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Data Structure-3-4

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31 views2 pages

Data Structure-3-4

Uploaded by

briley.boede
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UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION TO ALGORITHMS AND DATA STRUCTURES


Definition: - An algorithm is a Step By Step process to solve a problem, where each step
indicates an intermediate task. Algorithm contains finite number of steps that leads to the
solution of the problem.
Properties /Characteristics of an Algorithm:-
Algorithm has the following basic properties
 Input-Output:- Algorithm takes ‘0’ or more input and produces the required output.
This is the basic characteristic of an algorithm.
 Finiteness:- An algorithm must terminate in countable number of steps.
 Definiteness: Each step of an algorithm must be stated clearly and unambiguously.
 Effectiveness: Each and every step in an algorithm can be converted in to
programming language statement.
 Generality: Algorithm is generalized one. It works on all set of inputs and provides
the required output. In other words it is not restricted to a single input value.

Categories of Algorithm:
Based on the different types of steps in an Algorithm, it can be divided into three
categories, namely
 Sequence
 Selection and
 Iteration
Sequence: The steps described in an algorithm are performed successively one by one
without skipping any step. The sequence of steps defined in an algorithm should be simple
and easy to understand. Each instruction of such an algorithm is executed, because no
selection procedure or conditional branching exists in a sequence algorithm.
Example:
// adding two numbers
Step 1: start
Step 2: read a,b
Step 3: Sum=a+b
Step 4: write Sum
Step 5: stop
Selection: The sequence type of algorithms are not sufficient to solve the problems, which
involves decision and conditions. In order to solve the problem which involve decision
making or option selection, we go for Selection type of algorithm. The general format of
Selection type of statement is as shown below:
if(condition)
Statement-1;
else
Statement-2;
The above syntax specifies that if the condition is true, statement-1 will be executed
otherwise statement-2 will be executed. In case the operation is unsuccessful. Then
sequence of algorithm should be changed/ corrected in such a way that the system will re-
execute until the operation is successful.

1
Iteration: Iteration type algorithms are used in solving the problems which involves
repetition of statement. In this type of algorithms, a particular number of statements are
repeated ‘n’ no. of times.
Example1:

Step 1 : start
Step 2 : read n
Step 3 : repeat step 4 until n>0
Step 4 : (a) r=n mod 10
(b) s=s+r
(c) n=n/10
Step 5 : write s
Step 6 : stop
Performance Analysis an Algorithm:
The Efficiency of an Algorithm can be measured by the following metrics.
i. Time Complexity and
ii. Space Complexity.
i.Time Complexity:
The amount of time required for an algorithm to complete its execution is its time
complexity. An algorithm is said to be efficient if it takes the minimum (reasonable) amount
of time to complete its execution.
ii. Space Complexity:
The amount of space occupied by an algorithm is known as Space Complexity. An algorithm
is said to be efficient if it occupies less space and required the minimum amount of time to
complete its execution.

1.Write an algorithm for roots of a Quadratic Equation?


// Roots of a quadratic Equation
Step 1 : start
Step 2 : read a,b,c
Step 3 : if (a= 0) then step 4 else step 5
Step 4 : Write “ Given equation is a linear equation “
Step 5 : d=(b * b) _ (4 *a *c)
Step 6 : if ( d>0) then step 7 else step8
Step 7 : Write “ Roots are real and Distinct”
Step 8: if(d=0) then step 9 else step 10
Step 9: Write “Roots are real and equal”
Step 10: Write “ Roots are Imaginary”
Step 11: stop

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