EXCELMI

NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

MAT206COMPENDI
UM

©EXCELMI
NDS2020

The seemi
ngl
ytechni
calt
endenci
es of t
he cour
se;“
Stat
ist
ics f
or
ManagementSci
encesandSoci
alSci
encesI
V"pr
ompt
edust
ounder
take
t
hiscompi
l
ati
on.I
tispr
oject
edt
hatt
hissi
ngul
arpi
eceofwor
kwi
l
ltoa
l
arge ext
ent amel
i
orat
ethe chal
l
enges f
aced by our di
sti
ngui
shed
col
l
eaguesi
nthi
scour
se.Thi
swor
kisnotmeantt
oover
wri
teexi
sti
ng
l
i
ter
atur
esormat
eri
als,buti
star
get
edt
oser
veasawor
thwhi
l
eandval
i
d
compl
ementt
oal
readyest
abl
i
shedmat
eri
als,whi
chwi
l
ltoal
argeext
ent
,
guar
ant
eer
esoundi
ngsuccessi
nthi
scour
se.

Si
gned:
ManagementTeam,
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup
Dev
elopi
ngPot
ent
ial
s..
..
.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 St
ati
sti
calanal
ysi
spr
imar
il
yinv
olv
essel
ect
ingpar
toft
hepopul
ati
on
andanal
ysi
ngt
hem i
nor
dert
omakei
nfer
encesaboutt
hepopul
ati
on.

 Acensusi
sasur
veyt
hatat
tempt
stoi
ncl
udeev
eryel
ementi
nthe
uni
ver
seorpopul
ati
oni
nwhi
chwear
eint
erest
ed.

 Themet
hodsofdat
acol
l
ect
ioni
ncl
udesampl
i
ngsur
veyandcensus.

 Dat
a manageabi
l
ity
,accur
acy
,possi
bil
i
ty of anal
ysi
s and t
ime
ef
fi
cientar
eadv
ant
agesofsampl
i
ng.

 Ther
ear
etwo(
2)t
ypesofsampl
i
ngexper
imenter
ror
swhi
char
e
sampl
i
nger
ror
sandnon-
sampl
i
nger
ror
s

 Sampl
i
nger
ror
sar
eer
ror
sthatr
esul
tfr
om t
hechancesel
ect
ionof
sampl
i
nguni
ts.

 Sampl
i
nger
rori
sal
soknownasr
andom er
rororchanceer
ror
.

 Sampl
i
nger
ror
scanber
educedbyt
aki
ngmor
eobser
vat
ions,and
el
i
minat
edbyt
aki
ngal
lobser
vat
ions.

 Non-
sampl
i
ng er
ror
s ar
e er
ror
s t
hat r
esul
tfr
om i
naccur
ate
measur
ement of t
he dat
a or i
mpr
oper sel
ect
ion of sampl
e
obser
vat
ions.

 Non-
sampl
i
nger
rori
sal
soknownasSy
stemat
icer
rororBi
aser
ror
.

 Non-
sampl
i
nger
ror
scanbemi
nimi
zedbyspeci
fyi
ngt
hecr
it
eri
aby
whi
chobser
vat
ionsar
esel
ect
edormeasur
ed.

 Asi
mpl
erandom sampl
i
ngpr
ocedur
eisonei
nwhi
chev
erypossi
ble
combi
nat
ionofn-
element
sint
hepopul
ati
onhasanequalpr
obabi
l
ity
ofbei
ngsel
ect
ed.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Dr
awi
ngchi
psf
rom abox,
usi
ngr
andom numbert
abl
esar
emet
hods
ofSi
mpl
erandom sampl
i
ng.

̅
 Thev
ari
anceoft
hesampl
i
ngdi
str
ibut
ionof x decr
easesast
he
sampl
esi
zeni
ncr
eases.

(
N–n)
/(N–1)i
scal
l
edt
hef
ini
tepopul
ati
onmul
ti
pli
er.

 Asampl
epr
opor
ti
oni
sthenumberofsampl
ememberXwi
tht
he
speci
fi
edchar
act
eri
sti
cdi
vi
dedbyt
hesampl
esi
ze.i
.e.^=x
p n

 Themeanandv
ari
anceofsampl
emeanofpopul
ati
oncanbeder
ived
f
rom bi
nomi
aldi
str
ibut
ion.

 Uni
for
m di
str
ibut
ion i
s t
he si
mpl
est cont
inuous pr
obabi
l
ity
di
str
ibut
ion.

 Uni
for
m di
str
ibut
ionpr
ovi
desamodel
forcont
inuousr
andom v
ari
abl
e
t
hati
sev
enl
yorr
andoml
ydi
str
ibut
edov
eracer
tai
nlev
el.

 Comput
ersi
mul
ati
oni
sanappl
i
cat
ionofst
ati
sti
cst
hatf
requent
ly
r
eli
esont
heuni
for
m di
str
ibut
ion.

 St
udent
’stdi
str
ibut
ionwasf
ir
stder
ivedbyW.
SGosseti
n1908.

 Tdi
str
ibut
ionf
ormsadi
str
ibut
iont
hati
sdependentonapar
amet
er
knownast
hedegr
eesoff
reedom.

 Chi
-squar
edi
str
ibut
ioni
sacont
inuousdi
str
ibut
ionder
ivedast
he
sampl
i
ngdi
str
ibut
ionofasum ofsquar
esofi
ndependentst
andar
d
nor
mal
var
iabl
e.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 F-
var
iabl
eisar
andom v
ari
abl
efor
med by t
he r
ati
o of t
wo
i
ndependentchi
-squar
evar
iabl
es,each di
vi
ded by i
ts degr
ee of
f
reedom.

 f di
str
ibut
ioni
susedt
otestwhet
hert
hemeansoft
hreeormor
e
popul
ati
onsar
eequal
.

 Leastsquar
esr
egr
essi
onl
i
ne»Y=b1x+b0 wher
eb1 i
sthesl
opeand
b0i
sthei
nter
cept
.

 Poi
ntest
imat
eist
hev
alueofast
ati
sti
cthatest
imat
est
hev
alueofa
par
amet
er.

 Anal
ysi
sofVar
iance(
ANOVA)i
sani
nfer
ent
ialmet
hodt
hati
susedt
o
t
estt
heequal
i
tyoft
hreeormor
epopul
ati
onmeans.

 ANOVA assumes Nor

mal
i
ty,I
ndependence,Same v
ari
ance and
Si
mpl
erandom sampl
i
ng.

 Kr
uskal
Wal
l
ist
est–ksampl
eis≥2

 Chi
-squar
e(x2)i
susedt
omeasur
ethedi
scr
epancyexi
sti
ngbet
ween
t
heobser
vedandexpect
edf
requenci
es.

 O1 ande1 ar
eknownasobser
vedf
requencyandexpect
edf
requency
r
espect
ivel
y.

I
fx2
=0t
heno1ande1agr
eeexact
ly;
ifx2>0,
theydonotagr
eeexact
ly.

 Thel
argert
hev
alueofx
2
,t
hegr
eat
ert
hedi
scr
epancybet
weeno1and
e1.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Si
gnt
est
,Wi
l
coxonW orsi
gn-
rankt
est
,Mann-
Whi
tneyUt
est
,Kr
uskal
-
Wal
l
isH t
est
,Runst
estand Spear
man’
srankt
estar
ety
pesof
Nonpar
amet
ri
ctest
.

 Ut
esti
susedf
ordeci
dingwhet
herornott
wosampl
escomef
rom
t
hesamepopul
ati
on.

 Ht
esthel
psi
ntheANOVAf
orone-
waycl
assi
fi
cat
ionorone-
fact
or
ex
per
iment
s,andgener
ali
sat
ions.

 Runi
sasetofi
dent
icalsy
mbol
scont
ainedbet
weent
wodi
ff
erent
sy
mbol
sornosy
mbol
.

 Var
iat
ioni
sduet
ocommon/
usual
causesorspeci
alcauses.

 Common/
usual
causesofv
ari
ati
oni
sal
soknownasnat
ural
causes

 Speci
alcausesofv
ari
ati
onar
eknownasassi
gnabl
ecauses.

 Assi
gnabl
ecausesofv
ari
ati
onar
evar
iat
ionst
hatoccuri
npr
oduct
s
as a r
esul
tofhuman ormachi
ne f
aul
ts.They ar
e al
so cal
l
ed
Human/
Expl
ainabl
ecausesofv
ari
ati
on.

 Ty
pesofcont
rol
li
mit
sar
eUppercont
rol
li
mitandl
owercont
rol
li
mit

 Ty
pesofcont
rol
char
tsar
eVar
iabl
eandAt
tri
but
econt
rol
char
ts.

 Var
iabl
e cont
rolchar
tdeal
s wi
tht
ime,wei
ght
,vol
ume,l
engt
h,
pr
essur
edr
opandconcent
rat
ion.

 At
tri
but
econt
rol
char
tdeal
swi
thdef
ect
ivei
temsandt
hei
rnumber
.

 Var
iabl
edat
aar
econsi
der
edt
obeofahi
gherl
evelt
hanat
tri
but
e
dat
a.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

̅ ̅
 Ty
pesofv
ari
abl
econt
rolchar e x andRchar
tar t,x andε,medi
an
char
t,Zonechar
t,I
ndi
vi
dual
schar
t,Cusum char
tandExponent
ial
l
y
Wei
ght
edMov
ingAv
erage.

 Ty
pesofat
tr
ibut
econt
rolchar
tar
ePchar
t,C-
char
t,Np-
char
tandU
char
t.

 LowerCont
rol
Li t=μ-3(δ)
mi
n

 UpperCont
rol
Li t=μ+3(δ)
mi
n

 Testst
ati
sti
csf
orsi
gnt
estX=t
henumberofpl
us(
+)si
gns.

 Thef
ir
stst
agei
nhy
pot
hesest
estpr
ocedur
eist
ost
atet
henul
land
al
ter
nat
ivehy
pot
hesi
s.

 Thesecondst
agei
nhy
pot
hesi
stestpr
ocedur
eist
ost
atet
het
est
st
ati
sti
csandv
alue.

 Thet
hir
dst
agei
nhy
pot
hesi
stestpr
ocedur
eist
odet
ermi
net
he
cr
it
icalr
egi
on.

 Thecr
it
icalr
egi
onoft
estpr
ocedur
eisal
soknownast
her
eject
ion
r
egi
onf
ort
henul
lhy
pot
hesi
s.

 Thef
our
thst
agei
nhy
pot
hesi
stestpr
ocedur
eist
odr
awconcl
usi
on.

 One pr
omi
nent di
sadv
ant
age of si
gn-
test i
siti
s wast
efulof
i
nfor
mat
ion.

 Testst
ati
sti
csf
orsi
gn-
rankt
estw +=Sum of+v
eranks.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Apar
amet
ri
ctesti
sat
estwhosemodelspeci
fi
escer
tai
ncondi
ti
ons
aboutt
hepar
amet
ersoft
hepopul
ati
onf
rom whi
cht
her
esear
ch
sampl
ewasdr
awn.

 A nonpar
amet
ri
ctesti
sat
estwhose modeldoes notspeci
fy
condi
ti
onsaboutt
hepar
amet
ersoft
hepopul
ati
onf
rom whi
cht
he
sampl
ewasdr
awn.

 Condi
ti
ons t
hat hol
d under Par
amet
ri
c t
est ar
e Assumpt
ion,
i
ndependent obser
vat
ions, nor
mal
l
y di
str
ibut
ed popul
ati
ons;
popul
ati
onmusthav
esamev
ari
ances,measur
ementofv
ari
abl
esi
n
i
nter
val
scal
eandl
argesampl
esi
ze.

 Condi
ti
onst
hathol
dunderNonpar
amet
ri
ctestar
eNoassumpt
ion,
si
mpl
i
cit
y,v
ari
abl
esar
emeasur
edi
nor
dinalandnomi
nalscal
esand
di
str
ibut
ion-
fr
ee.

 Nonpar
amet
ri
ctestst
ati
sti
calt
esti
sconcer
nedwi
tht
wot
ypesof
pr
obl
ems:Est
imat
ion of popul
ati
on par
amet
ers and Test
s of
hy
pot
hesi
s.

 Nonpar
amet
ri
ctestdi
ff
erf
rom Par
amet
ri
ctestast
hef
ormerf
ocuses
onor
derorr
anki
ng.

I
nNonpar
amet
ri
ctest
,Dat
aar
echangedf
rom scor
est
oranksor
si
gns.

 Par
amet
ri
ctest f
ocuses on t
he mean di
ff
erence whi
l
e Non
par
amet
ri
ctestf
ocusesont
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenmedi
ans.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Ther
ear
ethr
ee(
3)t
ypesofsampl
etest
s:One-
sampl
etest(
anal
yzes
onef
iel
d),
Testf
orr
elat
edsampl
es(
compar
est
woormor
efi
eldsf
or
t
hesamesetofcases)
,andI
ndependentsampl
est
est(
anal
ysesone
f
iel
dthati
sgr
oupedbycat
egor
iesofanot
herf
iel
d).

 Chi
-squar
egoodnessoff
ital
l
owsust
otestwhet
hert
heobser
ved
pr
opor
ti
ons f
ora cat
egor
icalv
ari
abl
e di
ff
erf
rom hy
pot
hesi
zed
pr
opor
ti
ons.

 Kol
mogr
ov-
Smi
rnovt
esti
sappl
i
edt
ocont
inuousf
iel
ds.I
tpr
oducesa
one-
sampl
etestofwhet
hert
he sampl
e cumul
ati
ve di
str
ibut
ion
f
unct
ionf
oraf
iel
dishomogenouswi
thauni
for
m,nor
mal
,Poi
ssonor
ex
ponent
ial
dist
ri
but
ion.

 Par
amet
ri
ctesti
sref
err
edt
oasCl
assi
calt
estwhi
l
eNonpar
amet
ri
c
t
esti
sref
err
edt
oasDi
str
ibut
ion-
fr
eet
est
.

 Si
gnt
esti
susedt
oexami
net
hecent
ralt
endencyofapopul
ati
on
di
str
ibut
ion.

 Asi
gnt
estusest
hesi
gnoft
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
wonumber
snot
t
hei
ract
ual
quant
it
ati
vemeasur
ement
s.

 Wi
l
coxonsi
gn-
rankt
estusest
hedi
ff
erencebet
weendat
athatcanbe
quant
it
ati
vel
ydet
ermi
nedandr
ankedr
athert
hanassi
gni
ngsi
gns.

 When t
he absol
ute di
ff
erences ar
eti
ed,t
he mean r
ankv
alue i
s
assi
gnedt
othosedi
ff
erences.

 Wi
l
coxon’
stestorW st
ati
sti
ctesti
sthesmal
l
eroft
hesum oft
he
pl
usr
anksandt
hesum oft
henegat
iver
anks.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Mann-
Whi
tneyUt
esti
sal
soknownasWi
l
coxonRank-
Sum t
est
.

 Ut
esti
susedt
otestwhet
hert
woi
ndependentsampl
eshav
ebeen
dr
awnf
rom t
wopopul
ati
onst
hathav
ethesamer
elat
ivef
requency
di
str
ibut
ion.

 Theadv
ant
ageofMann-
Whi
tneyU t
estov
erSi
gn t
esti
sthati
t
consi
der
sther
anki
ngsoft
heobser
vat
ionsi
neachsampl
e.

 U st
ati
sti
cs measur
es t
he di
ff
erence bet
ween t
he r
anked
obser
vat
ionsoft
wosampl
esandpr
ovi
desev
idenceont
hedi
ff
erence
bet
weent
hei
rpopul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ions.

 Spear
manRankCor
rel
ati
ont
esti
susedt
omeasur
ethest
rengt
hof
associ
ati
onbet
weent
woset
sofr
ankeddat
a.
2
 Spear
man’
srank(
r)=1- 6εd wher
edi
sthedi
ff
erencebet
ween
n-
n(2
1)
t
her
anksf
ort
hepai
redobser
vat
ions,ni
sthenumberofpai
red
obser
vat
ions.

 Runst
esti
susedt
otestt
her
andomnessofser
iesofdat
a.

 Ar
uni
sasequenceofi
dent
icaloccur
rencespr
ecededandf
oll
owed
bydi
ff
erentoccur
rencesorbynoneatal
l
.

 Sampl
i
ng er
rorv
s.Sampl
i
ng costi
sref
err
ed t
o as Cost
-benef
it
anal
ysi
s.

 Ther
ear
etwo t
ypesofpackages:St
ati
sti
calpackagesand Non-
St
ati
sti
cal
packages.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Pr
ocesses of St
ati
sti
cal dat
a ar
e Col
l
ect
, Or
gani
se, Pr
esent
,
Summar
ise,
Anal
yseandOut
put
.

 Mi
crosof
tExceli
s an exampl
e of st
ati
sti
calpackages and a
spr
eadsheetappl
i
cat
ion.

I
nExcel
,ther
owswr
it
edat
aforeachobser
vat
ionandt
hecol
umns
wr
it
evar
iabl
es.

 ExcelcanbeusedasDat
abase,f
orCal
cul
ati
ons,St
ati
sti
calpr
ocess,
f
inanci
alanal
ysi
sandengi
neer
inganal
ysi
s.

I
nExcel
,theRi
bbonsect
ionhasTabs,Home,I
nser
t,PageLay
out
,
For
mul
a,Dat
a,Rev
iewandVi
ew.

 At
echni
quebasedonsampl
i
ngwhenobt
aini
ngspeci
fi
cinf
ormat
ion
f
rom t
he popul
ati
on whi
ch qual
i
fies t
he i
nfor
mat
ion obt
ained as
r
epr
esent
ati
veoft
hewhol
eisSur
vey
.

 Sampl
ing i
sthe sel
ect
ion ofa numberofuni
tsf
rom a def
ined
popul
ati
on.

 St
udyUni
tist
heuni
tinwhi
cht
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
scol
l
ect
edorgat
her
ed.

 Sampl
ingUni
tist
heuni
tofsel
ect
ioni
nthesampl
i
ngpr
ocess.

 Sampl
ingFr
amei
sthel
i
stoft
heent
ir
euni
tint
het
argetpopul
ati
onor
r
efer
encepopul
ati
onf
rom whi
chasampl
eist
obedr
awnorpi
cked.

 Sampl
ingFr
act
ion/
Sampl
ingI
nter
vali
sther
ati
ooft
henumberof
uni
tsi
nthesampl
etot
henumberofuni
tint
her
efer
encepopul
ati
on.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Sampl
ingI
nter
vali edbyn wher
sdenot eni
sthenumberofsampl
e
N
uni
t(sampl
etaken)and N i
sthe numberofuni
tsi
nref
erence
popul
ati
on(
Sampl
i
ngf
rame)
.

 Theadv
ant
agesofsampl
i
ngar
eCostef
fi
ci
ency
,Qual
i
tyofdat
aand
Pr
eci
ser
esul
t.

 Ther
e ar
etwo t
ypes ofsampl
i
ng met
hods:Non-
probabi
l
ity and
Pr
obabi
l
itysampl
i
ngmet
hods.

 Non-
probabi
l
itysampl
i
ngmet
hodi
susedwher
easampl
i
ngf
rame
doesnotexi
st.I
tconst
it
utesnon-
random sel
ect
ion.

 Themet
hodsofNon-
probabi
l
itysampl
i
ngar
eConv
eni
encesampl
i
ng
andQuot
asampl
i
ng.

 Conv
eni
encesampl
i
ngi
samet
hodi
nwhi
cht
hest
udyuni
tthatar
e
av
ail
abl
eatt
het
imeofdat
acol
l
ect
ionar
esel
ect
ed.

 Quot
asampl
i
ngi
samet
hodt
hatensur
est
hatacer
tai
nnumberof
sampl
i
nguni
tsf
rom di
ff
erentcat
egor
ieswi
thspeci
fi
cchar
act
eri
sti
cs
ar
erepr
esent
ed.

 Themet
hodsofPr
obabi
l
itysampl
i
ngar
eSi
mpl
eRandom sampl
i
ng,
Sy
stemat
icsampl
i
ng,Cl
ust
ersampl
i
ng,Mul
ti
-st
age sampl
i
ng and
St
rat
if
iedsampl
i
ng.

 Pr
obabi
l
itysampl
i
ngi
susedwher
esampl
i
ngf
rameexi
storcanbe
compar
ed.I
tinv
olv
esr
andom sel
ect
ioni
.e.al
lpopul
ati
onuni
tshav
e
anequal
chanceofbei
ngsel
ect
edi
nthesampl
e.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Si
mpl
eRandom Sampl
i
ngi
sasampl
i
ngf
ramewher
eeachuni
thas
equal
chanceofbei
ngsel
ect
ed.

 Thedi
sadv
ant
agesofSi
mpl
eRandom sampl
i
ngar
eiti
scost
lyt
o
conductanddi
ff
icul
twhenl
argepopul
ati
oni
sinv
olv
ed.

 Sy
stemat
ic sampl
i
ng i
s a Pr
obabi
l
ity sampl
i
ng met
hod wher
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
sar
echosenatr
egul
ari
nter
val
sfr
om t
hesampl
i
ngf
rame.

 The adv
ant
ages of Sy
stemat
ic sampl
i
ng ov
er Si
mpl
e Random
sampl
i
ngar
ethef
ormeri
seasi
ert
oper
for
m,l
esst
imeconsumi
ng
andpr
ovi
desagoodappr
oxi
mat
ion.

 St
rat
if
iedsampl
i
ngi
susedt
hepopul
ati
oni
shet
erogeneous.

 Popul
ati
onunderst
rat
if
iedsampl
i
ngi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntogr
oups(
str
ata)
accor
dingt
ochar
act
eri
sti
csofi
nter
est
.

 Pr
opor
ti
onalal
l
ocat
ioni
swhent
hesamesampl
i
ngf
ract
ioni
sused
f
oreachst
rat
um.

 Non-
propor
ti
onalal
l
ocat
ioni
swhendi
ff
erentsampl
i
ng f
ract
ioni
s
usedf
oreachst
rat
um.

 Thedi
sadv
ant
ageofst
rat
if
iedsampl
i
ngi
sthatt
hesampl
i
ngf
rame
f
ort
heent
ir
epopul
ati
onhast
obepr
epar
edsepar
atel
yfr
om each
st
rat
um.

 Cl
ust
ersampl
i
ngi
sapr
obabi
l
itysampl
i
ngmet
hodi
nwhi
chsel
ect
ion
oft
her
equi
redsampl
eisdoneongr
oupofst
udyuni
t(cl
ust
ers)
i
nst
eadofeachst
udyuni
tindi
vi
dual
l
y.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 The sampl
i
ng uni
tand sampl
i
ng f
rame ar
e cl
ust
ers and l
i
stof
cl
ust
ersr
espect
ivel
y.

 Cl
ust
ersampl
i
ngdoesnotr
equi
ret
hel
i
stofal
lindi
vi
dualst
udyuni
ts
i
nther
efer
encepopul
ati
on.

 Thedi
sadv
ant
ageofcl
ust
ersampl
i
ngi
snotal
lchar
act
eri
sti
cst
obe
st
udi
edar
euni
for
mlydi
str
ibut
edt
hroughoutt
her
efer
encepopul
ati
on.

 Mul
tist
age sampl
i
ng i
s a pr
obabi
l
ity sampl
i
ng met
hod t
hati
s
appr
opr
iat
e when t
he r
efer
ence popul
ati
on i
slar
ge and done i
n
st
agesunt
ilt
otal
sampl
i
nguni
tisar
ri
vedat
.

 The di
sadv
ant
ages of Mul
tist
age sampl
i
ng ar
e pr
oneness t
o
sampl
i
nger
rorandi
mpr
eci
seest
imat
e.

 Vi
talst
ati
sti
csi
sabr
anchofmat
hemat
icst
hatst
udi
esheal
thi
ssues
anddemogr
aphy
.

 Demogr
aphyst
udi
eshumanpopul
ati
oni
nrel
ati
ont
osi
ze,
dist
ri
but
ion,
composi
ti
on,
soci
almobi
l
ityandv
ari
ati
on/
change.

 Si
zei
sthenumberofper
sonsi
nthepopul
ati
onatagi
vent
ime.

 Di
str
ibut
ioni
sthear
rangementoft
hepopul
ati
oni
nthet
err
it
oryofa
nat
ioni
ngeogr
aphi
cal
,resi
dent
ial
areaandcl
i
mat
iczone.

 Composi
ti
oni
sthedi
str
ibut
ionofpopul
ati
oni
ntov
ari
ousgr
oupi
ngby
ageandsex.

 Change i
sthe i
ncr
ease ordecr
ease oft
he t
otalpopul
ati
on.I
ts
component
sar
ebi
rt
h,deat
handmi
grat
ion.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Demogr
aphi
cst
ati
sti
csi
stheappl
i
cat
ionofst
ati
sti
cst
othest
udyof
humanpopul
ati
oni
nrel
ati
ont
otheessent
ialdemogr
aphi
cvar
iabl
es
andsour
ceofv
ari
ati
onoft
hepopul
ati
on.Exampl
esoft
hev
ari
abl
es
ar
efer
ti
li
ty,
mor
tal
it
yandmi
grat
ion.

 The sour
ces ofdemogr
aphi
c dat
a ar
e cat
egor
ized i
ntot
wo (
2):
Compl
eteEnumer
ati
onPr
ocess(
Census)andSampl
eSur
vey
.

 De-
jur
eisat
ypeofcensusdoneaccor
dingt
otheusualpl
aceof
r
esi
dence.

 De-
fact
oist
het
ypeofcensusdoneaccor
dingt
otheact
ualpl
aceof
r
esi
denceont
hedat
eoft
hecensus.

I
nthef
ormul
ausedt
hedet
ermi
net
het
estst
ati
sti
cofsi
gnt
est=
b(
X=x,
n,p)
,bi
sbi
nomi
aldi
str
ibut
ion,
Xist
hesetofpossi
blev
alues,
x
i
sthenumberofposi
ti
vesi
gnedv
alueandni
sthenumberofsi
gned
v
alue.

 Cont
roli
s necessar
yto enhance cont
inuous abi
l
ityt
o sat
isf
y
cust
omer
s’needsaswel
lasmeett
hei
rexpect
ati
ons.

 Thepr
oduct
/ser
vicecont
rol
isamanager
ial
funct
ionv
est
edi
nQual
it
y
Cont
rol
Depar
tment
.

 Qual
it
yis a measur
e of t
he degr
ee t
o whi
ch a par
ti
cul
ar
pr
oduct
/ser
vicesat
isf
iest
heexpect
ati
onsofcust
omer
swi
thr
espect
t
ocer
tai
ntangi
bleandi
ntangi
bleat
tri
but
esi
nher
enti
nthedesi
gnof
t
hepr
oduct
/ser
viceandi
tsper
for
manceundernor
mal
use.

 Theobj
ect
ivesofQual
i
tyCont
rolPr
ogr
am i
ncl
ude(
a)Reduct
ionof
Scr
aporwast
age,(
b)Mi
nimi
zat
ionofcust
omer
s’compl
aint
sand
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

pr
oduct r
etur
ns, (
c) Mai
ntenance of t
he desi
red degr
ee of
conf
ormancet
opr
oductdesi
gn,
(d)I
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
opor
ti
onofnon-
def
ect
ivepr
oduct
sgoi
ngt
ocust
omer
s,(
e)Pr
event
ionofdef
ect
ive
mat
eri
alsf
rom get
ti
ngi
ntot
hepr
oduct
ionsy
stem and(
f)enhanci
ng
t
he conf
ormance of t
he pr
oduct
s per
for
mance t
o cust
omer
s’
ex
pect
ati
ons.

 ConsequencesofQual
i
tycont
rolar
ePr
oduct
/Ser
vicequal
it
ydesi
gn,
Pr
oduct
ion/
Manuf
act
uri
ngqual
it
yandPer
for
mancequal
it
y.

 Thecost
sassoci
atedwi
thQual
i
tyCont
rolPr
ogr
amsar
ePr
event
ion
cost
s,Qual
i
tyappr
aisal
cost
sandI
nter
nal
fai
l
urecost
s.

 Ther
eisani
nver
ser
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeni
nvest
menti
nqual
i
tycont
rol
pr
ogr
amsand t
henumberofdef
ect
ivei
tems.I
.e.t
hehi
ghert
he
i
nvest
ment
,thel
owert
henumberofdef
ect
ivei
tems.

 St
ati
sti
csusest
hree(
3)pr
ocedur
esf
orensur
ing pr
oduct
/ser
vice
qual
i
ty.These ar
eInspect
ion (
100%)
,Accept
ance sampl
i
ng (
A
por
ti
on/
sampl
e)andCont
rol
char
t(Thepr
ocess)
.

I
nspect
ion and Accept
ance sampl
i
ng dealwi
th pr
oduct
/ser
vice
qual
i
tywhi
l
eCont
rol
char
tdeal
swi
thpr
ocessqual
i
ty.

I
nspect
ioni
nvol
veschecki
ngt
hequal
i
tyofi
ncomi
ngr
aw mat
eri
als,
pr
ocess,i
nvent
ori
es orf
inalout
putt
o ensur
e conf
ormance t
o
speci
fi
edqual
i
tyl
evel
.

 Thedeci
sionst
obemadeunderI
nspect
ionar
eWhatt
oinspect
,How
manyt
oinspect
,Whent
oinspectandWher
etoi
nspect
.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Accept
anceSampl
i
ngi
saschemef
ordet
ermi
ningt
heaccept
abi
l
ity
ofal
otbasedonsampl
i
ng.

 Ty
pes ofAccept
ance Sampl
i
ng ar
e Si
ngl
e Accept
ance sampl
i
ng,
Doubl
eAccept
ancesampl
i
ngandSequent
ial
Accept
ancesampl
i
ng.

 Ther
eject
ionofGoodl
ot(
Type1er
ror
)isal
soknownasPr
oducer
’s
r
isk.

 The accept
ance ofBad l
ot(
Type 2 er
ror
)is al
so known as
Consumer
’sr
isk.

 Mean,
Medi
an,
Modee.
t.
car
ePar
amet
ri
cst
ati
sti
cs.

 Cr
udeBi
rt
hRat
e,Speci
fi
cFer
ti
li
tyRat
e,Gener
alFer
ti
li
tyRat
eand
Tot
alFer
ti
li
tyRat
ear
eal
lusedf
ort
hemeasur
ementofFer
ti
li
ty.

 Cr
udeBi
rt
hRat
eist
hespeedatwhi
chaddi
ti
oni
sbei
ngmadet
othe

popul
ati
ont
hroughbi
rt
h.CBR= Annual
Bir
ths ×1000
Annual
MeanPOpulat
ion

 Speci
fi
cFer
ti
li
tyRat
eist
heagespeci
fi
crat
eoff
ert
il
it
y.

Liv
ebi r
thsamongfemalesintheagegroup
 SFR= ×1000
mid-yearfemal
espopul
ationofthatagegr
oup

 Gener
alFer
ti
li
tyRat
emeasur
est
headdi
ti
ont
othepopul
ati
onby
f
emal
esofchi
l
dbear
ingage.

AnnualBi
rt
hs(li
ve)
 GFR= ×1000
Mi
d-y
earpopul
ati
onoffemalebt
w15-
49
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Tot
alFer
ti
li
tyRat
eisanaddi
ti
onofal
lthespeci
fi
cfer
ti
li
tyr
atesper
t
housandf
emal
eineachagegr
oup.TFR=(
summat
ionS.
F.R ×i
)÷
1000.Wher
eii
sthemagni
tudeoft
heagecl
ass.

 Li
mit
ati
onsofFer
ti
li
tyr
atesar
e:i
tignor
est
hesexoft
hechi
l
dandi
t
i
gnor
est
hemor
tal
i
tyr
ate.

 Thegr
owt
hrat
eofapopul
ati
oni
smeasur
edbyr
epr
oduct
ionr
ates.

 Ther
ear
etwo(
2)t
ypesofRepr
oduct
ionr
ate:Gr
ossRepr
oduct
ion
Rat
eandNetRepr
oduct
ionRat
e.

 Gr
oss Repr
oduct
ion Rat
e hel
ps t
o det
ermi
ne t
he r
ate atwhi
ch
mot
her
swoul
dber
epl
acedbyof
fspr
ing,andul
ti
mat
elyshowst
he
r
ateatwhi
cht
hepopul
ati
onwoul
dber
epl
eni
shed.

 GRR=Numberoffemal
ebirt
hs×Tot
alf
ert
il
it
yrat
e;
Tot
alnumberofbi
rt
hs

 GRR=Numberoff
emal
esbornt
o1000women
1000

 Thel
i
mit
ati
onofGRRi
sthati
tignor
esmor
tal
i
tyr
ate.

 NetRepr
oduct
ionRat
ehel
pst
o det
ermi
net
her
ateatwhi
cht
he
popul
ati
onwi
l
lber
epl
eni
shedt
aki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hepr
evai
l
ing
mor
tal
i
tyandf
ert
il
it
yrat
es.

 NRR=(
Nooff
emal
ebir
ths ×sur
viv
alr
ate)
1000

 Thel
i
mit
ati
onsofNRRar
e:i
tignor
esi
mmi
grat
ionandemi
grat
ion,
andi
tassumesaconst
antmor
tal
i
tyandf
ert
il
it
yrat
es.
EXCELMI
NDSAcademi
cGr
oup

 Cr
udeDeat
hRat
e,Speci
fi
cDeat
hRat
e,St
andar
dDeat
hRat
eand
Nat
ural
Incr
easeRat
ear
eusedf
ort
hemeasur
ement
sofMor
tal
i
ty.

 Cr
udeDeat
hRat
e= Annual
Deat
h ×1000
Annual
MeanPopulat
ion

 Speci
fi
cDeat e=NumberofDeat
hRat hsintheagegr
oup×1000
Populat
ionoftheagegroup

 St
andar
dDeat
hRat
e= Tot
alDeat
h ×1000
St
andar
dPopulat
ion

 Nat
ural
Incr e=Bi
easeRat rt
h-Death×1000
popul
ati
on

 Bay
esTheor
em i
susedwhenaddi
ti
onal
inf
ormat
ioni
sacqui
redonan
al
readycar
ri
edoutpr
obabi
l
ityassessment
.

 Pr
iorpr
obabi
l
iti
esar
ethosepr
obabi
l
iti
est
hatwer
epr
evi
ousl
ybei
ng
usedbef
oreaddi
ti
onal
inf
ormat
ioni
sobt
ained.

 Al
ter
ingev
enti
stheev
entwhoseoccur
rencecancauseachangei
n
t
hepr
iorpr
obabi
l
iti
es.

 Bay
esi
anpr
obabi
l
itywaspi
oneer
edbyRev
.ThomasBay
es.

I
nExcel
,mat
hemat
ical
tabl
escanbef
oundundert
heI
nser
ttab.

 Mat
hemat
ical
funct
ionscanbef
oundundert
heFor
mul
ast
ab.

 SUM,AVERAGE,MI
N,MAX,COUNT NUMBERS e.
t.
car
efound i
n
AUTOSUM underFORMULASt
ab.

BestWi
shes!