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    Đọc nâng cao

    Uploaded by

    Kiseki Arinida

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Đọc nâng cao

    Uploaded by

    Kiseki Arinida
    11 views4 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    11 views4 pages

    Đọc nâng cao

    Uploaded by

    Kiseki Arinida

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 4

    Chapter 1

    The Benefit and Manner of Asking


    the Right Questions
    The noisy, confused world we live in
    - This course encourages you to have “critical thinking”, but there is an imaginary
    world that some of us inhabit where there is no need for critical thinking.
    o Anyone trying to persuade us of anything will always explain the
    disadvantages of what he or she wants us to do.
    o Any time we are confused about one of life’s important questions, we can
    quickly find a dependable expert, authority, or wise person. Furthermore, these
    voices of knowledge will all agree with one another. In short, we need not be
    anxious about what to do or believe because the wise ones will have the
    answer. Our task is simply to locate and listen to them.
    o Our minds are calm, engaged, reflective, and curious whenever faced with an
    important choice.
     The world we are living is in constrast.

    Experts cannot rescue us, despite what they say


    Chapter 2
    What Are the Issue and the
    Conclusion?
    Issue
    An issue is a question or controversy responsible for the conversation or discussion. It is
    the stimulus for what is being said.
    Two kind of issues:
    - Descriptive issues are those that raise questions about the accuracy of descriptions of
    the past, present, or future.
    - Eg.
    o Does musical training improve a person’s ability to learn math?
    o What is the most common cause of domestic abuse?
    o Is Paxil an effective way to treat depression?
    - Prescriptive issues are those that raise questions about what we should do or what is
    right or wrong, good or bad.
    - Eg.
    o Should intelligent design be taught in the public schools?
    o What ought to be done about Medicaid fraud?
    o Must we outlaw SUVs to reduce increasing rates of asthma?
    Issue sometimes is very simple to see, but sometimes it is implicated. The surest way to detect
    is to locate the Conclusion

    Conclusion
    A conclusion is the message that the speaker or writer wishes you to accept.
    To identify the conclusion, the critical thinker must ask, “What is the writer or speaker trying
    to prove?” or “What is the communicator’s main point?”
    Conclusions are inferred; they are derived from reasoning. Conclusions are ideas that require
    other ideas to support them. If there aren’t any reasons, the claim is no more conclusion

    Clues to discovery: How to find the conclusion


    Clue No. 1: Ask what the issue is.
    Clue No. 2: Look for indicator words. (consequently, therefore, it follows that,…)
    Clue No. 3: Look in likely locations. (the first two place is at the beginning and at the end of
    the paragraph)
    Clue No. 4: Remember what a conclusion is not.(examples, statistics, definitions, background
    information, evidence,…)
    Clue No. 5: Check the context of the communication and the author’s background. (Be alert to
    the information about the organizations with which writers or speakers may be associated)
    Chapter 9:
    Are There Rival Cause?
    Chapter 10:
    Are the statistics dececieve?
    Unknowable and biases statistics
    Confusing Averages
    Measurement errors
    Concluding one thing, proving another
    Deceiving by omitting information

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