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Complete Problem Sheet On Heat Transfer by JS GILL

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408 views142 pages

Complete Problem Sheet On Heat Transfer by JS GILL

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anmol kumar

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Complete Problem

Sheet on
Heat Transfer

By J S GILL
Top Educator on Unacademy
Ex. BARC Scientist,
Ex. Made Easy faculty
Ex. Next IAS faculty
Prepared By : Jitendra Singh Gill (Top educator on UNACADEMY, Ex- Scientific Officer BARC, Ex-Faculty
member MADE EASY and NEXT IAS ), for GATE/ESE Aspirants

1. Basics of heat transfer

Q1. The process of heat transfer from one particle of the body to another without the actual motion of
the particle, is known as ___________.

(a) Conduction (b) Convection

1. Conduction heat transfer does not require bulk motion of material medium.
2. Convection heat transfer does not require bulk motion of material medium.
3. Both Conduction and Convection heat transfer requires material medium.
4. Radiation heat transfer does not require material medium.
Which of the above statement is false?

(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
Q3. Which of the following case has highest value of convective heat transfer coefficient?

(a) Boiling and condensation (b) Forced convection of liquids

(c) Forced convection of gases (d) Free convection of gases
Q4. Which of the following statement are true?
1. In solid, conduction is due to combination of lattice vibration & energy transport due to free
electron.
2. In Gases & Liquids, conduction is mainly due to molecular collision & molecular diffusion
3. Conduction takes place in solid, liquid & gas
4. Conduction takes place only in solids.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) All are True
Q5. The energy of Sun reaches the earth by
(a) Conduction & Radiation (b) Convection & Radiation
(c) Conduction, Convection & Radiation (d) Radiation only
Q6. Heat transfer takes place according to

(a) Zeroth Law of thermodynamics (b) First law of the thermodynamics

Follow on :
Unacademy : https://unacademy.com/@JSGILLME
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/JSGILLMADEEASY
Telegram channel : https://t.me/JSGILL_ME
Prepared By : Jitendra Singh Gill (Top educator on UNACADEMY, Ex- Scientific Officer BARC, Ex-Faculty
member MADE EASY and NEXT IAS ), for GATE/ESE Aspirants

2. Fourier law of heat conduction

Q1. Which equation below is used to determine the heat flux for conduction?
𝑑𝑇 (𝑏) − 𝑘(∇𝑇)
(𝑎) − 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
(𝑐) ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑑) 𝜎 ∈ 𝑇

Q2. Heat transfer rate is

(a) Scalar Quantity (b) Vector Quantity
(c) Second order tensor (d) None of the above
Q3. Heat flux vector at a point 𝑃 on the isothermal surface of medium

(a) perpendicular to isothermal surface

(b) parallel to isothermal surface
(c) can be inclined at any angle from isothermal surface.
(d) none of the above

Q4. Consider heat transfer through windowless wall of a house on a winter day. The parameter affects
the rate of heat conduction through the wall.

(a) Material of wall (b) Temperature difference across the wall

Q5. Consider a plane wall 100 mm thick and of thermal conductivity 100 𝑊/𝑚 · 𝐾. Steady-state conditions
are known to exist with T1 = 400 K and T2 = 600 K. Determine the heat flux 𝑞 and the temperature
gradient 𝑑𝑡/𝑑𝑥 for the coordinate systems shown.

Q6. In an equation of Fourier law of heat conduction, heat flow through a body per time is 𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 ,
the negative sign of k in this equation is to take care of

(a) Decreasing temperature along the direction of increasing thickness

(b) Increasing temperature along the direction of increasing thickness
(c) Constant temperature along the direction with constant thickness
(d) All the above

Q7. Consider the following statements:

The Fourier heat conduction equation 𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 Pressures

1. Steady-state conditions
2. Constant value of thermal conductivity
3. Uniform temperatures at the wall surfaces
4. one -dimensional heat flow.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1. 2 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4

3. Thermal conductivity and its temperature dependence

Q1. Consider the following statements.

1. Thermal conductivity of material is measure of the ability to conduct heat.

2. high value of thermal conductivity indicates that material is good conductor of heat.
3. Diamond has highest thermal conductivity at room temperature.
4. In solids heat conduction due to molecular collision and molecular diffusion.

Which of the above statement is false?

(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
Q2. Diamond sinks are used in cooling of sensitive electronic components

(a) Diamond prices are high (b) It is good heat conductor but poor electrical conductor.
(c) It is a crystalline solid. (d) None of the above

Q3. In pure metals the heat conduction is mainly due to

(a) Flow of electrons (b) Lattice vibrations

(c) Molecular collisions (d) Molecular diffusion
Q4. Liquid metals such as sodium is widely used in nuclear power plants because of

(a) High viscosity (b) High molecular weight

Q5. Due to which of the following reasons most metals are good conductors of heat?

(a) Migration of neutrons from hot end to cold end.

(b) Energy transport due to molecular vibration.
(c) Lattice defects
(d) Presence of may free electrons and frequent collision of atoms.

Q6. ______________ is expected to have highest thermal conductivity.

(a) Water (b) Melting ice

(c) Solid ice (d) Steam
Q7. Consider the following statements about thermal conductivity
1. Thermal conductivity decreases with increasing molecular weight
2. Thermal conductivity of non-metallic liquids generally decreases with increasing temperature
3. Thermal conductivity of gases and liquids is generally smaller than that of solids

Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Q8. Thermal conductivity is lower for

(a) wood (b) air

(c) water at 100 0C (d) steam at 1 bar
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟎 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌]
Q9. As the temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of a gas
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) increases up to a certain temperature and then decreases

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌, 𝑺𝒆𝒕 − 𝟒]

Q10. Which of the followings are better conductor of heat
(a) Diamond (b) Silver
(c) Copper (d) Air

4. Heat conduction equation

Q1. The relation ∇ 𝑇 = 0 is referred to as _______________ equation.

(a) Poisson’s (b) Laplace

(c) Fourier heat conduction (d) None of the above
Q2. One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat generation at the rate
of ‘q’ can be written
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞 1 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞 1 𝜕𝑇
(𝑎) 𝑟 + = (𝑏) 𝑟 + =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝑇 𝑞 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑞 1 𝜕𝑇
(𝑐) + = (𝑑) (𝑟𝑇) + =
𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌]
Q3. In a case of one-dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant properties, 𝑇 is the

temperature at position 𝑥, at time 𝑡. Then is proportional to

𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑎) (𝑏)
𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇
(𝑐) (𝑑)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝟏]
Q4. Consider a medium in which heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form as
𝜕 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑘
= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 =
𝜕𝑥 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝑐
Select the correct statement
(a) Steady state heat transfer
(b) Two-dimensional heat transfer
(c) Volumetric heat generation in the medium
(d) Thermal conductivity of medium is constant

Q5. Consider a medium in which heat conduction equation in given in its simplest form as
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑘
𝑟 ∙ = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝑐
Select the correct statement
(a) Transient heat transfer
(b) 3d heat transfer
(c) Volumetric heat generation in medium
(d) Variable thermal conductivity of medium

Q6. Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form as

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 ∙ + =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Select the correct statement

(a) Steady state heat transfer (b) variable thermal conductivity

(c) 2d heat transfer (d) Volumetric heat generation in medium
Q7. The Poisson’s equation of general conduction heat transfer applies to the case

(a) Steady state heat conduction with heat generation

(b) Steady state heat conduction without heat generation
(c) Unsteady state heat conduction without heat generation
(d) Unsteady state heat conduction with heat generation

5. Boundary conditions
Q1. Temperature profile in a medium must be perpendicular to an insulated surface because

(a) temperature at insulated surface is zero.

(b) Heat flux at insulated surface is zero.
(c) temperature of the insulated surface will rise contentiously.
(d) None of the above
Q2. At insulated surface
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑎) =0 (𝑏) ≠0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(𝑐) 𝑇 = 0 (𝑑) 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Q3. An apple of radius R is losing heat steadily and uniformly from its outer surface to the ambient air at
temperature 𝑇 with a convection coefficient of ℎ and to the surrounding surfaces at temperature
𝑇 (all temperatures are absolute temperatures). Also, heat is generated within the apple
uniformly at a rate of 𝑒̇ per unit volume. If 𝑇 denotes the outer surface temperature, the
boundary condition at the outer surface of the apple can be expressed as
𝑑𝑇
(𝑎) − 𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇
(𝑏) − 𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝑒̇
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇
(𝑐) 𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 4𝜋 𝑅 ⁄3
(𝑑) 𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )+ 𝑒̇
𝑑𝑟 4𝜋𝑅
Q4. A plane wall of thickness L is subjected to convection at both surfaces with ambient temperature 𝑇
and heat transfer coefficient ℎ at inner surface, and corresponding 𝑇 and ℎ values at the outer
surface. Taking the positive direction of 𝑥 to be from the inner surface to the outer surface, the
correct expression for the convection boundary condition is
𝑑𝑇(0) 𝑑𝑇(𝐿)
(𝑎) 𝑘 = ℎ [𝑇(0) − 𝑇 ] (𝑏) 𝑘 = ℎ [𝑇(𝐿) − 𝑇 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇(0) 𝑑𝑇(𝐿)
(𝑐) − 𝑘 = ℎ [𝑇 − 𝑇 ] (𝑑) − 𝑘 = ℎ [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Q5. The conduction equation boundary condition for an adiabatic surface with direction 𝑛 being normal
to the surface is

(𝑎) 𝑇 = 0 (𝑏) 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑛 = 0

(𝑐) 𝑑 𝑇/𝑑𝑛 = 0 (𝑑) 𝑑 𝑇/𝑑𝑛 = 0

Q6. Select the wrong statement for Dirichlet boundary condition

(a) It is also known as boundary condition of first kind.
(b) It can be realized when surface is in contact with melting solid or a boiling liquid i.e., phase change
process.
(c) It is also known as specified temperature boundary condition.
(d) It is also known as constant heat flux boundary condition.

Q7. Select the wrong statement for Neumann boundary condition

(a) It is also known as a constant heat flux boundary condition.

(b) It is also known as bonding condition of second kind.
(c) It may be realized by boundary small electric resistance heater to the surface.
(d) It is also known as specified temperature boundary condition.

Q8. Consider a Insulated surface in conduction analysis and select the wrong statement.

(a) It can be treated as surface with non-zero heat flux.

(b) It can be treated as surface with zero heat flux.
(c) Temperature gradient in the direction normal to surface is zero.
(d) Temperature function must be perpendicular to insulated surface.

6. Steady state heat conduction without volumetric heat generation

Q1. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Consider the base plate of an 80)0 W household iron with a thickness of 𝐿 = 0.6 𝑐𝑚, base
area of 𝐴 = 160 𝑐𝑚 , and thermal conductivity of 𝑘 = 20 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃. The inner surface of the base
plate is subjected to uniform heat flux generated by the resistance heaters inside. When steady
operating conditions are reached. The outer surface temperature of the plate is measured to be
85 ℃. Disregarding any heat loss through the upper part of the iron.

(a) The governing differential equation for steady one-dimensional heat conduction through the plate
2
𝜕 𝑇
is = 0.
𝜕𝑥2
(b) The variation of temperature in the base plate is

𝑇(𝑥) = 85 + 2500(0.006 − 𝑥) 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑖𝑛 (℃),

(c) The inner surface temperature is 100 ℃

(d) The inner surface temperature is 120 ℃

Q2. Consider a 5-m high, 8-m long, and 0.22 m thick wall whose representative cross-section is a given in
the figure. The thermal conductivities of various materials used, in 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, are 𝑘 = 𝑘 =
2, 𝑘 = 8, 𝑘 = 20, 𝑘 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 35. The left and right surfaces of the wall are maintained
at uniform temperatures of 300 ℃ and 100 ℃, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall
to be one-dimensional, determine

(a) the rate of heat transfer through the wall

(b) the temperature at the point where the sections B, D, and E meet
(c) the temperature drop across the section F. Disregard any contact resistances at the interfaces.

Q3. Using thermal-electrical analogy in heat transfer, match 𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰 (𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔) and
𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰𝑰 (𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists:

𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰 (𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔) 𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰𝑰 (𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔)

A. Voltage 1. Thermal resistance
B. Current 2. Thermal capacity
C. Resistance 3. Heat flow
D. Capacitance 4. Temperature
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 4
(b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 2 1 3 4
(d) 4 3 1 2
[𝑬𝑺𝑬: 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐]
Q4. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the wall as shown in the figure below is

𝑘 +𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
(𝑎) (𝑏)
2 𝑘 +𝑘
2𝑘 𝑘 (𝑑) 𝑘 𝑘
(𝑐)
𝑘 +𝑘
[𝑬𝑺𝑬: 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]

Q5. Consider a large plane wall of thickness L, thermal conductivity 𝑘, and surface area 𝐴. The left surface
of the wall is exposed to the ambient air at 𝑇 with a heat transfer coefficient of ℎ while the right
surface is insulated. The variation of temperature in the wall for steady one-dimensional heat
conduction with no heat generation is
ℎ(𝐿 − 𝑥) 𝑘
(𝑎) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 (𝑏) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇
𝑘 ℎ(𝑥 + 0.5𝐿)
Q6. The equivalent thermal resistance for the thermal circuit shown here is

(𝑎) 𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅 𝑅
(𝑏) 𝑅 𝑅 + +𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 1
(𝑐) + +
𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
(𝑑) + +𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖
A steam pipe (𝑘 = 45 𝑊/𝑚℃) having 70 mm inside diameter and 85 mm outside diameter is lagged with
two insulation layers; the layer in contact with the pipe is 35 mm asbestos (𝑘 = 0.15 𝑊/𝑚℃) and it is
covered with 25 mm thick magnesia insulation (𝑘 = 0.075 𝑊/𝑚℃). The heat transfer coefficients for the
inside and outside surfaces are 220 𝑊/𝑚 ℃ and 6.5 𝑊/𝑚 ℃ respectively. If the temperature of steam
is 350 ℃ and the ambient temperature is 30 ℃.

Q7. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside surface of steam pipe ______________.

Q8. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface of steam pipe ______________.

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟎

A stainless steel (AISI 304) ( 𝑘 = 14.4 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ) tube is used to transport a chilled pharmaceutical has
an inner diameter of 36 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. the pharmaceutical and ambient air are at
temperatures of 6 0C and 23 0C, respectively, while the corresponding inner and outer convection
coefficients are 400 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 6 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 , respectively.

Q9. What is the heat gain per unit tube length?

(a) 35.6 W/m (b) 45.6 W/m

(c) 12.6 W/m (d) 70.6 W/m
Q10. What is the heat gain per unit length if a 10 mm thick layer of calcium silicate insulation
(𝑘 = 0.050 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ) is applied to the tube?

(a) 7.7 W/m (b) 17.7 W/m

(c) 27.7 W/m (d) 37.7 W/m
Q11.The composite wall of an oven consists of three materials, two of which are of known thermal
conductivity, 𝑘 = 20 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 50 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, and known thickness, 𝐿 =
0.30 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 0.15 𝑚. The third material, B, which is sandwiched between materials A and C, is
of known thickness, 𝐿 = 0.15 𝑚, but unknown thermal conductivity 𝑘 . Under steady -state
operating conditions, measurements reveal and outer surface temperature of 𝑇 , = 20 ℃, an inner
surface temperature of 𝑇 , = 600 ℃, and an over air temperature of 𝑇 800 ℃. The insider
convection coefficient ℎ is known to be 25 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. What is the value of 𝑘 ______________?

Q12. A plane wall has a thermal conductivity of 1.15 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾. If the inner surface is at 1100 0C and the
outer surface is at 350 0C, then the design thickness (in meter) of the wall to maintain a steady heat
flux of 2500 𝑊⁄𝑚2 should be .

Q13. Heat transfer through a composite wall is shown in figure. Both the sections of the wall have equal
thickness (𝑙). The conductivity of one section is 𝑘 and that of the other is 2𝑘. The left face of the
wall is at 600 K and the right face is at 300 K.

The interface temperature 𝑇𝑖 (𝑖𝑛 𝐾) of the composite wall is .

Q14. For a given heat flow and for the same thickness, the temperature drop across the material will
be maximum for

(a) Copper (b) Steel

(c) Glass wool (d) Refractory brick
Q15. Consider a long cylindrical tube of inner and outer radii, 𝑟 and 𝑟 , respectively, length 𝐿 and thermal
conductivity, 𝑘. Its inner and outer surfaces are maintained at 𝑇 and 𝑇 , respectively (𝑇 > 𝑇 ).
Assuming one-dimensional steady heat conduction in the radial direction, the thermal resistance in
the wall of the tube is
1 𝑟 𝐿
(𝑎) 𝑙𝑛 (𝑏)
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 𝑘
1 𝑟 1 𝑟
(𝑐) 𝑙𝑛 (𝑑) 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝑟 4𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝑟

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌, 𝑺𝒆𝒕 − 𝟑]

Q16. A plane wall has a thermal conductivity of 1.15 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾. If the inner surface is at 1100 0C and the
outer surface is at 350 0C, then the design thickness (in meter) of the wall to maintain a steady heat
flux of 2500 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 should be ____________.

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔, 𝑺𝒆𝒕 − 𝟒]

Q17. Heat transfer through a composite wall is shown in figure. Both the sections of the wall have equal
thickness (𝑙). The conductivity of one section is 𝑘 and that of the other is 2𝑘. The left face of the wall
is at 600 K and the right face is at 300 K.

The interface temperature 𝑇 (𝑖𝑛 𝐾) of the composite wall is ________.

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔, 𝑺𝒆𝒕 − 𝟑]
Q18. A material 𝑃 of thickness 1 𝑚𝑚 is sandwiched between two steel slabs, as shown in the figure below.
A heat flux 10 𝑘𝑊⁄𝑚 is supplied to one of the steel slabs as shown. The boundary temperatures of
the slabs are indicated in the figure. Assume thermal conductivity of this steel is 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾.
Considering one-dimensional steady state heat conduction for the configuration, the thermal
conductivity (𝑘, 𝑖𝑛 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾) of material 𝑃 is _________________.

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔, 𝑺𝒆𝒕 − 𝟐]

Q19. For a given heat flow and for the same thickness, the temperature drop across the material will be
maximum for

(a) Copper (b) Steel

Q20. Consider one dimensional steady state heat conduction across a wall (as shown in figure below) of
thickness 30 mm and thermal conductivity 15 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾 . At 𝑥 = 0, a constant heat flux, 𝑞 =
1 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 is applied. On the other side of the wall, heat is removed from the wall by convection
with a fluid at 25 0C and heat transfer coefficient of 250 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . 𝐾 . The temperature (𝑖𝑛 ℃), at 𝑥 =
0 is _____________.

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔, 𝑺𝒆𝒕 − 𝟏]

Q21. Steady two-dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in the figure below. The
normal temperature gradients over surface P and Q can be considered to be uniform. The
𝜕𝑇
temperature gradient at surface Q is equal to 10 𝐾/𝑚. Surface 𝑃 and 𝑄 are maintained at constant
temperatures as shown in the figure, while the remaining part of the boundary is insulated. The body
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
has a constant thermal conductivity of 0.1 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾 . The values of and at surface 𝑃 are

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑎) = 20 𝐾 ⁄𝑚 , = 0 𝐾 ⁄𝑚 (𝑏) = 0 𝐾 ⁄𝑚 , = 10 𝐾 ⁄𝑚
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑐) = 10 𝐾 ⁄𝑚 , = 10 𝐾 ⁄𝑚 (𝑑) = 0 𝐾 ⁄𝑚 , = 20 𝐾 ⁄𝑚
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]
Q22. A Stainless-steel tube(𝑘 = 19 𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝐾 ) of 2 cm ID and 5 cm OD in insulated with 3 cm thick
asbestos (𝑘 = 0.2 𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝐾 ). If the temperature difference between the inner most and outermost
surfaces is 600 ℃, the heat transfer rate per unit length is

(a) 0.94 W/m (b) 9.44 W/m

(c) 944.72 W/m (d) 9447.21 W/m
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]
Q23. Heat flows through a composite slab, as shown below. The depth of the slab is 1 m. The 𝑘 values are
in 𝑊/𝑚𝑘. The overall thermal resistance in 𝐾/𝑊 is

(a) 17.2 (b) 21.9

Q24. The temp variation under steady heat conduction across a composite slab of two materials with
thermal conductivities 𝐾 and 𝐾 is shown in figure then, which one of the following statements
holds?

(𝑎) 𝐾 > 𝐾 (𝑏) 𝐾 = 𝐾

(𝑐) 𝐾 = 0 (𝑑) 𝐾 < 𝐾
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔, ]
Q25. In a composite slab, the temperature at the interface (𝑇 ) between two materials is equal to the
average of the temperature at the two ends. Assuming steady one-dimensional heat conduction,
which of the following statements is true about the respective thermal conductivities?

(𝑎) 2𝐾 = 𝐾 (𝑏) 𝐾 = 𝐾
(𝑐) 2𝐾 = 3𝐾 (𝑑) 𝐾 = 2𝐾
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌]
Q26. A long glass cylinder of inner diameter = 0.03 m and outer diameter = 0.05 m carries hot fluid inside.
If the thermal conductivity of glass = 1.05 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, the thermal resistance (𝐾/𝑊) per unit length of
the cylinder is

(a) 0.031 (b) 0.077

Q27. Consider steady one-dimensional heat conduction through a plane wall, a cylindrical shell, and a
spherical shell of uniform thickness with constant thermophysical properties and no thermal energy
generation. The geometry in which the variation of temperature in the direction of heat transfer will
be linear is

(a) Plane wall (b) cylindrical shell

(c) spherical shell (d) all of them
Q28. The temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces of a 15 cm thick plane wall are measured to be 40
0
C and 28 0C, respectively. The expression for steady, one-dimensional variation of temperature in the
wall is
(𝑎) 𝑇(𝑥) = 28𝑥 + 40 (𝑏) 𝑇(𝑥) = −40𝑥 + 28
(𝑐) 𝑇(𝑥) = 40𝑥 + 08 (𝑑) 𝑇(𝑥) = −80𝑥 + 40
Q29. Consider steady-state conditions for one-dimensional conduction in a plane wall having a thermal
conductivity k = 50 𝑊/𝑚 · 𝐾 and a thickness L = 0.25 m, with no internal heat generation.

Determine the heat flux and the unknown quantity for each case and sketch the temperature
distribution, indicating the direction of the heat flux.

Case T1 (0C) T2 (0C) 𝒅𝑻/𝒅𝒙 (𝑲/𝒎)

1 50 - 20
2 - 30 - 10
3 70 160
4 40 - 80
5 30 200

Q30. In the two-dimensional body illustrated, the gradient at surface A is found to be ∂T ∂y = 30 𝐾 𝑚.

What are ∂T ∂y and ∂T ∂x at surface B?

Q31. A well machined steel plate of thickness L is kept such that the wall temperature is 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 as seen
in the figure below. A smooth copper plate of the same thickness L is now attached to the steel plate
without any gap as indicated in the figure below. The temperature at the interface is 𝑇 . The
temperatures of the outer walls are still the same 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 . The heat transfer rates ae 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 per
unit area in the two cases respectively in the direction shown. Which of the following statements is
correct?

(a) 𝑇 > 𝑇 > 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 < 𝑞 (b) 𝑇 < 𝑇 < 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 𝑞

(c) 𝑇 = (𝑇 + 𝑇 )⁄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 > 𝑞 (d) 𝑇 < (𝑇 + 𝑇 )⁄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 > 𝑞

Q32. Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.3 m, thermal conductivity k = 2.5 W/m· 0C, and surface
area A = 12 m2. The left side of the wall at x = 0 is subjected to a net heat flux of 𝑞̇ = 700 W/m2 while
the temperature at that surface is measured to be T1 = 800C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity
and no heat generation in the wall,

The temperature of the right surface of the wall at x = L is __________________ 0C.

Q33. A composite wall of a furnace has 3 layers of equal thickness having thermal conductivities in the
ratio of 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 4. What will be the temperature drop ratio across the three respectively layers?

(a) 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 4 (b) 4 ∶ 2 ∶ 1
(c) 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 (d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔4: 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ∶ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1

Q34. A composite wall separates combustion gases at 2600 0C from a liquid coolant at 1000C, with gas- and
liquid-side convection coefficients of 50 and 1000 W/m 2·K. The wall is composed of a 10-mm-thick
layer of beryllium oxide on the gas side and a 20-mm-thick slab of stainless steel (AISI 304) on the
liquid side. The contact resistance between the oxide and the steel is 0.05 m 2·K/W. What is the heat
loss per unit surface area of the composite? Sketch the temperature distribution from the gas to the
liquid.

7. Variable area problem

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐
The diagram shows a conical section fabricated from pyroceram (𝑘 = 3.46 𝑊/𝑚𝐾). It is of circular cross
section with the diameter 𝐷 = 𝑎𝑥 where 𝑎 = 0.25. The small end is at 𝑥 = 50 𝑚𝑚 and the large end at
𝑥 = 250 𝑚𝑚. The end temperatures are 𝑇 = 400 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 600𝐾, while the lateral surface is well
insulated

Q1. An expression for the temperature distribution 𝑇(𝑥) assuming one-dimensional conditions.
12.51 12.51
(𝑎) 𝑇 = 650 − (𝑏) 𝑇 = 450 −
𝑥 𝑥
22.51 2.51
(𝑐) 𝑇 = 650 − (𝑑) 𝑇 = 750 −
𝑥 𝑥
Q2. The heat rate 𝑞 through the cone.

(𝑎) − 5.12 𝑊 (𝑏) − 2.12 𝑊

(𝑐) 2.12 𝑊 (𝑑) 5.12 𝑊
The diagram shows a conical section fabricated from pure aluminum 𝑘 = 236 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾). It is of circular
cross section having diameter 𝐷 = 𝑎𝑥 / , where 𝑎 = 0.5 𝑚 / . The small end is located at 𝑥 = 25 𝑚𝑚
and the large end at 𝑥 = 125 𝑚𝑚. The end temperatures are 𝑇 = 600 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 400 𝐾. While the
lateral surface is well insulated.

Q3. An expression for the temperature distribution 𝑇(𝑥) in symbolic form, assuming one-dimensional
conditions.
ln(𝑥/𝑥 ) ln(𝑥/𝑥 )
(𝑎) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑏) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + 𝑇
ln(𝑥/𝑥 ) ln(𝑥 /𝑥 )

ln(𝑥/𝑥 ) (𝑑) 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒

(𝑐) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
ln(𝑥 /𝑥 )

Q4. The heat transfer rate 𝑞 is

(𝑎) 9.76 𝑘𝑊 (𝑏) 10.76 𝑘𝑊

(𝑐) 1 5.76 𝑘𝑊 (𝑑) 5.76 𝑘𝑊

Answer: (d)

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟔

Heat flow due to conduction in a circular conical rod with diameter at any section given by 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑥 where
𝑥 is the distance measured from apex of the cone and 𝑐 is a certain numerical constant. Assuming that
lateral surface is well insulated, there is no internal heat generation and heat flow takes place under
steady state conditions.

Q5. An expression for the temperature distribution 𝑇(𝑥) in symbolic form, assuming one-dimensional
conditions.
1 1 ln(𝑥/𝑥 )
− (𝑏) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + 𝑇
𝑥 𝑥 ln(𝑥 /𝑥 )
(𝑎) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
1 1
−
𝑥 𝑥
ln(𝑥/𝑥 ) (𝑑) 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒
(𝑐) 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇 + (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
ln(𝑥 /𝑥 )

Q6. The heat flow rate if the smaller and longer ends are located at 𝑥 = 50 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑥 = 250 𝑚𝑚 and
have temperatures 400 ℃ and 200 ℃ respectively. Take: 𝑐 = 0.22 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 3.6 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃

(𝑎) 5.7 𝑊 (𝑏) 10.7 𝑊

(𝑐) 1.7 𝑊 (𝑑) 21.7 𝑊
Q7. Assume stead-state, one-dimensional heat conduction through the symmetric shape shown.

Assuming that three is no internal heat generation, An expression for the thermal conductivity 𝑘(𝑥)
for these conditions. 𝐴(𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥), 𝑇(𝑥) = 300(1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 ), and 𝑞 = 6000 𝑊, where 𝐴 is a
square metre, 𝑇 in kelvins, and 𝑥 in meters.
20 60
(𝑎) (𝑏)
(1 − 𝑥)(2 + 3𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥)(2 + 3𝑥 )
20 20
(𝑐) (𝑑)
(1 − 𝑥)(2 − 3𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥)(2 + 3𝑥 )

8. Variable thermal conductivity problem

Q1. Consider a 1.5-m-high and 0.6-m-wide plate whose thickness is 0.15 m. One side of the plate is
maintained at a constant temperature of 500 K while the other side is maintained at 350 K. The
thermal conductivity of the plate can be assumed to vary linearly in that temperature range as
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑘 (1 + 𝛽𝑇) where 𝑘 = 25 𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 8.7 × 10 𝐾 . Assuming steady one-
dimensional heat transfer. The rate of heat conduction through the plate is

(𝑎) 50.8 𝑘𝑊 (𝑏) 30.8 𝑘𝑊

(𝑐) 70.8 𝑘𝑊 (𝑑) 90.8 𝑘𝑊
Q2. The rate of heat transfer per 𝑚 of surface area of furnaces wall ( Which can be approximated as
plane slab) when the thermal conductivity varies with temperature according to the relation 𝑘 =
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 ) 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℃ and 𝐿 = 0.2 𝑚, 𝑡 = 300 ℃, 𝑡 = 30 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
0.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 5 × 10 ________________________.

Q3. A thick wall copper cylinder has an inside radius of 1 cm and an outside radius of 2 cm. The inner and
outer surfaces are held at 310 ℃ and 290 ℃ respectively. Assume 𝑘 varies with temperature as

𝑘(𝑊/𝑚𝐾) = 37.9[1 − 9.25 × 10 (𝑇 − 150)]

The heat loss per unit length is

(𝑎) 96.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚 (𝑏) 86.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚

(𝑐) 46.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚 (𝑑) 66.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚
Q4. The heat loss per square meter surface area of a 40 cm thick furnace wall having surface temperatures
of 300 ℃ and 50 ℃ if the thermal conductivity 𝑘 of the wall material is given by

𝑘 = 0.005𝑇 − 5 × 10 𝑇 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 ℃

(𝑎) 635 𝑊/𝑚 (𝑏) 935 𝑊/𝑚
(𝑐) 435 𝑊/𝑚 (𝑑) 735 𝑊/𝑚
Q5. The surfaces of a plane wall of thickness 𝐿 are maintained at temperatures 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 . The thermal
conductivity of wall material varies according to the relation 𝐾 = 𝐾 𝑇 . The expression of steady
state conduction through the wall
𝐾 𝐾𝐴
(𝑎) (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑏) (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
3𝐿 6𝐿

𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝐴
(𝑐) (𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑇 ) (𝑑) (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
3𝐿 3𝐿

Q6. To determine the effect of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity on the
temperature distribution in a solid, consider a material for which this dependence may be
represented as 𝑘 = 𝑘 + 𝑎𝑇 where 𝑘 is a positive constant and 𝑎 is a coefficient that may be positive
or negative. Sketch the steady-state temperature distribution associated with heat transfer in a plane
wall for three cases corresponding to 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 < 0.

9. Steady heat conduction with volumetric heat generation

Q1. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity 25 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 having uniform
volumetric heat generation of 0.3 𝑀𝑊 ⁄𝑚 is insulated on one side, while the other side is exposed
to a fluid at 92 ℃. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is
500 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. Determine the maximum temperature in the wall.

(a) The maximum temperature in the plane wall is 212℃

(b) The minimum temperature in the plane wall is 152 ℃
(c) The maximum temperature in the plane wall is 312℃
(d) The minimum temperature in the plane wall is 252 ℃
Q2. Radioactive wastes are packed in a thin-walled spherical container. The wastes generate thermal
energy nonuniformly according to the relation 𝑞̇ = 𝑞̇ [1 − (𝑟⁄𝑟 ) ] where, 𝑞̇ is the local rate of
energy generation per unit volume, 𝑞̇ is constant,𝑟 is the radius of the container. Steady-state
conditions are maintained by submerging the container in a liquid that is at 𝑇 and provides a
uniform convection coefficient ℎ.

Determine the temperature distribution 𝑇(𝑟), in the container. Express your result in terms of
𝑞̇ , 𝑟 , 𝑇 , ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 the thermal conductivity k of the radioactive wastes.
Q3. Consider a large 5 cm thick brass plate (𝑘 = 111 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃) in which heat is generated uniformly at
a rate of 2 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . One side of the plate is insulated while the other side is exposed to an
environment at 25 ℃ with a heat transfer coefficient of 44 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃.

(a) The highest temperature in the plate is ______________.

(b) The lowest temperature in the plate is ______________.

Q4. In a nuclear reactor, 1-cm-diameter cylindrical uranium rods cooled by water from outside serve as
the fuel. Heat is generated uniformly in the rods (k = 29.5 W/m·0C) at a rate of 7 x 107
W/m3. If the outer surface temperature of rods is 175 0C, determine the temperature at their center
__________________.

Q5. A 2-kW resistance heater wire with thermal conductivity of (𝑘 = 20𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃), a diameter of 𝐷 =
5 𝑚𝑚, and a length of 𝐿 = 0.7 𝑚 is used to boil water. If the outer surface temperature of the
resistance wire is 𝑇 = 110 ℃, The temperature at the centre of the wire.

(a) 121.4 ℃ (b) 221.4 ℃

Q6. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Consider a homogeneous spherical piece of radioactive material of radius 𝑟 = 0.04 𝑚 that is
generating heat at a constant rate of 𝑔̇ = 4 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . The heat generated is dissipated to the
environment steadily. The outer surface of sphere is maintained at a uniform temperature of 80 ℃
and the thermal conductivity of the sphere is 𝑘 = 15 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃. Assuming steady one-dimensional
heat transfer,

(a) thermal symmetry will exist about the center of sphere.

1 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞̇
(b) The governing differential equation is 𝑟 + = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑞̇ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
(c) The temperature at the centre of sphere is 791 ℃.
𝑑𝑇(0)
(d) At the mid − point slope of the temperature profile is zero i. e., =0
𝑑𝑟
Q7. A long homogeneous resistance wire of radius r0 = 5 mm is being used to heat the air in a room by the
passage of electric current. Heat is generated in the wire uniformly at rate of 𝑔̇ = 5 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 as
a result of resistance heating. If the temperature of the outer surface of the wire remains at 180 ℃,
determine the temperature at r = 2 mm after steady operation conditions are reached
______________. Take the thermal conductivity of the wire to be 𝑘 = 8 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃.

Q8. Heat is generated uniformly at a rate of 2.6 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 in a spherical ball (𝑘 = 45 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃) of

diameter 30 cm. The ball is exposed to iced-water at 0 ℃ with a heat transfer coefficient of
1200 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃. The temperature at the centre __________ and the surface of the ball
___________

9. Heat is being transferred conductively from a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50 mm diameter to
water at 75 0C, under steady state condition, the rate of heat generation within the fuel element is
10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 1 𝐾𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾, the outer surface
temperature of the fuel element would be

(a) 700 K (b) 625 K

Q10. The difference in centerline and surface temperature of cylinder with uniform volumetric heat
generation is

𝑞̇ 𝑅 𝑞̇ 𝑅
(𝑎) (𝑏)
4𝐾 6𝐾
𝑞̇ 𝑅 (d) None of these
(𝑐)
8𝐾
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬)𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟏

Consider steady one-dimensional heat flow in a plate of 20 mm thickness with a uniform heat generation
of 80 𝑀 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . The left and right faces are kept at constant temperatures of 160 0C and 120 0C
respectively. The plate has a constant thermal conductivity of 200 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.

Q10. The location of maximum temperature within the plate from its left face is
(a) 15 mm (b) 10 mm
(c) 5 mm (d) 0 mm
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]
Q11. The maximum temperature within the plate in 0C is
(a) 160 (b) 165
(c) 200 (d) 250
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]
Q12. Consider one-dimensional steady state heat conducting along 𝑥-axis (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿), through a plane
wall with the boundary surfaces (𝑥 = −0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝐿) maintained at temperature of 0 ℃ and
100 ℃. Heat is generated uniformly throughout the wall. Choose the CORRECT statement

(a) The direction of heat transfer will be from the surface at 100 ℃ to the surface of 0 ℃.
(b) The maximum temperature inside the wall must be greater than 100 ℃.
(c) The temperature distribution is linear within the wall
(d) The temperature distribution is symmetric about the mid-plane of the wall.

[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑 ∶ 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]

Q13. A plane wall of thickness 2𝐿 has internal heat sources whose strength varies according to
𝑞̇ = 𝑞̇ cos(𝑎𝑥)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑞̇ is the heat generated per unit volume at the centre of the wall (𝑥 = 0) and 𝑎 is a
constant. If both sides of the wall are maintained at a constant temperature of 𝑇 derive an
expression for the total heat loss from the wall per unit surface area.

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟓

A plane wall ‘X’ (𝑘 = 75 𝑊/𝑚℃) is 60 mm thick and has volumetric heat generation of 1.5 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 .
It is insulated on one side while the other side is in contact with surface of another wall ‘Y’ (𝑘 =
150 𝑊/𝑚℃) which is 30 mm thick and has no heat generation. The non-contact surface of wall ‘Y’ is
exposed to a cooling fluid at 20 ℃. If the convective heat transfer coefficient between wall ‘Y’ and fluid
950 𝑊/𝑚 ℃.

Q14. The temperature at the insulated surface is __________________.

Q15. The temperature at the cooled surface of the composite wall is _____________.

Q16. Select the wrong statement for heat generation in conduction analysis
(a) In heat conduction analysis, conversion of electrical, chemical or nuclear energy into heat in solids
is called heat generation
(b) Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon.
(c) Heat generation is a surface phenomenon.
(d) The absorption of solar radiation by water can be treated as heat generation.

Q17. Select the wrong statement for heat generation in conduction analysis
(a) Nuclear fission in fuel element of nuclear reactor can be treated as heat generation.
(b) Exothermic chemical reaction in a medium can be treated as heat generation.
(c) Heating of resistance wire as current passes through it, can be treated as heat generation.
(d) Rate of heat generation in a medium is always position independent and time independent.

Q18. The steady-state temperature distribution in a one-dimensional wall of thermal conductivity 𝑘 and
thickness 𝐿 is of the form 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑. Expressions for the heat generation rate per unit
volume in the wall.

(𝑎) 𝑞̇ = −𝑘[𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵] (𝑏) 𝑞̇ = −𝑘[6𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵]

(𝑐) 𝑞̇ = −𝑘[2𝐴𝑥 + 6𝐵] (𝑑) 𝑞̇ = −𝑘[𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵]
Q19. [𝑴𝑺𝑸]The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite plane wall of three different
materials, each of constant thermal conductivity, is shown.

(a) 𝑞 > 𝑞 (b) 𝑞 = 𝑞

(c) 𝑘 < 𝑘 (d) 𝑘 > 𝑘

Q20. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite plane wall of three different
materials, each of constant thermal conductivity, is shown.

(a) The interface at 4 is adiabatic.

(b) The heat flux in C increases with decrease in x.

(c) Volumetric heat generation in C.

(d) The heat flux in C decreases with decrease in x.

Q21. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite plane wall of three different
materials, each of constant thermal conductivity, is shown.

(a) Volumetric heat generation in A and B

(b) The heat flux variation as given below

(c) (𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥) > (𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥) at interface 3

(d) (𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥) > (𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥) at interface 2

10. Critical radius of insulation

Q1. A 2-mm diameter and 10-m long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 1-mm thick plastic cover whose
thermal conductivity is 𝑘 = 0.15 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 10 A
passes thorough the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is
exposed to a medium at 𝑇 = 30 ℃ with a heat transfer coefficient of ℎ = 24 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃,
determine the temperature at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation.
Also determine if doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this interface
temperature.

Q2. A 5-mm diameter spherical ball at 50 ℃ is covered by a 1-mm thick plastic insulation
(𝑘 = 0.13 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃). The ball is exposed to a medium at 15 ℃, with a combined convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient of 20 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃.

(a) Plastic insulation will increase the heat transfer rate from wire.

(b) Plastic insulation will decrease the heat transfer rate from wire.

(c) Plastic insulation will have no effect on heat transfer rate.

(d) None of the above

Q3. Heat transfer rate through the wall of a circular tube with convection acting on the outer surface is
given per unit of its length by
2𝜋𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑞̇ =
𝑙𝑛(𝑟 ⁄𝑟 ) 1
+
𝑘 𝑟ℎ
Where 𝑖 refers to the innertube surface and 𝑜 the outer tube surface. Increasing 𝑟 will reduce the
heat transfer as long as

(𝑎) 𝑟 < 𝑘/ℎ (𝑏) 𝑟 > 𝑘/ℎ

(𝑐) 𝑟 > 2𝑘/ℎ (d) Increasing 𝑟 will always reduce the heat transfer
Q4. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Select the correct statement.

(a) Critical radius of insulation for cylindrical body is 𝐾 ⁄ℎ

(b) Critical radius of Insulation for spherical shell is (2 𝐾 ⁄ℎ )

(c) The rate of heat transfer is maximum at critical radius of insulation.

(d) The rate of heat transfer is minimum at critical radius of insulation.

Q5. Assertion (A): Addition of insulation to the inside surface of a pipe always reduces heat transfer rate
and critical radius concept has no significance.
Reason (R): If insulation is added to the inside surface, both surface resistance and internal resistance
increase.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

[𝑬𝑺𝑬: 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟓]
Q6. In current carrying conductors, if the radius of the conductor is less than the critical radius, then
addition of electrical insulation is desirable, as

(a) It reduces the heat loss from the conductor and thereby enables the conductor to carry a higher
current.

(b) It increases the heat loss from the conductor and thereby enables the conductor to carry a higher
current.

(d) It reduces the thermal resistance of the insulation and thereby enables the conductor to carry a
higher current.

[𝑬𝑺𝑬: 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟓]

Q7. Upto the critical radius of insulation:

(a) Added insulation increases heat loss

(b) Added insulation decreases heat loss
(c) Convection heat loss is less than conduction heat loss
(d) Heat flux decreases

[𝑬𝑺𝑬: 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓]
Q8. With an increase in the thickness of insulation around a circular pipe, heat loss to surroundings due
to
(a) Convection increases, while that due to conduction decreases
(b) Convection decreases, while that due to conduction increases
(c) Convection and conduction decreases.
(d) Convection and conduction increases
[(𝑮𝑨𝑻𝑬) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔 ∶ 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]
Q9. A uniform shearing of plastic insulation (𝑘 = 0.18 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃) is applied to an electric cable of 8 mm
diameter. The convective film coefficient on the surface of bare cable as well as insulated cable was
estimated as 12.5 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃ and a surface temperature of 45 ℃ was observed when the cable was
directly exposed to ambient air 20 ℃.

(𝑖) The thickness of insulation to keep the wire as cool as possible _______________.

(𝑖𝑖) The surface temperature of insulated if the intensity of current flowing through the conductor
remains unchanged ________________.

Q10. A Bakelite coating (𝑘 = 1.4 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾) is to be used with a 10 mm diameter conducting rod, whose
surface is maintained at 200 0C by passage of an electrical current. The rod is in a fluid at 25 0C, and
the convection coefficient is 140 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 .

(a) What is the critical radius associated with the coating ________________?

(b) What is the heat transfer rate per unit length for the bare rod ____________?

(c) What is the heat transfer rate per unit length for the rod with a coating of bakelite that
corresponds to the critical radius ________________?

11. Thermal Contact resistance

Q1. A composite wall separates combustion gases at 2600 0C from a liquid coolant at 100 0C, with gas and
liquid side convection coefficients of 50 and 1000 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 . The wall is composed of a 10 mm thick
of beryllium oxide ( k = 21.5 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ) on the gas side and a 20 mm thick slab of stainless steel (AISI
304) ( k = 25.4 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ) on the liquid side. The contact resistance between the oxide and the steel is
0.05 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊. What is the heat loss per unit surface area of the composite?

(a) 34.6 kW/m2 (b) 54.6 kW/m2

2
(c) 64.6 kW/m (d) 74.6 kW/m2
Q2. Consider a plane composite wall that is composed of two materials of thermal conductivities 𝐾 =
0.1 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 0.04 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and thickness 𝐿 = 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 20 𝑚𝑚. The contact
resistance at the interface between the two materials is known to be 0.30 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊 . Material 𝐴
adjoins a fluid at 200 0C for which ℎ = 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, and material 𝐵 adjoins a fluid at 40 0C for which
ℎ = 20 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 . What is the rate of heat transfer through a wall that is 2 m high by 2.5 m wide
____________________________?
Q3. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Consider a plane composite wall that is composed of two materials of thermal conductivities
𝑘 = 0.1 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 0.04 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 and thicknesses 𝐿 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 20 𝑚𝑚. The
contact resistance at the interface between the two materials is known to be 0.30 𝑚 𝐾⁄𝑊 . Material
𝐴 adjoins a fluid at 200 ℃ for which ℎ = 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾, and material 𝐵 adjoins a fluid at 40 ℃ for
which ℎ = 20 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾

(a) The total thermal resistance is 0.21 K/W

(b) The rate of heat transfer through the wall is 762 W
(c) The total thermal resistance is 0.61 K/W
(d) The rate of heat transfer through the wall is 362 W

Q4. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Consider a plane composite wall that is composed of two materials of thermal conductivities
𝑘 = 0.1 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 0.04 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 and thicknesses 𝐿 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 20 𝑚𝑚. The
contact resistance at the interface between the two materials is known to be 0.30 𝑚 𝐾⁄𝑊 . Material
𝐴 adjoins a fluid at 200 ℃ for which ℎ = 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾, and material 𝐵 adjoins a fluid at 40 ℃ for
which ℎ = 20 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾

(a) The temperature distribution may be given as follows

(b) 𝑇 , = 185 ℃ (approx.) refer to figure in option (a)

(c) 𝑇 , = 285 ℃ (approx.) refer to figure in option (a)

(d) 𝑇 = 170 ℃ (approx.) refer to figure in option (a)

Answer: (a), (b) and (d)

12. Heat transfer from extended surface i.e., Fins

Q1. Which of the following statement is True?
(a) The fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate from the fin to the ideal heat
transfer rate from the fin if the entire fin were at base temperature.
(b) The fin effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate from the fin to the ideal
heat transfer rate from the fin if the entire fin were at base temperature.
(c) The fin efficiency can be more than 1
(d) None of the above

Q2. Consider the following statements for fins.

1. Increasing the length of a fins decreases its efficiency but increases its effectiveness.
2. Increasing the diameter of a fin will increase its efficiency but decrease its effectiveness.
3. The thicker fin will have higher efficiency; the thinner one will have higher effectiveness
4. The fin with the lower heat transfer coefficient will have the lower efficiency and the higher
effectiveness.

Which of the above statements are true?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1, 3 and 4

(c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) All are True
Q3. The fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer from the fin to
(a) The heat transfer from the same fin with an adiabatic tip.
(b) The heat transfer from an equivalent fin which is infinitely long
(c) The heat transfer from the same fin if the temperature along the entire length of the fin is the
same as the base temperature
(d) The heat transfer through the base area of the same fin

Q4. Two finned surfaces with long fins are identical, except that the convection heat transfer coefficient
for the first finned surface is twice that of the second one. What statement below is accurate for
the efficiency and effectiveness of the first finned surface relative to the second one?
(a) Higher efficiency and higher effectiveness
(b) Higher efficiency but lower effectiveness
(c) Lower efficiency but higher effectiveness
(d) Lower efficiency and lower effectiveness

Q5. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Select the correct statement for fins

(a) fins must be made of highly conducting material such as aluminium.

(b) fins must be used where convective heat transfer coefficient is low.
(c) fins must be used where convective heat transfer coefficient is high.
(d) fins are preferred in free convection than forced convection

Q6. A pin fin of uniform, cross-section area is fabricated of an aluminium alloy (𝐾 = 160 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾). The
fin diameter is 𝐷 = 4 𝑚𝑚 and the fin is exposed to convective conditions characterized by ℎ =
220 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 . It is reported that the fin efficiency is 𝜂 = 0.65. Determine the fin length 𝐿 and the
fin effectiveness 𝜀 . Account for tip convection.

Q7. Consider two long, slender rods of the same diameter but different materials. One end of each rod is
attached to a base surface maintained at 100 0C, while the surfaces of the rods are exposed to
ambient air at 20 0C. by traversing the length of each rod with a thermocouple, it was observed that
the temperatures of the rods were equal at the positions 𝑥 = 0.15 𝑚 and 𝑥 = 0.075 𝑚, where 𝑥
is measured from the base surface. If the thermal conductivity of rod A is known to be 𝑘 =
70 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, determine the value of 𝑘 for rod B.

(a) 37.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾 (b) 47.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾

(c) 57.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾 (d) 17.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
Q8. An experimental arrangement for measuring the thermal-conductivity of solid materials involves the
use of two long rods that are equivalent in every respect, except that one is fabricated from a
standard material of known thermal conductivity 𝑘 while the other is fabricated from the material
whose thermal conductivity 𝑘 is desired. Both rods are attached at one end to a heat source of fixed
temperature 𝑇 are exposed to a fluid temperature 𝑇 and are instrumented with thermocouples to
measure the temperature at a fixed distance 𝑥 form the heat source. If the standard material is
aluminum, with 𝑘 = 200 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, and measurements reveal values of 𝑇 = 75 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 =
60 ℃ at 𝑥 for 𝑇 = 100 ℃ and 𝑇 = 25 ℃, What is the thermal conductivity 𝑘 of the test material
___________________________?

Q9. One end of a 0.3 m long steel rod is connected to a wall at 204 0C. The other end is connected to a
wall which is maintained at 93 0C. Air is blown across the rod so that a heat transfer coefficient of 71
𝑊 ⁄(𝑚 𝐾) is maintained over the entire surface. If the diameter of the rod is 5 cm and the
temperature of the air is 38 0C, what is the net rate of heat loss to the air?

Q10. A 1-cm-dimaeter, 30-cm long fin made of aluminum (𝑘 = 237 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃) is attached to a surface
at 80 ℃. The surface is exposed to ambient air at 22 ℃ with a heat transfer coefficient of 11 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙
℃. If the fin can be assumed to be very long, its efficiency is

(a) 0.60 (b) 0.67

(c) 0.72 (d) 0.77
Q11. A mercury thermometer placed in oil well is required to measure temperature of compressed air
flowing in a pipe. The well is 140 mm long and is made of steel (𝑘 = 50 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃) of 1 mm thickness.
The temperature recorded by the well is 100 ℃ while pipe wall temperature is 50 ℃. Heat transfer
coefficient between the air and well wall is 30 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃. The true temperature of air ____________

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟑

A very long 25 mm diameter copper rod (𝑘 = 380 𝑊/𝑚℃) extends horizontally from a plane heated
wall at 120 ℃. The temperature of the surrounding air is 25 ℃ and the convective heat transfer coefficient
is 9.0 𝑊/𝑚 ℃.

Q12. The heat loss from the copper rod is

(𝑎) 54.5 𝑊 (𝑏) 34.5 𝑊

(𝑐) 64.5 𝑊 (𝑑) 94.5 𝑊
Q13. How long the rod be in order to be considered infinite?

(𝑎) 1.36 𝑚 (𝑏) 3.36 𝑚

(𝑐) 0.56 𝑚 (𝑑) 0.96 𝑚
Q14. A carbon steel (𝑘 = 54 𝑊/𝑚℃) rod with a cross-section of an equilateral triangle (each side 5 mm)
is 80 mm long. It is attached to a plane wall which is maintained at a temperature of 400 ℃. The
surrounding environment is at 50 ℃ and unit surface conductance is 90 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃. The heat
dissipated by the rod (considering fin tip to be insulated)

(𝑎) 20 𝑊 (𝑏) 29 𝑊
(𝑐) 10 𝑊 (𝑑) 15 𝑊
Q15. Two long copper rods ( 𝑘 = 379 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ) of diameter 𝐷 = 10 𝑚𝑚 are soldered together end to
end, with solder having a melting point of 650 0C. the rods are in air at 25 0C with a convection
coefficient of 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 . What is the minimum power input needed to effect the soldering?

(a) 221 W (b) 121 W

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟕

A long, circular aluminum rod (𝑘 = 240 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾) is attached at one end to a heated wall and transfers
heat by convection to a cold fluid.

Q16. If the diameter of the rod is tripled, by how much would the rate of heat removal change
___________(percentage)?

Q17. If a copper rod (𝐾 = 400 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) of the same diameter is used in place of the aluminum, by how
much would the rate of heat removal changes _________________(percentage)?

Q18. One end of a long rod, 35 mm in diameter is inserted into a furnace with the other end projecting in
the outside air. After the steady state is reached, the temperature of the rod is measured at two
points 180 mm apart and found to be 1800C and 1450C. The atmospheric air temperature is 250C. If
the heat transfer coefficient is 6.5 W/m2 0C, calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod.

(a) 368 W/m0C (b) 231 W/m0C

(c) 131 W/m0C (d) 631 W/m0C

Q19. A thin rod of length l has its two ends connected to two reservoirs at temperature t 1 and t2
respectively. The rod has the perimeter P and its cross – section area A. The rod loses heat to the
environment at temperature 𝑡 . the convection coefficient of heat transfer between the rod and
the environment is h. Assuming the thermal conductivity of material of the rod to be constant K.
Derive an expression for

(𝑖) The temperature distribution in the rod and

(𝑖𝑖) The heat transfer from the rod to the environment.

(IFS – 2000)

Q20. A very long AISI 316 Stainless steel (K = 14 W/m-K) rod 5mm in diameter has one end maintained at
1000C. The surface of rod is exposed to ambient air at 300C with average convective heat transfer
coefficient of 50 W/m2-K. Neglecting radiation heat transfer, estimate how long the rod must be
treat it as “Infinitely long” to yield a reasonable accurate estimation of heat loss. If the rod is made
of copper (K = 350 W/m-K) will the length be different? How much will it be and why? Compare the
heat transfer rate for both the rods.

Q21. A 1 meter long, 60 mm diameter cylinder placed in an atmosphere of 300C provided with 10
longitudinal straight fins (K = 150 W/m-K). The fins are 0.80mm thick and extend 2.5cm from the
cylinder surface. The heat transfer coefficient between the cylinder and the atmospheric air is 25
W/m2-K. The surface temperature of the cylinder is 160 0C. Calculate

(𝑖) Rate of heat transfer from cylinder to air

(𝑖𝑖) The percentage increase in heat transfer by providing fins in comparison to cylinder without
fins.

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) The temperature at the end of fins.

(𝑖𝑣) efficiency of fins

(IFS – 2004)

Q22. Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is 5 cm and whose walls are
maintained at a temperature of 180 ℃. Circular aluminum alloy 2024-T6 fins (𝑘 = 186 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃)
of outer diameter 6 cm and constant thickness 1 mm are attached to the tube. The space between
the fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 250 fins per meter length of the tube. Heat is transferred to the
surrounding air at 𝑇 = 25 ℃, with a heat transfer coefficient of 40 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃. Determine the
increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins. Take
efficiency of fin as 0.97

Q23. A hot surface at 100 ℃ is to be cooled by attaching 3 𝑐𝑚 long, 0.25 𝑐𝑚 diameter aluminum pin fins
(𝑘 = 237 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃) to it, with a center-to-center distance of 0.6 cm. The temperature of the
surrounding medium is 30 ℃ , and the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is 35 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃.
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the surface for a 1 𝑚 × 1 𝑚 section of the plate. Also
determine the overall effectiveness of the fins.

13. Unsteady state conduction/Transient conduction

Q1. The Biot number can be thought of as the ratio of

(a) The conduction thermal resistance to the convective thermal resistance.

(b) The convective thermal resistance to the conduction thermal resistance.
(c) The thermal energy storage capacity to the conduction thermal resistance.
(d) The thermal energy storage capacity to the convection thermal resistance.
Q2. Lumped system analysis of transient heat conduction situations is valid when Biot number is

(a) very small (b) approximately one

(a) used for steady state heat conduction.

(b) used for transient heat conduction.
(c) It assumes that temperature of body varies with time only & remains uniform throughout at any
time.
(d) applicable only if Biot number is less than or equal to 0.1.

Q4. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Criteria of lumped system analysis is most likely to satisfy for

(a) small bodies with high thermal conductivity.

(b) small bodies with low thermal conductivity.
(c) Low convection heat transfer coefficient.
(d) High convection heat transfer coefficient.

Q5. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Consider the Quantity in lumped system analysis and select the correct statement.

(a) The dimension of quantity is 𝑠𝑒𝑐 .

(b) this quantity is referred as time constant.
(c) Larger the value of this quantity indicates body approaches environment temperature in a short
time.
(d) Reciprocal of this quantity is known as time constant.
Q6. [𝑴𝑺𝑸]In lumped system analysis, the time constant increases

(a) as ℎ increases.

(b) as ℎ decreases.

(c) as surface area decreases.

(d) as density of body increases.

Q7. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] The quantity in lumped. System analysis [𝛼 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑡 →

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝐿 → 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛]
(a) known as Fourier number

(b) represents the ratio of rate of heat conducted to rate of heat stored at that time.

(c) Large value of this quantity represents faster propagation of heat.

(d) known as Biot number

Q8. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Lumped system analysis

(a) is more likely to applicable in air than water.

(b) is more likely to applicable in water than air.

(d) is more likely to applicable in well rounded bodies than slender bodies.

Answer: (a) and (c)

Q9. The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can be
approximated as a 1.2 mm diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are 𝑘 = 35 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃,
𝜌 = 8500 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 320 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ and the heat transfer coefficient between the junction
and the gas is ℎ = 65 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃. Determine how long it will take for the thermocouple to read 99
percent of the initial temperature difference ___________________.

Q10. Stainless steel ball bearings 𝜌 = 8085 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑘 = 15.1 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, 𝐶 = 0.480 𝐾𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃,
𝛼 = 3.91 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 having a diameter of 1.2 cm are to be quenched in water. The balls leave
the oven at a uniform temperature of 900 ℃ and are exposed to air at 30 ℃ for a while before they
are dropped into the water. If the temperature of the balls is not to fall below 850 ℃ prior to
quenching and the heat transfer coefficient in the air is 125 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, How long they can stand in
the air before being dropped into the water.

(a) 5.68 s (b) 7.68 s

(c) 3.68 s (d) 9.68 s
Q11. A small copper ball of 5 mm diameter at 500 K is dropped into an oil bath whose temperature is 300
K. The thermal conductivity of copper is 400 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾, its density 9000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 and its specific
heat 385 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾. If the heat transfer coefficient is 250 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . 𝐾 and lumped analysis is assumed
to be valid, the rate of fall of the temperature of the ball at the beginning of cooling will be, in 𝐾/𝑠,

(a) 8.7 (b) 13.9

Q12. A steel ball 100 mm in diameter and initially at 900 ℃ is placed in air at 30 ℃. Take: ℎ = 20 𝑊/𝑚 ℃
𝑘(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 40 𝑊/𝑚℃; 𝜌(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 7800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ; 𝑐(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 460 𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃

(a) Temperature of the ball after 30 seconds ______________.

(b) The rate of cooling(℃/𝑚𝑖𝑛) after 30 seconds ________________.

Q13. The temperature distribution across a large concrete slab (𝑘 = 1.2 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃, 𝛼 = 1.77 ×
10 𝑚 ⁄ℎ) 500 mm thick heated from one side as measured by thermocouples approximates to
the relation: 𝑡 = 60 − 50𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 15𝑥 where 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℃ and 𝑥 is in meters. Considering an area
of 5 𝑚 , compute:

(𝑖) The heat entering and leaving the slab in unit time

(𝑖𝑖) The heat energy stored in unit time,

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) The rate of temperature change at both sides of the slab,

(𝑖𝑣) The point where the rate of heating or cooling is maximum.

Q14. A 15 mm diameter mild steel sphere (𝑘 = 42 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃) is exposed to cooling airflow at 20 ℃

resulting in the convective coefficient ℎ = 120 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃. Determine the following:

(𝑖) Time required to cool the sphere from 550 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 90 ℃.

(𝑖𝑖) Instantaneous heat transfer rate 2 minutes after the start of cooling.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Total energy transferred from the sphere during the first 2 minutes.
For mild steel take: 𝜌 = 7850 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑐 = 475 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 0.045 𝑚 ⁄ℎ

Q15. The temperature distribution across a wall 0.3 m thick at a certain instant of time is 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑎 +
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 , where T is in degrees Celsius and x is in meters, a = 2000C, b = -2000C/m, and c = 300C/m2.
The wall has a thermal conductivity of 1 W/m-K.
(a) On a unit surface area basis, determine the rate of heat transfer into and out of the wall and the
rate of change of energy stored by the wall.
(b) If the cold surface is exposed to a fluid at 1000C, what is the convection coefficient?

Q16. An Aluminium sphere weighing 7 kg and initially at a temperature of 260 0C is suddenly immersed in
a fluid at 100C. If h = 50 W/m2K, compute the time required to cool the sphere to 900C. For Aluminium:
𝜌 = 2707 kg/m3, c = 900 J/kg0C, k = 204 W/m0C

Q17. (𝑖) A copper wire 0.8 mm diameter at 1500C is suddenly dipped into water at 350C. If h = 85.5 W/m2K,
estimate the time required to cool the wire to 950C.
(𝑖𝑖) If the same wire placed in air instead of water what would have been the time required to cool
it to 950C, ℎ = 11.65 W/m2K
For Copper: 𝜌 = 9000 kg/m3, c = 0.38 kJ/kg K, k = 373 W/m K
Q18. A metallic rod 12.5 mm diameter at 900C is cooled to 350C in 105 s by placing it in air stream at 30
0
C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient, h, for air. For rod: mass = 0.1 kg, c = 350 J/kg, surface area
A = 0.004 m2.

1. Basics of Convection heat transfer

Q1. In which mode of heat transfer usually the convection heat transfer coefficient is higher
(𝑎) Natural convection (𝑏) Forced convection
(𝑐) Boling and condensation (𝑑) None of these
Q2. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Select the correct statement for Nusselt number (𝑁𝑢)
(a) Larger the Nusselt number, the more effective is convection.
(b) 𝑁𝑢 = 1 represents heat transfer across fluid layer is by pure conduction
(c) Value of Nu can be less than 1.
(d) 𝑁𝑢 ≥ 1

Q3. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Prandtl is defined as

𝜇𝐶 𝜈
(𝑎) (𝑏)
𝑘 𝛼
𝜇 𝑘
(𝑐) (𝑑)
𝐶 𝐾 𝜇𝐶

Q4. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Select the correct statement for Prandtl number

(a) Prandtl number of Gases are about 1.
(b) Prandtl number of Gases are about 100.
(c) Prandtl number for water is order of 10.
(d) Prandtl number is very large for heavy oil
Q5. Prandtl number of Gases are about 1 indicates
(a) Heat diffuses quickly than momentum in gases
(b) Momentum diffuses quickly than heat in gases.
(c) Both momentum and heat diffuses through gases at same rate.
(d) None of these.

Q6. Prandtl Number for liquid metals are less than 1 indicates.
(a) Heat diffuses more quickly than momentum in liquid metal
(b) Momentum diffuser more quickly than heat in liquid metal.
(c) Both momentum and heat diffuser at same rate in liquid metals.
(d) None of these
Q7. Which of these has highest value of Prandtl Number?

(𝑎) Liquid metals (𝑏) Gases

(𝑐) Water (𝑑) Heavy oil

Q8. In liquid metal flow over a flat plate (𝑇 > 𝑇 )

(a) The hydrodynamic boundary layer will be very thick and thermal boundary layer will be very thick.
(b) The hydrodynamic boundary layer will be very thin and thermal boundary layer will also be thin
(c) The two will be more or less equal.
(d) The thermal boundary layer will be thick and hydrodynamic boundary layer will be thin.

1. Basics of Convection heat transfer

Answer Key
Q1. (c) Q6. (a)

Q2. (a), (b) and (d) Q7. (d)

Q3. (a) and (b) Q8. (d)

Q4. (a), (c) and (d)

Q5. (c)

2. External forced convection

Q1. In any forced or natural convection situation, the velocity of the flowing fluid is zero where the fluid
wets any stationary surface. The magnitude of heat flux where the fluid wets a stationary surface is
given by

(𝑎) 𝑘 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑑𝑇
(𝑏) 𝑘
𝑑𝑦

𝑑 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
(𝑐) 𝑘 (𝑑) ℎ
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Q2. The temperature distribution within the thermal boundary layer over a heated isothermal flat plate
is given by
𝑇−𝑇 3 𝑦 1 𝑦
= − , where TW and T∞ are the temperatures of plate and free
𝑇 −𝑇 2 𝛿 2 𝛿
Stream respectively, and 𝑦 is the normal distance measured from the plate. The local Nusselt
number based on the thermal boundary layer thickness 𝛿 is given by

(a) 1.33 (b) 1.50

(c) 2.0 (d) 4.64
Q3. The non-dimensional fluid temperature profile near the surface of a convectively cooled flat plate is
given by
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 , where y 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑇 −𝑇 𝐿 𝐿
plate length, and a, b and c are arbitrary constants. 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 are wall and ambient temperatures,
respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the fluid is 𝑘 and the wall heat flux is 𝑞 , the Nusselt
𝑞′′ 𝐿
number 𝑁𝑢 =
𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞ 𝐾 is equal to
(a) a (b) b
(c) 2c (d) (b + 2c)
Q4. Consider a two-dimensional laminar flow over a long cylinder as shown in the figure below.

The free stream velocity is 𝑈 and the free stream temperature 𝑇 is lower than the cylinder surface
temperature 𝑇 . The local heat transfer coefficient is minimum at point

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
Q5. In a flow over a surface, velocity and temperature profiles are of the forms

𝑢(𝑦) = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐶𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇(𝑦) = 𝐷 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐺𝑦

Where the coefficients 𝐴 through 𝐺 are constants. An expression of convection coefficient ℎ in terms
of 𝑢 , 𝑇 and appropriate profile coefficients and fluid properties.
−𝑘 𝐸 𝑘 𝐸
(𝑎) (𝑏)
𝐹−𝑇 𝐷−𝑇
−𝑘 −𝑘 𝐸
(𝑐) (𝑑)
𝐷−𝑇 𝐷−𝑇
Q6. Experimental result for heat transfer over a flat plate with an extremely rough surface were found to
be corelated by an expression of the form 𝑁𝑢 = 0.04 𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 / where 𝑁𝑢 is the local value
of the Nusselt number at a position 𝑥 measured from the leading edge of the plate. The ratio of the
average heat transfer coefficient ℎ to the local coefficient ℎ .

(a) 1.11 (b) 1.5

(c) 1.75 (d) 2
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖
Experimental measurements of the convection heat transfer coefficient for a square bar in cross flow
yielded the following values:

ℎ = 50 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

ℎ = 40 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉 = 15 𝑚/𝑠

Assume that the functional form of the Nusselt number is 𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 , where 𝐶, 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 are
constant.

Q7. What will be the convection heat transfer coefficient for a similar bar with 𝐿 = 1 𝑚 when 𝑉 =
15 𝑚/𝑠?
(a) 44.3 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (b) 39.3 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾
(c) 34.3 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (d) 24.3 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

Q8. What will be the convection heat transfer coefficient for a similar bar with 𝐿 = 1 𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉 =
30𝑚/𝑠?
(a) 59 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (b) 69 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾
(c) 49 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (d) 40 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

Q9. Experiments have shown that, for airflow at 𝑇 = 35 ℃ and 𝑉 = 100 𝑚/𝑠, the rate of heat transfer
from a turbine blade of characteristic length 𝐿 = 0.15 𝑚 and surface temperature 𝑇 , = 300 ℃ is
𝑞 = 1500 𝑊. What would be the heat transfer rate from a second turbine blade of characteristic
length 𝐿 = 0.3 𝑚 operating at 𝑇 , = 400 ℃ in airflow of 𝑇 = 35 ℃ and 𝑉 = 50 𝑚/𝑠? The
surface area of the blade may be assumed to be directly proportional to its characteristic length.
ℎ𝐿
Assume for prescribed geometry 𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒 , 𝑃𝑟)
𝑘
(a) 2266 W (b) 1566 W
(c) 1866 W (d) 2066 W

Q10. An object of irregular shape has a characteristic length of 𝐿 = 1 𝑚 and is maintained at a uniform
surface termperautre of 𝑇 = 400 𝐾. When placed in atmospheric air at a temperature of 𝑇 =
300 𝐾 and moving with a velocity of 𝑉 = 100 𝑚/𝑠, the average heat flux from the surface to the air
is 20000 𝑊/𝑚 . If a second object of the same shape, but with a characteristic length of 𝐿 = 5 𝑚,
is maintained at a surface temperature of 𝑇 = 400 𝐾 and is placed in atmospheric air at 𝑇 =
300 𝐾, what will the value of the average convection coefficient be if the air velocity is 𝑉 = 20 𝑚/𝑠?
ℎ𝐿
Assume for prescribed geometry 𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒 , 𝑃𝑟)
𝑘
(a) 20 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (b) 40 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾
(c) 30 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (d) 50 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

Q11. For flow over a flat plate of length 𝐿, the local heat transfer coefficient ℎ is known to vary as 𝑥 / ,
where 𝑥 is the distance from the leading edge of the plate. What is the ratio of the average Nusselt
number for the entire plate (𝑁𝑢 ) to the local Nusselt number at 𝑥 = 𝐿(𝑁𝑢 )?

(a) 2 (b) 1.11

Q12. As a means of preventing ice formation on the wings of a small, private aircraft, it is proposed that
electric resistance heating elements be installed within the wings. To determine representative
power requirements, consider nominal flight conditions for which the plane moves at 100 𝑚/𝑠 in air
that is at a temperature of −23 ℃. If the characteristic length of the airfoil is 𝐿 = 2 𝑚 and wind
tunnel measurements indicate an average friction coefficient of 𝐶̅ = 0.0025 for the nominal
conditions, what is the average heat flux needed to maintain a surface temperature of 𝑇 = 5 ℃? For
air 𝑣 = 16.3 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑘 = 0.022 𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝐾 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.72

(a) 2500 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 5260 𝑊/𝑚

Q13. Air at a pressure of 6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and a temperature of 300 ℃ flows with a velocity of 10 𝑚/𝑠 over a
flat plate 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling rate per unit width of the plate needed to maintain it at a
surface temperature of 27 ℃. Take properties of air 𝑇 = 437 𝐾, 𝑝 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ; 𝑣 = 30.84 ×
10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑘 = 36.4 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.687, Kinematic viscosity of air at 6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 is
5.21 × 10 𝑚 /𝑠

(a) 870 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 970 𝑊/𝑚

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟓

Steel (AISI 1010) plates of thickness 𝛿 = 6 𝑚𝑚 and length 𝐿 = 1𝑚 on a side are conveyed from a heat
treatment process and are concurrently cooled by atmospheric air of velocity 𝑢 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑇 =
20 ℃ in parallel flow over the plates. For AISI 1010 Steel 𝑘 = 49.2 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑐 = 549 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾, 𝜌 =
7832 𝐾𝑔/𝑚 . For air 𝑣 = 30.4 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠, 𝑘 = 0.0361 𝑤/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.688.

Q14. For an initial plate temperature of 𝑇 = 300 ℃, what is the rate of heat transfer from the plate?
(a) 8780 W (b) 9780 W
(c) 6780 W (d) 4780 W
Q15. For an initial plate temperature of 𝑇 = 300 ℃, What is rate of change of the plate temperature?
(a) −0.56 ℃⁄𝑠 (b) −0.26 ℃⁄𝑠
(c) −0.96 ℃⁄𝑠 (d) −0.86 ℃⁄𝑠
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟕
A steel strip emerges from the hot roll section of a steel mill at a speed of 20 m/s and a temperature of
1200 K. Its length and thickness are 𝐿 = 100 𝑚 and 𝛿 = 0.003𝑚, respectively, and its density and specific
heat are 7900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 and 640 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾, respectively. Take properties of air as follows: 𝑣 =
76.4 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠, 𝑘 = 0.0549 𝑤/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.702

Accounting for heat transfer from the top and bottom surfaces and neglecting radiation and strip
conduction effects,

Q16. determine the time rate of change of the strip temperature at a distance of 1 m from the leading
edge and at the trailing edge.

(a) −1.99 𝐾 ⁄𝑠 , −3.47 𝐾/𝑠 (b) −2.99 𝐾 ⁄𝑠 , −4.47 𝐾/𝑠

(c) −0.99 𝐾 ⁄𝑠 , −5.47 𝐾/𝑠 (d) −0.99 𝐾 ⁄𝑠 , −1.47 𝐾/𝑠
Q17. Determine the distance from the leading edge at which the minimum cooling rate is achieved.
(a) 1.91 𝑚 (b) 3. 91 𝑚
(c) 4. 91 𝑚 (d) 5. 91 𝑚
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟗
The cover plate of a flat-plate solar collector is at 15 ℃, while ambient air at 10 ℃ is in parallel flow over
the plate, with 𝜇 = 2 𝑚/𝑠. Take properties of air as follows: 𝑣 = 14.6 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠, 𝑘 =
0.0251 𝑤/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.71.

Q18. What is the rate of convective heat loss from the plate?

(a) 55 𝑊 (b) 75 𝑊
(c) 85 𝑊 (d) 25 𝑊
Q19. If the plate is installed 2 m form the leading edge of a roof and flush with the roof surface, what is
the rate of convective heat loss from the plate.

(a) 39 𝑊 (b) 49 𝑊
(c) 29 𝑊 (d) 19 𝑊
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟐𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝟏
Air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 25 ℃ is in parallel flow at a velocity of 5 𝑚/𝑠 over a
1 𝑚 long flat plate that is heated with a uniform heat flux of 1250 𝑊/𝑚 . Assume the flow is fully
turbulent over the length of the plate. Take properties of air as follows: 𝑣 = 18.76 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠, 𝑘 =
0.0284 𝑤/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7.03.

Q20. Calculate the plate surface temperature, 𝑇 (𝐿), at the trailing edge, 𝑥 = 𝐿.

(a) 68.3 ℃ (b) 78.3 ℃

Q21. The local convection coefficient, ℎ (𝐿), at the trailing edge, 𝑥 = 𝐿.

(a) 27 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (b) 17 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾

(c) 37 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 (d) 7 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾
Q22. In a particular application involving airflow over a heated surface, the boundary layer temperature
distribution may be approximated as
𝑇−𝑇 𝑢 𝑦
= 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑃𝑟
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑣
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 is the distance normal to the surface and the Prandtl number, 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑐 𝜇⁄𝑘 = 0.7, is
dimensionless fluid property. If 𝑇 = 400 𝐾, 𝑇 = 300 𝐾, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ⁄𝑣 = 5000 𝑚 , 𝑘 =
0.0263 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, the surface heat flux is

(a) 6205 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 5205 𝑊/𝑚

Q23. Water at a temperature of 𝑇 = 25 ℃ flows over one of the surfaces of a steel wall (AISI 1010)
whose temperature 𝑇 , = 40 ℃. The wall is 0.35 m thick, and its other surface temperature is
𝑇 , = 100 ℃. For steady-state conditions what is the convection coefficient associated with the
water flow? What is the temperature gradient in the wall ______________ and in the water that is
in contact with the wall _______________________?

𝑘 = 61.7 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 0.62 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾

Q24. Parallel flow of atmospheric air over a flat plate of length 𝐿 = 3 𝑚 is disrupted by an array of
stationary rods placed in the flow path over the plate.

Laboratory measurements of the local convection coefficient at the surface of the plate are made for
a prescribed value of 𝑉 and 𝑇 > 𝑇 . The results are correlated by an expression of the form ℎ =
0.7 + 13.6𝑥 − 3.4𝑥 , where ℎ has units of 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 𝑥 is in meters. Evaluate the average
convection coefficient ℎ for the entire plate _____________ and the ratio ℎ ⁄ℎ at the trailing edge
_________________.

Q25. A circular, hot gas jet at 𝑇 is directed normal to a circular plate that has radius 𝑟 and is maintained
at a uniform temperature 𝑇 . Gas flow over the plate is axisymmetric, causing the local convection
coefficient to have a radial dependence of the form ℎ(𝑟) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑟 , where 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 are constants.
Determine the rate of heat transfer to the plate.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑎) 𝑟 + 𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑏) 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
2 𝑛+2 2 𝑛+2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑐) 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑑) 𝑟 + 𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
2 𝑛+2 2 𝑛+2
Q26. If laminar flow is induced at the surface of a disk due to rotation about its axis, the local convection
coefficient is known to be a constant, ℎ = 𝐶, independent of radius. Consider conditions for which
a disk of radius 𝑟 = 100 𝑚𝑚 is rotating in stagnant air at 𝑇 = 20 ℃ and a value of 𝐶 =
20 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 is maintained.

If an embedded electric heater maintains a surface temperature of 𝑇 = 50 ℃, what is the local

heat flux at the top surface of the disk? What is the total electric power requirement? What can
your say about the nature of boundary layer development on the disk?

Q27. For laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate with air at 20 ℃ and 1 atm, the thermal boundary
layer thickness 𝛿 is approximately 13% larger than the velocity boundary layer thickness 𝛿. The ratio
𝛿 ⁄𝛿 if the fluid is ethylene glycol under the same conditions. For air 𝑃𝑟 = 0.709 and for Ethylene
glycol 𝑃𝑟 = 211.

(𝑎) 6.69 (𝑏) 4.69

(𝑐) 3.69 (𝑑) 8.69

Q28. Forced air at 𝑇 = 25 ℃ and 𝑉 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 is used to cool electronic elements on a circuit board. One
such element is a chip, 4 𝑚𝑚 × 4 𝑚𝑚, located 120 𝑚𝑚 from the leading edge of the board.
Experiments have revealed that flow over the board is disturbed by the elements and that convection
heat transfer is correlated by and expression of the form
. /
𝑁𝑢 = 0.04 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

The surface temperature of the chip if it is dissipating 30 𝑚𝑊. Take properties of air as

𝑣 = 16.69 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 ; 𝑘 = 26.9 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.703

(𝑎) 42.5 ℃ (𝑏) 52.5 ℃
(𝑐) 32.5 ℃ (𝑑) 50.5 ℃

Q29. Air (𝑘 = 0.0284 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) at a free stream temperature of 𝑇 = 20 ℃ is in parallel flow over a flat
plate of length 𝐿 = 5 𝑚 and temperature 𝑇 = 90 ℃. However, obstacles placed in the flow
intensify mixing with increasing distance 𝑥 from the leading edge, and the spatial variation of
temperatures measured in the boundary layer is correlated by an expression of the form 𝑇(℃) =
20 + 70 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−600𝑥𝑦), where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are in meters. The value of local convection coefficient ℎ
and average coefficient ℎ for the plate is

(a) 17 𝑥, 42.5 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 (b)20 𝑥, 42.5 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾

Q30. The heat transfer rate per unit width (normal to the page) from a longitudinal section, 𝑥 − 𝑥 , can
be expressed as 𝑞 = ℎ (𝑥 − 𝑥 )(𝑇 − 𝑇 ), where ℎ is the average coefficient for the section
of length (𝑥 − 𝑥 ). Consider laminar flow over a flat plate with a uniform temperature 𝑇 . The
spatial variation of the local convection coefficient is of the form ℎ = 𝐶𝑥 , where 𝐶 is a constant.
An expression for ℎ in terms of 𝑥 , 𝑥 , and the average coefficients ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ , corresponding to
length 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 respectively.

ℎ 𝑥 −ℎ 𝑥 ℎ −ℎ 𝑥
(𝑎) ℎ = (𝑏) ℎ =
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 −ℎ 𝑥 ℎ −ℎ 𝑥
(𝑐) ℎ = (𝑑) ℎ =
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
Q31. A pin fin of 10 mm diameter dissipates 30 𝑊 by forced convection to air in cross flow with Reynolds
number of 4000. If the diameter of the fin is doubled and all other conditions remain the same,
estimate the fin heat rate. Assume the pin to be infinitely long. Use following correlation for Nusselt
ℎ𝐷
number 𝑁𝑢 = = 0.683 𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 /
𝑘
(a) 60.4 W (b) 80.4 W
(c) 50.4 W (d) 70.4 W
Q32. Consider laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate maintained at a constant temperature. Now the
free-stream velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the percentage increase in the rate of heat
transfer between the fluid and the plate. Assume the flow to remain laminar.

(a) 31.4 (b) 41.4

(c) 51.4 (d) 64
Q33. Consider the flow of a fluid across a cylinder maintained at a constant temperature. Now the free-
stream velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the percentage increase in rate of heat transfer
between the fluid and the cylinder. Use following correlation for Nusselt Number𝑁𝑢 =
0.027 𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 /
(a) 81.4 (b) 91.4
(c) 74.7 (d) 64
Q34. The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado (elevation 1610 m), is 83.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Air at this
pressure and at 30 ℃ flows with a velocity of 6 𝑚⁄𝑠 over a 2.5 𝑚 × 8𝑚 flat plate whose
temperature is 120 ℃. Properties of air at 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 is and 75 ℃ 𝑘 = 0.02917 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, 𝑣 =
2.046 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7166.

(a) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to the 8 𝑚 long side

(b) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to the 2.5 𝑚 long side

Q35. The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a continuous sheet of plastic that is 1.2 𝑚 wide and
2 mm thick at a rate of 15 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛. The temperature of the plastic sheet is 90 ℃ when it is exposed
to the surrounding air, and the sheet is subjected to air flow at 30 ℃ at a velocity of 3 𝑚⁄𝑠 on both
sides along its surfaces normal to the direction of motion of the sheet. The width of the air-cooling
section is such that a fixed point on the plastic sheet passes through that section in 2 𝑠. Determine
the rate of het transfer from the plastic sheet to the air. Take the properties of air

𝜌 = 1.059 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑘 = 0.02808 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . ℃, 𝑣 = 1.896 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7202

(a) 437 W (b) 637 W

Q36. Engine oil at 80 ℃ flows over a 6 𝑚 long flat plate whose temperature is 30 ℃ with a velocity of
3 𝑚/𝑠. Determine the rate of heat transfer over the entire plate per unit width. Take properties of
engine oil as 𝜌 = 867 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑣 = 123 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑘 = 0.141 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, 𝑃𝑟 = 1505

(a) 40.5 𝑘𝑊 (b) 50.5 𝑘𝑊

(c) 30.5 𝑘𝑊 (d) 20.5 𝑘𝑊
Q37. A 15 𝑐𝑚 × 15 𝑐𝑚 circuit dissipating 15 𝑊 of power uniformly is cooled by air, which approaches the
circuit board at 20 ℃ with a velocity of 5 𝑚/𝑠. Disregarding any heat transfer from the back surface
of the board, determine the surface temperature of the electronic components at the leading edge
and at the end of the board. Assume the flow to be turbulent since the electronic components are
expected to act as turbulators. Take properties of air 𝑘 = 0.0265 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, 𝑣 = 1.655 ×
10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7268.

(a) 15 ℃, 45.9 ℃ (b) 25 ℃, 55.9 ℃

Q38. Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5 𝑚 high, 0.40 𝑚 wide, and
0.8 𝑚 long rectangular block. The bottom surface of the block is at a temperature of 80 ℃ and has
an emissivity of 0.95. The ambient air at 20 ℃, and the road surface is at 25 ℃. Determine the rate
of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the engine block by convection and radiation as the car
travels at a velocity of 80 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface because of
the constant agitation of the engine block. Take properties of air 𝑘 = 0.02735 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃, 𝑣 =
1.798 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7228.

(a) 1000 𝑊 (b) 1495 𝑊

(c) 2095 𝑊 (d) 2595 𝑊
Q39. The local heat transfer coefficient for flow over a flat plate at constant temperature is found to be
of the form
.
ℎ = 𝐴𝑥
Where 𝐴 is a coefficient (𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . 𝐾 ) and 𝑥 (𝑚) is the distance from the leading edge of the plate.
Find out the ℎ ⁄ℎ where ℎ and ℎ are the average heat transfer coefficient over a length 𝐿 and
the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance 𝐿 from the leading edge respectively.

(a) 1.11 (b) 2

Q40. Consider that a flat plate of length 𝐿 is at a constant temperature 𝑇 . Air with a free stream
temperature of 𝑇 (𝑇 < 𝑇 ) flows over the plate. The temperature distribution in air is given by
𝑇−𝑇 3 𝑦 1 𝑦
= −
𝑇 −𝑇 2 𝐴√𝑥 2 𝐴√𝑥
Where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are the coordinate axes along and perpendicular to the plate. The coordinate 𝑥 is
measured from the leading edge of the plate, while 𝑦 is measured from the plate surface. Here 𝐴 is
a constant with a dimension if 𝑚 / and depends upon the properties of air and the nature of velocity
distribution in the hydrodynamic boundary layer. The value of local Nusselt number is

3 √𝑥 1 √𝑥
(𝑎) (𝑏)
2 𝐴 2 𝐴
3 𝐴 √𝑥
(𝑐) (𝑑)
2 √𝑥 𝐴

Q41. Air at 20 ℃ and 1 atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of 1 𝑚/𝑠.
The length of the plate is 1 𝑚 and it is heated over its entire length to a constant temperature of
100 ℃. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate per unit width to air. The following data
are given.

For air at 60 ℃ The mean temperature of 100 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 ℃

𝜇 = 1.9 × 10 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚. 𝑠 ; 𝜌 = 1.05 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝑘 = 0.03 𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝐾 ; 𝑐 = 1.007 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7

For laminar flow over a flat plate, use the relation

/ /
𝑁𝑢 = 0.332 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

(𝑎) 332.8 𝑊/𝑚 (𝑏) 332.8 𝑊/𝑚

(𝑐) 332.8 𝑊/𝑚 (𝑑) 332.8 𝑊/𝑚

Q42. The components of an electronic system are located in a 1.5 𝑚 long horizontal duct whose cross-
section is 20 𝑐𝑚 × 20 𝑐𝑚. The components in the duct are not allowed to come into direct contact
with cooling air, and thus are cooled by air at 30 ℃ flowing over the duct with a velocity of
200 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛. If the surface temperature of the duct is not to exceed 65 ℃, determine the total
power rating of the electronic devices that can be mounted into the duct. Take properties of air 1
atm and the film temperature of (𝑇 + 𝑇 )⁄2 = (65 + 30)⁄2 = 47.5 ℃ 𝑘 = 0.02717 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . ℃,
𝑣 = 1.774 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7235. Use following correlation for the Nusselt number
ℎ𝐷 . /
𝑁𝑢 = = 0.102 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 hydraulic diameter
𝑘

(𝑎) 640 𝑊 (𝑏) 840 𝑊

(𝑐) 940 𝑊 (𝑑) 1040 𝑊

2. External forced convection

Answer Key
Q1. (b) Q11. (a) Q21. (b) Q31. (d) Q41. (d)
Q2. (b) Q12. (c) Q22. (c) Q32. (b) Q42. (a)
Q3. (b) Q13. (d) Q23. −171.4 ℃⁄𝑚, −17056 ℃ Q33. (c)
Q4. (b) Q14. (c) Q24. 10.9 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲 , 1 Q34. 18.10 𝑘𝑊,
12.92 𝑘𝑊
Q5. (d) Q15. (b) Q25. (b) Q35. (a)
Q6. (a) Q16. (d) Q26. 600 𝑊/𝑚 , 18.9 𝑊 Q36. (d)
Q7. (c) Q17. (a) Q27. (a) Q37. (d)
Q8. (a) Q18. (a) Q28. (a) Q38. (b)
Q9. (d) Q19. (a) Q29. (a) Q39. (c)
Q10. (b) Q20. (c) Q30. (c) Q40. (a)

3. Internal forced convection

Q1. Fluid is heated as it flows through tube of radius 𝑅 then expression of Bulk mean temperature (𝑇 )
is given by
2 2
(𝑎) 𝑇 = T(r) u(r) ∙ r dr (𝑏) 𝑇 = T(r) ∙ r dr
V R V R
(𝑑) None of these
2
(𝑐) 𝑇 = T(r) u(r) ∙ r dr
R
Q2. Water enters a circular tube whose walls are maintained at constant temperature at a specified flow
rate and temperature. For fully developed turbulent flow, the Nusselt Number can be determined
from 𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 . . The correct temperature difference to use in Newton’s law of
cooling in this case is
(a) The difference between the inlet and outlet water bulk temperature.
(b) The difference between the inlet water bulk temperature and the tube wall temperature.
(c) The log mean temperature difference.
(d) The difference between the average water bulk temperature and the tube temperature.
Q3. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Refer to figure given below.

𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇(r, 𝑥)
(a) Dimensionless temperature profile is expressed as
𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇 (𝑥)
𝜕 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑥)
(b) For thermally fully developed region: =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇 (𝑥)

𝜕 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑥)
(c) For thermally developing region: ≠0
𝜕𝑥 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇 (𝑥)

𝜕 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑥)
(d) For thermally fully developed region: ≠0
𝜕𝑥 𝑇 (𝑥) − 𝑇 (𝑥)

𝑇 (𝑥) → 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥

𝑇 (𝑥) → 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑥

Q4. Convection heat transfer coefficient in thermally developing region is

(𝑎) Constant (𝑏) Decreases along 𝑥

(𝑐) Increases along 𝑥 (𝑑) may increase or decrease

Q5. The expression of heat transfer coefficient in convection in given by

∂T ∂T
− (𝑏) ℎ = −K
∂r ∂r
(𝑎) ℎ =
T −T

∂T ∂T
K
∂r ∂r
(𝑐) ℎ = (𝑑) ℎ =
T −T T −T

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕

In a particular application involving fluid flow at a rate of 𝑚̇ through a circular tube of length 𝐿 and
diameter 𝐷, the surface heat flux is known to have a sinusoidal variation with 𝑥 which is of the form
𝜋𝑥
𝑞 (𝑥) = 𝑞 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿 where 𝑞 , is constant and fluid enters the tube at a known temperature 𝑇
Q6. Mean fluid temperature varies with 𝑥 as
𝐷𝐿 𝑞 , 𝜋𝑥 𝑞, 𝐷 𝜋𝑥
(𝑎) 𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝑇 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑏) 𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝑇 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑚̇𝐶 𝐿 𝑚̇𝐶 𝐿
𝑞 , 𝐿𝐷 𝜋𝑥 (𝑑) 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒
(𝑐) 𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝑇 + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑚̇𝐶 𝐿
Q7. The surface temperature varies with 𝑥
𝑞 , 𝜋𝑥 𝑞 , 𝐷𝐿 𝜋𝑥
(𝑎) 𝑇 (𝑥) = sin +𝑇 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
ℎ 𝐿 𝑚̇𝐶 𝐿
𝑞 , 𝑥 𝐿𝐷 𝑞 , 𝑥
(𝑏) 𝑇 (𝑥) = sin +𝑇 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
ℎ 𝐿 𝑚̇𝐶 𝐿
𝑞, 𝜋𝑥
(𝑐) 𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝑇 + sin
𝑚̇𝐶 𝐿
(𝑑) None of these

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟗

Water is to be heated from 15 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 65 ℃ as it flows through a 3 cm internal diameter 5 m long tube
(figure). The tube is equipped with an electric resistance heater that provides uniform heating throughout
the surface of the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady operation all
the heat generated in the heater is transferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to provide hot
water at a rate of 10 L/min, Take properties of water at 40 ℃ as 𝜌 = 992.1 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝐶 = 4179 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙
℃; 𝑘 = 0.631 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃; 𝑃𝑟 = 4.32; 𝑣 = 0.658 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

Q8. The power rating of the resistance heater.

(𝑎) 83.46 kW/m (𝑏) 63.46 kW/m

(𝑐) 93.46 kW/m (𝑑) 73.46 kW/m
Q9. The inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit.

(𝑎) 115 ℃ (𝑏) 125 ℃

(𝑐) 95 ℃ (𝑑) 105 ℃

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟏

Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 80 ℃ enters and 8 𝑚 long uninsulated square duct of cross section
0.2 𝑚 × 0.2 𝑚 that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of 0.15 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 (Figure). The duct is
observed to be nearly isothermal at 60 ℃.

𝜌 = 0.9994 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝐶 = 1008 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃; 𝑘 = 0.02953 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7154;

𝑣 = 2.097 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
Assuming fully developed flow over entire length of the duct

Q10. The exit temperature of the air

(𝑎) 71.3 ℃ (𝑏) 65 ℃

(𝑐) 68 ℃ (𝑑) 61 ℃
Q11. The rate of heat loss from the duct to the attic space.
(𝑎) 1513 𝑊 (𝑏) 1713 𝑊
(𝑐) 1313 𝑊 (𝑑) 1913 𝑊

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟑

Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 85 ℃ enters a 10-m-long uninsulated square duct of cross-section
0.15 𝑚 × 0.15 𝑚 that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of 0.10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠. The duct is observed to
the nearly isothermal at 70 ℃

𝜌 = 0.9994 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝐶 = 1008 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃; 𝑘 = 0.02953 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7154;

𝑣 = 2.097 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠. Assuming fully developed flow over entire length of the duct.

Q12. The exit temperature of the air ___________________.

Q13. The rate of heat loss from the duct to the air space in the attic_________________.
Q14. For flow of a liquid metal through a circular tube, the velocity and temperature profiles at a particular
axial location may be approximated as being uniform and parabolic, respectively. That is, 𝑢(𝑟) = 𝐶
and 𝑇(𝑟) − 𝑇 = 𝐶 [1 − (𝑟⁄𝑟 ) ], where 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are constants. The value of the Nusselt number
𝑁𝑢 at this location?

(𝑎) 2 (𝑏) 8
(𝑐) 6 (𝑑) 5

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟔

A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of 𝑇 , = 20℃ to an outlet temperature of 𝑇 , =
60 ℃ involves passing the water through a thick-walled tube having inner and outer diameters of 20
and 40-mm. The outer surface of the tube is well insulated, and electrical heating within the wall
provides for a uniform generation rate of 𝑞̇ = 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . Take 𝐶 of water as 4179 J/kg K. Assuming
fully developed flow over entire length of the duct.

Q15. For a water mass flow rate of 𝑚̇ = 0.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, how long must the tube be to achieve the desired
outlet temperature?

(𝑎) 7.7 m (𝑏) 12.7 m

(𝑐) 10.7 m (𝑑) 17.7 m
Q16. If the inner surface temperature of the tube is 𝑇 = 70 ℃ at the outlet, what is the local convection
heat transfer coefficient at the outlet?

(𝑎) 500 W/m K (𝑏) 1500 W/m K

(𝑐) 1000 W/m K (𝑑) 2500 W/m K
Q17. Steam condensing on the outer surface of a thin-walled circular tube of diameter 𝐷 = 50 𝑚𝑚 and
𝐿 = 6 𝑚 maintains a uniform outer surface temperature of 100 ℃. Water flows through the tube at
a rate of 𝑚̇ = 0.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, and its inlet and outlet temperature are 𝑇 , = 15 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 , = 57 ℃
Take 𝐶 of water as 4178 J/kg K. The average convection coefficient associated with the water flow?

(𝑎) 755 W/m K (𝑏) 955 W/m K

(𝑐) 1155 W/m K (𝑑) 555 W/m K

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟗

Hot air flows with a mass rate of 𝑚̇ = 0.050 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 through an uninsulated sheet metal duct of diameter
𝐷 = 0.15 𝑚, which is in the crawlspace of a house. The hot air enters at 103 ℃ and, after a distance of
𝐿 = 5 𝑚, cools to 85 ℃. The heat transfer coefficient between the duct outer surface and the ambient air
at 𝑇 = 0 ℃ is known to be ℎ = 6 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾. Properties of air as
𝐶 = 1011 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾; 𝑘 = 0.0306 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.698; 𝜇 = 211.7 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚
Assuming fully developed flow over entire length of duct.

Q18. The heat loss (𝑊) from the duct over the length 𝐿.

(𝑎) 810 W (𝑏) 610 W

(𝑐) 510 W (𝑑) 910 W
Q19. The heat flux and the duct surface temperature at 𝑥 = 𝐿

(𝑎) 335 W⁄𝑚 , 56 ℃ (𝑏) 135 W⁄𝑚 , 56 ℃

(𝑐) 335 W⁄𝑚 , 46 ℃ (𝑑) 235 W⁄𝑚 , 46 ℃
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟐𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝟏
Water enters a tube at 27 ℃ with a flow rate of 450 𝑘𝑔/ℎ. The heat transfer from the tube wall to the
fluid is given as 𝑞 (𝑊/𝑚) = 𝑎𝑥, where the coefficient 𝑎 is 20 𝑊/𝑚 and 𝑥(𝑚) is the axial distance from
the tube entrance. Take specific heat of water as 4179 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾. Assuming fully developed flow over entire
length of tube

Q20. An expression for the temperature distribution 𝑇 (𝑥) of the water

𝑎𝑥 2𝑎𝑥
(𝑎) T (𝑥) = 𝑇 , + (𝑏) T (𝑥) = 𝑇 , +
4𝑚̇𝐶 𝑚̇𝐶
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
(𝑐) T (𝑥) = 𝑇 , + (𝑑) T (𝑥) = 𝑇 , +
𝑚̇𝐶 2𝑚̇𝐶
Q21. The outlet temperature of the water for a heated section 30 𝑚 long.

(𝑎) 54.2 ℃ (𝑏) 64.2 ℃

(𝑐) 44.2 ℃ (𝑑) 84.2 ℃
Q22. Consider fluid flow in a tube whose surface temperature remains constant. What is the appropriate
temperature difference for use in Newton’s law of cooling with an average heat transfer coefficient?
(a) arithmetic mean temperature difference (b) Logarithmic mean temperature difference
(c) Geometric mean temperature difference (d) None of theses

Q23. Consider the flow of mercury (a liquid metal) and assume flow to be laminar

Q24. Consider the flow of mercury (a liquid metal) and assume flow to be turbulent
(a) The thermal entry length is larger than the hydrodynamic entry length.
(b) Hydrodynamic entry length is larger than thermal entry length.
(c) Hydrodynamic entry length and thermal entry length is of comparable in magnitude and both are
function of 𝑅𝑒 number.
(d) The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are independent of 𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟 numbers, and are
comparable in magnitude.
Q25. Consider the flow of oil in a tube and assume flow to be laminar

(a) The thermal entry length is larger than the hydrodynamic entry length.
(b) Hydrodynamic entry length is larger than thermal entry length.
(c) Hydrodynamic entry length and thermal entry length is of comparable in magnitude and both are
function of 𝑅𝑒 number.
(d) The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are independent of 𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟 numbers, and are
comparable in magnitude.

Q26. Consider laminar forced convection in a circular tube.

(a) The heat flux be highest at the mid of the tube.
(b) The heat flux be higher near the exit of the tube.
(c) The heat flux be higher near the inlet of the tube.
(d) None of these

Q27. Consider turbulent forced convection in a circular tube.

(a) The heat flux be highest at the mid of the tube.

(b) The heat flux be higher near the exit of the tube.
(c) The heat flux be higher near the inlet of the tube.
(d) None of these

Q28. The thermal entry region for flow in a tube is

(a) Heat transfer coefficient remains constant in thermal entry region.

(b) Heat transfer coefficient increases in thermal entry region.
(c) The region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer develops and reaches the tube center
is called the thermal entry region.
(d) The temperature profile is same along the axial direction of tube.

Q29. The thermal entry length for flow in a tube is

(a) Heat transfer coefficient remains constant in thermal entry region.
(b) Heat transfer coefficient increases in thermal entry region.
(c) The length of thermal entrance region is known as thermal entry length.
(d) The temperature profile is same along the axial direction of tube.

Q30. 𝑴𝑺𝑸 In thermal entrance region for flow through circular tube
(a) Heat transfer coefficient remains constant.
(b) Heat transfer coefficient decreases.
(c) The dimensionless temperature profile remains unchanged.
(d) Dimension less temperature profile changes along axial direction.

Q31. The logarithmic mean temperature difference represent for flow in a tube whose surface
temperature is constant indicates
(a) Local temperature difference decays exponentially.
(b) Local temperature difference decays linearly.
(c) Local temperature difference remains constant.
(d) Local temperature difference decays logarithmically.
Q32. Air at 3 × 10 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 27 ℃ enters a rectangular duct that is 1 m long and 4 𝑚𝑚 × 16 𝑚𝑚 on
a side. A uniform heat flux of 600 𝑊/𝑚 is imposed on the duct surface. What is the temperature of
the air at outlet_____________ and of the duct surface temperature at the outlet ___________?

Take properties of air as

𝑐 = 1007 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾; 𝜇 = 184.6 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 ; 𝑘 = 0.0263 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.707
Use following correlations
𝑁𝑢 = 5.33 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒 < 2300
Otherwise
/ .
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 (𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
/ .
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔)

Q33. Air at 1 atm and 285 K enters a 2 m long rectangular duct with cross section 75 𝑚𝑚 × 150𝑚𝑚. The
duct is maintained at a constant surface temperature of 400 𝐾, and the air mass flow rate is
0.10 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine the heat transfer rate from the duct to the air _____________ and the air
outlet temperature _____________________.
Take properties of air
𝑐 = 1008 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾; 𝜇 = 196.4 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 ; 𝑘 = 0.0263 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.707
Use following correlations
𝑁𝑢 = 5.33 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒 < 2300
Otherwise
/ .
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 (𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
/ .
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔)

Q34. Velocity and temperature profiles for laminar flow in a tube of radius 𝑟 = 10 𝑚𝑚 have the form

𝑢(𝑟) = 0.1[1 − (𝑟/𝑟 ) ]

𝑇(𝑟) = 344.8 + 75.0(𝑟/𝑟 ) − 18.8(𝑟/𝑟 )
with units of m/s and K, respectively. Determine the corresponding value of the mean (or bulk)
temperature, 𝑇 , at this axial position if the mean velocity of the flow is 0.05 m/s.

(a) 467 K (b) 567 K

(c) 267 K (d) 367 K
Q35. At a particular axial station, velocity and temperature profiles for laminar flow in a parallel plate
channel have the form

𝑢(𝑟) = 0.75[1 − (𝑦/𝑦 ) ]

𝑇(𝑟) = 5.0 + 95.66(𝑦/𝑦 ) − 47.83(𝑦/𝑦 )
With units of m/s and ℃, respectively.

Determine corresponding values of (or bulk) temperature, 𝑇 . If the mean velocity is 0.5 m/s.

(a) 40 ℃ (b) 60 ℃
(c) 50 ℃ (d) 20 ℃

Q36. A thick-walled, stainless steel (AISI 316) pipe of inside and outside diameters 𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 =
40 𝑚𝑚 is heated electrically to provide a uniform heat generation rate of 𝑞̇ = 10 𝑊/𝑚 . The outer
surface of the pipe is insulated, while water flows through the pipe at a rate of 𝑚̇ = 0.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠.

(a) If the water inlet temperature is 𝑇 , = 20 ℃ and the desired outlet temperature is 𝑇 , = 40 ℃,
what is the required pipe length?

(b) What is the location and value of the maximum pipe temperature?

For stainless steel 𝑘 = 15 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾, For water 𝑐 = 4178 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾 , 𝑘 = 0.617 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾, 𝜇 = 803 ×

10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 , 𝑃𝑟 = 5.45.

Q37. Water flows through a thick-walled tube with an inner diameter of 12 mm and a length of 8 m. The
tube is immersed in a well-stirred, hot reaction tank maintained at 85 ℃, and the conduction
resistance of the tube wall (based on the inner surface area) is 𝑅 = 0.002 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊. The inlet
temperature of the process fluid is 𝑇 , = 20 ℃, and the flow rate is 33 𝑘𝑔/ℎ. Estimate the outlet
temperature of the process fluid, 𝑇 , . Assume, fully developed flow and thermal conditions within
the tube. Take properties for water 𝑐 = 4187 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝜇 = 4.415 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 , 𝑘 =
0.6574 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 2.80
(a) 74 ℃ (b) 54 ℃
(c) 44 ℃ (d) 64 ℃

Q38. Consider a thin-walled, metallic tube of length 𝐿 = 1 𝑚 and insider dimameter 𝐷 = 3 𝑚𝑚. Water
enters the tube at 𝑚̇ = 0.015 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠 and 𝑇 , = 97 ℃. If a 0.5 𝑚𝑚 thick layer of insulation of 𝑘 =
0.05 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 is applied to the tube and its outer surface is maintained at 27 ℃, what is the outlet
temperature of the water? Take properties for water 𝑐 = 4214 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝜇 = 289 ×
10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 , 𝑘 = 0.679 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝑃𝑟 = 1.80
Q39. Cooling water available at 10 ℃ is used to condense steam at 30 ℃ in the condenser of a power
plant at a rate of 0.15 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 by circulating the cooling water through a bank of 5 𝑚 long 1.2 𝑐𝑚
internal diameter thin copper tubes. Water enters the tubes at a mean velocity of 4 𝑚/𝑠, and leaves
at a temperature of 24 ℃. The tubes are nearly isothermal at 30 ℃. Determine the average heat
transfer coefficient between the water and the tubes ________________(𝑲𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 ℃,) and the
number of tubes needed to achieve the indicated heat transfer rate in the condenser is
____________________. Take properties of water is 𝜌 = 998.7 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝐶 = 4184.5 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃

Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30 ℃ is ℎ = 2431 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Q40. Combustion gases passing through a 3 𝑐𝑚 internal diameter circular tube are used to vaporize waste
water at atmospheric pressure. Hot gases enter the tube at 115 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 250 ℃ at a mean velocity
of 5 𝑚/𝑠 and leave at 150 ℃. If the average heat transfer coefficient is 120 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ℃ and the inner
surface temperature of the tube is 110 ℃, determine the tube length _____________(cm) and the
rate of evaporation of water ______________(kg/h). Take properties of water is 𝐶 =
1023 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃; 𝑅 = 0.287 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑜𝑟 100 ℃ is ℎ = 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Q41. Consider an air solar collector that is 1 𝑚 wide and 5 𝑚 long and has a constant spacing of 3 𝑐𝑚
between the glass cover and the collector plate. Air enters the collector at 30 ℃ at a rate of
0.15 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 through the 1 𝑚 wide edge and flows along the 5 𝑚 long passage way. If the average
temperatures of the glass cover and the collector plate are 20 ℃ and 60 ℃, respectively, determine

(a) The net rate of heat transfer to the air in the collector ______________.

(b) The temperature rise of air as it flows through the collector_____________.

Take properties of air is 𝜌 = 1.146 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝐶 = 1007 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃; 𝑘 = 0.02625 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ 𝑃𝑟 =

0.7268; 𝑣 = 1.655 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

Q42. Hot air at 60 ℃ leaving the furnace of a house enters a 12 𝑚 long section of a sheet metal duct of
rectangular cross section 20 𝑐𝑚 × 20𝑐𝑚 at an average velocity of 4 𝑚/𝑠. The thermal resistance of
the duct is negligible, and the outer surface of the duct, whose emissivity is 0.3, is exposed to the
cold air at 10 ℃ in the basement, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 . ℃. Taking
the walls of the basement to be at 10 ℃ also, determine
(a) The temperature at which the hot air will leave the basement
(b) The rate of heat loss from the hot air in the duct to the basement.

Take properties of air is 𝜌 = 1.092 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝐶 = 1007 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃; 𝑘 = 0.02735 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ 𝑃𝑟 =

0.7228; 𝑣 = 1.797 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

Solution 42

The surface area and the Reynolds number are

𝐴 = 4𝑎𝐿 = 4 × 0.2 × 12 = 9.6 𝑚

4𝐴 4𝑎
𝐷 = = = 𝑎 = 0.2 𝑚
𝑃 4𝑎
𝑉 𝐷 4 × 0.20
𝑅𝑒 = = = 44509
𝑣 1.797 × 10
ℎ𝐷 . . . .
𝑁𝑢 = = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 = 0.023 × (44509) × (0.7228) = 109.2
𝑘

𝑘 0.02735
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ= 𝑁𝑢 = (109.2) = 14.93 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃
𝐷 0.20
The mass flow rate of air

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴 𝑉 = 1.092 × (0.2 × 0.2) × 4 = 0.1748 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

In steady operation, heat transfer from hot air to the duct must be equal to the heat transfer from
the duct to the surrounding (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to the energy loss of
the hot air in the duct. That is

𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ , = 𝑄̇ , , = ∆𝐸̇

Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of 𝑇 , the quantities above can be expressed as
𝑇−𝑇 𝑇 − 60
𝑄̇ , : 𝑄̇ = ℎ 𝐴 ∆𝑇 = ℎ 𝐴 → 𝑄̇ = 14.93 × 9.6
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇
ln ln
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 − 60

𝑄̇ , , : 𝑄̇ = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝐴 𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )

𝑄̇ = 10 × 9.6 × (𝑇 − 10) + 0.3 × 9.6 × (5.67 × 10 )[(𝑇 + 273) − (10 + 273) ]𝐾

∆𝐸̇ : 𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) → 𝑄̇ = 0.1748 × 1007 × (60 − 𝑇 )℃

This is a system of three equations with three unknowns whose solutions is

𝑄̇ = 2622 𝑊, 𝑇 = 45.1 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 33.3 ℃

Therefore, the hot air will lose heat at a rate of 2622 W and exit the duct at 45.1 ℃

3. Internal forced convection

Answer Key
Q1. (a) Q11. (c) Q21. (c) Q31. (a) Q41. 1461 𝑊
37.31 ℃
Q2. (c) Q12. 𝟕𝟓. 𝟕 ℃ Q22. (b) Q32. 379 K and 406 K
Q3. (a), (b) and (c) Q13. 𝟗𝟒𝟏 𝑾 Q23. (b) Q33. 2724 W; 312 K
Q4. (b) Q14. (b) Q24. (d) Q34. (d)
Q5. (d) Q15. (d) Q25. (a) Q35. (d)
Q6. (a) Q16. (b) Q26. (c) Q36. 8.87 𝑚, 52.4 ℃
Q7. (b) Q17. (a) Q27. (c) Q37. (d)
Q8. (d) Q18. (d) Q28. (c) Q38. 95.8 ℃
Q9. (a) Q19. (a) Q29. (c) Q39. 12.1 , 14
Q10. (a) Q20. (d) Q30. (b) and (d) Q40. 30.7, 0.442

4. Natural Convection or Free convection

Q1. The heat transfer rate due to free convection from a vertical surface, 1 m high and 0.6 m wide, to
quiescent air that is 20 K colder than the surface is known. What is the ratio of the heat transfer rate
for that situation to the rate corresponding to a vertical surface, 0.6 m high and 1 m wide, when the
quiescent air is 20 K warmer than the surface? Neglect heat transfer by radiation and the relevant
thermophysical properties of air are 𝑣 = 15.89 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝛼 = 22.5 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 . Use
following correlation for average heat transfer coefficient in natural convection heat transfer
/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 (𝑅𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 ≤ 𝑅𝑎 ≤ 10
/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.1 (𝑅𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑎 > 10
(a) 0.58 (b) 0.68
(c) 1.3 (d) 0.88
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑
An aluminum alloy (2024) plate, heated to a uniform temperature of 227 ℃, is allowed to cool while
vertically suspended in a room where the ambient air and surroundings are at 27 ℃. The plate is 0.3 m
square with a thickness of 15 𝑚𝑚 and an emissivity of 0.25.
Aluminum alloy 2024 (𝑇 = 500𝐾); 𝜌 = 2770 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝑘 = 186 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝑘 ; 𝑐 = 983 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ;
Air 𝑇 = 400 𝐾, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 ; 𝑣 = 26.41 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 ; 𝑘 = 0.0388 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝑘 ; 𝛼 = 38.3 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠;
𝑃𝑟 = 0.690
/
0.670𝑅𝑎
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑢 = 0.68 + / /
[1 + (0.492/𝑃𝑟) ]

Q2. An expression for the time rate of change of the plate temperature, assuming the temperature to be
uniform at any time.

dT −2 dT −6
(𝑎) = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑏) = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
dt 𝜌𝑡𝑐 dt 𝜌𝑡𝑐
dT −8 dT −10
(𝑐) = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (𝑑) = ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
dt 𝜌𝑡𝑐 dt 𝜌𝑡𝑐

Q3. The initial rate of cooling (𝐾/𝑠) when the plate temperature is 227 ℃.
(𝑎) − 10 𝐾/𝑠 (𝑏) − 1 𝐾/𝑠
(𝑐) − 5 𝐾/𝑠 (𝑑) − 0.1 𝐾/𝑠

Q4. The primary driving force for natural convection is

(a) shear stress forces (b) buoyancy forces

(c) pressure forces (d) Surface tension forces
Q5. A spherical block of dry ice at −79 ℃ is exposed to atmospheric air at 30 ℃. The general direction in
which the air moves in this situation is
(a) horizontal (b) up
(c) down (d) recirculation around the sphere
Q6. Consider a hot, boiled egg in a spacecraft that is filled with air at atmospheric pressure and
temperature at all times. Disregarding any radiation effect, will the egg cool faster or slower when
the spacecraft is in space instead of on the ground?
(a) faster (b) no difference
(c) slower (d) insufficient information
Q7. Consider the following Buoyancy-driven flows and match the following 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑡 − 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑡 − 𝐼𝐼
𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰𝑰
A. Top surface of cold plate (𝑇 < 𝑇 ). 1.

B. Bottom surface of cold plate (𝑇 < 𝑇 ). 2.

C. Top surface of hot plate (𝑇 > 𝑇 ). 3.

D. Bottom surface of hot plate (𝑇 > 𝑇 ). 4.

Codes:
(a) A – 4 B–3 C–2 D–1
(b) A – 4 B–3 C–1 D–2
(c) A – 3 B–4 C–2 D–1
(d) A – 1 B–2 C–3 D–4
Q8. Air flow through a long rectangular (30 𝑐𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 60 𝑐𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) air conditioning duct maintains
the outer duct surface temperature at 15 ℃. If the duct is uninsulated and exposed to air at 25 ℃.
Calculate heat gained by the duct per meter length assuming it to be horizontal
Take properties of air at 20 ℃
𝜌 = 1.205 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝑐 = 1005 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾 ; 𝑣 = 15.06 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 ; 𝑘 = 25.93 ×
10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 𝑃𝑟 = 0.705; 𝛽 = 3.41 × 10 𝐾
The recommended correlations for horizontal plates are:

Upper surface heated or lower surface cooled

/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.54 𝑅𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2.6 × 10 < 𝑅𝑎 < 10
/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.15 𝑅𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 < 𝑅𝑎 < 3 × 10
Lower surface heated or upper surface cooled
/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.27 𝑅𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 × 10 < 𝑅𝑎 < 3 × 10

For vertical plate

/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 𝑅𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 < 𝑅𝑎 < 10
/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.10 𝑅𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 < 𝑅𝑎 < 10

Q9. Consider a hot boil egg in cooler environment. The general direction in which the air moves in this
situation is

(a) horizontal (b) up

Q10. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Which of the following expressions represent coefficient of volume expansion (𝛽)
1 𝜕𝑣 −1 𝜕𝑣
(𝑎) β = (𝑏) β =
𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝑣 𝜕𝑇

1 𝜕𝜌 −1 𝜕𝜌
(𝑐) β = (𝑑) β =
𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑇

Q11. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Which of the following statements are TRUE for coefficient of volume expansion (𝛽)

(a) coefficient of volume expansion (𝛽) for ideal gas is 𝛽 = 𝑇 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 →

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾)
(b) coefficient of volume expansion (𝛽) for ideal gas is 𝛽 = 1/𝑇 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 →
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾)
(c) larger the value of volume expansion coefficient (𝛽), stronger will be natural convection current.

(d) Larger the value of volume expansion coefficient (𝛽), larger will be the density change with
change in temperature.

Q12. Match the following

𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 − 𝑰𝑰

A. Grashof’s number 𝜇𝑐
1.
𝑘
B. Rayliegh number 𝑔𝐿 𝛽∆𝑇
2.
𝑣
C. Prandtl number ℎ𝐿
3.
𝑘
D. Nusselt number 𝑔𝐿 𝛽∆𝑇
4.
𝑣𝛼
Codes:

(a) A–1 B–2 C–3 D–4

(b) A–2 B–1 C–4 D–3
(c) A–2 B–4 C–1 D–3
(d) A–2 B–4 C–3 D–1

Q13. [𝑴𝑺𝑸] Consider a fluid with zero coefficient of volume expansion (𝛽 = 0) and select the correct
options.

(a) There cannot be natural convection.

(b) There cannot be change in density of fluid with change in temperature.
𝜕𝜌
(𝑐) =0
𝜕𝑇
(d) none of these

Q14. Consider a laminar natural convection from vertical hot plate

(a) heat flux will be maximum at top.

(b) heat flux will be maximum at bottom.
(c) heat flux will be maximum at mid of plate.
(d) none of these.
Q15. A 10 mm diameter spherical steel ball at 260 ℃ is immersed in air at 90 ℃. The rate of convection
heat loss is [Take properties of air at 140 ℃ as 𝐾 = 0.0349 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.684; 𝑣 =
27.8 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑢 = 2 + 0.43(𝑅𝑎 ) / ]
(a) 3.48 W (b) 5.48 W
(c) 1.48 W (d) 9.48 W
Q16. A solid object is to be cooled by submerging it in a quiescent fluid, and the associated free convection
coefficient is given by ℎ = 𝐶∆𝑇 / , where 𝐶 is a constant and ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 . An expression for the
time required for the object to cool an initial temperature 𝑇 to a final temperature 𝑇 .
/ /
4𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 4𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇
(𝑎) /
−1 (𝑏) −1
𝐶𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑇 −𝑇 𝐶𝐴 𝑇 −𝑇

/ /
4𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 8𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇
(𝑐) /
−1 (𝑑) /
−1
𝐶𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑇 −𝑇 𝐶𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑇 −𝑇

Q17. For laminar free convection from a heated vertical surface, the local convection coefficient may be
expressed as ℎ = 𝐶𝑥 / , where ℎ is the coefficient at a distance 𝑥 from the leading edge of the
surface and the quantity 𝐶, which depends on the fluid properties, is independent of 𝑥. An expression
for the ratio ℎ ⁄ℎ , where ℎ is the average coefficient between the leading edge (𝑥 = 0) and the
𝑥 location.

(a) 5/6 (b) 4/3

Q18. A hot plate of 100 cm height and 25 cm wide is exposed to atmospheric air at 25 ℃. The surface
temperature of the plate is 95 ℃. Find the heat loss from both the surfaces of the plate. Also find
the change in the heat loss if the height of the plate is reduced to 50 cm and the width is increased
to 40 cm. Use the following relations: 𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 (𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟) . 𝑖𝑓 𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟. ≤ 10
𝑁𝑢 = 0.10 (𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟) . 𝑖𝑓 𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟. > 10
The properties of air are:
𝜌 = 1.06 × 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝑐 = 1004 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ; 𝑘 = 0.029 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 ; 𝑣 = 18.97 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 .

(𝑰𝑨𝑺 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑)

Q19. A hot plate of 15 𝑐𝑚 area maintained at a temperature of 200 ℃ is exposed to still air at 30 ℃
temperature. When the smaller side of the plate is held vertical, convective heat transfer rate is
14% higher than when the bigger side of the plate is held vertical. Determine the dimensions of the
plate. Neglect internal temperature gradient of the plate thickness. Also determine the heat
transfer in both cases:
Use the following relations 𝑁𝑢 = 0.59(𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟. ) .

Take the following properties of air

Temperature 𝜌 𝑐 𝜇 𝑘
(℃) (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ) (𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝑘 ) (𝑁𝑠⁄𝑚 ) (𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝑘 )
30 1.165 1.005 18.6 × 10 0.0267
115 0.910 1.009 22.65 × 10 0.0331
200 0.746 1.026 26 × 10 0.0393
(𝑰𝑨𝑺 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗)

Q20. A 30 𝑐𝑚 × 30 𝑐𝑚 horizontal duct made of sheet metal carries warm air. The duct is maintained at
65 ℃ and 10 m long. Heat loss from duct to the ambient air takes place due to free convection only.
If the ambient air is at 25 ℃. Calculate the heat loss from the duct.
Use the following free convection correlations heat transfer from the upper surface of a horizontal
plate: 𝑁𝑢 = 0.54 (𝑅𝑎 ) / .
Heat transfer from lower surface of a horizontal plate: 𝑁𝑢 = 0.27 (𝑅𝑎 ) / .
Heat transfer from vertical plate: 𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 (𝑅𝑎 ) / .
The properties of air at 45 are 𝑃𝑟 = 0.695, 𝑣 = 1.85 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 ; 𝑘 = 0.028 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾.
(𝑰𝑨𝑺 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖)

Q21. A rectangular copper plate 10 𝑐𝑚 × 50 𝑐𝑚, having a mass of 1 kg and at a temperature of 100 ℃
is suspended vertically in still air at 20 ℃ so that 50 cm wide is vertical. Neglecting radiation effect,
find heat transfer coefficient due to natural convection and initial rate of cooling of the plate in
℃⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒. Take 𝑐 for 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 383 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾

The properties of air at mean temperature 60 ℃ are:

𝜌 = 1.06 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝑣 = 18.97 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.696; 𝑐 = 1005 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ;

𝑘 = 28.96 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 ; 𝜇 = 20.1 × 10 𝑁𝑠⁄𝑚

You may use the following correlation 𝑁𝑢 = 0.1 (𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟. ) /

. Will the result change if 10 cm side is
vertical? Why?
(𝑰𝑨𝑺 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔)

Q22. An electrically heated sphere of 1.5 cm diameter is cooled in a quiescent medium of air at 315 K. In
order to maintain the surface temperature of the sphere at 385 K. Estimate the amount of heat to be
315+385
supplied by electrical heater 𝐷 = 1.5 × 10 𝑚. The properties of air at = 350 𝐾 are
2
kinematic viscosity 𝑣 = 2.076 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠; Prandtl Number 𝑃𝑟 = 0.697; Thermal conductivity
𝑘 = 0.03 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾;
1
Coefficient of thermal expansion 𝛽 =
𝑇𝑓 = 2.88 × 10 𝐾
/
Use the relationship 𝑁𝑢 = 2 + 0.43 𝑅𝑎

(𝑬𝑺𝑬 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔)

Q23. Estimate the coefficient of heat transfer from a vertical plate 2 𝑚 × 2 𝑚 to the surrounding air at
25 ℃. The plate surface temperature is 150 ℃. Also calculate the rate of heat transfer from the plate.
For air assume the kinematic viscosity as 1.6 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠. The properties of air at film temperature
are 𝜌 = 0.972 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ; 𝑃𝑟 = 0.69; 𝑐 = 1.009 𝐾𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ; 𝑘 = 3.13 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 . The
constants 𝐶 and 𝑛 in Nusselt Number equation are 0.15 and (1/3) resepcftively
(𝑬𝑺𝑬 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗)

Q24. Hot horizontal plate whose back side is insulated

(a) Hot surface will cool slower when facing upwards.

(b) Hot surface will cool at same rate whether facing upward or downward.
(c) Hot surface will cool faster when facing upwards.
(d) Can’t say anything.
Q25. Under what conditions can the outer surface of a vertical cylinder be treated as a vertical plate in
natural convection calculations?
35 𝐿 35 𝐿
(𝑎) 𝐷 ≥ (𝑏) 𝐷 ≥
𝐺𝑟 / 𝐺𝑟 /
65 𝐿 35 𝐿
(𝑐) 𝐷 ≥ (𝑑) 𝐷 ≥
𝐺𝑟 / 𝐺𝑟 /

4. Natural Convection or Free convection

Answer Key
Q1. (d) Q11. (b), (c) and (d) Q21. 6.01 ℃⁄𝒎𝒊𝒏
Q2. (a) Q12. (c) Q22. 0.63 W
Q3. (d) Q13. (a), (b) and (c) Q23. 9828 W
Q4. (b) Q14. (b) Q24. (c)
Q5. (c) Q15. (c) Q25. (d)
Q6. (c) Q16. (a)
Q7. (a) Q17. (b)
Q8. 55.7 W/m Q18.
Q9. (b) Q19. 3.147 W, 2.77 W
Q10. (a) and (d) Q20. 2184 W

Problems on Heat Exchanger

Q1. A double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol 𝐶 = 2560 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ flowing
at a rate of 3.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 from 80 ℃ to 40 ℃ by water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ that enters at 20 ℃ and
leaves at 55 ℃. Determine the rate of heat transfer and mass flow rate of water

(a) 358.4 𝑘𝑊, 4.45 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 (b) 658.4 𝑘𝑊, 2.45 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
(c) 558.4 𝑘𝑊, 3.45 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 (d) 358.4 𝑘𝑊, 2.45 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Q2. A double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol 𝐶 = 2560 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ flowing
at a rate of 3.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 from 80 ℃ to 40 ℃ by water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ that enters at 20 ℃ and
leaves at 55 ℃. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area of the tube is
250 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃. Determine the heat transfer surface area on the inner side of the tube.

(a) 64 𝑚 (b) 44 𝑚
(c) 34 𝑚 (d) 24 𝑚
Answer 2: (a)

Q3. A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is to heat water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ from
25 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 60 ℃ at a rate of 0.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
𝐶 = 4310 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ available at 140 ℃ at a mass flow rate of 0.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The inner tube is thin-
walled and has a diameter of 0.8 𝑐𝑚. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is
550 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃. Determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.

(a) 20 𝑚 (b) 25.5 𝑚

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Q4. Cold water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ leading to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe counter-
flow heat exchanger at 15 ℃ at a rate of 0.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 and is heated to 45 ℃ by hot water
𝐶 = 4190 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ that enters at 100 ℃ at a rate of 3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 1210 𝑊/𝑚 ℃. Determine the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area
of the heat exchanger.

(a) 51.4 𝑘𝑊, 0.382 𝑚 (b) 31.4 𝑘𝑊, 0.682 𝑚

Q5. Engine oil 𝐶 = 2100 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ is to be heated from 20 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 60 ℃ at a rate of 0.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 in a
2 𝑐𝑚 diameter thin-walled copper tube by condensing steam outside at a temperature of 130 ℃
ℎ = 2174 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 . For an overall heat transfer coefficient of 650 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃. Determine the rate
of heat transfer and the length of the tube required to achieve it.

(a) 20.5 𝑘𝑊, 8.0 𝑚 (b) 25.2 𝑘𝑊, 6.0 𝑚

Q6. Glycerin 𝐶 = 2400 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ at 20 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 is to be heated by ethylene glycol
𝐶 = 2500 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ at 60 ℃ in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The
temperature difference between the two fluids is 15 ℃ at the outlet of the heat exchanger. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 240 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃ and the heat transfer surface area is 3.2 𝑚 .
Determine the outlet temperature of the glycerin.

(a) 47.2 ℃ (b) 57.2 ℃

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Q7. Glycerin 𝐶 = 2400 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ at 20 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 is to be heated by ethylene glycol
𝐶 = 2500 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ at 60 ℃ in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The
temperature difference between the two fluids is 15 ℃ at the outlet of the heat exchanger. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 240 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃ and the heat transfer surface area is 3.2 𝑚 .
Determine the mass flow rate of the ethylene glycol.

(a) 5.56 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 (b) 3.56 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Q8. In a fire-tube boiler, hot products of combustion flowing through an array of thin-walled tubes are
used to boil water flowing over the tubes. At the time of installation, the overall heat transfer
coefficient was 400 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. After 1 year of use, the inner and outer tube surfaces are fouled with
corresponding fouling factors of 𝑅 , = 0.0015 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 , = 0.0005 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾/𝑊, respectively.
Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient after 1 year.

(a) 350 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊 (b) 300 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊

Q9. A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water from 20 𝑡𝑜 80 ℃ using hot
oil, which is supplied to the annulus at 160 ℃ and discharged at 140 ℃. The thin-walled inner tube
has a diameter of 𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. The design
condition calls for a total heat transfer rate of 3000 𝑊. What is the length of the heat exchanger?

(a) 2 𝑚 (b) 1.97 𝑚

Q10. A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water from 20 𝑡𝑜 80 ℃ using hot
oil, which is supplied to the annulus at 160 ℃ and discharged at 140 ℃. The thin-walled inner tube
has a diameter of 𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. The design
condition calls for a total heat transfer rate of 3000 𝑊. After 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 of operation, performance is
degraded by fouling on the water side of the exchanger and the water outlet temperature is only
65 ℃ for the same fluid flow rates and inlet temperature. What are the corresponding values of the
heat transfer rate _________________, the outlet temperature of the oil ____________________,
the overall heat transfer coefficient ________________ and the water-side fouling factor,
𝑅 , _________________.

Answer 10: 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑾, 𝟏𝟒𝟓 ℃, 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 𝑲, 𝟗. 𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒

𝒎𝟐 𝑲⁄𝑾

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Q11. Consider a concentric tube heat exchanger with an area of 50 𝑚 operating under the following
conditions:

Hot fluid Cold fluid

Heat capacity rate, 𝑘𝑊/𝐾 6 3

Inlet temperature, ℃ 60 30

Outlet temperature, ℃ − 54
(a) Determine the outlet temperature of the hot fluid.

(b) Is the heat exchanger operating in counterflow or parallel flow, or can’t you tell from the available
information?

(c) Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient.

(d) Calculate the effectiveness of this exchanger.

(e) What would be the effectiveness of this exchanger if its length were made very large?

Answer 11: (𝒂)𝟒𝟖 ℃, (𝒃) counter flow heat exchanger, (c) 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 𝑲 (d) 𝟎. 𝟖

Q12. A concentric tube heat exchanger for cooling lubricating oil is comprised of a thin-walled inner tube
of 25 𝑚𝑚 diameter carrying water and an outer tube of 45 𝑚𝑚 diameter carrying the oil. The
exchanger operates in counterflow with an overall heat transfer coefficient of 60 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and the
tabulated average properties.

Properties Water Oil

𝜌 (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 ) 1000 800
𝑐 (𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ) 4200 1900
𝑣 (𝑚 ⁄𝑠) 7 × 10 1 × 10
𝑘 (𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾) 0.64 0.134
𝑃𝑟 4.7 140

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(a) If the outlet temperature of the oil is 60 ℃, determine the total heat transfer and the outlet
temperature of the water.

(b) Determine the length required for the heat exchanger.

Answer 12: (a) 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑾, 𝟒𝟖. 𝟏 ℃, (b) 40.3

Q13. A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger used for engine cooling has been in service for an
extended period of time. The heat transfer surface area of the exchanger is 5 𝑚 and the design value
of the overall convection coefficient is 38 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. During a test run, engine oil flowing at 0.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
is cooled from 110 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 66 ℃ by water supplied at a temperature of 25 ℃ and a flow rate of
0.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine whether fouling has occurred during the service period. If so, calculate the
fouling factor, 𝑅 (𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊). Take specific heat of engine oil and water as 2166 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾 and 4178
𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾
(a) 0.0029 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊 (b) 0.029 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾⁄𝑊
(c) 0.0089 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊 (d) 0.01 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊
Answer 13: (a)

Q14. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Select the correct statement for double pipe heat exchanger.

(a) In parallel flow heat exchanger flow both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the
same end and move in the same direction.

(b) In counter flow heat exchanger, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends
and flow in opposite directions.

(c) In counter flow heat exchanger flow both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the
same end and move in the same direction.

(d) In parallel flow heat exchanger, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends
and flow in opposite directions.

Answer 14: (a) and (b)

Q15. A heat exchanger is known as compact heat exchanger if

(𝑎) 𝛽 > 700 𝑚 /𝑚 (𝑏) 𝛽 > 200 𝑚 /𝑚

(𝑐) 𝛽 < 700 𝑚 /𝑚 (𝑑) 𝛽 > 900 𝑚 /𝑚
Where 𝛽 is area density and it is defined as the ratio of the heat transfer surface area of a heat
exchanger to its volume.

Answer 15: (a)

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Q16. Which of the following is not an example of compact heat exchanger?

(a) Human lungs (b) Car radiator

Q17. The car radiator which is water to air compact heat exchangers, the fins are used

(a) On water side (b) On air side

Q18. Baffles are commonly used in shell and tube type heat exchanger

(a) Decrease heat transfer rate.

(b) Increase heat transfer rate

(d) None of these

Answer 18: (b)

Q19. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Under what conditions is the thermal resistance of the tube in a heat exchanger negligible?

(a) When wall thickness of the tube is small.

(b) When wall thickness of the tube is large.

(c) The thermal conductivity of the tube material is high.

(d) The thermal conductivity of the tube material is low.

Answer 19: (a) and (c)

Q20. In a thin-walled double pipe heat exchanger, when is the approximation 𝑈 = ℎ a reasonable one?
Here 𝑈 is the overall heat transfer coefficient and ℎ is the convection heat transfer coefficient inside
the tube.

(a) ℎ ≪ ℎ & 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴 (b) ℎ ≫ ℎ & 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴

Answer 20: (a)

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Q21. A double-pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a copper (𝑘 = 380 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃) inner tube of internal
diameter 𝐷 = 1.2 𝑐𝑚 and external diameter 𝐷 = 1.6 𝑐𝑚 and an outer tube of diameter 3.0 𝑐𝑚.
The convection heat transfer coefficient is reported to be ℎ = 700 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃ on the inner surface
of the tube and ℎ = 1400 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃ on its outer surface. For a fouling factor 𝑅 , =
0.0005 𝑚 ∙ ℃⁄𝑊 on the tube side and 𝑅 , = 0.0002 𝑚 ∙ ℃⁄𝑊 on the shell side, determine

(a) the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length.

(b) The overall heat transfer coefficients 𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 based on the inner and outer surface areas of the
tube respectively.
Answer 21

Q22. Consider parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger with specified inlet and outlet temperatures.
Select the correct statements.

(a) LMTD of parallel flow heat exchanger is always more than the LMTD of counter flow heat
exchanger

(b) LMTD of parallel flow heat exchanger is always equal to the LMTD of counter flow heat exchanger

(d) Under such conditions LMTD of parallel flow heat exchanger cannot be compared with LMTD of
counter flow heat exchanger
Answer 22: (c)

Q23. For specified inlet and outlet temperatures. Select the correct statement.

(a) Cross flow heat exchanger requires least surface area.

(b) Parallel flow heat exchanger requires least surface area.

(d) Counter flow heat exchanger requires least surface area.

Answer 23: (b)

Q24. In counter flow heat exchanger, if both hot and cold fluid has same heat capacity rate. Select the
correct statement.

(a) The temperature difference between hot and cold fluid remains constant.

(b) The temperature difference between hot and cold fluid decays exponentially.

(d) Outlet temperature of cold fluid is equal to inlet temperature of hot fluid.
Answer 24: (a)

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Q25. A condenser or boiler is

(a) always parallel flow heat exchanger.

(b) always counter flow heat exchanger.

(d) None of these

Answer 25: (c)

Q26. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Select the correct statement for correction factor 𝐹 (with respect to heat exchanger).

(a) 𝐹 > 1

(b) 𝐹 ≤ 1

(c) 𝐹 = 1 for condenser and boilers

(d) 𝐹 depends on geometry of heat exchanger as well as inlet and outlet temperature of hot and cold
fluid.

Answer 26: (b), (c) and (d)

Q27. Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 30 ℃ with cooling
water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 14 ℃ and leaves at 22 ℃. The
surface area of the tubes is 45 𝑚 and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃.
Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam
in the condenser. The heat of vaporization of water at 30 ℃ is ℎ = 2431 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 and the specific
heat of cold water at the average temperature of 18 ℃ is 𝐶 = 4184 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃.

Answer 27: mass flow rate of cooling water = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔, The rate of condensation steam is =
𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔

Q28. A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 50 ℃ by
hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2 𝑐𝑚 diameter tubes at 80 ℃ and leaves at 40 ℃ (Figure).
The total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 𝑚. The convection heat transfer coefficient
is 25 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃ on the water (tube) side. Determine
the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger
(a) Before any fouling occurs
(b) After fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 𝑚 ∙ ℃⁄𝑊 occurs on the outer surfaces of the tubes.

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Answer 28

Q29. A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in an automotive radiator that
is a compact cross-flow water to air heat exchanger with both fluids (air and water) unmixed (see
figure). The radiator has 40 tubes of internal diameter 0.5 𝑐𝑚 and length 65 𝑐𝑚 in a closely spaced
plate-finned matrix. Hot water enters the tubes at 90 ℃ at rate of 0.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 and leaves at 65 ℃. Air
flows across the radiator through the interfin spaces and is heated from 20 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 40℃. Determine
the overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈 of this radiator based on the inner surface area of the tubes.

Answer 29

Q30. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) The heat transfer in the heat exchanger reaches it maximum value when

(a) The cold fluid is heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid.

(b) The hot fluid is cooled to the inlet temperature of the cold fluid.

(c) Both conditions (a) and (b) are satisfied simultaneously.

(d) Maximum heat transfer can be achieved only in parallel flow heat exchanger.

Answer 30: (a), (b) and (c)

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Q31. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Select the correct statement for effectiveness of heat exchanger.

(a) Effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate to the maximum possible heat
transfer rate.
(b) Effectiveness is independent of type of fluid flowing in heat exchanger.
(c) Effectiveness is independent of NTU of the heat exchanger.
(d) With increase in NTU the effectiveness of heat exchanger increases.

Answer 31: (a) and (d)

Q32. Select the correct statement for NTU (Number Transfer Unit) for heat exchanger

(a) Larger the NTU, large is heat exchanger

(b) Larger the NTU, smaller is heat exchanger.
(c) NTU is not related to the size of the heat exchanger.
(d) None of these

Answer 32: (a)

Q33. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Select the correct statement regarding effectiveness (𝜀) and NTU of heat exchanger

(a) The value of effectiveness (𝜀) ranges from 0 to 1.

(b) 𝜀 increase rapidly with NTU for small values (𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 1.5) but rather slowly for larger
values.

(d) A heat exchanger with a very high effectiveness may be highly desirable from a heat transfer point
of view but rather undesirable from an economical point of view.

Answer 33: (a), (b) and (d)

Q34. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Select the correct statement regarding effectiveness (𝜀) and NTU of heat exchanger

(a) The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is independent of the capacity ratio 𝑐 for NTU values of less
than about 0.3.

(b) For a given NTU and capacity ratio 𝑐 = 𝐶 ⁄𝐶 the parallel-flow heat exchanger has the
highest effectiveness.

(d) For a given NTU, the effectiveness becomes a maximum for 𝑐 = 0 and a minimum for 𝑐 = 1.

Answer 34: (a), (c) and (d)

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Q35. Consider condenser and boiler

(a) The expression of effectiveness is given as 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑁𝑇𝑈)

(b) The expression of effectiveness is given as 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑁𝑇𝑈/2)

(c) The expression of effectiveness is given as 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑁𝑇𝑈)

(d) The expression of effectiveness is given as 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑁𝑇𝑈)

Answer 35: (a)

Q36. Consider an oil-to-oil double pipe heat exchanger whose flow arrangement is not known. The
temperature measurements indicate that the cold oil enters at 20 ℃ and leaves at 55 ℃, while the
hot oil enters at 80 ℃ and leaves at 45 ℃. Assuming heat capacity rate of both fluids to be identical

(a) Heat exchanger is a parallel flow heat exchanger.

(b) Heat exchanger is counter flow heat exchanger.

(c) The effectiveness of heat exchanger is 0.583

(d) The effectiveness of heat exchanger is 0.883

Answer 36: (b) and (c)

Q37. A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating oil for a large industrial
gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube (𝐷 = 25 𝑚𝑚) is 0.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
while the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus (𝐷 = 45 𝑚𝑚) is 0.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The oil and water
enter at temperature of 100 and 30 ℃, respectively. How long must the tube be made if the outlet
temperature of the oil is to be 60 ℃?

Take engine oil: 𝑐 = 2131 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝜇 = 3.25 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 , 𝑘 = 0.138 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 .

Water: 𝑐 = 4178 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 , 𝜇 = 725 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠⁄𝑚 , 𝑘 = 0.625 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾 , 𝑃𝑟 = 4.85

Answer 37:

Q38. Cold water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ leading to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe counter-
flow heat exchanger at 15 ℃ at a rate of 0.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 and is heated to 45 ℃ by hot water
𝐶 = 4190 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ that enters at 100 ℃ at a rate of 3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 950 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃, determine the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area
of the heat exchanger using the 𝜀-NTU method.

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Answer 38: 31350 𝑊, 0.482 𝑚

Q39. Water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ is to be heated by solar heat hot air 𝐶 = 1010 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ in a
double-pipe counter flow heat exchanger. Air enters the heat exchanger at 90 ℃ at a rate of
0.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, while water enters at 22 ℃ at a rate of 0.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The overall heat transfer coefficient
based on the inner side of the tube is given to be 80 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃. The length of the tube is 12 𝑚 and
the internal diameter of the tube is 1.2 𝑐𝑚. Determine the outlet temperature of the water and the
air.

Q40. A thin-walled double-pipe parallel flow heat exchanger is used to heat a chemical whose specific
heat is 1800 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ with hot water 𝐶 = 4180 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ . The chemical enters at 20 ℃ at a rate
of 3𝑘𝑔/𝑠, while the water enters at 110 ℃ at a rate of 2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The heat transfer surface area of the
heat exchanger is 7 𝑚 and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1200 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ ℃. Determine the
outlet temperatures of the chemical and the water.

Q41. A type-302 stainless steel, tube of inner and outer diameters 𝐷 = 22 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 27 𝑚𝑚,
respectively, is used in a cross -flow heat exchanger. The fouling factor, 𝑅 , for the inner and outer
surfaces are estimated to be 0.0004 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.0002 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 ⁄𝑊, respectively. Determine the overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tube, 𝑈 .

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Q42. A concentric tube heat exchanger of length 𝐿 = 2 𝑚 is used to thermally process a pharmaceutical
product flowing at a mean velocity of 𝑢 , = 0.1 𝑚/𝑠 with an inlet temperature of 𝑇 , = 20 ℃. The
inner tube of diameter 𝐷 = 10 𝑚𝑚 is thin walled and the exterior of the outer tube (𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚)
is well insulated. Water flows in the annular region between the tubes at a mean velocity of 𝑢 , =
0.2 𝑚/𝑠 with an inlet temperature of 𝑇 , = 60 ℃. Properties of pharmaceutical product are 𝑣 =
10 × 10 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 , 𝑘 = 0.25 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, 𝜌 = 1100 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 2460 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 . Evaluate
water properties at 𝑇 = 50 ℃.

(a) Determine the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈.

(b) Determine the mean outlet temperature of the pharmaceutical product when the exchanger
operates in the counterflow mode.

(c) Determine the mean outlet temperature of the pharmaceutical product when the exchanger
operates in the parallel-flow mode.

Q43. The hot and cold inlet temperatures to a concentric tube heat exchanger are 𝑇 , = 200 ℃, 𝑇 , =
100 ℃ respectively. The outlet temperatures are 𝑇 . = 110 ℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 , = 125 ℃. Is the heat
exchanger operating in a parallel flow or in a counterflow configuration? What is the heat exchanger
effectiveness? What is the NTU? Phase change does not occur in either fluid.

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Problem Sheet on Radiation

Q1. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to thermal radiation?

(a) Thermal radiation is the radiation emitted as a result of vibrational and rotational motions of
molecules, atoms and electrons of a substance.
(b) Thermal radiation extends from about 0.1 to 100 𝜇𝑚 in wavelength.
(c) Thermal radiations are the electromagnetic radiation,
(d) Thermal radiations are not the electromagnetic radiation

Q2. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to thermal radiation?

(a) Thermal radiation is emitted by bodies because of their temperature.

(b) Thermal radiation include the entire visible and infrared radiation as well as the portion of ultra
violet radiation

(d) Thermal radiation does not require the presence material medium in fact energy transfer by
thermal radiation is fastest in vacuum

Q3. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to thermal radiation?

(a) Radiation in opaque solids is considered surface phenomena since only radiation emitted by the
molecules in a very thin layer of a body at the surface can escape the solid
(b) Body that emits some radiations in visible range is called light source. Sun is our primary light
source
(c) Usually, thermal radiation is volumetric phenomenon but for opaques surface it can be treated as
surface phenomenon
(d) Heat transfer by thermal radiation is not possible in vacuum.

Q4. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true for black body?
(a) A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation.
(b) A blackbody does not actually exist.
(c) Black body is a diffuse emitter
(d) It is an idealized body that emits the maximum amount of radiation that can be emitted by a
surface at a given temperature.

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Q5. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to solid angle and plane angle?
(a) A plane angle represents an opening in space, whereas a solid angle represents an opening in a
plane.
(b) A solid angle represents an opening in space, whereas a plane angle represents an opening in a
plane.
(c) For a sphere of unit radius, the solid angle about the origin subtended by a given surface on the
sphere is equal to the area of the surface. The value of a solid angle associated with a sphere is
4π.
(d) Circle of unit radius, the plane angle about the origin subtended by a given arc is equal to the
length of the arc.
Q6. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to intensity irradiation and radiosity?

(a) The intensity of emitted radiation 𝐼 (𝜃, 𝜑) is defined as the rate at which radiation energy 𝑑𝑄 is
emitted in the (θ, φ) direction per unit area normal to this direction and per unit solid angle about
this direction.
(b) For a diffusely emitting surface, the emissive power is related to the intensity of emitted radiation
by 𝐸 = 𝜋𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝐸 = 𝜋𝐼 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 spectral quantities
(c) Irradiation G is the radiation flux incident on a surface from all directions.
(d) Radiosity J is the rate at which radiation energy leaves a unit area of a surface by emission and
reflection in all directions

Q7. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to emissivity and absorptivity?

(a) The emissivity ε is the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation emitted by a
blackbody at the same temperature.
(b)The fraction of radiation absorbed by the surface is called the absorptivity α
(c) The fraction of radiation absorbed by the surface is called the emissivity ε
(d) The absorptivity α is the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation emitted by
a blackbody at the same temperature.

Q8. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to reflectivity and transmissivity?
(a) The fraction of irradiation reflected by the surface is called transmissivity τ
(b) The fraction of irradiation transmitted is called the reflectivity ρ
(c) The fraction of irradiation reflected by the surface is called reflectivity ρ

(d) The fraction of irradiation transmitted is called the transmissivity τ

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Q9. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true with regards to gray body and diffuse body?
(a) A body whose surface properties are independent of wavelength is said to be a graybody.
(b) The emissivity of a blackbody is one for all wavelengths, the emissivity of a graybody is between
zero and one.
(c) A surface is said to be diffuse if its properties are independent of direction.
(d) The emissivity of gray and diffuse surface is simply the total hemispherical emissivity
Q10. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true for view factor?

(a) The view factor 𝐹 → represents the fraction of the radiation leaving surface 𝑖 that strikes surface j
directly.
(b) The view factor from a surface to itself is non-zero for concave surfaces.

(c) An enclosure consisting of six surfaces is considered. The number of view factors this geometry
involves is 36
(d) An enclosure consisting of six surfaces is considered. The number of view factors this geometry that
can be determined by the application of the reciprocity and summation rules is 15
Q11. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true for view factor?

(a) The view factor from surface to itself is non-zero for plane and convex surface.
(b) The view factor from surface to itself is zero for plane and convex surface.
(c) The view factor from surface to itself is zero for concave surface.
(d) The view factor from surface to itself is non- zero for concave surface.

Q12. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Consider an enclosure consisting N surface which of the following statements are true
regarding view factor
(a) The total number of view factors are N2.
(b) The total number of view factors are 𝑁(𝑁 − 1)/2.
(c) The number of view factors than can be determined using summation rule is N.
(d) Number of view factors that that can be determined using reciprocity is 𝑁(𝑁 − 1)/2.

Q13. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Which of the following statements are true regarding the radiation coming from black body?

(a) Emitted radiations is continuous function of wavelength.

(b) Emitted radiations are not continuous rather discrete with wavelength.
(c) At any wavelength the amount of radiation increases with increasing the temperature.
(d) The wavelength at which peak occurs for a specified temperature is given by Wien displacement
law which is 𝜆 𝑇 = 2898 𝜇𝑚 . 𝐾.

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Q14. What is the effective sky temperature?

(a) For radiation calculations the atmosphere is treated as a blackbody at some lower fictitious
temperature then the actual temperature of sky that emits an equivalent amount of radiation
energy. This fictitious temperature is called the effective sky temperature 𝑇 .
(b) The temperature of air in stratosphere is referred as effective sky temperature.
(c) The average temperature of atmosphere is referred as effective sky temperature.
(d) None of the above
Q15. Consider the following statements regarding the black body.

(1) A large isothermal cavity at temperature T with small opening of area A closely resembles with a
black body of surface area A at same temperature.
(2) Black body would appear black to eyes.
(3) Spectral black body emissive power is given by Planck’s Law.
(4) Black body radiation function is defined for gray surface.

Which of the above statements are True?

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct (b) 2, 3 and 4 are correct

(c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1 and 3 are correct
Q16. Consider the following statements regarding the black body radiation function

(1) It is defined for real surface.

(2) It is defined as fraction of radiation emitted from black body at temperature T in wavelength band
from 𝜆 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜆
(3) The maximum possible value of black body radiation function is 1.
(4) The maximum possible value of black body radiation function is 0.5.

Which of the above statements are True?

(a) 2 and 3 are correct (b) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1 and 3 are correct
Q17. Consider the following statements regarding cause of colors.

(1) A surface that reflects red while absorbing the remaining portion of visible light, appears red to
the eyes.
(2) Any surface that absorbs the complete visible portion of light would appear black to the eyes.
(3) Any surface that reflects the complete visible portion of the light would appear white to the eyes.
(4) A body which appears black to the eyes may not be idealized black body.

Which of the above statements are True?

(a) 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1 and 3 are correct

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Q18. Consider a 20 𝑐𝑚 diameter hemispherical enclosure. The dome is maintained at 600 𝐾 and heat is
supplied from the dome at a rate of 50𝑊 while the base surface with an emissivity of 0.55 is
maintained at 400 𝐾. Determine the emissivity of the dome.

(a) 0.021 (b) 0.031

(1) Ratio of total emissive power of real surface to the total emissive power of black body at same
temperature is referred as spectral hemispherical emissivity.

(2) Ratio of total emissive power of real surface to the total emissive power of black body at same
temperature is referred as total hemispherical emissivity.

(3) Ratio of spectral emissive power of real surface to the spectral emissive power of black body at
same temperature is referred as spectral hemispherical emissivity

(4) The ratio of intensity of the radiation emitted at the wavelength 𝜆 and in the direction 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙
to the intensity of radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same values of 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 is known as
spectral directional emissivity.

Which of the above statements are True?

(a) 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1 and 3 are correct
Q20. Consider the following statements regarding the radiation heat exchange

(1) The quantity is known as surface resistance of radiating body

(2) The quantity is known as space resistance

(3) Three body enclosure will have three space resistance

(4) Three body enclosure have six surface resistance

Which of the above statements are True?

(a) 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

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Q21. An electrically powered, ring shaped radiant heating element is maintained at a temperature of 𝑇 =
3000 𝐾 and is used in a manufacturing process to heat a small part having a surface area of 𝐴 =
0.007 𝑚 . The surface of the heating element may be assumed to be black for 𝜃 = 30 , 𝜃 = 60 ,
𝐿 = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 = 30 𝑚𝑚, what is the rate at which radiant energy emitted by the heater is incident
on the part?

(a) 300 Watt (b) 286 Watt

(c) 278.4 Watt (d) 250 Watt
Q22. A thin aluminium sheet with an emissivity of 0.12 on both sides is placed between two very large
parallel plates maintained at uniform temperature of 𝑇 = 750 𝐾 and 𝑇 = 550 𝐾. The emissivities
of the plates are 𝜀 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.9. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
plats per unit surface area of the plates, and the temperature of the radiation shield in steady
operation.

(a) 749 W/m2, 671 K (b) 949 W/m2, 700 K

(c) 749 W/m2, 525 K (d) 1049 W/m2, 600 K
Q23. Consider a 4 m x 4 m x 4 m cubical furnace whose floor and ceiling are black and whose side surfaces
are reradiating. The floor and the ceiling of the furnace are maintained at temperatures of 550 K and
1100 K, respectively. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the floor and the ceiling of the
furnace. Take view factor from selling to floor of Furnace as 0.2.

(a) 947 K (b) 647 K

(c) 847 K (d) 747 K
Q24. Consider a cylindrical enclosure whose height is twice the diameter of its base. The view factor from
the side surface of this cylindrical enclosure to its base surface. If the view factor from the top surface
to the base surface of the cylinder is 0.38

(a) 0.11 (b) 0.041

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Q25. Consider a hemispherical furnace with a flat circular base of diameter D. The view factor from the
dome of this furnace to its base.

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.45

(c) 0.5 (d) 0.6
Q26. The view factors from very long semicylindrical groove as shown in the figure to the surrounding.
Neglect the end effects.

(a) 0.64 (b) 0.54

Q27. The view factors from very long rectangular groove as shown in the figure to the surrounding.
Neglect the end effects.

(a) a/2b
(b)

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Q28. Consider the infinity long triangular duct as shown in the figure

𝐿 +𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿 +𝐿 −𝐿
(1) 𝐹 = (2) 𝐹 =
2𝐿 2𝐿
𝐿 +𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿 +𝐿 −𝐿
(3) 𝐹 = (4) 𝐹 =
2𝐿 2𝐿
If 𝐹 is view factor then

(a) Only 1 is correct (b) 1 and 2 is correct

Q29. Consider the 5m x 5m x 5m cubical furnace shown in figure, whose surfaces closely approximate
black surfaces. The base, top, and side surfaces of the furnace and maintained at uniform
temperatures of 800 K, 1500 K, and 500 K, respectively. The net rate of radiation heat transfer
between the base and the top surface. If the view factor from the base surface to top surface is 0.2.

(a) 2319 kW (b) 1319 kW

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Q30. Consider the 5m x 5m x 5m cubical furnace shown in figure, whose surfaces closely approximate
black surfaces. The base, top, and side surfaces of the furnace and maintained at uniform
temperatures of 800 K, 1500 K, and 500 K, respectively. The net radiation heat transfer from the base
surface (only numerical value). If the view factor from the base surface to top surface is 0.2.

(a) 1325 kW (b) 1225 kW

(c) 925 kW (d) 1525 kW
Q31. Two coaxial cylinders of diameters 𝐷 = 0.10 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 0.30 𝑚 and emissivities 𝜖 = 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜖 = 0.4 are maintained at uniform temperatures of 𝑇 = 750 𝐾 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 500 𝐾, respectively.
Now a coaxial radiation shield of diameter 𝐷 = 0.20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜖 = 0.2 is placed between the two
cylinders. The ratio of rate of heat transfer between two cylinders with one shield and without shield
is

(a) 0.3 (b) 0.25

(c) 0.2 (d) 0.1
Q32. A spherical tank of diameter 𝐷 = 2𝑚 that is filled with liquid 𝑁 at 100 K is kept in an evacuated
cubic encloser whose sides are 3m long. The emissivities of the spherical tank and the enclosure are
𝜖 = 0.1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜖 = 0.8, respectively. If the temperature of the cubic encloser is measured to be 240
K, determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen.

(a) 228 W (b) 428 W

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Q33. Consider a hemispherical furnace of diameter 𝐷 = 5 𝑚 with flat base. The dome of the furnace is
black and the base has emissivity of 0.7. The base and the dome of the furnace are maintained at
uniform temperatures of 400 K and 1000 K, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat
transfer from the dome to the base surface during steady operation.

(a) 980 kW (b) 760 kW

Q34. Two very long concentric cylinders of diameter 𝐷 = 0.35 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 0.5 𝑚 are maintained at
uniform temperature of 𝑇 = 950 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 500 𝐾 and have emissivities 𝜖 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜖 = 0.55,
respectively. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders per unit length of
cylinders.

(a) 40 kW (b) 70 kW
(c) 30 kW (d) 60 kW
Q35. A thermocouple used to measure the temperature of hot air flowing in a duct whose walls are
maintained at 𝑇 = 500𝐾. Shows a temperature reading of 𝑇 = 850 𝑘. Assuming emissivity of the
thermocouple function to be 𝜖 = 0.6 and the convection heat transfer coefficient to be ℎ =
60 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐶 , temperature (0C) of air will be

(a) 1111 K (b) 838 0C

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Q36. A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides is placed between two very large
parallel plates which are maintained at uniform temperatures 𝑇 = 900 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 650 𝐾 and
have emissivities 𝜀 = 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.8, respectively, as shown in Figure. Determine the ratio of
rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates per unit surface area of the plates with and
without shield.

(a) 0.154 (b) 0.254

Q37. The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1000 K is approximated as

𝜀 = 0.4 0 ≤ 𝜆 < 2 𝜇𝑚
𝜀 = 𝜀 = 0.7 2 𝜇𝑚 ≤ 𝜆 < 6 𝜇𝑚
𝜀 = 0.3 6𝜇𝑚 ≤ 𝜆 < ∞
The average emissivity of the surface and the rate of radiation emission from the surface, in 𝑘𝑊⁄𝑚
respectively
(a) 0.575, 32.6 (b) 0.275, 42.6
(c) 0.375, 52.6 (d) 0.675, 62.6

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

2000 0.066728
4000 0.480877
5000 0.633747
6000 0.737818
8000 0.856288
10000 0.914199

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Q38. (𝑴𝑺𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A small surface of area 𝐴 = 8 𝑐𝑚 emits radiation as a blackbody at 𝑇 = 800 𝐾,
part of radiation emitted by 𝐴 strikes another small surface of area 𝐴 = 8 𝑐𝑚 oriented as shown
in the figure. Determine

(a) The solid angle subtended by 𝐴 when viewed from 𝐴 is 6.25 × 10 𝑆𝑟

(b) The rate at which radiation emitted by 𝐴 strikes 𝐴 directly is 2.61 × 10 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡.

(c) If 𝐴 were directly above 𝐴 at a distance of 80 cm solid angle will be 1.25 × 10 𝑆𝑟

(d) If 𝐴 is above 𝐴 at distance 80 cm radiation emitted by 𝐴 strike 𝐴 is 7.39 × 10 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

Q39. (𝑵𝑨𝑻 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A drying oven consists of a long semi-circular duct of diameter D = 1.5 m. Materials
to be dried cover the base of the oven while the wall is maintained at 1200 k. What is the drying rate
per unit length of the oven (𝑘𝑔/𝑠. 𝑚) _______________. If a water coated layer of material is
maintained at 350 k during the drying process? Blackbody behavior may be assumed for the water
surface and the oven wall (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ℎ = 250 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑡 350 𝐾

Q40. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A radiation shield that has the same emissivity 𝜀 on both sides is placed between
two parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform temperatures of 𝑇 = 650 𝐾 and 𝑇 = 400 𝐾
and have emissivities of 𝜀 = 0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.9 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. The emissivity of the radiation shield
if the radiation heat transfer between the plates is to be reduced to 15% of that without the radiation
shield.

(a) 0.28 (b) 0.18

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Q41. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A furnace is shaped like a long equilateral-triangular duct where the width of each
side is 2m. Heat is supplied from the base surface, whose emissivity is 𝜀 = 0.8, at a rate of 800 W/m2
while the side surfaces, whose emissivities are 0.5, are maintained at 500 K. Neglecting the end
effects and consider this geometry as a two-surface enclosure. The temperature of the base surface
is

(a) 843 K (b) 743 K

Q42. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) Five identical thin aluminum sheets with emissivities of 0.1 on both sides are placed
between two very large parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform temperature of 𝑇 =
800 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 450𝐾 and have emissivities of 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 0.1, respectively. The net rate of radiation
heat transfer between the two plates per unit surface area of the plates.

(a) 283 W/m2 (b) 383 W/m2

Q43. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) The view factors from very long Triangular groove as shown in the figure to the
surrounding. Neglect the end effects.

(a) a/2b (b) a/3b

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Q44. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A thermocouple used to measure the temperature of hot air flowing in a duct whose
walls are maintained at 𝑇 = 400𝐾. Shows a temperature reading of 𝑇 = 650 𝑘. Assuming
emissivity of the thermocouple function to be 𝜖 = 0.6 and the convection heat transfer coefficient
to be ℎ = 80 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐶 , temperature (0C) of air will be

(a) 615 K (b) 665 K

Q45. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) The view factors from the base of the pyramid shown in the figure to each of its four
side surfaces. The base of the pyramid is a square and its side surfaces are isosceles triangles.

(a) 𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.3 𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.2 (b) 𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.15 𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.35

(c) 𝐹 =𝐹 =𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.25 (d) 𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.2 𝐹 =𝐹 = 0.3

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Q46. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) Consider the 5m x 5m x 5m cubical furnace shown in figure, whose surfaces closely
approximate black surfaces. The base, top, and side surfaces of the furnace and maintained at
uniform temperatures of 800 K, 1500 K, and 500 K, respectively. The net rate of radiation heat
transfer between the base and the side surfaces. If the view factor from the base surface to top
surface is 0.2.

(a) 394 kW (b) 494 kW

Q47. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A furnace is shaped like a long semicylindrical duct of diameter 𝐷 = 5𝑚. The base
and the dome of the furnace have emissivities of 0.5 and 0.9 and are maintained at uniform
temperature of 300 and 1000 K, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer from
the dome to the base surface per unit length during steady operation.

(a) 136 kW (b) 165 kW

Q48. (𝑵𝑨𝑻 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) A small surface of area 𝐴 = 1 𝑐𝑚 emits radiation as a blackbody at 1800 K. The rate
at which radiation energy is emitted through a band defined by 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 45 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 60 ,
where 𝜃 is the angle, a radiation beam makes with the normal of the surface and ∅ is the azimuthal
angle. _______________ . (Correct upto 3 decimal places)

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Q49. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1200 K is approximated as
𝜀 =0 0 ≤ 𝜆 < 2 𝜇𝑚
𝜀 = 𝜀 = 0.85 2 𝜇𝑚 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 6 𝜇𝑚
𝜀 =0 6𝜇𝑚 < 𝜆 < ∞
The average emissivity of the surface and the rate of radiation emission from the surface, in 𝑘𝑊⁄𝑚
respectively

(a) 0.475, 32.6 (b) 0.577, 67.9

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

2400 0.140256
4000 0.480877
5000 0.633747
6000 0.737818
7200 0.819217
8000 0.856288
10000 0.914199

Q50. (𝑴𝑺𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) which of the following statements are true with regards to thermal radiation?

(a) thermal radiation is emitted by bodies because of their temperature.

(b) Thermal radiation include the entire visible and infrared radiation as well as the portion of ultra
violet radiation

(d) thermal radiation does not require the presence material medium in fact energy transfer by
thermal radiation is fastest in vacuum

Q51. (𝑴𝑺𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) Which of the following statements are true with regards to emissivity and
absorptivity?

(a) The emissivity ε is the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation emitted by
a blackbody at the same temperature.
(b)The fraction of radiation absorbed by the surface is called the absorptivity α
(c) The fraction of radiation absorbed by the surface is called the emissivity ε
(d) The absorptivity α is the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation emitted
by a blackbody at the same temperature.

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Q52. (𝑴𝑺𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) Which of the following statements are true for view factor?

(a) The view factor 𝐹 → represents the fraction of the radiation leaving surface 𝑖 that strikes surface
𝑗 directly.
(b) The view factor from a surface to itself is non-zero for concave surfaces.

(c) An enclosure consisting of six surfaces is considered. The number of view factors this geometry
involves is 36
(d) An enclosure consisting of six surfaces is considered. The number of view factors this geometry
that can be determined by the application of the reciprocity and summation rules is 15

Q53. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) Consider the following statements regarding the Kirchhoff’s Law

(1) Total hemispherical emissivity of the surface is equal to total hemispherical absorptivity is
isothermal condition exist and no net radiation heat transfer occurs at any of the surface

(2) Spectral hemispherical emissivity of the surface is equal to spectral hemispherical absorptivity
is isothermal condition exist and no net radiation heat transfer occurs at any of the surface

(3) Spectral directional emissivity of the surface is equal to spectral directional absorptivity is
isothermal condition exist and no net radiation heat transfer occurs at any of the surface

(4) Kirchhoff’s law is valid only for black body

(a) 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

Q54. (𝑴𝑪𝑸 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆) Two coaxial cylinders of diameters 𝐷 = 0.10 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 0.30 𝑚 and emissivities
𝜖 = 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜖 = 0.4 are maintained at uniform temperatures of 𝑇 = 750 𝐾 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 500 𝐾,
respectively. Now a coaxial radiation shield of diameter 𝐷 = 0.20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜖 = 0.2 is placed between
the two cylinders. The ratio of rate of heat transfer between two cylinders with one shield and
without shield is

(a) 0.3 (b) 0.25

(a) The body at 1000 𝐾 will emit more radiation in the shorter wavelength region.

(b) The body at 1500 𝐾 will emit more radiation in the shorter wavelength region.

(c) The body at 1000 𝐾 emits more radiation at 20 𝜇𝑚

(d) The body at 1500 𝐾 emits more radiation at 20 𝜇𝑚

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Q56. Consider a 20 𝑐𝑚 × 20 𝑐𝑚 cubical body at 1000 𝐾 suspended in the air. Assuming the body closely
approximates a blackbody, determine

(a) The rate at which the cube emits radiation energy, in W

(b) The spectral black body emissive power at a wavelength of 4 𝜇𝑚.

Q57. The temperature of the filament of an incandescent lightbulb is 3200 𝐾. Treating the filament as a
blackbody, determine the fraction of the radiant energy emitted by the filament that falls in the
visible range and the wavelength at which the emission of radiation from the filament peaks.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

1200 0.002134
1280 0.0043964
1400 0.007790
1800 0.039341
2200 0.100888
2432 0.147114
2600 0.183120

(a) 14.3%, 0.905 𝜇𝑚 (b) 24.3%, 0.905 𝜇𝑚

Q58. An incandescent lightbulb is desired to emit at least 15% of its energy at wavelength shorter than
1𝜇𝑚. Determine the minimum temperature to which the filament of the lightbulb must be heated.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

2200 0.100888

2400 0.140256

2600 0.183120

2800 0.227897

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Q59. It is desired that the radiation energy emitted by a light source reach a maximum in the blue range
(𝜆 = 0.47 𝜇𝑚). The temperature of this source and the fraction of radiation it emits in the visible
range (𝜆 = 0.40 − 0.76 𝜇𝑚)

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

2466 0.15444
4686 0.59141

(a) 6166 𝐾, 0.237 (b) 4166 𝐾, 0.437

Q60. A 3 𝑚𝑚 thick glass window transmits 90% of the radiation between 𝜆 = 0.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3.0 𝜇𝑚 and is
essentially opaque for radiation at other wavelengths. Determine the rate of radiation transmitted
through a 2 𝑚 × 2 𝑚 glass window from blackbody source at 5800 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1000 𝐾.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

300 0.0000
3000 0.273232
1740 0.03345
17400 0.97875

(a) 118400 𝑘𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 55.8 𝑘𝑊 (b) 218400 𝑘𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 35.8 𝑘𝑊

(c) 218400 𝑘𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 55.8 𝑘𝑊 (d) 318400 𝑘𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 35.8 𝑘𝑊
Q61. A furnace that has a 25 𝑐𝑚 × 25 𝑐𝑚 glass window can be considered to be a blackbody at 1200 𝐾.
If the transmissivity of the glass is 0.7 for radiation at wavelengths less than 3 𝜇𝑚 and zero for
radiation at wavelengths greater than 3 𝜇𝑚, determine the fraction and the rate of radiation
coming from the furnace and transmitted through the window.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

3200 0.318102
3400 0.361735
3600 0.403607
3800 0.443382

(a) 0.383, 2076 𝑊 (b) 0.283, 2076 𝑊

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Q62. The variations of the spectral emissivity of two surfaces are as given in figure. Determine the average
emissivity of each surface at 𝑇 = 3000 𝐾. Also, determine the average absorptivity and reflectivity
of each surface for radiation coming from a source at 3000 𝐾. Which surface is more suitable to serve
as a solar absorber?

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

7000 0.808109
8000 0.856288
9000 0.890029
10000 0.914199
Q63. A 1 𝑚 diameter spherical cavity is maintained at a uniform temperature of 600 𝐾. Now a 5 𝑚𝑚
diameter hole is drilled. Determine the maximum rate of radiation energy streaming through the
hole.

(a) 0.144 𝑊 (b) 0.244 𝑊

(c) 0.344 𝑊 (d) 0.044 𝑊
Q64. The spectral absorptivity of an opaque surface is as shown on the graph. Determine the absorptivity
of the surface for radiation emitted by a source 1000 𝐾 .

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

300 0.0
600 0.0
900 0.000169
1200 0.002134
3600 0.403607

(a) 0.17 (b) 0.057

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Q65. The spectral absorptivity of an opaque surface is as shown on the graph. Determine the absorptivity
of the surface for radiation emitted by a source 1000 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3000 𝐾.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

300 0.0
600 0.0
900 0.000169
1200 0.002134
3600 0.403607
(a) 0.423 (b) 0.123
(c) 0.323 (d) 0.623
Q66. Consider a small black surface of area 𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑚 maintained at 600 𝐾. Determine the rate at which
radiation energy is emitted by the surface through a ring-shaped opening defined by 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋
and 40 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 50 where 𝜙 is the azimuth angle and 𝜃 is the angle a radiation beam makes with the
normal of the surface.

(a) 1.28 𝑊 (b) 0.128 𝑊

(c) 0.928 𝑊 (d) 12.8 𝑊
Q67. Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures of 𝑇 = 600 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 =
400 𝐾 and have emissivities 𝜀 = 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.9, respectively. Determine the net rate of
radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces per unit area of the plates.

(a) 1795 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 3795 𝑊/𝑚

(c) 2795 𝑊/𝑚 (d) 3795 𝑊/𝑚
Q68. Two very long concentric cylinders of diameters 𝐷 = 0.2 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 0.5 𝑚 are maintained at
uniform temperatures of 𝑇 = 950 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 500 𝐾 and have emissivities 𝜀 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.7 ,
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders per unit
length of the cylinders.
Q69. Two concentric spheres of diameters 𝐷 = 0.3 𝑚 and 𝐷 = 0.8 𝑚 are maintained at uniform
temperature 𝑇 = 700 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 400 𝐾 and have emissivities 𝜀 = 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.7 ,
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two spheres. Also
determine the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface if both the surrounding
medium and the surrounding surfaces are at 30 ℃. Assume the emissivity of the outer surface is
0.35

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Q70. This experiment is conducted to determine the emissivity of a certain material. A long cylindrical rod
of diameter 𝐷 = 0.01 𝑚 is coated with this new material and is placed in an evacuated long
cylindrical enclosure of diameter 𝐷 = 0.1 𝑚 and emissivity 𝜀 = 0.95, which is cooled externally
and maintained at a temperature of 200 𝐾 at all times. The rod is heated by passing electric current
through it. When steady operating conditions are reached, it is observed that the rod is dissipating
electric power at a rate of 8 𝑊 per unit of its length and its surface temperature is 500 𝐾. Based on
these measurements, determine the emissivity of the coating on the rod.

(a) 0.74 (b) 0.074

(c) 0.047 (d) 0.1
Q71. The directional total emissivity of nonmetallic materials may be approximated as 𝜀 = 𝜀 cos 𝜃,
where, 𝜀 is the normal emissivity. The ratio of total hemispherical emissivity for such materials and
the normal emissivity.

(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3

Q72. (𝑴𝑺𝑸) Consider an opaque horizontal plate that is well insulated on its back side. The irradiation
on the plate is 2500 𝑊/𝑚 , of which 500 𝑊/𝑚 is reflected. The plate is at 227 ℃ and has an
emissive power of 1200 𝑊/𝑚 . Air at 127 ℃ flows over the plate with a heat transfer convection
coefficient of 15 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 𝐾. Select the correct statements.

(a) the emissivity of the surface is 0.34.

(b) The absorptivity of the surface is 0.8.
(c) The radiosity of the surface is 1900 𝑊/𝑚 .
(d) The net radiation heat transfer from the surface is 900 𝑊/𝑚 .

Q73. A small surface of area 𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚 emits radiation as a blackbody at 𝑇 = 800 𝐾. Part of the
radiation emitted by 𝐴 strikes another small surface of area 𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚 oriented as shown in the
figure. The solid angle subtended by 𝐴 when viewed from 𝐴 , and the rate at which radiation
emitted by 𝐴 that strikes 𝐴 directly is respectively.

(a) 3.125 × 10 𝑠𝑟, 6.534 × 10 𝑊 (b) 6.125 × 10 𝑠𝑟, 6.534 × 10 𝑊

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𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑸𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟕𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕𝟓

A small circular surface of area 𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑚 located at the centre of a 2 𝑚 diameter sphere emits radiation
as a black body at 𝑇 = 1000 𝐾.

Q74. Determine the rate at which radiation energy is streaming through a 𝐷 = 1 𝑐𝑚 diameter hole
located on top of the sphere directly above 𝐴 .

(a) 2.835 × 10 𝑊 (b) 6. 835 × 10 𝑊

(c) 8.835 × 10 𝑊 (d) 2.835 × 10 𝑊
Q75. Determine the rate at which radiation energy is streaming through a 𝐷 = 1 𝑐𝑚 diameter hole
located on the side of sphere such that the line that connects the centres of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 makes 45
with surface 𝐴
(a) 2 × 10 𝑊 (b) 2 × 10 𝑊
(c) 4 × 10 𝑊 (d) 2 × 10 𝑊
Q76. A concentric of blackbody spheres is formed when a small sphere is located at the geometric centre
of a large hollow sphere. The temperature of the outer surface of the small sphere is 600 𝐾 while
the inner surface temperature of large sphere is 300 𝐾. The outside diameter of the small sphere is
10 𝑐𝑚 and the insider diameter of the large sphere is 50 𝑐𝑚. The net interchange of the heat
between two spheres.

(a) 116.4 W (b) 216.4 W

Q77. A concentric of blackbody spheres is formed when a small sphere is located at the geometric centre
of a large hollow sphere. The temperature of the outer surface of the small sphere is 600 𝐾 while
the inner surface temperature of large sphere is 300 𝐾. The outside diameter of the small sphere is
10 𝑐𝑚 and the insider diameter of the large sphere is 50 𝑐𝑚. The percentage of emission form the
inner surface of the large sphere which is absorbed by the small sphere

(a) 4% (b) 14%

(c) 10% (d) 20%
Q78. A concentric of blackbody spheres is formed when a small sphere is located at the geometric centre
of a large hollow sphere. The temperature of the outer surface of the small sphere is 600 𝐾 while
the inner surface temperature of large sphere is 300 𝐾. The outside diameter of the small sphere is
10 𝑐𝑚 and the insider diameter of the large sphere is 50 𝑐𝑚. The percentage of emission from the
inner surface of the large sphere which is absorbed by itself.

(a) 4% (b) 14%

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Q79. 1000 𝑊/𝑚 of radiant energy is incident upon a surface out of which 400𝑊/𝑚 is absorbed,
100 𝑊/𝑚 is reflected and the remainder is transmitted through the surface. The absorptivity,
reflectivity and transmissivity for the surface material is respectively.

(a) 0.4, 0.5 and 0.1 (b) 0.4, 0.1 and 0.5
(c) 0.1, 0.4 and 0.5 (d) 0.4, 0.3 and 0.3

Q80. A black body is maintained at a temperature of 700 𝐾. If the emission of radiation from the black
body is to be tripled to what temperature the surface of the black body is to be raised?

(a) 1200.2 𝐾 (b) 1121.2 𝐾

Q81. The surface temperature of the sun and the heat flux at its surface if the sun is assumed to be a black
body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at 𝜆 = 0.5 𝜇𝑚.

(a) 5000 𝐾, 5.398 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 6796 𝐾, 8.398 × 10 𝑊/𝑚

Q82. An industrial furnace in the form of a black body emits radiation at 3000 𝐾. The monochromatic
emissive power at 1 𝜇𝑚 wavelength.

(a) 3.116 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 3. 116 × 10 𝑊/𝑚

(c) 3.116 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 (d) 3.116 × 10 𝑊/𝑚
Q83. A small surface of area 𝐴 = 1 𝑐𝑚 is subjected to incident radiation of constant intensity 𝐼 =
2.2 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑟 over the entire hemisphere. Determine the rate at which radiation energy is
incident on the surface through

(a) 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 45 and

(b) 45 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90 , where 𝜃 is the angle a radiation beam makes with the normal of the surface.

Q84. The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1000 𝐾 is approximated as

𝜀 = 0.4 0 ≤ 𝜆 < 2 𝜇𝑚
𝜀 = 𝜀 = 0.7 2 𝜇𝑚 ≤ 𝜆 < 6 𝜇𝑚
𝜀 = 0.3 6 𝜇𝑚 ≤ 𝜆 < ∞
The average emissivity of the surface and the rate of radiation emission from the surface, in 𝑊/𝑚 .

(a) 0.775, 32.6 𝑘𝑊/𝑚 (b) 0.575, 42.6 𝑘𝑊/𝑚

(c) 0.775, 52.6 𝑘𝑊/𝑚 (d) 0.575, 32.6 𝑘𝑊/𝑚

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Q85. The emissivity of a surface coated with aluminum oxide can be approximated to be 0.2 for radiation
at wavelengths less than 5 𝜇𝑚 and 0.9 for radiation at wavelengths greater than 5𝜇𝑚. Determine
the average emissivity of this surface at 5800 K.

(a) 0.403 (b) 0.503

(c) 0.203 (d) 0.103

Q86. The emissivity of a surface coated with aluminum oxide can be approximated to be 0.2 for radiation
at wavelengths less than 5 𝜇𝑚 and 0.9 for radiation at wavelengths greater than 5𝜇𝑚. Determine
the average emissivity of this surface at 300 K.

(a) 0.79 (b) 0.89

(c) 0.69 (d) 0.59

Q87. A thermocouple shielded by aluminum foil of emissivity 0.15 is used to measure the temperature of
hot gases flowing in a duct whose walls art maintained at 𝑇 = 380 𝐾. The thermometer shows a
temperature reading of 𝑇 = 530 𝐾. Assuming the emissivity of the thermocouple junction to be
𝜀 = 0.7 and the convection heat transfer coefficient to be ℎ = 120 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ ℃, determine the actual
temperature of the gas.

(a) 532 𝐾 (b) 590 𝐾

(c) 595 𝐾 (d) 570 𝐾

Q88. A 2 m internal diameter double walled spherical tank is used to store iced water at 0 ℃. Each wall is
0.5 𝑐𝑚 thick, and 1.5 𝑐𝑚 thick air space between the two walls of the tank is evacuated in order to
minimize heat transfer. The surfaces surrounding the evacuated space are polished so that each
surface has an emissivity of 0.15. The temperature of the outer Wall of the tank is measured to be
20 ℃. Assuming the inner wall of the steel tank to be at 0 ℃, determine

(a) The rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank _________________.
(b) The amount of ice at 0 ℃ that melts during a 24 − ℎ period ___________________.

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Q89. Two thin radiation shields with emissivities of 𝜀 = 0.10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.15 on both sides are placed
between two very large parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform temperature 𝑇 =
600 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 300 𝐾and have emissivities 𝜀 = 0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.7, respectively. Determine the
net rates of radiation heat transfer between the two plates with and without the shields per unit
surface area of the plates, and the temperatures of the radiation shields in steady operation.

Q90. A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.12 on both sides is placed between two very large
parallel plates maintained at uniform temperatures of 𝑇 = 750 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 550 𝐾. The
emissivities of the plates are 𝜀 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.9. The temperature of the radiation shield in
steady operation is.

(a) 560 K (b) 671 K

Q91. A surface emits as a blackbody at 1500 𝐾. What is the rate per unit are (𝑊/𝑚 ) at which it emits
radiation over all directions corresponding to 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 60 and over the wavelength interval
2 𝜇𝑚 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 4 𝜇𝑚?
𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)
2000 0.066728
3000 0.273232
6000 0.737818
9000 0.890029

(a) 10 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 10 𝑊/𝑚

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Q92. The spectral distribution of surface irradiation is as follows:

What is the total irradiation?

(a) 20000 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 40000 𝑊/𝑚

Q93. A diffuse surface at 1600 𝐾 has the spectral, hemispherical emissivity shown as follows.

The total, hemispherical emissivity and the total emissive power is respectively.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

3000 0.273232
3200 0.318102
8000 0.856288
9000 0.890029

(a) 0.66, 407 𝑘𝑊/𝑚 (b) 0.56, 307 𝑘𝑊/𝑚

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Q94. Measurements of the spectral, directional emissivity of a metallic surface at 𝑇 = 2000 𝐾 and 𝜆 =
1.0 𝜇𝑚 yield a directional distribution that may be approximated as follows:

Determine spectral emissivity.

(a) 0.5 (b) 0.26

Q95. The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an opaque surface and the spectral irradiation at the
surface are as shown.

What is the total hemispherical absorptivity of the surface?

(a) 0.76 (b) 0.66

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Q96. The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an opaque surface and the spectral irradiation at the
surface are as shown.

If the surface is initially at 500 K and has total, hemispherical emissivity of 0.8, how will its temperature
change upon exposure to the irradiation?

(a) Temperature of the surface will decrease with time.

(b) Temperature of the surface will increase with time.

(d) Temperature remain constant with time.

Q97. Consider the directionally selective surface having the directional emissivity 𝜀 , as shown

Assuming that the surface is isotropic in the 𝜙 direction. The ratio of the normal emissivity 𝜀 to
the hemispherical emissivity 𝜀 .

(a) 1.45 (b) 1.05

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Q98. The spectral transmissivity of a glass cover used in a solar collector is given as

𝜏 =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 < 0.3 𝜇𝑚

𝜏 = 0.9 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.3 < 𝜆 < 3 𝜇𝑚
𝜏 =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 > 3 𝜇𝑚

Solar radiation is incident at a rate of 950 𝑊/𝑚 and the absorber plate, which can be considered
to be black, is maintained at 340 𝐾 by the cooling water. Determine the solar flux incident on the
absorber plate

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

90 0.0
900 0.000169
1740 0.033454
17400 0.978746
Assume sun as a blackbody at 5800 K

(a) 508.5 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 608.5 𝑊/𝑚

Q99. The spectral transmissivity of a glass cover used in a solar collector is given as

𝜏 =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 < 0.3 𝜇𝑚

𝜏 = 0.9 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.3 < 𝜆 < 3 𝜇𝑚
𝜏 =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 > 3 𝜇𝑚

Solar radiation is incident at a rate of 950 𝑊/𝑚 and the absorber plate, which can be considered
to be black, is maintained at 340 𝐾 by the cooling water. The transmissivity of the glass cover for
radiation emitted by the absorber plate

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

90 0.0
900 0.000169
1740 0.033454
17400 0.978746
Assume sun as a blackbody at 5800 K

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.15

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Q100. The spectral transmissivity of a 3 𝑚𝑚 thick regular glass can be expressed as

𝜏 =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 < 0.35 𝜇𝑚

𝜏 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.35 < 𝜆 < 2.5 𝜇𝑚
𝜏 =0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 > 2.5 𝜇𝑚
Determine the transmissivity of this glass for solar radiation.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

2030 0.071852
1740 0.033454
14500 0.966440
Assume sun as a blackbody at 5800 K

(a) 0.55 (b) 0.45

Q101. The variation of the spectral transmissivity of 0.6 𝑐𝑚 thick glass window is as given in figure.
Determine the average transmissivity of this window for solar radiation (𝑇 = 5800 𝐾).

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

90 0.0
900 0.000169
1740 0.033454
17400 0.978746

(a) 0.55 (b) 0.75

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Q102. The variation of the spectral transmissivity of 0.6 𝑐𝑚 thick glass window is as given in figure.
Determine the average transmissivity of this window for radiation coming from surfaces at room
temperature (𝑇 = 300 𝐾).

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

90 0.0
900 0.000169
1740 0.033454
17400 0.978746

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.15

(c) 0 (d) 0.1
Q103. The variation of the spectral absorptivity of a surface is as given in Figure. Determine the average
absorptivity of the surface for radiation that originates form a source at 𝑇 = 2500 𝐾.

𝝀𝑻 (𝝁𝒎 ∙ 𝑲) 𝒇𝝀 (Black body radiation function)

5000 0.633747
6000 0.737818
7000 0.808109

(a) 0.38 (b) 0.62

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Q104. Consider a small surface area 𝐴 = 10 𝑚 , which emits diffusely with a total, hemispherical
emissive power of 𝐸 = 5 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 .

At what rate is this emission intercepted by a small surface of area 𝐴 = 5 × 10 𝑚 , which is

oriented as shown?

(a) 3. 38 × 10 𝑊 (b) 4. 38 × 10 𝑊
(c) 2. 38 × 10 𝑊 (d) 1.38 × 10 𝑊

Q105. Consider a small surface area 𝐴 = 10 𝑚 , which emits diffusely with a total, hemispherical
emissive power of 𝐸 = 5 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 .

What is the irradiation 𝐺 𝑜𝑛 𝐴 if a small surface of area 𝐴 = 5 × 10 𝑚

(a) 5.76 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 10.76 𝑊/𝑚

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Q106. A furnace with an aperture of 20 𝑚𝑚 diameter and emissive power 3.72 × 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 is used to
calibrate a heat flux gage having a sensitive area of 1.6 × 10 𝑚 . At what distance, measured
along a normal from the aperture, should the gage be positioned to receive irradiation of
1000 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 ?

(a) 120 mm (b) 193 mm

Q107. On an overcast day the directional distribution of the solar radiation incident on the earth’s surface
may be approximated by an expression of the form 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos 𝜃, where 𝐼 = 80 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑟 is the
total intensity of radiation directed normal to the surface and 𝜃 is the zenith angle. What is the
solar irradiation at the earth’s surface?

(a) 167.6 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 267.6 𝑊/𝑚

Q108. The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a diffuse surface may be approximated as
follows.

What is the total emissive power?

(a) 4000 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 2000 𝑊/𝑚

(c) 3000 𝑊/𝑚 (d) 1000 𝑊/𝑚
Q109. The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a diffuse surface may be approximated as
follows.

What is the total intensity of the radiation emitted at an angle of 30 from the normal?

(a) 537 𝑊/𝑚 𝑠𝑟 (b) 437 𝑊/𝑚 𝑠𝑟

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Q110. The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a diffuse surface may be approximated as
follows.

Determine the fraction of the emissive power leaving the surface in the directions 𝜋⁄4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤
𝜋⁄2.

(a) 0.45 (b) 0.55

Q111. Consider a diffuse circular disk of diameter D and area 𝐴 and a plane diffuse surface of area 𝐴 ≪
𝐴 . The surfaces are parallel, 𝐴 is located at a distance 𝐿 from the centre of 𝐴 . An expression for
the view factor 𝐹 .

𝐷 𝐷
(𝑎) (𝑏)
𝐷 + 4𝐿 𝐷 +𝐿

4𝐷 4𝐷
(𝑐) (𝑑)
𝐷 +𝐿 𝐷 + 4𝐿

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Q112. Consider an opaque, diffuse surface for which the spectral absorptivity and irradiation are as
follows;

What is the total absorptivity of the surface for the prescribed irradiation?

(a) 0.31 (b) 0.51

Q113. The directional absorptivity of a gray surface varies with 𝜃 as follows

What is the ratio of the normal absorptivity 𝛼 to the hemispherical emissivity of the surface?

(a) 1.1 (b) 1.29

Q114. Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperature of 𝑇 = 1000 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 =
800 𝐾 and have emissivities 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 0.2 , respectively. It is desired to reduce the net rate of
radiation heat transfer between the two plates to one-fifth by placing thin aluminum sheets with
an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides between the plates. Determine the number of sheets that need
to be inserted.

(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 3

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Q115. Two infinitely long parallel plates of widths 𝑎 = 12 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 5 𝑐𝑚 are located a distane 𝑐 =
6 𝑐𝑚 apart, as shown in figure. Determine the view factor 𝐹 → from surface 1 to surface 2 by using
the crossed strings method.

(a) 0.2 (b) 0.15

Q116. Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures 𝑇 = 800 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 =
500 𝐾 and have emissivities 𝜀 = 0.2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.7, respectively, as shown in Figure. Determine
the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces per unit surface area of the plates

(a) 2625 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 (b) 1625 𝑊 ⁄𝑚

Q117. A furnace is shaped like a long equilateral triangular duct, as shown in Figure. The width of each
side is 1 𝑚. The base surface has an emissivity of 0.7 and is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 600 𝐾. The heated left side surface closely approximates a blackbody at 1000 𝐾. The right-side
surface is well insulated. Determine the rate at which heat must be supplied to the heated side
externally per unit length of the duct in order to maintain these operating conditions.

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(a) 48 kW (b) 28 kW
(c) 58 kW (d) 68 kW

Q118. Consider a cylindrical furnace with 𝑟 = 𝐻 = 1 𝑚, as shown in Figure. The top (surface 1) and the
base (Surface 2) of the furnace has emissivities 𝜀 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.4, respectively and are
maintained at uniform temperatures 𝑇 = 700 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 500 𝐾. The side surface closely
approximates a blackbody and is maintained at a temperature of 𝑇 = 400 𝐾. Determine the net
rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface during steady operation and explain how these
surfaces can be maintained at specified temperatures. The view factor from top surface to base
surface is 0.38.

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Q119. A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between two very large
parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperatures 𝑇 = 800 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 500 𝐾 and
have emissivities 𝜀 = 0.2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 0.7, respectively, as shown in Figure. Determine the net rate
of radiation heat transfer between two plates per unit surface area of the plates.

(a) 406 𝑊/𝑚 (b) 506 𝑊/𝑚

Q120. A furnace is of cylindrical shape with 𝑅 = 𝐻 = 2 𝑚. The base, top and side surfaces of the furnace
are all black and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 500 𝐾 , 700𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1200 𝐾,
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface during
steady operation. Take view factor from top to base as 0.38

(a) 862 kW (b) 962 kW

Q121. Two parallel disks of diameter 𝐷 = 0.6 𝑚 separated by 𝐿 = 0.4 𝑚 are located directly on top of
each other. Both disks are black and are maintained at a temperature of 700 K. The back sides of
the disks are insulated, and the environment that the disks are in can be considered to be a
blackbody at 𝑇 = 300 𝐾. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks to the
environment. Take view factor between two parallel disks to be 0.26.

(a) 8505 W (b) 5505 W

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Q122. Consider two rectangular surfaces perpendicular to each other with a common edge which is 1.6 𝑚
long. The horizontal surface is 0.8 𝑚 wide and the vertical surface is 1.2 𝑚 high. The horizontal
surface has an emissivity of 0.75 and is maintained at 400 𝐾. The vertical surface is black and is
maintained at 550 𝐾. The back sides of the surfaces are insulated. The surrounding surfaces are at
290 𝐾 and can be consided to have an emissivity of 0.85. Determine the net rate of radiation heat
transfers between the two surfaces and between the horizontal surface and the surroundings. Take
𝐹 = 0.27.

Answer 122:

The net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces 𝑸̇𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑾

Then the net rate of radiation heat transfers between the horizontal surface and the
surroundings are determined to be 𝑸̇𝟏𝟑 = 𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝑾

Q123. Consider a long semicylindrical duct of diameter 1 𝑚. Heat is supplied from the base surface, which
is black, at a rate of 1200 𝑊/𝑚 , while the side surface with an emissivity of 0.4 is maintained at
650 𝐾. Neglecting the end effects, determine the temperature of the base surface.

(a) 785 K (b) 885 K

Q124. Consider a cubical furnace with a side length of 3 𝑚. The top surface is maintained at 700 𝐾. The
base surface has an emissivity of 0.90 and is maintained at 950 𝐾. The side surface is black and is
maintained at 450 𝐾. Heat is supplied from the base surface at a rate of 340 𝑘𝑊. Determine the
emissivity of the top surface and the net rates of heat transfer between the top and the bottom
surfaces and between the bottom and side surfaces. Take view factor from base to top surface as
0.2.
Answer 124: Emissivity of top surface = 0.44

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is 𝑸̇𝟐𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒 𝒌𝑾
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is 𝑸̇𝟐𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟔 𝒌𝑾

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Q125. A furnace is of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 1.2 𝑚 and length of 1.2 𝑚. The top surface has
an emissivity of 0.70 and is maintained at 500 𝐾. The bottom surface has an emissivity of 0.50 and
is maintained at 650 𝐾. The side surface has an emissivity of 0.40. Heat supplied from the base
surface at a net rate of 1400 𝑊. Determine the temperature of the side surface and the net rates
of heat transfer between the top and the bottom surfaces and between the bottom and side
surfaces. Take 𝐹 = 0.17.

Answer 125: 𝑱𝟏 = 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟒 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 , 𝑱𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 , 𝑱𝟑 = 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is

𝑸̇𝟐𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝟐𝟏 (𝑱𝟐 − 𝑱𝟏 ) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 × (𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑 − 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟒) = 𝟕𝟓𝟏. 𝟔 𝑾

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is

𝑸̇𝟐𝟑 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝟐𝟑 (𝑱𝟐 − 𝑱𝟑 ) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 × (𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑 − 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟕) = 𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝑾

Q126. A flat-bottomed hole 6 𝑚𝑚 in diameter is bored to a depth of 24 𝑚𝑚 in a diffuse, gray material

having an emissivity of 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1000 K. Determine the radiant power
leaving the opening of the cavity.

(a) 15.58 W (b) 5.58 W

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Q127. Consider a long 𝑉 groove 10 𝑚𝑚 deep machined on a block that is maintained at 1000 𝐾.

If the groove surfaces are diffuse and gray with an emissivity of 0.6, determine the radiant flux
leaving the grove to its surroundings.

(a) 46.2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚 (b) 86.2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚

Q128. Consider the three-surface enclosure shown. The lower plate (𝐴 ) is a black disk of 200 𝑚𝑚
diameter and is supplied with a heat rate of 10000 𝑊. The upper plate (𝐴 ), a disk coaxial to (𝐴 ),
is a diffuse, gray surface with 𝜀 = 0.8 and is maintained at 𝑇 = 473 𝐾. The diffuse, gray sides
between the plates are perfectly insulated. Assume convection heat transfer is negligible.
Determine the operating temperature of the lower plate 𝑇 and the temperature of the insulated
side 𝑇 . Take view factor from lower disk to upper disk as 0.172

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member MADE EASY and NEXT IAS ), for GATE/ESE Aspirants

Problem sheet on Radiation

Answer Key
Q1. (a), (b) and (c) Q11. (b) and (d)
Q2. (a), (c) and (d) Q12. (a), (c) and (d)
Q3. (a), (b) and (c) Q13. (a), (c) and (d)
Q4. (a), (b), (c) and (d) Q14. (a)
Q5. (b), (c) and (d) Q15. (d)
Q6. (a), (b), (c) and (d) Q16. (a)
Q7. (a) and (b) Q17. (b)
Q8. (c) and (d) Q18. (d)
Q9. (a), (b), (c) and (d) Q19. (c)
Q10. (a), (b) and (c) Q20. (b)

Q21. (c) Q31. (d)

Q22. (a) Q32. (a)
Q23. (d) Q33. (b)
Q24. (c) Q34. (c)
Q25. (c) Q35. (b)
Q26. (a) Q36. (a)
Q27. (b) Q37. (a)
Q28. (c) Q38. (a), (b) and (c)
Q29. (b) Q39. (0.7 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. 𝑚)
Q30. (c) Q40. (b)

Q41. (d) Q51. (a) and (b)

Q42. (d) Q52. (a), (b) and (c)
Q43. (a) Q53. (b)
Q44. (b) Q54. (b)
Q45. (c) Q55. (b) and (d)
Q46. (a) Q56. 1.36 × 10 𝑊
10.3 𝑘𝑊⁄𝑚 ∙ 𝜇𝑚
Q47. (a) Q57. (a)
Q48. 14.88 W Q58. 2245 𝐾
Q49. (b) Q59. (d)
Q50. (a), (c) and (d) Q60. (𝑐)

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Q61. (b) Q71. (a)

Q62. For first surface: 𝜀 = 0.28 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 = 0.72 Q72. (a) and (b)
For second surface: 𝜀 = 0.72 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 = 0.28
Q63. (a) Q73. (a)
Q64. (d) Q74. (a)
Q65. (c) Q75. (a)
Q66. (b) Q76. (b)
Q67. (c) Q77. (a)
Q68. 22.87 𝑘𝑊 Q78. (c)
Q69. 5.04 𝑊/𝑚 ℃ Q79. (b)
Q70. (b) Q80. (d)

Q81. (d) Q91. (a)

Q82. (a) Q92. (a)
Q83. (a) 3.46 W, (b) 3.46 W Q93. (d)
Q84. (d) Q94. (c)
Q85. (c) Q95. (a)
Q86. (b) Q96. (b)
Q87. (a) Q97. (a)
Q88. (a) 107.4 W, (b) 27.8 kg Q98. (d)
Q89. 3288 𝑊/𝑚 , 206 𝑊/𝑚 , 549 𝐾, 429 𝐾 Q99. (c)
Q90. (b) Q100. (c)

Q101. (d) Q111. (a)

Q102. (c) Q112. (a)
Q103. (a) Q113. (b)
Q104. (d) Q114. (d)
Q105. (c) Q115. (d)
Q106. (b) Q116. (c)
Q107. (a) Q117. (b)
Q108. (b) Q118. 𝑄̇ = 27.6 𝑘𝑊, 𝑄̇ = 2.13 𝑘𝑊
𝑄̇ = 25.5 𝑘𝑊
Q109. (c) Q119. (d)
Q110. (d) Q120. (c)

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Q121. (b)
Q122. Answer given in question
Q123. (c)
Q124. Answer given in question
Q125. Answer given in question
Q126. (d)
Q127. (a)
Q128. 𝑇 = 1225 𝐾, 𝑇 = 1167 𝐾

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