Diving Into The Depths With The Tiger:

Introduction (Udai Vir Singh):-

The Indian Tiger, also known as the Bengal tiger (scientific name: Panthera tigris tigris) is a
mammal and is very well known as it is recognized as the national tiger of India. The Bengal
tiger in India is found in various different locations, majority of which are protected national
parks such as Ranthambore (in Rajasthan), Corbett (in Uttarakhand), as well as in other states
and parts of India. However one of the most well-known places with a significantly large
population is Kaziranga national park. This park (which is also recognized as a UNESCO
world heritage site) is located in Assam and has an extremely diverse population of various
species which accounts for an equally diverse food web that all of the animals in this park are
involved in. In this paper, we will cover the Bengal Tiger’s presence in Kaziranga National
Park in great detail. Firstly we will discuss the autecology of the Bengal tiger, to get a deeper
and clearer of the species itself. This will include a study of the history of the Bengal tiger
and its evolution, the behavior of the tiger in its natural habitat, and the nutrients it needs to
survive (which in turn will be analyzed through its day-to-day diet). In addition to this, we
will also be taking a close look at the synecology of the Bengal tiger, which would especially
highlight and understand the different relationships it has with the different species in
Kaziranga national park. In this section, we will also take a look at the Bengal Tiger’s
position in the food web, and how this also influences the relationships and interactions it has
with other species in the national park. The third section of this paper will highlight the main
challenges which threaten the Bengal tiger’s existence in Kaziranga National Park, with the
details of each risk, as well as a brief description of the actions being taken by the local
government and by wildlife-protection organizations, and what could be done further to
protect the tiger population in Kaziranga National Park.

Autecology (Himmat Singh Bakshi):-

This first section of the paper will explore not only the Bengal tiger, but 9 other subspecies of
the tiger as well, including factors which must be considered when talking about the
autecology of these animals, such as the morphology. To begin with, what is autecology and
why is it important in today’s day and age? Autecology, also known as species ecology, is the
study of the interactions of an individual or single species with the biotic and abiotic factors
in its environment (Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.). Gathering information with respect to
autecology helps paint a clearer picture of the species being studied. The autecology of the
Bengal tiger, described in the first section, will also be linked to the synecology and
conservation sections as well, in order to gain a holistic understanding of not only the Bengal
tiger subspecies, but the tiger as a whole (Softschools, n.d.).

The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), which is what we will be focusing on in this paper,
occupies the Indian subcontinent, and it is known to live both in semi-desertic zones and the
grasslands where it is wet and cool. The Bengal tiger, otherwise called the Royal Bengal
Tiger or the Indian tiger, is the subspecies with the largest population. The coat of these cats
is helpful for disguise but differs from individual to individual. There are not two Bengal
tigers with the dark stripes organized similarly, yet they make up a uniquely recognizable
pattern, for example, fingerprints for people. The morphology of the Bengal tiger is excellent
and forcing. It is a warm-blooded creature with thick legs, solid teeth and jaws and coat with
the trademark shading design. In such manner, its skin shows a yellow to light orange
shading that in the belly and the inner areas of the legs becomes white or cream. Black, grey,

1|Page
or brown colored stripes run vertically down the entirety of its body before the tail, where
they become rings. There is an uncommon variation of the Bengal tiger. Due to a genetic
change, some exhibit a white coat with dark stripes and blue eyes, but they are not albino
tigers, simply a genetic variation (National Geographic, n.d.).

The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), as its name infers, occupies Siberia in Russia.
The Siberian tiger or Amur tiger is the biggest subspecies and the biggest cat on the planet.
However, examples have only been seen in imprisonment as in the wild the Bengal tiger is
greater. The Siberian tiger built up some physical variations to bear the chilly atmosphere of
its environment, like its thick layer of fat and an exceptionally thick hide, paler and with less
dark stripes compared to different tigers. It has a yellow or reddish skin with dark, narrow,
and broadly isolated dark brown colored stripes. The chest, belly, inner limbs, and the region
around the neck are white. This subspecies is particularly found in eastern Russia, despite the
fact that there is a small population in China that relies upon the development of creatures
crossing the outskirt with Russia. It cannot be confirmed that they occupy North Korean
territory. They occupy high altitudes in taiga and boreal forests. It is a solitary and territorial
tiger, which as a rule marks trees and rocks to mark its territory. This creature is notable for
its capacity and quality, which added to a fearsome notoriety, stir fear among people.
However, the Siberian tiger avoids contact with people, despite the fact that it might struggle
with them on the off chance that they are debilitated, harmed or unfit to hunt regularly.
Unfortunately, the Siberian tiger has faced troublesome times, full of dangers predominantly
from human activities (National Geographic, n.d.).

The Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is local to the island of the same name. It is
smaller than the other species of tigers and has one of the most critical circumstances. The
Sumatran tiger, the rarest and smallest subspecies of every living tiger, faces a major issue of
endurance in a condition loaded with dangers. Regardless of this, it is the main species that
gets by in one of the islands of South Asia, as both the Bali tiger and the Javan tiger are as of
now wiped out. It highlights a thick dark orange coat with thick black stripes that fade as they
are closer to the edges. It has the most obscure hide and with greater thickness of lines
contrasted with different tigers. The Sumatran tiger can be viewed as a survivor. It is
distributed distinctly on the island of Sumatra, which is in Indonesia. The populations occupy
secluded patches of the sea-level forests of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park to the
mountain forests of Gunung Leuser National Park in a variety of habitats. Specimens of this
subspecies have a checked inclination for thick vegetation habitats in the focal point of
forests and keep away from areas involved by people. Consequently, the rate of tigers in the
plantations of rubber and palm oil is scarce. Their natural habitat incorporates high-altitudes
with low precipitations and with vegetation at ground level. The Sumatran tiger has one of
the most serious conditions for endurance (World Wildlife Fund, n.d.).

The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is otherwise called the Chinese tiger and
Xiamen tiger and is considered to be extinct in the wild as there have not been affirmed
sightings in its natural habitat for a very long time. It has a yellowish hide with smaller and
longer stripes than those of the Bengal tiger. Generally, the South China tiger occupied an
immense area of this nation of right around 1,250 miles from East to West and 950 miles
from north to south. Toward the start of the twentieth century it abided in central, eastern and
southern China and Hong Kong, yet by the 1990s there were sightings just in 11 reserves in
the mountainous areas of Fujian, Hunan, and Guangdong. In the wild, the South China tiger
lived in wet forests with thick vegetation and enough water and prey, naturally. Aside from
the mating season, the South China tiger wants to be separated from everyone else than in the

2|Page
company of its peers. However, the territories of the males may overlap. From this point of
view, the South China tiger can be viewed as a practically wiped out creature, since it is
impossible that its quality in the wild, assuming any, can produce genetically diverse
offspring to recover the subspecies. What carried these tigers to such a condition? Poaching
to exchange their skin and other body parts, shortage of prey, degradation, and fragmentation
of their habitat, transformation of land for horticulture or business cultivating (loss of natural
surroundings), and a negative picture with people have been a portion of the conditions that
took this subspecies to the edge of extinction (Meyer, 2013).

The Indochinese (Panther tigris corbetti) or Corbett tiger that once populated majority of
Asia, lives today thanks to conservation efforts. It split from the Malayan tiger and was
thought to be an alternate subspecies in 2004. Its scientific and common name is in honor of
Jim Corbett, a British tracker who later turned into a conservationist. At first glance, it is
fundamentally the same as other tigers, yet a detailed observation of the coat shows a darker
orange tone, almost golden, as well as narrower dark stripes. Nonetheless, the population is
tiny, and there are no new generations registered in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in light of
the fact that the population is likely under 20 adult individuals. It likes the forests of areas
with mountains. It additionally stays in dry forests and tropical and subtropical forests. This
tiger spends the majority of its time on earth alone. It is a lone creature whose friendliness
shows up in mating season. It is additionally to some degree evasive, so it has been
complicated to observe it in nature. Its preference for forests is related to its capacity to hide
and be camouflaged with tall grasses and foliage, and its tendency to occupy mountainous
territories is helpful for hunting the prey adapted to its way of life and nutritional
prerequisites. As majority of the Indochinese Tiger habitat is unexplored, we know less about
this subspecies than other sorts of tigers. They have been compelled to move into the higher
regions of the mountains on the grounds that there are not available territories. Recently,
biologists have been allowed to investigate this tiger in more detail (AZ Animals, 2020).

The Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni) can only be found in Malaysia. A couple of
years prior, it was viewed as a part of the Indochinese tiger, however based on genetic
examinations it was split into an alternate subspecies. This tiger is the most recently
identified subspecies and the national animal of Malaysia. Panthera tigris jacksoni came out
as a subspecies in 2004. Its logical name originates from the tiger preservationist Peter
Jackson, however in the Malay language, it is called Harimau or just Rimau. Obviously, the
Malayan Tigers are more modest than the tigers living in India. Given the brief timeframe
since it is viewed as a subspecies, the information originates from certain examples and is
scarce (AZ Animals, 2020).

The well-known Bali tiger (Panthera tigris balica) is now an extinct subspecies that was
discovered uniquely on the island of Bali in Indonesia. It turned into the first tiger to go
extinct recently and one of three subspecies that make up the tigers of Indonesia. Of the three,
just the Sumatran tiger remains and it is perilously near turning out to be extinct itself. There
was a close connection between the Bali and Javan tigers which were most likely one group
until isolated toward the end of the last ice age when the oceans separated the islands of Bali
and Java. The Bali tiger was the smallest and was about the size of a typical cougar or
panther. Showcasing a short hide that was a dark orange and relatively fewer stripes, the most
distinctive highlights was the bar-type designs on the top of the creature. Their bellies sported
a white hide that truly stood out more than the other tigers as a result of their dark orange fur
on top. The curved line of the Bali tiger helped make it show up smoother than a portion of
its partners. There were various separate reasons that prompted the extinction of the Bali

3|Page
tiger. The generally little size of the island along with the enormous hunting range the tiger
required for food was apparently the most appropriate explanation. Add to this the expansion
in human habitation joined with chasing the tiger helped push it to extinction. On another
note, it must be noticed that the restricted measure of forestation on the island joined with the
moderately little size implied that the number of inhabitants in the Bali tiger was tiny even
before people initially showed up on the island (Strauss, 2019).

Javan Tigers (Panthera tigris sondaica) which were found on the Indonesian island of Java
got extinct somewhere between the 1950s and 1980s. Reasons were similar to the other
different subspecies like territory decimation and unpredictable slaughtering. It is said that
the last tiger was seen in 1979. One of the three subspecies restricted to islands, they were
minuscule in size when compared with different subspecies of the Asian terrain, yet were
bigger than the Bali tigers. Their nose was long and narrow, occipital plane amazingly thin
and carnassials generally long. Their stripes were generally long and slim and were somewhat
more numerous than the Sumatran Tiger. Occasional reports actually surface of enthusiasts
who believe that the tiger actually exists in Java (Tigertribe, n.d.).

Otherwise called the Persian tiger, the Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) was one of the
largest big cats on earth. It was recognizable because of its powerful muscular body, and
staggeringly strong legs. What truly made the Caspian tiger stand apart was the sheer size of
its legs as they were longer than different members from the big cat family. Its paws were
huge, yet its ears were uniquely little and short. In spite of the fact that it had the indisputable
striped tiger markings, its real tone contrasted enormously from different types of tiger. The
Caspian tiger's hide was a gold color, featuring brown stripes, some dark, some light. Its
stomach and chest territory were a light white tone with profound yellow stripes. It was the
furriest of all the tiger species, and throughout the colder time of year to help ensure against
the cool, its hide would turn out to be much thicker. The Caspian tiger was found only south
of the Caspian Sea (thus the name) and was usually found in nations, for example, Iran,
Turkey, Iraq, Mongolia, Georgia, Armenia, and even focal Asia. Its favored environmental
factors were to a greater extent a desert climate close to water sources with with trees,
foliage, bushes, thick grasses, and reeds known as tugai. In the 1970s, the Caspian Tiger was
authoritatively announced as extinct. The principle motivation behind why this tiger became
wiped out was all down to its favored characteristic natural surroundings. Riverine
environments were likewise broadly involved by people, people had a gigantic impact in their
extinction. They were hunted, and immediately lost their territory because of human
settlement, and add to that the way that their prey was additionally hunted and killed by
people, and the Caspian tiger never truly had a chance for success (Sieverson, n.d.).

The Trinil Tiger (Panthera tigris trinilensis) is an extinct subspecies of the tiger dating from
about 1.2 million years back. This tiger was found in the regions of Trinil, Java and
Indonesia. These fossils are currently put away in the Dubois Collection of the National
Museum of Natural History in Leiden, the Netherlands. In spite of the fact that these fossils
have been found on Java, the Trinil Tiger is presumably not an immediate predecessor of the
Javan Tiger. The Trinil Tiger was likely wiped out 50,000 years ago. The Bali tiger was
additionally not linked to the Trinil in light of their time contrasts. Maybe, East Asia was the
center point of the birthplace of Pantherinae. The most established tiger fossils found in the
Early Pleistocene show that around 2,000,000 years back, tigers were at that point very
regular in East Asia. However, the cold and interglacial climatic varieties and other land
functions may have caused geographic changes in the zone. The natural surroundings were
generally a dry open woodland field with shallow streams, and zones of mangroves. As

4|Page
indicated genetic examination, the tigers have essentially vanished toward the end of the
Pleistocene period, maybe, around 10 000-12 000 years ago. The remaining part of the
population lives, presumably, in the region of present-day China. In spite of the fact that the
tigers are considered to be territorial, they have built up certain physical and morphological
properties to adjust to ecological conditions (Dinopedia, n.d.).

Through extensive research into not only various subspecies of the tiger, but the tiger species
as a whole. By studying the autecology of the subspecies examined in this section,
particularly the Bengal tiger, we have gained a more holistic understanding of the tiger, a
look through another lens from a different perspective. Scientific research suggests it is quite
clear to see how the tiger subspecies have adapted to their surroundings, as well as how
certain subspecies have evolved from others. The following section will examine the
synecology of the Bengal tiger, particularly in Kaziranga National Park in Assam, for
example, the different interactions tigers have with different animals, their position in the
food web, and essentially how they are linked to the rest of the community.

Synecology (Udai Vir Singh):-

Synecology, also known as ‘community ecology’, is a subfield of the study of ecology as a
whole (Biology Online, 2018), and focuses on the relationships between different species and
how it may affect the adaptability, strength and chances of survival for a particular species in
a certain area. This paper concerns itself with how the interaction of species in Kaziranga
national park affects the health, survivability, and other factors for the Indian Tiger (scientific
name: Panthera tigris tigris), which is densely populated in this national park. There are
several different types of species interactions involving the Indian Tiger (which will be
discussed below) that affect its health and chances of survival in Kaziranga national forest.

To begin, the first aspect to be understood includes what trophic levels are, and which trophic
level the Indian Tiger is classed at. A trophic level (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019) is the
label used to identify the position of a particular animal in a food chain or food web. The
Indian tiger, in whichever habitat it may live in, is a predator (as was mentioned in the
autecology section) and is always at the top of the food chain, and. However, in larger and
often more diverse ecosystems, there are very often several species which are at the same
trophic level, and have similar food habits. Likewise, the last trophic level in the food web
(which is where top predators are classed) has more than one species. The first type of
species interaction to be looked at is competition, which is a form of a process known as
amensalism. Amensalism (Study.com, 2015) is any relationship between organisms of
different species in which one organism is inhibited or destroyed while the other organism
stays relatively unaffected. Competition being one of the main aspects of amensalism, the
Indian tiger tries to ensure that it is able to capture its resources it needs to survive (such as
food) faster and more efficiently than its other predatorial competition.

In the case of Kaziranga national park, the top trophic level is shared by the Indian tiger
Panthera tigris tigris, two types of leopard species- Panthera pardus fusca (Indian leopard)
as well as Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard), and a few species of the Python snake. While
tigers and snakes do not physically attack each other for food, they are competitive for similar
types of prey (however, as snakes usually feed on considerably smaller types of prey, such as
rodents, rabbits, etc. As a result, this type of competition is less frequent compared to the
competition between the wild cats such as tiger and leopard). As they are all predators, they
all rely on a large population of their prey for them to feed on, and as a result, all three

5|Page
species tend to hunt their prey as quickly and effectively as possible. As in all cases of
competition for food between predators in the wild, all species are usually worse off than they
would’ve been if there was no competition for prey as food, and as a result, all species would
have lower health and chances of survival as their ability to obtain food whenever they need
is reduced.

Typically, wild cats such as tigers and leopards feed on similar types of prey in the wild as a
result of them in the same trophic level of a food web. In Kaziranga national park, there are
several deer species such as sambar, the barking deer and hog deer. Another significant type
of prey to be mentioned is the wild boar. A wild boar (scientific name Sus scrofa)
(Wikipedia, 2014)is a sort of wild pig which is a common target for Bengal tigers in
Kaziranga national park, as they are reasonably sized and run slower than a tiger, so would be
easier to catch than a deer. The population of this herbivorous prey is a very significant factor
which determines the long-term health of the population of tigers in Kaziranga national
forest. The larger the population of prey, the more likely the population of tigers would
flourish as there would be a greater abundance of potential food available for the population.
This will be explained in more detail later.

Another very important species interaction to be considered in relation with the Indian tiger
in Kaziranga national park is the process of scavenging. A scavenger is an organism which
feeds on the rotting carcasses of dead plants and animals (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). This
process is very beneficial for the ecosystem as it allows the recycling of nutrients in the
ecosystem and food web. When tigers die naturally, their bodies are eaten by vultures as
bones would contain protein, which is required by organisms for survival. More commonly in
Kaziranga national park however, dead tiger carcasses are usually digested by
microorganisms which digest the dead matter producing energy.

While these three species interactions encompass the majority of the Indian tiger’s
interactions with other species in Kaziranga national park, a very important aspect of the
synecology of the Indian tiger in Kaziranga national park is its effect on type and amount of
vegetation in the national park. As has been mentioned several times earlier, the Indian tiger
is a predator, and its herbivorous prey is its primary source of food. This eating habit signifies
that since there would be fewer herbivores in the forest, and as a result, more vegetation that
can be found in Kaziranga national park. A higher amount of vegetation would mean that
chances of the land becoming arid and undergoing desertification would significantly
decrease. This positive relationship between plants and the Indian tiger is another example of
how tigers have deep connections and relationships with other organisms which improves its
health, chances of survival and size of the population, not just for itself, but for populations of
organisms at the same and lower trophic levels as well.

One interaction with other species not mentioned so far is the human involvement.
Fortunately, however, all human interaction with the tiger population in Kaziranga national
park involves monitoring the size of the tiger population in order to ensure that it does not
decrease and cause tigers to become a critically endangered species in this national park. This
is done by doing a tiger count periodically. At the same time, government involvement with
the conservationists helps keep a watch against poachers who might try and hunt tigers for its
skin, which is often (but illegally) used to make carpets and jackets, and parts of the tiger is
considered to have medicinal value according to old traditions of some cultures. Therefore,
keeping a constant lookout for poachers is essential. This will be explained in greater detail in
the next section.

6|Page
Despite its extremely large diversity of all types of species, Kaziranga national park is widely
known for its large tiger population and the conservation programs which are run there. In
fact, Kaziranga national park was declared a tiger reserve in 2006 in order to ensure that less
tigers move into the critically endangered and possibly extinct group of species in India. This
move was done to help combat several challenges that conservationists face when trying to
control and monitor the size of tiger populations, and to keep them from any external (mostly
anthropocentric) dangers. The next section is going to explore some of the most prominent
and concerning challenges faced by conservationists, the potential consequences if they are
not addressed, as well as also briefly analyse the success of solutions currently being used by
the government and conservation organisations in Kaziranga national park, as well as suggest
new, possibly more effective ones.

Conservation (Divyam Gautam):-

The motive of this section is to describe the challenges faced today with respect to the
conservation of tigers in Kaziranga national park, situated in Assam, housing more than 115
tigers. The park was established in 1908 and was recognized by the UNESCO as a World
Heritage Place in 1985.

There are grass area and floodplain lakes recognized as ‘Beels’ of Assam. They give them the
perfect habitat for a huge range of society of species. These days they are almost lost or we
can say fallen into the category of endangered species because they have their habitat shorten
down to limited area within the state itself just like the Kaziranga national park. The reserve
has world heritage rights so they have to maintain the legacy of persevering the ecology of
the endangered species. If we talk about the species we can see in Kaziranga national park,
one of the most well-known is the royal Bengal tiger. They are very unique in themselves as
the Bengal tiger is known as one of the most intelligent predators.

Apart from the regular Bengal tiger, a few months back, a golden tiger was also spotted
which is very rare nowadays. The golden tiger is almost extinct as its rare genotype as it is
very hard to find. The golden tiger of Assam is also informally known as ‘Goldie’ (Deccan
Herald, 2020).

It was also printed out by the foreign university Cardiff and national center for biological
science that 93% of the tiger DNA variants date back from British period which now no
longer exist in current tiger populations. Coming to why the golden tiger is so special is what
causes the golden stripes on his body. The yellowish background is controlled by a set of
‘agouti’ genes and the alleles and the black color stripes are controlled by ‘tabby’ gene
suppression and recessive genes lead to the color variation. ‘Agouti’ genes interact with the
pigment cells to produce yellow to red or brown to black expressions. This interaction is
responsible for making distinct light and dark bands in the hairs of animals such as the agouti.
In other species such as horses, it determines what parts of the body are red or black. Here the
same occurs with the tigress - Kazi 106 F. A while back, there was a photo which went viral,
it was about spotting Kazi 106 F (the photo was shot by Mayuresh Kishore and the tweet was
posted by Parveen Kaswan an IAS officer working in field of wildlife he also mentioned that
this is the only documentation of golden tiger. While it has not proven yet, but the official
Twitter profile of Kaziranga national park have tweeted that this tigress has been spotted in
2014, 2016 and in 2018.

7|Page
There are some major reasons why the tiger population is decreasing. This includes the
poaching and illegal trade of tiger parts, loss in habitat, extinction, and conflict with humans.
The tiger parts are in huge demand all over the world in illegal black markets. The
government has banned tiger poaching but the fact is that the several locations where tigers
are found are very remote and it’s therefore hard to keep track and continue monitoring them
but still this initiative by government bought a major impact on declining rate of tigers (WCS,
n.d.).

Tigers have lost their natural habitat over a period of time because their forests have
converted into cities and towns. After this, the tiger population of tigers has dispersed into
several places. Due to this, interbreeding is happening and as a result the special species of
tigers are getting lost. It also increases difficulty to breed with other subspecies and so they
have to breed with the same tiger species, and due to this phenomena, the genotype of the
rare tiger subspecies diminishes.

As discussed earlier, when the habitat is not correct (as it is damaged and lost) it is more
difficult for the tiger to hunt its prey and so this is what makes their general population
reduce. A potential solution to this can be that the government should focus on the strictness
maintain in national parks as we know the Kaziranga national park is a UNESCO heritage
site, signifying that authorities should pay more attention to this cause. In addition, the
government could bring the same species of tigers to a particular region and maintain their
habitat as close as to the real ones.

Many tigers were killed as a result of a conflict with villagers. This situation is mostly
happening in rural areas where villages are glued with tiger territories. In a conflict between
humans and tiger, human life is supposed to get more importance thus tigers get killed for no
significant reason. We can avoid this to the maximum extent if villages get boundaries if they
are close to a national park or a place where there is maximum probability of finding tigers
(Quora research).

There are some challenges which have been overcome by authorities in Kaziranga national
parks, these include:

They have successfully created a natural habitat for tigers. The environment they are willing
to be in is the same species of tigers are now been put together so that there will be better
sense of connectivity among them and the national park is trying their best to ensure they
breed and release more species so that their population (which has been reduced during
earlier years) can be stabilized now.

Another major issue that authorities are now trying to monitor are the moments of tigers
living in Kaziranga national park. The park has disabled any public interaction meaning that
no villager can enter the area. Through this policy, the accidental killing of tigers have been
reduced.

The park is also promoting activities which help create awareness about how we should not
use products made from tiger skin, This helps in improving the people mind sets and this is
reducing the tiger killing for luxury products. Saving the tiger is not only our responsibility
but also our duty as it is our national animal. We have to support the government in their
projects to save them and we should know that when we are demanding something from

8|Page
nature we must also be willing to give something in return. If nature is responsible for our
existence, we must take responsibility for its existence (World Wildlife Fund India, n.d.).

Conclusion (Udai Vir Singh):-

To conclude, in this paper, we have discussed the Bengal tiger in detail, as well as analyzed
the importance of its presence in Kaziranga National Park. In the autecology section, we
looked at the Bengal tiger as an organism with great depth. For example, we analyzed the
behavior of the tiger and analyzed why it does so, and also evaluated the ecological
morphology of the tiger, and the several different sub-species which have evolved over time.
In addition, we looked at the several different locations and the biomes in which the tiger is
found and where different sub-species of tigers are being threatened. In the synecology
section of this paper, we looked at the position of the tiger in the food web of Kaziranga
National Park and how it impacts its relationship with other types of organisms. The
synecology section also describes the different types of species interactions the Bengal tiger
has with other organisms in Kaziranga National Park (such as predation) and also discusses
how the population and interactions of the tiger with its prey could affect the amount of
vegetation and other plants in Kaziranga National Park. Finally, the third section of this paper
has explored the risks which could threaten the existence of the Bengal tiger in Kaziranga
National Park, the challenges faced by conservationists, as well as the current solutions put in
place in order to help combat these threats to the tigers, and mentions potential other
solutions. The Bengal tiger is an extremely well-known animal and it is essential that we
prevent it from becoming critically endangered or even extinct.

9|Page
Bibliography
AZ Animals. 2020. Indochinese Tiger | AZ Animals. [online] Available at: <https://a-z-
animals.com/animals/indochinese-tiger/> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

AZ Animals. 2020. Malayan Tiger | AZ Animals. [online] Available at: <https://a-z-

animals.com/animals/malayan-tiger/> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Biology Online. 2018. Synecology Definition And Examples. [online] Available at:
<https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/synecology> [Accessed 10 October 2020].

Deccan Herald. 2020. India’S Only 'Golden' Tiger Spotted In Assam's Kaziranga National
Park. [online] Available at: <https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-s-only-golden-tiger-
spotted-in-assams-kaziranga-national-park-860334.html> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2020. SCAVENGER | Meaning In The Cambridge English

Dictionary. [online] Available at:
<https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/scavenger> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Dinopedia. n.d. Trinil Tiger. [online] Available at:

<https://dinopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Trinil_Tiger> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Encyclopedia Britannica. n.d. Autecology | Biology. [online] Available at:

<https://www.britannica.com/science/autecology> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. Trophic Level | Definition, Examples, & Facts. [online]
Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/science/trophic-level> [Accessed 12 October 2020].

En.wikipedia.org. 2014. Wild Boar. [online] Available at:

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar#cite_note-heptner1988-3> [Accessed 12 October
2020].

Meyer, A., 2013. The South China Tiger. [online] Tigers.org.za. Available at:
<https://www.tigers.org.za/south-china-tiger.html> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

National Geographic. n.d. Bengal Tiger. [online] Available at:

<https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/b/bengal-tiger/> [Accessed 29
October 2020].

National Geographic. n.d. Siberian Tiger. [online] Available at:

<https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/s/siberian-tiger/> [Accessed 29
October 2020].

Sieverson, D., n.d. Caspian Tiger: Lesson For Kids. [online] Study.com. Available at:
<https://study.com/academy/lesson/caspian-tiger-lesson-for-kids.html> [Accessed 29 October
2020].

Softschools.com. n.d. Autecology - Branches Of Biology. [online] Available at:

<https://www.softschools.com/science/biology/branches_of_biology/autecology/#:~:text=This
%20is%20because%20when%20they,stop%20overpopulation%20and%20climate
%20change.> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Strauss, B., 2019. The Bali Tiger - Facts And Figures. [online] ThoughtCo. Available at:
<https://www.thoughtco.com/bali-tiger-1093052> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

Study.com. 2015. Amensalism: Examples & Definition. [online] Available at:

<https://study.com/academy/lesson/amensalism-examples-definition-quiz.html> [Accessed 13
October 2020].

10 | P a g e
 Tigertribe.net. n.d. Javan Tiger – Tigers And Other Wild Cats. [online] Available at:
<https://tigertribe.net/tigers-origin/extinct-subspecies-balinese-tiger/javan-tiger/> [Accessed
29 October 2020].

Wcs.org. n.d. Tigers - WCS.Org. [online] Available at:

<https://www.wcs.org/our-work/species/tigers> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

World Wildlife Fund. n.d. Sunda Tiger | Species | WWF. [online] Available at:
<https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sunda-tiger> [Accessed 29 October 2020].

World Wildlife Fund India. n.d. What Can You Do To Save The Tiger?. [online] Available at:
<https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/priority_species/bengal_tiger/what_you_can_do/>
[Accessed 29 October 2020].

11 | P a g e