a process where individuals attempt to change
strengthens economic inequality and allows the
his/her behavior because of the desire to
continuity of patriarchy.
conform with the defined social norm.
Symbolic Interactionist Theory
Different types of conformity according to Kelman
The family member’s interaction can produce a shared (1958):
understanding of their situations.
1. Compliance
FAMILY TYPES
2. Internalization
1. Nuclear Family
3. Identification
4. Ingratiational conformity or compliance while negative
informal sanctions involves penalties for not
Types of Conformity
conforming.
1. Compliance (Group Acceptance)- Occurs
Formal Sanction
when an individual accepts influence because he
hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from  Official, institutionalized incentives to conform
another person or group. and penalties for deviance. Needed in large
complex societies.
2. Internalization (Genuine Acceptance of
Group Norms)- Occurs when an individual Human Rights & Dignity
accepts influence because the content of the
induced behavior—the ideas and actions of  Human Rights are natural rights of all human
which it is composed—is intrinsically beings whatever their nationality, religion,
rewarding. ethnicity, sex, language and color. We are
equally entitled to our human rights without
3. Identification Occurs - when an individual discrimination.
accepts influence because he wants to establish
or maintain a satisfying self-defining Human Rights
relationship to another person or group. 1. Natural Rights - rights inherent to man and
4. Ingratiational- Occurs when a person given to him by God as human being. (Right
conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance to live, love and be happy)
from other people. 2. Constitutional Rights - rights guaranteed
under the fundamental charter of the
country. (Rights against unreasonable
searches and seizure, rights safeguarding the
Non conformity & Social Deviance
accused)
 Nonconformity of an individual would mean 3. Statutory Rights - rights provided by the law
deviation from the acceptable social norms making body of a country or by law, such as
which is known as social deviance. Social the right to receive a minimum wage and
Deviance refers to any behavior that differs or right to preliminary investigation.
diverges from established social norms. 4. Civil Rights - These are rights specified
under the Bill of rights. (Freedom of speech,
Functions of Deviance right to information) Rights enjoyed by an
1. Deviance serves to define the limits of individual by virtue of his citizenship in a
acceptable behavior. state or community.
2. Deviance may also promote in group solidarity 5. Economic Rights - rights to property,
3. Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of whether personal, real or intellectual. (Right
expressions. to use and dispose his property, right to
4. Deviance can cause positive social change practice one’s profession, right to make a
living)
Social Control of Deviance 6. Political Rights - rights an individual enjoys
as a consequence of being a member of body
 Social control refers to the “techniques and
politic. (Right to vote and right to be voted
strategies” for regulating human behavior in any
into public office.
society. A sanction is a reaction by members of a
social group indicating approval or disapproval
of a mode of conduct and serving to enforce
Protection of
behavioral standards of the group (Britannica
different rights Human
Dictionary).
of Human Dignity
Informal Sanctions Beings. DIGNITY IS THE MOST
HUMAN
 Unofficial, often casual pressures to conform. IMPORTANT HUMAN RIGHT FROM WHICH
Positive informal sanctions involve reward for
 ALL OTHER FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS  Traditionally, women have been equated with
DERIVE. religion and with the role of transmitting
religious beliefs and practices to the children
(Argyl 1958, 2006, p.51). Men are considered as
Functionalist Theory by Emile Durkheim the leaders of the religious organization.

Deviance is a normal part of every society -Mary Daly and Carol Christ advocated a woman-
identified spirituality that emphasizes the principle of the
 A. Affirms cultural values & norms hidden Sacred Feminine or "the Goddess.”
 B. Clarifies moral boundary
 C. Promotes social unity The first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican
 D. Encourages social change Communion was Barbara Harris, who was ordained on
February 11, 1989.
Control Theory by Emile Durkheim

 Deviance can create jobs -Schools -Police -Other

social institutions can greatly contribute to this Matriarchy
social order - Or the rule and dominace of a women,
Religious Syncretism In political and social life, religion was also
dominated by women
 Religious means relating to or believing in a - “the goddess of religion.”
religion. (languages.oup.com)
 Syncretism is the blending of cultures and ideas Religion in the Age of Globalization
from different places. (www.khanacademy.org)  Secularization Thesis Reconsidered
- It promotes the growth of popular religion or - Peter L. Berger (1999) briefly summarized the
folk religion that is different from the original thesis of secularism: "Modernization necessarily
parent religion or mainstream religion. leads to 'a decline of religion' both in society in
 Religious syncretism often takes place when mind of individuals." Modernization dreastically
foreign beliefs are introduced to an indigenous replaces tradition with science-based knowledge.
belief system and the teachings are blended.  Secularization thesis or the prediction that
(www.gotquestions.com) religion will decline steadily, may still be saved
Popular Religion or Folk Religion by arguing that perhaps what is threatened today
are the traditional, mainstream religion in West
 is any ethic or cultural religious practice that like Christianity. And they are declining because
falls outside the doctrine of organized religion. of secular humanism.
The term popular religion refers to the way in - Secular mind- means that one believes that this
which people experience and practice religion in world is all there is to reality. There is no
their daily lives. (By McKenzie Perkins, 2019) heaven, no afterlife of any kind, and no Mesiah
(Ledewitz 2009, p.1)
e.g., Folk Christianity emphasizes the experiences of
 Richard Dawkins - a contemporary biologist
Christian folk as they seek to connect their religious
who wrote several books criticizing religion
experience, as expressed in the Bible and the church,
to the reality of their lives. (Shaw,2011  Edward Wilson- a pioneer in the study of
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com) sociobiology, who himself grew up as a beliver

Fr. Jaime Bulatao who provided a sociocultural analysis The proliferation of new religious movements
of the phenomena that part of folk religion is the split- may be explained partly by globalization
level Christianity or the co-existence of two
Globalization promotes syncretism or the mixing
contradictory belief within the individual believer. This
of the different religious and cultural beliefs and
may be described as the coesxistence within the same
practices. It allow religions to travel faster from one
person of 2 or more thought and behavior systems which
area to another.
are inconvenient with each other.

Religion and Women

 Pagan believes that nature is sacred and that the group because of thier societal personality and
natural cycles of birth, growth, and death observed maybe Because they badly need it. But maybe in
in the world around us carry profoundly meanings. some cases both.
And also, Pagans believe every individual has the
As Joan Baez sang
right to choose what they want to believe and how
they want to believe it. (otherworldlyoracle.com) "No Man Is an Island,"
The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism A man has a societal personality, he cannot stand or live
alone. He needs the company of other people. Even the
Reactivity
richest person in the universe who has everything needs
 A defensive or protective attitude toward other people to do some job for them.
religious belief is necessary, in their opinion, or
a group or movement to qualify as
fundamentalism. Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Dualism It is an idea in psychology proposed by American

psychologist Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A
 The attitude of a fundamentalist group within an Theory of Human Motivation" in the journal
established religion separates themselves from Psychological Review. The theory is a classification
the mainstream church. system intended to reflect the universal needs of society
as its base, then proceeding to more acquired emotions.
Functionalism
The hierarchy of needs is split between deficiency needs
 Is type of conservative religious movement and growth needs with two key themes involved within
characterized by the advocacy of strict the theory being individualism and the prioritization of
conformity to sacred texts. needs. social, spiritual, political, biological, economic.
People need love and be loved, food to eat, shelter,
Religious fundamentalism has risen to worldwide clothing, and the security to his life and his properties.
prominence since the 1970s. These needs servers as motivating factors in the
organization of a society. People form groups to meet
 Christian fundamentalism is said to have and satisfy their need for affection or love, food,
originated from the Scopes Trial, formally
clothing, and shelter. People want to belong and to have
known as The State of Tennesse v. John Thomas
security, or to uphold their political ambitions and gain
Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes recognition.
Monkey Trial, in 1925.
Fundamentalism is found not only among Christians,
but also in other religions such as Islam and What is group?
Hinduism. What is common to these fundamentalist
groups is the fear that the church or their faith is  A group could be very small, such as a girl and
threatened by the advancement of science and a boy talking to each other. Or it can be very
humanistic values of society promoted by the huge such as thousands of people attending a
Western world prayer rally. A group can be also a two or more
persons who interact together and are together
 For Islamic fundamentalists, the spread of physically. These are the three requirements of a
Western values would mean the marginalization group • There must be two or more people •
of Islam and the triumph of Western values such There must be interaction • The members of the
as individualism, consumerism, and hedonism. group must be physically together
 The concept of group is one of the most
Social Organization important concerns of sociological inquiry. To
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED? study social behavior, one has to understand the
 Society is a social system that is composed of most common social units which is the group.
people assigned to perform a definite task and Sociologists observe the regularity and
function in a social system called social uniformities in a group and analyze how the
institution. People have a tendency to form a behavior of individuals is affected by the
 patterned ways of group. In so doing, they are which may be observed in the activities of
able to predict the individuals behavior. different types of people. - Recurrent connection
between sets of activities and the repeated
The aggregate tendency for one type of social activity to follow
 It is the social category and the collective are regularly after another. - A system of norms and
other forms of human cluster that sociologists values govern the social activities. - Control:
consider important. An aggregate is a collection some person control the behavior of others, and
of people who happen to be at the same place at a system of sanctions maintain orderly behavior.
the same time but who have no other connection SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND SOCIAL
to one another.
FUNCTIONS
social category
 WHAT IS SOCIAL STRUCTURE?
- A social category is a collection of individuals - Social Structure Just like any other object, a
who have at least one attribute in common but house has a structure. Social organizations also
otherwise do not necessarily interact. have one. despite the fact that it cannot be
observed directly. Social structure is an
collective abstraction and cannot be seen but has to be
- A collective is a group of entities that share or inferred from the observation of human
are motivated by at least one common issue or behavior. Social structure refers to the
interest, or work together to achieve a common independent network of roles and the hierarchy
objective. of statuses which define the reciprocal
expectations and the power arrangement of the
Factors That influence Groups members of the social unit guided by norms
(Sheriff and Sheriff 1969: 150). It is the
 Motivational base shared by individual People
patterned and recurrent social relationships
find themselves together in a related social
among persons in organized collectivities as well
situation that may have motivational
as among the various parts (Perucci,
implications for the development of groups.
Knudsen,and Hamby 1977: 39)
Exposed to the same experiences and situation, a
 Social structure is also the patterned and
number of people are able to secure results
recurrent social relationships among persons in
through group action.
organized collectivities as well as among the
• Size of group • Size of group The size of the group various parts (Perucci, Knudsen,and Hamby
may range from two to a million members. When it 1977: 39). Social status refers to members'
has two members, it is called dyad like in a positions or ranks in the hierarchy of power
friendship group. relations. The dynamic or behavior aspect of the
status is a role.
• Type of group goals The goal group acts together
to achieve a shared objective or desired outcome. Role refers to the sum total of behavior expectations
(edunote.com) and activities associated with a social position which
a holder is supposed to carry out and perform. It
• Kind of group cohesion This refers to the extent to conveys the prescribed or ideal standards of behavior
which the members of a group have the capability to that a holder of a social position is supposed to
function and interact collectively in the direction of carry. It is the manner by which a given individual
their performs the duties and obligations of a status and
Social Organization- It is a process of bringing enjoys its privileges and prerogatives.
order and significance into human social life. It has SOCIAL STRUCTURE
its roots in social interaction.
 Role exit defined as "the process of
According to McGee (1977:132)
disengagement from a role that is central to one's
 There are certain identifying characteristics of self identity and the re-establishment of an
social organizations: - Differentiation in statuses identity in a new role that takes into account
and roles on the basis of sex, age and ability one's ex-role.
  " Role conflict exists when two or more social involve normative, communicative, and other forms
roles overlap and are incompatible. Conflict of social interaction. In the case of Philippine
occurs because the performance of one role society, the basic element of social structure is the
interferes with the performance of another. Role family and its related kinship groups. For Jocano,the
conflict can be time-based, strain-based, or basic element of the Filipino social structure is
behavior-based. kinship. It is through this structural unit of society
that much local authority, rights and obligations, and
Herbert Spencer was the first thinker who wrote modes of interactions are expressed, defined,
about structure of a society. He came up with ordered and systematized.
biological analogies (organic structure and
evolution) to define the social structure. Philippine society consists of a spectrum of social
organizations ranging from the nomadic hunting and
According to Radcliff-Brown, social structure is a fishing bands and tribal societies to the agricultural-
part of the social structure of all social relations of handicrafts-industrial societies of peasant and urban
person to person. In the study of social structure the communities. Differences in historical background,
concrete reality with which we are concerned is the economic base, and settlement patterns have brought
set of actually existing relations at a given moment organizational variations among the animistic upland
of time that link together certain human beings. groups and Muslim and Christian Filipinos. The
According to S.F Nadel, structure refers to a integration of Philippine society can be hastened by
definable articulation and ordered arrangement of the establishment and development of a
parts. It is related to the outer aspect or the superstructure which is the Philippine bureaucracy.
framework of society and is totally unconcerned According to Bonislaw Kasper Malinowski in 1920
with the functional aspect of society in his work, Among the Trobriand Islanders first
. According to Ginsberg, the study of social elaborated about the social function as a concept. He
structure is concerned with the principal form of emphasized the importance of analyzing primitive
social organization that is types of groups, societies as socio-cultural wholes accounting for
associations and institutions and the complex of institutions in terms of their relations to other
these that constitute societies. institutions in the same society and their significance
in satisfying and meeting the basic needs, the
According to Karl Mannheim, social structure biological needs of the individuals.
refers to the web of interacting social forces from
which have arisen the various modes of observing According to Emile Durkheim, crime is a normal
and thinking. aspect of society is based on his belief that crime
itself serves a social function. That social function is
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS to support or reassure the social norms of a society
by the fact that crime is considered going against the
 Social organization has a component known as
norm. Put simply, crime is simply deviant behaviour
social function. It refers to the results of action
that goes against social norms. It is with that model
that occur in relation to a particular structure and
that law is created, from the adverse reactions of
includes the results of the activities of
criminal behaviour by society.
individuals occupying particular statuses
(Schwartz 1968:181).
 The social activity of a given social structure has
certain consequences which make the adaption TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP
or adjustment. The expected functions of the
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUP
family are to produce offspring, socialize them,
 IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS
and give security and protection to its members.
At times the expected functions are not realized. WHAT IS SOCIAL GROUP?
Each social group has an organization with an  In the social sciences, a social group is two or
overall structure governing the interaction of the more humans who interact with one another,
members and performing the necessary function of share similar characteristics, and have a
holding the group together. All social organizations collective sense of unity. A social group is a
 collection of people who identify and interact Secondary group relationship
with one another. They are united in some way,
meaning that they may share interests, values, This relationship involves a reaction to only a part of the
language, backgrounds, social roles, or family individual’s personality.
ties. (https://socialsci.libretexts.org/) Social - Relationships tend to be casual, temporary, and
group vary in size, quality of group interaction, limited in personal involvement.
purpose, structure, or combination of these. One - The person’s importance to the group is the
criterion for the classification of groups is the function that he or she performs in the group.
character of the social interaction obtained in the - The individual can be easily replaced by anyone
group as can be seen from such established who can carry out the same function.
classifications as the primary and secondary - Secondary group tend to impose patterns of
group, the in-group and out-group. conformity on their members.
PRIMARY GROUP - There is no sense of loyalty nor sense of
belongingness. Contacts in secondary group may
 Primary group is a small, intimate and less be face-to-face, indirect, or transitory.
specialized group whose members engage in - Nepotism and favoritsm which may prejudice
face-toface and emotion based interactions over efficiency are frowned upon.
extended period of time. A person in primary
group cannot be replaced by another person. In-groups and out-groups

The concept of the primary group was introduced by  Groups may be classified as in-groups and out-
Charles Cooley, a sociologist from the Chicago School groups when taking into consideration the
of sociology, in his book Social Organization: A Study individual’s sense of belongingness in a group.
of the Larger Mind (1909). He described it as FOLLOW:  These two groups are not actually groups but
variety of relationships that exist in the mind as
1. “Primary Groups” are characterized by intimate a person who learns to use the pronouns “we”
face to face association and cooperation  referring to thein-group and “they” referring to
2. “Primary Groups” consist of small face to face the out-group. The insiders are the “in-group”,
structures such as the family and friendship and the outsiders are the “out-group” or the
groups where personalities fuse into a common “other group.”
whole.
3. Being in close physical proximity or face-to- SELF-CATEGORIZATION THEORY
face relationship does not necessarily lead to
It proposes that people’s appreciation of their group
personal relation
membership is influenced by their perception towards
4. Primary groups are so-called because they are
people who are not members of their group. Self-
the initial groups that a person joins and they
categorization theory describes how the cognitive
provide him or her with experiences in social
process of categorization, when applied to oneself,
relations. Cooley (1957; 23-27) calls primary
creates a sense of identification with the social category
groups the “nursery of human nature.”
or group and produces the array of behaviors that we
SECONDARY GROUP associate with group membership: conformity,
stereotyping, ethnocentrism, and so forth.
Secondary groups are larger. Less intimate and more (https://sk.sagepub.com)
specialized groups where members engage in an
impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a In-group
limited time.
Characteristics of the Members of The In-Group
- The interactions among the members are business-like, • The members are loyal to each other and one
impersonal, casual and contractual. - The composition of may accept responsibility for the others. • They
the group is heterogeneous, and membership is know each other intimately and share common
numerous and widespread. - Communication is effected norms, activities, goals, and background. • To
through phone, the mail, the press, radio, or television. - bring out the feeling of togetherness, they use
Specific purpose of the group: To attain a GOAL. expressions like: “we are engaged in these
activities,” “we are loyal to each other and help
 one another,” and “we work for the welfare of norms. Therefore, under different cultural
the society.” backgrounds, people's ways of dealing with
interpersonal relationships are also very
Out-group different.
The out-group is generally viewed as the  Every society is composed of many complicated
outsiders by the in-group. More often than not, a types of interpersonal relationships, which are
member of the in-group has feelings of the things that everyone is bound to live with.
strangeness, dislikes, avoidance, antagonism, And interpersonal relationships can mainly
indifference, and even hatred towards the out- divided into three categories, which are the
group. Outsiders may be labelled as interpersonal relationships existed in the family,
“headhunters” or “dirty pigs.” There may also be friends and working place.
stereotyped images of social classes,
Types of Relationship
occupational groups, and regional ethnic groups,
as when Tagalog are labelled as mayabang  Romantic relationship -n romantic
(arrogant) or the Ilokanos as kuripot (tightwad). relationships, young people face the challenges
of developing a capacity for emotional intimacy
and choosing to cohabit or marry. (
Reference group & network
Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2011)
Reference group A group to which an individual - Dating and Marriage - n the Philippines, dating
compares himself or herself. Such group often comes in stages, beginning with courtship.
strongly influence an individual’s behavior and Typically, a man will try to impress a female by
social attitude. It is considered a source of role courting her. In Asia, a wedding is an expansion
models since the individual uses it as a standard of the family, while in the West, is it about
for self-assessment. starting a whole new family.
 Acquintance relationship 0 a relationship
Network- Refers to the structure of relationships between two people who have met but do not
between social actors or groups. These are know each other well.
interconnections, ties , linkages between people,  Family relationship- A family constitutes
their groups, and the larger social institutions to people who are related to each other and share
which they all belong to. an emotional bond and similar values. Family
members can be related by birth, marriage, or
HUMAN RELATIONSHIP
adoption.
 Human relations refers to the ability to interact  Friends relationship-Friendship refers to a kind
in a healthy manner with others and build strong of relationship between different individuals
relationships. who care for one another and freely share both
positive and bad news. Friendship is usually
THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN based and maintained on honesty,
RELATIONSHIP trustworthiness, loyalty, compromise, and
unconditional favor among others.
 We rely on the strength of human relationships
to survive and thrive. We are born into the world
vulnerable, weak, and in need of physical and
emotional nurturing. (Jon Talebreza-May, Ph.D.,
LCSW)
Interpersonal Relationship

 Interpersonal relationship plays a very important

role in communication. Due to the influence of
different cultures and social environments
between China and America, people have
formed different world views and values, as well
as different cognitive methods and behavioral