THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

REVIEWER
PRELIM

GLOBALIZATION

- Process of economy; rapid changes in culture and economy of the country

- Trade and technology made the world more connected and independent place
- Economic, political, and socio-cultural exchange takes place.

Contemporary World - current problems of a country

1. Phenomenon Problems
- Unpredictable things
a. Social Phenomena - constantly evolving. External influence affect
our behavior. Can be caused by politics to the world stage
2. Social Communication and Transmission
- Technology. Philippines is an archipelago, but focuses more on
technology.
3. Political
- Philippine debt is 14 TRILLION.
- Vital development
4. Introduction to Globalization
- Globalization is used to describe the growing interdependence of the
world’s economics, culture, and population brought by cross-border trade.

EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
- Trade liberation ( removal of barrier )
- Financial flows ( movement of cash )
- Political, social, economic, technological, financial, cultural, ecological, and
geographical
STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The global economy
2. Market integration
- Refers to process of creating a unified marketplace where goods, services,
and capital can flow freely between countries or regions
3. The global interstate system
- Defined through their relationship to other states through the world
economy.
4. Contemporary global governance
- The system of decision - making and cooperation among international

CAUSE OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Trade Liberation
- Refers to reduction of barriers in world market
- Removing or reducing tariffs, licensing rules, and quotas
2. Improvement in technology
- Trans-world connection
3. Agriculture
- Spread of production in food and farming
4. Reduces the cost of manufacturing and transportation
- Other companies manufacture in a country with a minimum salary. Mas
mapapamura sila sa labor kung sa minimum country sila
magpapamanufacture
5. Financial market
- Merkado, kapital, stocks.
- Is the extent to which a country is linked to others through cross-border
financial holdings.
6. Increase of Corporation
- Establishing links in economy
*ALL OF THE SAID CAUSES ABOVE LEADS TO COMPETITION
ADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Cheaper goods
- Dahil sa labor trade
2. Increase of skilled workers
- Mas dumadami yung mga workers
3. Lower cost of production
- Made in china pero assembled sa philippines dahil mas mura ang labor.
Murang labor fee = murang cost of production
4. Improvement in Education
- K12. Because of the agreement between former president GMA and
foreign delegates, nagkaroon ng formulation of K12 which was then
enacted by her succeeding president.
5. Cultural Diversity
- Naaadopt yung culture ng ibang bansa
6. Poverty Reduction
- International NGOs helping other people
7. Transportation
- Easy transportation sa ibang bansa at sa ibang lugar with the help of other
country

DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Increase of commodity
- Inflation; higher commodity prices reflects stronger global demand
2. Cheaper labor
- Minimum wage and salary inequality
3. Cause of disease
- The flow of globalization allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread
around the world
4. Increase of poverty and inequality
- Hindi pantay na oportunidad; may contractualization parin na nangyayari
at walang stable jobs for all
5. Increase instability
6. Disparity
- Level of treatment; division due to social class
7. Uneven wealth distribution
- Lack of opportunity; product cost in rural vs. urban cities and its
difference

* GINI INDEX - measures the degree to which income distribution varies from equal
distribution and relies to GDP
3 COMPONENTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic Globalization
- Involves trades in goods, services, capital flows, and trade in assets
(currency stocks), transfer of technology and ideas; international flow of
labor and migration

INCLUDES:
a. Production
b. Finance
c. Market
d. Technology
e. Organizational
f. Agriculture
g. Institutions
h. Corporations
i. Labor
j. General

2. Cultural Social Globalization

- Transmission of ideas, meanings, values around the world in such a way to
extend and intensify social relations; common consumption of cultures
that have been diffused

INCLUDES:
a. Values and Cultural
b. Migration (always have adoption)
c. Foods
d. Politics

3. Political Globalization
- dynamic , non-linear, global process of increasing and complicating the
interdependence between all elements

INCLUDES:
a. Governmental
- state of a country. Belonging or relating to government
b. Intergovernmental
- May 2 or more types of government
 c. Government Independent
I. International Nongovernmental - NGO
II. Social Movement Organization - effort by a large group of people
for a goal.

2 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic - trade
2. Social - how disinformation happen and communication

SOCIO ECONOMIC CLASS

- Upper class
- Upper middle
- Lower middle
- Upper lower
- Lower

COMMUNISM
- Political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit
based economy with public ownership

IDEALISM
- Centered on the notion that states are rational across factors capable of ensuring
lasting peace and security rather than resorting to law; materning of foreign policy
goals to domestic policy goals
SOCIALISM
- Economic and political system based on public or collective ownership of the
means of production and that emphasizes economic equality
CAPITALISM
- Rapid movement and change in terms of economic cultural and institutional
integration
- Economic system in which a society’s means of production are held by private
individuals of organizations, not the government, and where products, prices, and
the distribution of goods are determined mainly by competition in the market

*Culture / Cultural production - adaption

*Upper culture - integration among country; implies the adoption of policies by separate
countries as if they were a single political unit.
4 BASIC APPROACH
1. World Systems Approach
- Power of wealth, inequality, world history, social change
2. Global Culture Approach
- Culture shared worldwide; i.e Hollywood Film
3. Global Society Approach
- People from different countries share common culture
4. Global Capitalism Approach

*State-centered theory - political theory which stresses the role of the government in society
*Mercantilism - mass wealth through trade; more export than import. a system in which a
country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it
imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metals
*Adam Smith - coined the term “mercantile system” to describe the system of political economy
that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports.

● Dependency Theory
- Approach on the core; high-income nations; underdevelopment of certain nation
by emphasizing upon the supposed putative restraints imposed upon them by the
global economic and political order
- How poor country depends on rich country
● World Systems Theory
- Suggests that all individual national economics are deeply interconnected,
especially via the flow of labor and resources from the periphery to the core

MIDTERM

PHILOSOPHY OF GLOBALIZATION

● Harvy of 1989 - time space comprehension; communication

● Glipin of 2001 - integration; exports in other countries; collaboration with other
PH - coconut, tobacco, mango
● Scholte 2002 - supraterritorial; wide economy
● Steger 2007 - expansion of social relation; partner
● Friedman 1999 - integration of market; transportation and communication; reach around
the world farther, faster, deeper, cheaper
● Guest 2017 - worldwide satisfaction; improvement of money
KEY DYNAMICS
1. Time Space Comprehension
- Innovation of communication before we have “unknown” who delivers
message around the barangay about the new environment or laws of
datu/lakan; how we have media, newspaper and other
2. Flexible Accumulation
- Sabayan ng brands
a. Offshoring - relocation of business
b. Outsourcing - agreement in contracts of company; an agreement in
which one company hires another company to be responsible for a
planned or existing activity
3. Increasing of Migration
- Most visible; people move from one place to another
a. Employment rate - employment security through a higher rate of
job creation.
4. Uneven Development
- Differs around the world; economic scale based upon the general wealth of
the country

ROSTOW - WALT WHITMAN WORK (1971)

Rostow Modernization Theory
- Economies of all countries could be placed within one of the five different
stages of economic growth
a. Traditional Society
- Limited in tech; focus on the most basic of economic
activities, such as farming and extraction of industries like
mining and harvesting
b. Pre-conditions for take-off
- Commercial exploration; checking kung patok
c. Take-off
- Marketing; short period of intensive growth in which
industrialization begins to occur
d. Drive to maturity
- Need to diversify; market outside; industrial and
commercial base
e. Age of mass consumption
- Depends on mass population
DEPENDENCY THEORY
- Approach to the core; poor country depends on rich country

*Neocolonialism - the former colonial masters ensures that newly independent

colonies remain dependent on them for economic and political direction

- Bell Trade Act 1946 - Americans were allowed to maintain their colonial
footing with operating business and own properties

WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

- Asserting that most nations are part of a worldwide interdependent
economic and political system based on the unequal exchange in the
division of labor and allocation of resources between core nations,
semi-peripheral nations, and peripheral nations

a. Core nation - dominant capitalist country which exploit the peripheral

countries for labor and raw materials
b. Semi-peripheral nation - countries that share characteristics of both core
and peripheral
c. Peripheral nation - are dependent on core countries for capital and have
underdeveloped industry.

*Information Arbitrage - the system context of globalization

*Arbitrage - cost difference among countries is higher or larger than the trade cost; company
exploit the cost gab by buying low and selling high

6 MULTI LENSE
1. Politics
2. Culture
3. National Security
4. Financial Market
5. Technology
6. Environment
PERSPECTIVE OF GLOBALIZATION
- See globalization differently

1. Hyper globalization perspective

- Depends on history; local cultures are being eroded primarily because of
the expansion of international capitalism and the emergence of a
homogenous global culture
2. Skeptical Perspective
- view/pananaw; rejects the idea of global governance; believed that the
occurrence in globalization is internationalism, regionalism, neo liberal,
and politics created by the capitalists order
3. Transformationalist
- Two way process; no single across; outcome of globalization

GLOBALIZATION AS WESTERNIZATION

1. Industry 7. Norms (ugali ng tao) 13. Perception 19. Philosophy

2. Technology 8. Mores (taboo) 14. Diet
3. Politics 9. Customs 15. Clothing
4. Economics 10. Tradition 16. Language
5. Lifestyle 11. Values 17. Alphabet
6. Law 12. Mentality 18. Religion

4 STRUCTURES/LEG OF GLOBALIZATION

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

- International integration; human innovation; transportation; technological
process, increase interdependence; international trade and services; man
and labor economy boundaries
a. Commodity
- Basic good in commerce; inputs in production raw materials
b. Capital
- Durable produced goods that are in turn used as productive input
for further production; nation;s capital stock includes buildings,
equipments, software, and inventories
c. Labor Markets
- Aka “Job Market”
 - Supply and demand for labor which employees provide the supply
and employers provide for the demand
- Major component of any economy

*International Trade / Trade Queries

a. Descriptive Theory
- No government intervention
I. Laissez-faire (Let Alone Policy)
- The government shall not intervene with the private sector
b. Prescriptive Theory
- The government will intervene the trade and there will be restrictions on
what to trade and with whom
c. Perspective
- Strict movement; speedup movement and exchange all over the world.
Promotes and increases interaction

3 perspective in international trade

1. Economic Liberal
- Low tax, free trade, freedom, start business without permission
from state
2. Mercantilism
- More exports than imports; revenue through exports, wealth
accumulation, tax and government monopolized wealth
3. Structuralist
- How dominant economic structures of society affects class interest
and relation
- Impose tax and financial requirements in business, has to control
fair distribution of wealth, lack of state control will result to unfair
wealth
MARKET INTEGRATION
- Gross domestic product and gross national product
a. Gross domestic product - kita outside the country
b. Gross national product - products, services ng citizen ng bansa
both domestically and internationally

*Each year, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION (IFIS), UNITED NATION (UN)

agencies and bilateral aid agencies provide hundreds of billions of dollars in funding for a wide
variety of development and humanitarian aid projects in countries around the world
 Bretton Wood System - international system for organizing monetary policies; the
exchange rate of all world currencies was fixed in relation to dollar and the dollar equates to gold

*On 1944, 44 allied countries with 700+ delegates gathered at Bretton Wood in American City to
establish rules for post-war world economic relations. It was abolished on 1971 by the
announcement of then US President Richard M. Nixon, saying that the currencies should not be
converted to gold (dollar) as the gold percentage drops.

Central Bank - Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

- Manages flow of money in country’s economy; incharge of monetary
policy; buys and sells foreign currency; promotes price stability;
supervisor of all banks; regulates financial institution; the BSP issues PH
banknotes and coins; manages international reserves; determines the
exchange rate policy; official depository bank of the PH Government.

Exchange Rate - have a big impact on import and export; it is the value of a country’s
currency in relation to a foreign country; it may differs daily
- The increase of value of a currency is called “APPRECIATION”, and the
decrease in its value is called “DEPRECIATION”
- When a country’s currency depreciates, its goods are more cheaper to
other countries which usually means they export more stuff
Foreign Exchange Market - marketplace that determines the exchange for the
global currencies; made up of 2,000 banks and other financial institutions

a. Fixed Exchange Rate

- A system in which governments try to keep the values of their
currencies constant with respect to one another
b. Flexible Exchange Rate
- Determined by supply and demand rather than a present range
c. Balance Trade
- Relationship between the value of a country’s exports and imports
I. Trade Surplus - less import, more export
II. Trade Deficit - more import, less export
*depreciates the exchange rate of its currency
*cut back spending by adjust monetary policy

GATT - General Agreement on Tariff and Trade

 - Became the natural forum for countries to discuss trade disputes and to
negotiate multilateral agreements; reduce tariffs and trade barrier
*tariffs - tax on a good imported into a country; increase the price of imports
WTO - World Trade Organization
- Operates system of trade rules and helps developing countries build their
trade capacity; provides forum for its members to negotiate trade
agreements and resolve trade problems within the countries
*Protectionism - protecting domestic businesses by placing tariffs, quotas
and restriction on foreign goods
*United Nations - peace
*International Trade Organization - includes employment rules, business
practices, investments, services; the US congress shot down the idea and it became GATT
which became the only multilateral organization to facilitate global trade

IMF - International Monetary Fund

- Works with countries having problems with money; gives them advice and
financial support to countries hit by crises

OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

- Group of 37 member countries that discusses and develops economic and social
policy; to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and
well-being; key international standard - setting organization which conducts
valuable independent analysis and statistics on a range of economic and other
policy areas.
OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- Coordinates and unifies oil / petroleum policies; ensures the stabilization of the oil
market in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum.
EU - European Union
- Political and economic alliance of 27 countries; promotes democratic values and
one of the world’s most powerful trade blocs; ensure peace, prosperity, and
stability on the continent
NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement (1992)
- The goal is to eliminate all tariff and non-tariff barriers of trade and
investment between the US, Canada, and Mexico
*Manila Galleon Trade - the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade in 1565 is the
beginning of the commercial ties between Mexico and Philippines; Fundamental step in the birth
of globalization; Connects Asia, America and Europe.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- No global authority
United Nations - Peace, Security, and Human Rights

6 ORGAN OF UNITED NATIONS

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council
4. Trusteeship Council
5. Secretariat
6. International Court of Justice
Challenge in terms of:
- Knowledge
- Norms (different practices and familiarity)
- Policy
- Institution (concerns regarding human rights)
- Compliance

(INSERT GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM TOPIC FROM GC FILES ABOUT GOV.)

SEMI - FINAL

SUSTAINABLE GROWTH / DEVELOPMENT

- Necessity
- Basic needs
- Healthcare
- Job opportunities
- Education ( state universities / public school )
- It tackles about economic, social, and environmental sustainable development

*naleleft behind ung mga provinces at naiiwang underdeveloped

*human potentials - ung job alignment ay hindi tugma; walang pagsustain ng tamang
trabaho
POLITICAL
- Dapat sa pagboto alam mo credentials

CULTURAL
- Adopting other cultures
*dapat balance ang improvement of lifestyle and well-being at natural resources and
ecosystem

ENVIRONMENTAL
- Natural resources, equilibrium
- Integrity to ecosystem, reduce burden to environment
- Climate change
- Protection in environment level, pagpuputol ng puno, pagmimina
- Water (water level sa dam)
- Infrastructure

ECONOMIC
- New products for exports.

SOCIAL
- Gender inequality
- Equal opportunities
- Wage inequality

SUSTAINABLE GOALS
1. No poverty 16. Peace, justice, strong instritution
2. Zero hunger 17. Partnership to achieve the goal
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality of education
5. Gender inequality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
10. Reduce inequality
11. Sustainable cities and communities (facilities)
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water ( marines )
15. Life on land
GLOBAL CITY
- Reached income, population, investments, geographical requirements
- Maraming corporations, high-rise condominiums
- More condo = more income
- Mura kung nasa pinas and base ng company
- May economic power
- Center of Authority - the government
- Centers of higher learning and education - may budget for education

DEMOGRAPHY
- Umaalis o lumilipat ung mga tao

CAUSES OF MIGRATION
- No opportunity
- Salary
- Quality of living

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

- Also measure the availability of food
- Security of the food na kinakain

4 COMPONENTS
- 1. Food availability
● Lahat ba ng kailangan ng tao ay always available
● Distribution - hindi sya totally available
● Production - may kulang sa production, hindi lahat kaya iproduce ung
pinakaquota
● Exchange - barter, trade, exchange of goods
- 2. Food Access
● Individual households that need to acquire sufficient food na kakainin everyday.
Sapat ba ung nakukuha ng household na food? Healthy?
● Affordablity - hindi lahat afford.
● Allocation - pinaghahati hati. Distribution, kung naaccess ng tao
● Preference - hindi lahat ng tao pareparehas ng mga kinakain. Religion plays a big
role.
● Standard or Norms - uutang ng malaking pera pang handa para lang magmalaki.
Sa huli, hindi rin mauubos
- 3. Food Utilization
● Quantity and diversity of food in terms of nutrition
 ● Kamusta ung nutrients nung mga food
● Nutritional Value - check the nutritional value ng mga kinakain
● Health status - kamusta ang health. Are you obese or underweight? BMI.
● Food Safety - How sure are you na ung kinakain mo ay malinis?
● Preparation and Consumption - Tama ba ung preparation. Kinoconsume mo ba
ung sapat lang sayo?
- 4. Stability
● Available and accessible to people. Pinagsamang 1. 2. 3 ng 4 components

4 FACTOR OF FOOD SECURITY

1. Global water crisis
- Problema sa tubig. Water crisis. Di na sure ung tubig kung malinis
2. Climate Change
- Solar storm. Gasolina.
3. Pests and Disease
4. Poverty

5 WAYS TO IMPROVE GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

1. Close the gap
- Between rich and poor. Everyone should have access
2. Raise low water productivity
3. Use fertilizer for more efficient crops
4. Target food for direct consumption
- Kainin lang ang kaya.
5. Reduce food waste

5 IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

1. Economic growth and job creation
- Maraming trabaho but low salary.
2. Poverty reduction
- Mababawasan ang mahirap kung alam ng government kung ano ang dapat
iprioritize
3. Trade opportunities
4. Increase the global security and stability
5. Improve health and healthcare