8 Homeostasis

HOMEOSTASI
S BY:M.SAIDI
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HOMEOSTASIS
 is the process of maintaining a
constant internal environment w
 enables the body to function
efficiently, despite changes that might

occur in the external or internal
environment within the body.
 Eg Changes in temperature, glucose
levels, carbon dioxide levels, water

levels and salt
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1.The regulation of glucose
levels
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How to answer question in exams
When glucose is high in blood When glucose is low in blood
 Glucose levels in the Glucose levels in the
blood increase above blood decrease below
normal levels normal levels
 The pancreas is The pancreas is
stimulated stimulated
 to secrete insulin into the  to secrete glucagon into
blood the blood
 Insulin travels in the blood  Glucagon travels in the
to the liver and stimulates blood to the liver
it to convert of excess stimulates it to convert
glucose to glycogen which stored glycogen to glucose
is then stored The glucose level in the
 The glucose level in the blood increases and
blood decreases and returns to normal
returns to normal
Insulin
Glucose Glycogen
Glucagon ThunderEDUC
Insulin and glucagon
(diabetes mellitus)
Type 1 diabetes –
pancreas not
producing the
hormone, insulin,
necessary for
controlling the glucose
levels in humans
Type 2 diabetes –
insulin is available, but
the body cells is
unable to control the
glucose. ThunderEDUC
Practice question
to be marked by the
teacher in class
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2.The regulation of Carbon dioxide levels
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Control of CO2 levels in blood
how to write answers in exam
 High concentrations of CO2 lead to the

formation of carbonic acid, the pH of the
blood drops (more acidic).
 Impulses are sent to the medulla
oblongata.
 Breathing rate and depth of breathing
increase.
 Heart rate also increases
 More CO2 moves to the lungs to be
exhaled
 blood CO2 levels return to normal.
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The regulation of water balance in
the internal environment
(osmoregulation)
Pituitary secretes Permeability of collecting
more ADH ducts and distal convoluted
tubules increases
Water level More water reabsorbed

decreases into blood
Normal water levels in blood
Less water reabsorbed into

Water level
blood More water is lost
increases
Permeability of collecting
Pituitary stops secreting ducts and distal convoluted
ADH/Less ADH secreted tubules decreases
The regulation of water balance in the
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internal environment (osmoregulation)
When blood has less water When blood has more
than normal water than normal
 The hypothalamus is  The hypothalamus is
stimulated stimulated
An impulse is sent to the An impulse is sent to the
pituitary gland to secrete pituitary gland to secrete
more ADH less ADH
Which travels in blood to less travels in blood to
kidneys kidneys
ADH increases the Decrease in the
permeability of the nephron permeability of the nephron
More water is re-absorbed Less water is re-absorbed
and passed to the and passed to the
surrounding blood vessels surrounding blood vessels
 The water level in the  The water level in the
blood returns to normal blood returns to normal
THE REGULATION OF SALT BALANCE
Adrenal gland secretes Re-absorption of sodium

more aldosterone ions increases
Salt level Salt level increases

decreases
Normal salt levels in blood
Salt level Salt level decreases

increases
Adrenal gland stops

secreting aldosterone / less Re-absorption of sodium
aldosterone secreted ions decreases
THE REGULATION OF SALT
BALANCE
How to write it in exam
When the salt level in When the salt level in
the blood increases the blood decreases
The adrenal gland is The adrenal gland is
stimulated to secrete stimulated to secrete
less aldosterone more aldosterone
Aldosterone decreases Aldosterone increases
the re-absorption of the re-absorption of
sodium ions from the sodium ions from the
renal tubules in the renal tubules in the
kidney to blood vessels kidney to blood vessels
The salt level in the The salt level in the
blood vessels deceases blood vessels increases
and returns to normal and returns to normal
The process of temperature
regulation (Thermoregulation).
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to
maintain its core internal temperature.
All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your
body to homeostasis.
Body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain
the blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin.
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ON A HOT DAY
the hypothalamus
is stimulated and
sends impulses to
the blood vessels
Blood vessels dilate

(become wider). This
is called vasodilation
 More blood flows to

the skin. More sweat is
More heat is lost released.
from the skin. Sweat gland Evaporation of
 More blood is sent becomes more the sweat cools
to the sweat glands. active. the skin.
ON A COLD DAY
the hypothalamus
is stimulated and
sends impulses to
the blood vessels
Blood vessels
constrict (become
wider). This is called
vasoconstriction
Less blood flows to less sweat is

the skin. released.
Less heat is lost Sweat gland Less evaporation
from the skin. becomes less of sweat and less
Less blood is sent to active. cooling of the skin.
Question
4.1 Identify the part
labeled A. (1)
4.2Give the NUMBERS of the
diagrams (1, 2 and 3) that
represent the body’s response
to high environmental
temperatures.(2)
4.3Would the skin release more
heat through radiation in
MEMO Diagram 1 or Diagram 3 (1)
4.4 Give the NUMBER of the
diagram (1, 2 or 3) that
represents vasoconstriction. (1)
4.5 Which part of the brain
controls thermoregulation in
humans? (1) ThunderEDUC
Question (class work)
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BY:M.SAIDI
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contact: 0848331738
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HOMEOSTASI

efficiently, despite changes that might

levels, carbon dioxide levels, water

 High concentrations of CO2 lead to the

Water level More water reabsorbed

Normal water levels in blood

Less water reabsorbed into

Adrenal gland secretes Re-absorption of sodium

Salt level Salt level increases

Normal salt levels in blood

Salt level Salt level decreases

Adrenal gland stops

Blood vessels dilate

 More blood flows to

Less blood flows to less sweat is

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