A2 Chem Handwriting Notes

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Chapter 19 Lattice energy

DHI at b Hea
definition
f DH at
DHsol AHhyd
DH i AH f

Hess's Law
cannon Born_Haber Process
enthalpy change in solution

afinityi group16817
electron

enthalpy change of hydration

f
explain
lattice energy
trends
thermal stability of group 2 carbonateand nitrate oxide
solubility of group2 sulfate and hydroxide
10 谁 谁 201mol 3D gls
断 吸成 放 ⼗ or ⼀

standard condition 298K latm.im ol di


standard state normal state
l Definition
a standard enthalpy change offormation DH f 可正可负

elements SS I compound css

g DITCH30H 1 i CGraphite 2Hzlg 全02191 7413OHU


DHf element155 0 DHf02 0
g
⽇ standard enthalpy change of atomisationDHat.co

elements SS I atom
乩1219pegy a
主 Brill Br Br
Li Is Lil g
DH at nobelgas 0
oust mono_atomic molecule
与Bond energy 联系
break l mol gaseous bond

eg.cl a g 2C1 g E 2A HatCl


Br Brlg 213rg E 2D Hat Br
3 ionisation energy _AH iz A Hit 0
chargeonion⼩
120attraction
between nucleus remaining et
I atomg cationicg tē A Hit
I cation⼗ p cation te

DHizatomcgs
scation2tlgl ze DH.IT sHi2

4 electron affinity A Heal CO D Hea270


need energy to outcome repulsion
between electron anion

I atom g e anicon
g AHeat
I am on ig tē anion2 Ig

my DHeaza.to
anion2 g
2e A Heal t DHea2

5 lattice energy DH lat 0


cation g t anion g I ionic compound Is
more negative the lattice energy

stronger the ionic bonding in lattice


6 enthalpy change of solution DH soI 可正可负

I ionic compound s
q ionic compound G

l infinitely dilute
verylargeamount of water
g AHsolMgU2 s
MgCl215 t aq Mgclz q
or Mg4215 q Mg211q 24
q
DH soI more negative solubility⼩
DH soI large positive relatively insoluble

hydrated ion

f
Hffftstifii
dipokbondiinmgz.tn
EH8
H St
新a i
G enthalpy change of hydration AHnydd

Ii on Ig taq ion
q
2 Calculation
I Hess's Law
数据 DHf
reactants Mis products

三⽇年
reacsief_fDHfproud.us

DHr EDHfproducts ⼀
三 AHfreactants 右 在

Hfelement ⼆ 0
2 Born_Haber process

metal ion19 nonmetal atom lpté


DHat nonmetal
Metal ion19 nonmetal element te
DHeanonmhnDHimetdatomlptnonmalel.mn

tmetdimlgltnonmetdiongiiiiment.in
metal
Mat
on element

Pǜ compound
DHatmetdtDHitDHatnonmetdtDH.at DHI at D Hf

箭头代表反应⽅向 且 ⼩ endo t exo


⾼𨘀

À ⼗
cation2 g

Òǖomlp or ihnztg.metuato.mg

DHiltDHiziia.mg
anion2 g
ToHeal
normal g tDHeaznon
meta.ly
Hea2 or

pining v v

3 enthalpy change in solution

cation g
tanioncp ionic.compound IS
energy
DHicanonYM
EIDHsicyaetDHhgdanioncan.mg
anion lag

DHĀyd D Hot AH0501


DH801 ⼆ DHhid ⼀ DHÜ
DH80170 SHOKO
Caton Pt unionIg caning tanning
Born Haber
Mǜt
AH niCaton Mn DmiCaton
cycle tDHOhydmionccnongtan.mg

IH0mdanintompound.si
⼼⼼ 冷蕊 opting
vcompounds

1
9
星⼼
ā A g AHEA 0

从左到右 in onmetal
more negative exothermic
nuclearcharge i attractiveforce nucleus outerelectrons i
从上 到 下 group 16817
member in the
apartfrom the 1st group of lessnegative

atomicradiusof 0 Ft electrondensity i
repulsion ì attractiveforced
down the group less negative exothermic

distance shell T attractiveforced


lessnegative
shielding i atone fret

afffǚǜ Mio

j Ǚ ion_dipole forceT Armyd morenegative


charge density

ion charge T charge density iion dipolealtrac.mn i morenegative


ion radius t charge density iion dip.ieattraction ì morenegative

邀国州 mioricg
⼗ ⼗ ionic compound IS DH in CO
ion charge T charge density⼩ ionic bond ⼩ morenegative
ion radius t charge density⼩ ionic bond⼩morenegative
4
㘜㗊再
品品
CdNo 2
0 1
polarising power of the cation i
07 ⼀⼆
anion be polarised T
charge ⼩ Charge
lradu.si Chargedensity i nlradu.sn
thermalstability of group2 carbonatesT and nitrates⼩

0
idis n.no

2CallV0372 2 a0 41V02 02 CaC03 Got CO2
down thegroup radius⼩ polarising power l

polarisation of nitrate to weaken No bond t


harder to break No bond CO bond

thermal stability of Group2 oxide t


no polarisation
Zao 2 a 02
down the group radius i chargedensity l
ionic bond t lattice energy t
easier to break Ca 0
您⼀品


mg of Group 2 sulfate t
My504
AH501 more negative solubility
Hsol ⼆
AHnydofccnontDHmgdofanion
itD.tl lat
Ba504

Hnyd of cation
down the group radiusin less negative

DHhyd of 5042
unchanged

DHlattice of MS04
downthegroup radius不 lessnegative lessnegative
So i unchanged
soǎmnwge but change

small
altice energy and hydration energy both less negative

hydrationenergy changes more

Hsol becomes less negative

solubility of Group 2 hydroxideT

lattice energy and hydration energy both less negative


hydration energy changes less
Hsol becomes more negative
l.ReviewRedoxlnnn.net

升 失 氧化 还原剂
Ox ⼩ lose oxidation reducing ability
beoxidised reducing agent

降 得 还原 氧化剂
reduction
以 t gain ē aiding ability
be reduced oxidising agent

Balance half equations


得失电⼦个数 守恒
2 compare electrolyticcell and electrochemical cell

electrolysis cell

化学能 油能
Üii
电能 化学能 i 7
不能发⽣ 能 I
ii

分析起点 电⼦从电池负极流出 分析起点 ⾃发发⽣的化学反应


cincktzē Nátē Na Fe Fftzē aitzētlu
OX T ⽐ ⼥⼉ OX T 0ㄨ t t
loss e gain ē e gain ē
oxidation reduction oxidation reduction
吡 吡
anode cathode anode cathode
onion cation onion cation
positive negative negate positive

positive negative 电⼦从电池的负极流出

cathode reduction
anode oxidation
conduct inert

参与反应的⾦属

electrolyte
ioncap
ion l
i

离⼦导电 charge carrier

complete the electrical circuit


allow movementofions between
two h㖄
t

13Electrodepoy
TFElaptz.EE
L elS

M2 tzé Mls
lap
for unreactive metals equilibriumposition liesfurther over to theright
reactive left
andelectrode potentials E
raid
3
101kPa 298KLTJlmol.am
Pt electrode.covered Pt

cateiystzriwptzeEHz.ly
E0 0占

ti

in

a t Hz a 2H

2étlu ZntxtszitHz.ci

Hz 72 Zntzitzē 4 2Httzés Hz
positive negative negative positive

Citi E Cu E ⼆⼗034V Zi 2ē Zn E0 0.76V


7 Ecell ⼆⼗0.34 a076

圝 圝

i
Zitzē Zn
笹芊琴台 E0 0.76V Ecu is more positive

citzē a a zitzē Gt is strongeroxidising agent


OX t gain OX ⼩ loss than Zi
reductionInduced oxidation Ioxidised
Zn is stronger reducing agent
oxidising agent reducing agent
cathode than a
mode
Positive En is more reactive than a
ngan
E0 总结
reduction electrode potential the ease of Mt beingreduced
Mt t E E M E0 M tzē M
0 more
Fit ē FE
正 positive
易发斑⽩ ⼼ e M
OX tgain é reduction bereduced oxidising agent
positive cathode
strongeroxidisireactive.fm
⼼ tē EM teaspoon easier bereduced

mind me agg
in
OX 不 losses oxidation1be oxidised reducing agent

左 在 E
negnvOe.anodeiii.in
Mttē M left species harder bereduced weakeroxidising agent
unreactive
SO ⼤ W R
WO ⼩ SR reactive
Econ Ereduction Eoxidation
会发⽣ 20判断是否会发⽣
题⼲规定oxidation reduction
Ecell ⼆ ⼤ ⼀
⼩ Ecell ⼆ Ered ⼀
Eox 70 会发⽣
Can A oxid.se B EA_EB
Can A reduce B EB ⼀ EA
酸碱 中性环境 3021
⼗⼗ 2ē E Hz E0 0

不汞系数 21元2⼗ 4 2Fe Eo


EE
4 notstandardconditnhs
eellD.com
centraton 㐄 I moldi
Mztē M E0
E0more positive 易发⽣正⽅向 equilibrium position lies on n

⼼ _to壮 地 叫化 E1

reactant ⼩ EM ㄈ肌 ⼭ CDT Et
I react any Et Eproduct t ET

gasconstant
2 The Nernst equation

Silk 0
concentration
完整版 E E0
笨 lniiin 不写固体

井昆 596500Òǜǖ constant
E E0
Fit
Fi
ē
3é Fe
Fě Z 1
Z 3 E

第 h空
E0
是 m Ee37
简略版 12 8.314 F 96500 K 48K h 710

298K

等 多 㼦器

E E0 0

3 feasibility
Selection
Faraday constant

Q ⼆ It time s
T T current
charge amperes A
Coulomb c

Faraday constant F chargeof I moleof electrons


96500 C moH
F ⼆ ⼈
T 栠charge
e 1.60xo.iq
of I electron
Avogadro constant

96500 n It
尛of ē
Lxfx_⼏ ⼆

2 电解优 级

electrolyte

IS

年 Ht.OH
cathode anode
CIU Na
cnodehr.NU ㄥ

mad
Pt graphite
cathode Emorepositive H Emorepositive7Ht
Eo not react Eco not react
anode I Bi 01 i Ci metal ⽐如此优先
4011 2亿 a e
conc.ci 0H
Cathode anode
and and
purify
pure a 变粗 杂质 a 变细
ma 加 Q
Htsoiorī cusoacitze aa.li ni
Cu504 a 02 plan Fe cu
⼼ Ht so i ai
ng
的04 ⽐⽐ a a Guy_
conc NaCl H2 C12
Nci.Hi 从 ci
dilute NaCl 42 02
Nat HT gig
chapter21 Further aspects of equilibria

l.kwpH.PK a
T
equilibrium constant
I the ionic product of water Kw
water
hydroxoniunions
H20 D H20 1 H30 q 0H 19
aidb

a.ir
H20 1 Ht q 0H 19 D H70

州州

k
kik H20 㞪㠭
Kw H q 011
q
在同⼀温度 ⽔或 ⽔溶液当中 H 和 OH共存
且世 0H 乘积是固定值

6
Kw 1.00 10 14m12dm 298K 250
inpwey
Ew H 0H 10 7moldmi 250

PH log Ht
pH log 107 7
T T endo shut to
right EH⻔ OH T T
kwnpHPHE
log.CH⻔不
2 calculate pH valuesfrom H D 10g 1g

pH 1 pH 2
PH 109 H⻔ POH 10 0𠮩

uyfiignwz
12017
PH 01T 10
H 10
PH t pOH 14
1⼗⻔ 不 PH d
N 些个 0IT J T pHN

恐吓9t
wptoricagit.sn
aq toHtHcl
H capT
cilq completely ionised

Ht 绝⼤部份来⾃ acid 来⾃Hzo的代忽略不计


H 来⾃
0ncidwn.int
H⼗ H 1
if HU 0.1 mddh 叶 ⼼ 岳⻔ 吖 ⼼

then pH log ⼗⻔
10
名 1 1
ii H2504 q 2H 19 5042

EH⼗ 2 H2504
国 if H2504 0.1moldní了 at 20.1 02moldi
then pH 10g ⼖州 togo0.2 0.7
PH
Üiǜ H 2
then EH⼗ 10 P 10 0.01 moldni
I Hzs04 ⽴ H 0.005moldup
pH H⼗ acid
恐 吓器
志烈
in
Nat lag t OH
NaOHlag Tag
OH 绝⼤部份来⾃NaOH 来⾃⽔的 OH忽略不计
at 来⾃Base
ㄈ 0T NaOH

if IN a0H on moldm3 ⼆
01⻔
1
then EH⼗
恶⼼ 巺 1 1013

pH 10g H 10g 1013 13

ii BadHh q E Ba q 20H
g
0H 2I BaOH
OH o 2not ⼭⻔
if BadH 2 0.1moldh

then H 器⻔ 器 10 5 10
14

PH 109 EH
⼗ togfsx1014 13.3
⼼⻔ pH
y if I ㄈ 0H
then H 10 州 10 13 mold.ms
1
ㄈ 0H
器 19 器 0.1 molds

Ba OH12 主
0105moldnpp.lt
0H
H 01 ⻔ Base
zoweakacid.usingtheaciddissociationwnstant.ka
r

r.CH3COOH eq t HzOLD H30 四⼗ CH3COO

laqia.ir

ki
E.fi 器兜
kikfctbcoOHlapFHtlaptCH.co cap


着兠
ka ⼆

㤻品
HA cap Ht A lag
q
ka ⼆

TEigpkae
log.kaki.li
Kai p Kat EH⻔ ⼩ acidity不
position of equilibrium liesto the right
cdalatepltuy
忽略⽔分解的 叶 叶来⾃于 weak acid
H2O D t H ag t OF lag
H COOH Ht Capt Hoo q
lap
initial a moldni ⼆ moldni Omoldni

change _xmoldnitxmoldnitx.noldni
final fax mold的 xmoldwixmold.ms
H Hoo J

ka ⼆
⼀蕊
笁9茈 ⼆

x a a x a

Ka 三 兴
凹 if HC00H 001moldm3 Ka 1.59x10 4moldm3

Ka ⼆ 区⻔
then
器⻔
击 哥 1.59x10 4moldi
HAJ Ka
t 叶 iāxlsrq 4 1.26x103moldm3
HD
PH 10 H 1 126 103 2.90

凹 if HC0011 o 01molds pH 2.90
HAJ PH then EH ⼗ 10 P 10290 126 103
EHAǙH
ka
空竿㟢 器 哠梁
⼆ 15940
笜之
ka mwí
rr
Bufersoluiml
2

lllix.cn
en

solution in which the pH does not change significantly


when smalla_moun_Iofgciora_lkae.li sari
成份 a weakacid and its conjugatebase its salt HA A
oriweiiieanditsconjugiiidc.it in
NH401
CH3COOHTHIH3coo.cc
gain
CH300Na IS a
q nGet t Nat lap
筌簓
管 叧

𠘕 邈 邈 in

鸕鹳
CH300 CH3COOH共存 且含量接近

add acid Ht
Htt CH3Cool 43COOH
来⾃salt

add alkalis OH_

OH t CH3C00H CH3 00 H20


来⾃weakacid

HA A Na A 共存
add Ht At H HA
add OH HA 0H A 1120
in blood

i Hzc03402 HW Hoi hydrogencarbonate on

add H Hc05 H Ǚǚǜo


add OH OH 112103 HC05 1120

H 05 101 1 C02 H20

ii HzPOI H Poi

act as but add Ht HP042 H H21304



add OH H21704 ⼗ OH HPE 1120

HPǕ act as acid HPoi t H20 7 12042 1130

HPI act as base H2POT ⼗ 时 H31204

NH3 Mti NH4Cl

NH4419 ⼗
Cig

芬第
Iblis H20 Mti apt OH 19
极少⾥反应

NH3 Mi 共存 且 是接近

add Ht NH3 ⼗ 时 Mti


add Ori mi tai t NB 州20
2 pH of buffer solution
H少的
ti
pH ⼆
pka t log ⾂器 浓度是混合后的浓度

EH 多的
混合〇
后 的浓度

近⼗3COOH CH300Na

直接代⼊公式

混合前 0 acid了 Volume


saltJUdomelIH3COOHJ.Va
bcooHIECH3COOND.hncow a
混合 和 的浓度
如 ⼼⻔mixture ⼆
㠭品出器氵管

如 001国mixture ⼆
Ǚjiiǐǚ
0 acid Vacid
混合前 base J Vbase

EH300H Watson IN a OH VNaOH

EH3coo_itinin
CNagtHzon
ENNHJ.li
ICH3COOHIUCH3WOH NaOH ⼏⼆ Nn0H o
VNaOH

total V a B WOH t VNaOH


是 䲜器
3 titration

indicator H In Htt In_


colourA colour B
acid base
Ht i shifttoleft THttshif.to left
OH
选择indicator colourchangewithinsharpfall end point
Htt OH EH20 equivaǚnt point

1 start pH 2 final pH 3 Sharpe


4 equivalent point pH volume

strong acid to strong base

PHtfflask09moldm
3PH
hjmdia.tn
V 20m3
l
equivalent
range
point pH 7

⿄笠管 it
iii
出 PH 13

⼼⽅ Mi buffer
strong acid to weak base

PHfflaskiomndm
3PH
V 20m3 j.by
equivalent

ǚǖld 了
point m a
if
朝 indicator

20Cm了
pH43
zòjof
V Ha addedIan
weak acid to base
strong
和伙
趨Ǜǜdm3 PH 1

⿄ ǗǛPH_
iiiiu my zoai_nl.ir
weak acid to weak base
iii ⼼

PHtfflask.in
⿄ Ǚǖff
iiigtzi in
t.tn
iii
PH ㄑ 13

strong base to stingacid strong base to weak acid

𨯧 Üiiuai

weak base to
singand
430

i
iii
3 Solubility product Ksp

ionic compound slight soluble Ksp⼩ solubilityT


AgCl IS Agt apt CT
aq
a a
saturated Solubility amolodm 3Itgc.ly
M以
solubility product Ksp Ajlq Cry a2

Fez53 S
E2Fig 352 aq
2a 3a

solubility amolodm 3IFezsz.laq

闹 47个⾮
2 了
Solubility product Ksp Fe q S

common in effect
Tiy when added to solution with same in

Agas add to
Naacp
Aga ⼼ Agt apt Cig
Cir shut to left

混合后
嚸 器⼼
䑝炉 Nang
Aging
Cig Ksp produce ppt

Ksp saturated
Ksp no ppt
4

partitioncofeasolutexi.jiiiLS.lv
ent A
分层
Solvent B

X solventA E X solventB

ki 㸑
恐品
Chapter 22 Reaction kinetics

1 Rate of Reaction

definition moldm3 s moldnimin lmold.im


0measuring
定义题 a decreas_e.in entrant of a particular rea
increase co.cn pr
213 ctleg.lt
rate of A 㽇 xmol.dm 3 ci

of B 4 zxmoldni 5

rate

me

I sampling 每隔 ⼀ 段时间 样 测量样本浓度

每隔 段时间 repeat

Eizif 取样 testtube
beaker stop reaction in test tube
stop orslow
down
quenched to

题 ice

titration 测试管中物质的浓度
2 continuous 每隔 ⼀段时间记录仪器读数

① 产⽣⽓体
C6H 5 N三⼼ CITY 112011
-
C645OHCaptNzg HG
G
⾯⼝

⾯ 岩
体积增加的量

over time
盛 柴
质⾥减少的量

over time

② 产⽣离⼦
CH3 3 CBrtHW KH3 B CO Ht Htt OH_

Ǘ 㠇
change in conductivity over time

③ 颜⾊深浅变化
ctBCOCH3 - Iz CH3COCHs IT HI

coloring
2 Rate equation

D definition
M
rate of reaction k A 13
AB 不⼀定包含所有反应物
可能有反应物 以外的 物质
mn order
定义题
0 thepower to which a concentration ofreactant in therateequation
order with respect to Aim
order with respect to B n
overall order mtn

mostly 0 I 2___ notalways whole number


order 来⾃ experiment data

不⼀定 等于 coefficient
order reactant rate
0 double not change
1st double double run proportional to concentration

2nd double 4folds rate B proportional to squareofconcern


k rate constant
受温度形 响 Tiki
units vary ⽤计算式 推
2
g rate k A 13
2
mol.dm3 sn k mo l di mol.dm
k
miiiin zm.in651
2 9 1注意坐标
n concentration of product B concentration of

reatuntAlx.io
卖 fr
intra rate time
狂盯

t me

average rate ⼆

号 gradient of secant line

instantaneous rate
㞷器 gradient A tangent line

V0 nrakr.ly 问
ㄈ们是x yo
以 n

nine
i__ 灬
he
i
⽠ y
逆⻘me
order rate equation half ⽐
o r R efnieijuuie A t
decrease

r
l st r k A
constant

ni_yzndr
EAJ

ki
rh.ci increase
3 half life 些

Oi the timetaken for the concentration of areatant


fall to half of its original value
0order 1storder 不正order
⼋ 的⼈
邸 up

𧅤爵 ⾔

decrease
he t.IE
constant
𤅷 increase
in

4
X 姂
䇢 X

find order 三个⽅框标注的内容㣼

graph
多⻅于Paper5
half life 变化
0
table 控制 变⿊法 mutantdouble rate why
double 1st
若⽆法控制变量 则⽤⽐值 4 folds In
quadruple

find k
任意代⼊ 排 数据 进⾏计算即可

ㄒ 多响 R

iink hA
岳 ⽆需掌握使⽤
paper5考数据分析
简单统计学常识分析即可
3 Mechi
TOrate.de
terming step slowest step
slowest及其前⾯的 步骤 出现 reactant catalyst
order coeficient
Ǘǜ 2N205 741V02 02 rate R N205
mechanism
N205510 ⽐2 N03 rate 12 ⽐205
stepz
NOztN03f NOTNOztOzrate
NO3tkzENO.IS
step2
NO ⼗ 21V02
menteng
top3
Order
buwe.ie
rate3

reaction
coeficientegz.ae
kICH3CCHDIHJ
rall CH3COGB ⼗五 CH3COCHz.IT tIrate
mechanism
cries_ 趣
mediate
step I g Ia.in
Step2 CH3iiCH3 CH3
cECHztHtstep3CH3
EECH3tb.fi cg CHz.IT I CH3

Step4 CH了 ⼀ Iatz It It at_ _CHE t HI

𥑬
⺃ tBr
rate 12 Rǖ 制
SNIRzitn5iifjg_ftf.org
123

two opucal isomer as the
intermediate is
paw
OHcan approachfrom top or

botomSN2R
iiijiR.fi rate 攻 12412135 OH
no optical isomer as attackalwaysfromfixeddirection
4 21

alternative route with lower Ea

4 Homogeneous catalysis 参与反应

catalyst is in the same phase as the reaction mixture

了解 Theiodine peroxod.sufate reaction

5208 q 25 q 25042g ⼗五 q
life charge repulsion

近亩 9 2它 q 2Fe 仰 ⼗⼆ g
2
竺 agitsuilap z.fi g 2504219

Redox EEatangst 介于 Erinuts 之间


掌握20 502必亡0dg

503lgatatmfsozlgtyyg
oz.pt
wcpMgIOzg
wzlg

7 regenerate catalyst

补充 contact process SO必亡021 ⽧ ⼀


503g
2 heterogeneous catalysis 反应介⾯

掌握 10 haber process map 3Hzlpi之⼼13 g


掌握 20 car exhuastcoptnopP tcoz.pt Ndp
honeycomb largersurface

reactant diffusingto the surface of catalyst

adsop.org form bond between atom catalyst


break bond in reactant

form bond in product


machine

deswphon_bre.cnk bond between atom catalyst

products
𠯢监 away from the surface days t
1 Entropy

1 Definition

Entropy measure of ⽆
disorder of
序 混乱
a system

system chemical reactants products

surrounding everything else


570 J K'moi molar entropy
the3rd law of Thermodynamic perfectcrystal at 0K S 0
0 standard condition 105Pa 298K normal state

DS entropy change t more disorder


less disorder

They system becomes energetically stable when it becomes moredisorder

2
compare entropy value

2nd 10 generally liquid solid


gas

4th complex substance with a greaternumber of atoms simple


as04 51120 GO
softer 7 harder

有 40 TT entropy a
Chemical reaction

1st more mole of gas NW4 2102G AS70


3rd 60 more type of substance Cass Cao 42 1 0
3 calculation

DSgstem sioduct ESrea.tnt

2 Gibbs Free Energy

DGEDHriion
TASystemkj.mn
灯⼼ 以708 K'mi 单位换算

0 298K 105Pa normal state

Standard molar Gibbs


free energy of formation
DG0 EDGfoduus
EDGfeaetantsDGf.ee

ment

Spontaneous
continue

may slow speed up


inputof energy combustion high activation energy

DS O DH O

DG 0 not spontaneous
0 equilibrium
a spontaneous
AH DS TAS T DG 1311 TDS

t t high

t always ⼗

⼗ ⼗ always
low
Cell
En 0V equilibrium
E刏 ⼆⼗0 lv moreproducts Eln o 6U gocompletion
E𠜎 0.1V more reactants Ei o 0V no reaction

DG n F En
T
J.moi 尛offfaraday constant 96500C
chapter 24 Transition Element

definition
transition element
l oxidation state
redox reaction chapter 207

complexion definition.formula structure

I isomer

optical

reaction Cu.co
ligand exchange
stability constant

do rib
colorful
tall
energy difference
I Definition
transition
element
d block ⽚蘸
20 one or more stable i

incomplete d sub shelld.in da

fu EAr 4513此 24G N 4513d5


at 443 此
A⻔ G 的⻔ 收0343 v
G ㄈ们 仅03d
a v dt 的⻔ 以03

261元 A⻔4523d6 25Mn A⻔ 4523d5


0 3d6
Mi ㄈ们 收 3d5 v
Fi EAr V
⼼ ⼖仔了 收03d3 v
Fe as to 345 v Mn 瓯 03d v
Mn Ar 4434
amǜǚl523d 302 Ar 4523410
SE Ar 4503d0 X 2⼼ Ar 443d X
特征
oxidation 10variable oxidation state
3d 45 Similar in energy both valency electron
whenform ions lose 4S first then 3d
behave as catalyst
most common 2 lose 452
maxium oxidation number loss all 4S 3d
higher oxidation number formed with 0 F
To iron ⼆ oxide Ǘ03 iron 四 oxide
了解 e high melting point highUnity hard rigid goodconductor
掌握 complexion coloured ions
2 Ligands and complex

N definition

Complex Ǘ H20 6

Fe ㄈ们 4523d6
Fe E Ar 3d6 vacant orbitals on Fei
ordinate bond
ii
Ue co

ligand Hii H une covalentbond

complexion informed by a central icon or atom


somounted by one or more ligand
dative bond

ligand a species that uses lone pair of electron


orion
form daniebond bond to a metalatom

monodentate form one dative bond HÜ.in3 ci


cii.sc
bidentate form two ifdone bond
ic
coii.oxziitzCHzatzin.eu

polydentate from poly date bond EDTA4167

coordination number number of date bond to metal


2 formula
判断 charge oxidation state of ligand coordination
CCN 6 5 3 6 6
eg.li 6
Ni en 2 3
Cruz Hw 4 3 6 6
HW
Cr
CH2075CIJClcifafffionicbond.HN
扇⼦反应
dame covalent bond 不参与离⼦反应
3 structure
coordination shape eg
2 cut.Agt linear Gt

Ag ⼼13
2

为⼼⼼
square planar
land 装
4

遽 if
tetrahedral

HW to

6 o.tl if ǘi
4 isomer
Cisl trans geometric
optical mirror image cannotbe superimposed
both
coordination frmulac.is trans
x X
tetrahedral X X
ii
B
4 MBz.cz Bii Bini
希C C 13
C
planar B
z CD BiiDMB Bini
邈 彤 邈 13

BjiBMB4GB.fi
C
为13
党 B
B
为 13 13

if
C
6 octehedrdMB3GBITCBB.co B c
B
B l B B


M BIG
neonate 齆 只
邃愉
optical B
i
MG
CNdentate 簕前clinical
i

Pt Cl 2 NH3 z p latin

il
ii
c.is
cisplatin trans_plain
slightly Polar complex non polar complex
dueto both U on sameside bond dipole and
dipole not canal
anti cancer react withDNA prevent cell division
3 Subsituation of ligands

subsituation reaction 1 ligand exchange


produce more stable complex

1 Cu

2
Cu2⼗ q G H2016
q
add NaOH lap
or add concentrated NH3lap drop by drop
or add dilute NH3 q

CulH2016 20H a OH 2 H20 4 s 2112011


q q
bluesolution pale blue precipitate
then add excess concentrated NH3lag

Cu OH 2 H20 415 41WBlag M3 4件20⽉49 ⽐10 ㄩ 201挀


pale blue precipitate deepblue solution
add concentrated HCllag
2 61120以
CuCH2016 44 GU4
q q q
bluesolution yellowsolution
mixture green tetrahedral
2 Co Cobalt 钴

C 计 Co H2O 6 2
q q
add NaOHlag

G H20 6 20H 6 01112 Hw 4⽇ 2亿0CD


q q
Pink solution blue precipitate

alkali in excess warm turn red

add concentrated NB lag

ColH2O 6 2
q 6Mt了 q ciwt 6
q
6112011

Pink solution brown solution

ǗCNH376 歼
oxidised by Oz in the air q
add concentrated HCl q
2 2
ColH2O 6 401 U4 6HOLD
q q q
Pink solution blue solution
tetrahedral
3 stability constant

a H2076 a a4 2197 16112011


eg q 4Cig
么 么432
knb q 4
CulH2o76 21197 4
q
equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex
K 不写 H2o large excess concentration constant

取代 ⽔ 的 ligand exchange
Kstab 有 unit logokstab ⽆ unit
Kstab越⼤ equilibriumposition liesmoreto therighthandside
产物 越 稳定
MA4 ⼗413 EM134 4A
if Kstab MA4 M134 then not react

if hab MA4 M134 then react


4 Colour of complex

I complementary colour

light with frequencies not absorbed


red ⼀
cyan
yellow blue
⼀ magenta
green

2 d orbitals
ny A E
0 x
83 y
8 x

dxy dyz dxz


ny i

x
f x

ding di
3 colour of complex

degenerate isolated transitionmetalatomorion


orbitals 形成complex之前
5d orbitals at the same energy we
⼝ ⼝ ⼝ ⼝ ⼝

dxydxzdytdxydtnon
the
degenerde.in presence of
ligands
orbitals
形成complex之后
into 2sets diferatenergy level
split slightly

lone pair donated by ligand mpd


electrons in thedorbital on metal atom or ions

octahedral square planar ⽐会巡

d 啵more
叫 呲 dxy.chE.dytrepel more
energy increase energy increasemore
dorbital line with dative bond dorbital line up with dative bon
up
closer closer
repel less repel less
dxy.dxz.ly t dxy.dz
energy increase less energy increase less

⼝2 ⼝ ⼝⼝ ⼝
⼭到 dt ⼭凡
⼝ ⼝ ⼝ 幽幽
dxy dxz dyt dyed E
⼞ ⼝ ⼝ ⼝ ⼝
dxydxzdytdxydt
octahedral

a And9 困 困 困 困
dip d E dip dz 作
豳 罪 罪 灵 幽 罪 䬆灵
先满低能级
囧 囧 囧 国 四 excited election
dxydxzdytdxydt absorb energy DE

degenerate non degenerate jump

tetrahedral

Gt ㄈ的 3⼭
⽥ ⽥ ⽥ 囮 ⽥ ⽥ DE
dxydxzdytyhtdxydxzdyt.ly_
囮2 ⽥
思⼼意 7
⼭到 dz2
国 四 四 四 回 excited election
dxydxzdytdxydt
energy absorbed in visibleregio
degenerate non degenerate jump lower to upper
energy level

𡶐rent ligand different DE different complementary colour


energy gap

先填满低能级 Fe ⼕们 3d5
⼝⼝
国四回
⽥ ⽥⽥ ⽥ 回
Chapter 25 Benzene and its compound

1 Benzene CoHb
colourless liquid immiscible with water
solvent for organic compound

volatile highly toxic carcinogen

l CoHb structure

1⽇梢

Hfif ⼆⽉
Htyf
存在问题10 planar perfectly symmetrical molecule

3 shorter double bond 3 longer singlebond


distorted hexagonal shape

bond length 介于单双 链之间


C C carbon carbon bond in GH67 EC

benzene decolouise bromine water


but needs much harsher conditions
benzene ⽐ alkene更难发⽣反应

no EC
新盥

Htǜm
H

ft H

benzene six carbon atoms bonded together hexagon planar


ring
sp2hydridised.co 1200

H.it

ie
Te P electron
delocalised not in any one Particular position
6 spare p orbital electrons are spreadover 6carbonatom

⺎ bond

in of carbon p atomic orbitals


c overlap
one from each of the 6 carbon atoms

__ lobesof p orbits overlap

ㄑ_
8ff8 feel above and below the plane
f C
2
aryl compound

arene hydrocarbonscontain one or more benzene


ring
aryl compound or aromatic compound

compound of benzene
aliphatic compound
alkylgrowp CH3 CHz.CH3
alkylbenzene

acyl group alkyl group carbonyl C 0 group acylbenzene


3 naming
判断最重要的functional group
标数字
其它与普通命名相同
1 benzene


benzene
我 Ǘ Ǘ
chlorobenzene nitrobenzen methylbenzene ethylbenzene
爬⼭

if Ǘ ǗǛh
3,5 trichlorobenzenl bnmo zs dic.huben
i
⽐methylbenzene

chloromethylbenzene
2 phenol 2chloromethylbenzene

i 䳰 𡤻
B ⼼


r o

phenol 2chlorophenol 2,4,6 tribromophe.no z 4,6

trinitrophenol3
phenylMz0 FCH3 of
CH2413

闷 闷 闷
phenylamine phenylethanone phenylpropanone
2 Reactions of benzene and its compound

i electrophilic substitution

high stable delocalisedringof a bonding electrons intact


hard for addition

electrophileattracted to the highenndenngy around benzenering


substitute H atom

benzene with bromine or chlorine

anhydrous 你
Gt 向
Bn At x丱
anhydrous
t H Br

G 4zAM3TdystG
HICIOBrz.li pure bromine not in solution
Ck Ig ⽼教材
catalyst halogen carrier AlBr IAM3 1元13⻔ 是43
at room temperature
mechanism

fi_itil Br Bit AlBr4


partially positive electrophile

BrǛOBr an empty 3D orbital in the Al


dative bond

Br fi lone pair of electron
HyBr Pr
G 迪 迦 叮
G t HBr
G AlBr3

国 high electron density of a


altact
bonding
electrophile



⼗ 4 元 bonding electrons and a positivecharge
圝 感
spread over 5 carbon atoms
H Br

Brt
CH break heteroGti fission
H 6 electrons spread over 6carbonatoms
stable again
1200
⾃述
⾮ 齶㗊
regenerate catalyst
Htt Al Br4 Al Bry H Br
halogenate benzene compounds

substitute24,6position substitute 3,5 position


cnn.ve 易反应
Gf
benzene
detective Gio
Engenders into ring withdrew
eleu_nwnsfombenzenering

NHz
OHg R CI.eoeoo NOz COR CHO COOH.no

可 所 似
a 幽 Ǜ G
Had
⽐⼼ 如

造么
ight
a 4

⼭ 上
3.5a
g
感⾔ Ch Ei Gi at HCl

Uzi
excess
nitration of benzene

G t HMS 102

nitrobenzene
1120

excess ⼼ ⼀⼼
Nafi_ ⼼
义可
nitratngmixtureiconc.tk504 wing
25 C 600C ⽼教材55 C

mechanism

21 12504t H103
NOitZHSOcitH30tntnnunionornitrglc.at
ion

go i
遁 it Ht

nitration of benzene compound


吡 所 同上

竺_6or3
分 24

eg
Gini 豳 250 c Ǎ 0 可 以
⼗ Ho

hoz
alkylation or acylation of benzene Friedel Craftsreactions

alkylation
with hologenoalkane
alkylbenzeneggtcrBCHzcaEG
CH2CH3t.HU

mechanism

CH3CHzfl AIC13 7CH3CHz.tt A1445

gi 䬝型 Üi
Htt El CID AKBtHCI
CHz.CH

可合并 竺竺
道 叫 45 G HatA143
acylation
with acyl chloride acylbenzene
9 世州 3
Gt CB COCl
感何 HCl

mechanism

CH3 EA AICB CH3 ci


tLAlUaDG'ECH3

道 垇 武幽 it 了
44
free radical substitution of benzene compound

CH4tClzlplz.CH3Clt HCl

Ǘtclz ǗǙ t Ha excess Ck Ǘ
3 Oxidation of alkylbene
10heat
R ⼼ ⼈1
alkaline potassium manganate 四
⾃ OH KMn04 Mn04
R⽆论多⻓ benzonacid

henacidifeduithdilutesurfuricHteg.D
3 0 i Ǘ H20

4 hydrogenation of benzene
ring

i
GHb
t3112
heat D
GHnCyclohexane

eg.it3吐 蕊 Ǎ
3 phenol

Ü ColtsOH
4 physical properties
crystalline solid melt 43 C 430 high

i tjit
Bondsligtlysolubk.ly
nonpolar disrupt H Bond

2 acidity
weak acid 向 q ⼩0iagl
Hlapphenoxideionequib.nu
m position lies well over to the lefthand side
alcohol water phenol carboxylic acid

ǗǙǚ
㞊 䬀 oxygen atom
gi ewlpswihthn rdebondingsyst.mnthebenzenering
edelocalie
negative charge spread over the whole ionj

lifiiceonpnenoxi.im
H not strongly attracted to
phenoxideionelectrondonatinggroup

crBc.EE electron donating alkyl group


concentrating more negative charge on 0 atom
more readily accept Ht
lessdissociate than water
4 reactions of phenol
4 acidity
GOHuge Gig tri lap
0 ⼼
2 个N a 2 ⼩⼼ Hz
sodium Menoxide
0 ⼼
年NaOH ⼩⼼ Hzo
0
年 Nazi not react
Na NaOH Na2031NaH g
alcohol v X X
phenol v v X
carboxylic v V V
acid

2 prepare alcohol

NaNOztHCI
7HNOztNaclaoc.ie
NH2
HNOz HCl _NEN Ci 2H2O
diazonium chloride
benzene
unstable

diazoniumsaltfz
nENC.it hi 可 H2O ⼀
OH t H CI t Nz
3 electrophilic substitution

Ü electron donating group


milder condition
active 2,4,6 more readily

⽐109

AlBB catalyst I
G Bn pure Bn

HGft3Brz
Brt3HBrorClz.Iz
T
br
2,4,6
white ppt
tri bromophenol
more readily bromine solum 2,4,6

20niglbtwnc.HN 504
g 本
250 60 C

dilute
HNS rt
CǙIN02
Gj
hoz
pH
Ü 㗊 贰向
hoz
⼀⼼
4 Compare Reactions
with halogen
electrophilic addition

If t
Brig

杀岩
free radical substitution

CH4tlhlpl.CH3Clt HCl
M3 ⽐⼈ flzcl GF
G C12
6 HCl excess Ck

electrophilic substitution

Ǘ
anhydrous

Gt
inn
Biz in A 蘸 炒 t H Br

Ǜ
anhydrous

𢝵
benzene compound
an
give
qeactieqeanveffiigtgtHCIGtclzG.atHCl
excess ⼼
𨯩𩥝
d
a


excess

ai
phenol
pH
3Bringing Br
3H Br
or Ch Iz br
Friedel Crafts reactions
t
G t CH3CHz.CI
hj 向
⼀⼭243
Ha

T 世州 3
G t CB COCl
感何 HCl

nitration
benzene

tǚǜ了蓝蕊
G 102 1120

excess

Nafi_ ⼼
NED
or

benzene compound ⼈02


分2 or3

Ǜtiǜzf 感2or 道 102 no

phenol

Ü 9早笖
i ⾮ ⼼2
Ü
hoz

Ü 器 歌街
hoz

others
oxidation
00

Ò蠿
hydrogenation

3吐
蕊D it342 䗺
acidity
GOH age Gig tri lap
0 0⼼
2 年Na 2 t Hz
sodiumMenoxide
0 0⼼
年Name t Ho
0
年 Nazi not react

prepare phenol
NalV02⼗ HCl H1V02 ⼗ NaCl

_NH2tHNOztHCITEZ nENCll

ZHzofz
nENC.it H2O hi Et OH t HCI t Nz
Chapter 26 Carboxylic Acid and Their Derivatives

carboxylic acid phenol water alcohol


acidity of Ct
of Clt
FehLing's Tollens
H00H
oxidation H mnoi.cn OF
gngggoīgnhhnnnnnnn
dicarboxylic acid H M noi.cn OF
structure

acyl chloride Prepare P


15 PCB SOClz
to a f activity too H

general mechanism

Mechanism
With Hw lease ㄩ
of hydrolysis to a R a 你
Mechanism
with alcohol
to a rate ⼼⼗
reactions
with phenol

with ammonia and with amine


I Acidity
⻅chapter 25
i carboxylic acid phenol water alcohol

ē inthe CO bond aredrawntowards the co bond


R 管 é we drawawayfrom on bond
0 H 0 H are weakened by

FOR_do carboxylate ion


Stabilised
bythe delocalisation of electrons
Rff
both co are equal
around the_coo group
spreads out the negative charge
charge density d
in ⻔⼩
less likely to bond with Ht acidity⼩
2 of Cl orotherelectron withdrawing group in acidity⼩

ǜǜronwithdrawing group weaken


Hit extend delocalisation of
on
negativecharge

Ci_ on stabilisation too


Spreads out the negative charge

𠓼ǎ on charge density t
less likely to bond with Ht
3 of C or other electron donatinggroup T acidity t
strengthens the 0
for Hunt
donate negative chargetowards the_wō
concentrating its negative change
CH3CHz.SC on More likeyl to bond With Ht
2 Oxidation

l HC00H H 8 0 H

warm with mild oxidising agents


I Fehling's agent hi at lait red ppt
⼆ To llens agent Agt Ag silver mirror
strong oxidising agents
亚 Ht Mn04 Mi purple colourless

IV.cn OF
Htpngnnngoī ci orange green

HEOOH to Eat H2O

2 dicarboxylic acid

strong oxidising agents


I Ht Mn04 Mi purple colourless

nninnnnddnt
I.cn OF Ii orange green
ethane dioica lid ⼗2
HOOCCOOH.cc001

4 E0
H 01 0 H

2MnOni 6Ht 5HzCz04 2Mn 1002 81120

Tyse autocatalysis

in
3 Acyl Chloride ROU
l structure

cool group _Ea


c.EU
向 击
eg cH3

ethanoyl chloride benzoyl chloride

2 prepare carboxylic acid acyl chloride


_f
on

RCOOHtDC15
RCOCltPOCBtHCILP3RCOOHtpc.BG whitefume
3Rout Hpfteamy

RCOOHtSOClz
RCOCllbtsoztHCIDstea.my white
fume
4 Reactions of Acyl Chloride

4 Activity of Acyl Chloride carboxylic


acid_ǏOH

5 Cl strongly electronegative

ǙS
draw away electrons from carbonyl Carbo
C relatively large paid positive charge

open to attact from nucleophile lone pair


break Ccl bond easily

general reaction

R 0
㤍 1 H区 R 0 t Ha g
white fume
nucleophile
Nor 0 1 of electrons
1one pair

HÜ RÜH 向_ÜH Üb RÜHZ


excess NH3 or R nrlz.tt Cl 7NH4ClorRNHiCisaH

less white fume


2 with water hydrolysis condensation

R cftH20 R c.fm t HCl

mechanism

Rio
Rt 哶
i HU

⽐较 叶以
及⼀
击 R a
G4
9 CH3
c.fi CH3CHz.CI
N
tap donot react
IT
㖳d reflux
CH3 c.fr CH3CH20HG

0HO
strongly electronegative
draw away electrons from carbonyl carbon
di Ci relatively large partial positive charge
open to attact from nucleophile lone pair
easy to break Ccl bond

A lone pair of electrons from a


_ii
overlap with the delocalised pelectrons in ⽐ benzenering
Some double bond character
difficult to break Ccl bond
3 with alcohol condensation

Rifa 12 0删 121 8 0 122 t Ha


ester link

与 ⼀
00H ⽐ quicker vigorously gocompletion

Rifat Rio E R 8 0 122 1120

4 with phenol condensation

phenol 与 ⼀ COOH 不反应


phenol与 to a 反应 phenyl ester

base

01 1 0⼼
NaOH G ⼗

Hop
henoxide

phenoxideion.GHsoeg.CH
㤰 G0 said0

⼼ Nacl

gphenylethanoateg
dftGON G f.pt
phenyl benzoate
Nacl
4 with ammonia and with anunewnden yan.de
NH3 amide link

my t.iiiiR cnihtnc.la fume mide white

excess NH3 NH3 ⼗ Has Mt4Cl


mechanism

iiio R.inh

鹗 ⼗
NH3 R
d H Ha
primary amine

R
dgtni HEPR c
NftHClexassnrbi.RMh.tn
a RMI Ci
white organic ammonium salt
mechanism less I no white fume

iiit
R
iilzR cgc.dk R R

Ha
secondary anne

R
lgtni RER c NEE.tn a
amine not react
tertiary
Chapter 27 organic nitrogen compounds

at amine no
basicity
iakylaminezammoniasphenykuninehaloge.no
amine ly alkane amine

hdgenodkane nimye
forman amineamide
aminelnitrobe.nu

nesphenylam.net
3rzphenylamineG
reactions I making no dye

Structure neutral
amide
l hydrolysis of amide Ht or at

structure
Structure at different pH
aminozwilte.in
acid fl buffer
f peptide
isoelectric point

electrophoresis
1 A mine

1 Classes of amine

primary R Ǘ_⽤ CH3 ni


H.omethylamineCH3CHICHz.CH3

hm
aminobutane

FB
CH3 N H
R
secondary 122 Noo
H dimethylamine

FB
CHIN 43
i 123
tertiary RENoo trimethylamine
2 basicity d amine
ÜB t Ht NH4 1one pair of ē on N
ammonia ammonium l dative bond
proton 㖄 acceptor
R niztH R
NHJCH3M
b.tt Mtj C仍
methylammonium ion
CH3NHztHCISCH3MB.IT
methylammonium chloride
R ÜH ⼗时
k Rfy
Ü H R
R 12
悠1
k
⽐⼤⼩ alkyl amine ammonia phemglam.me

Rin alkyl group electron donating

positive inductive gem


release ē to N
l one pair more readily available to bondwithH

in one of the p orbitals on N


overlap with 垗 ⺎ bonding system in benzenering
lone pair delocalised into benzene
ring
lone pair less readily available to bond whti
3 formation of amine

halogen alkanes amine nucleophilic 的station


excess
R X NH3 ethanol⼼
蕊 ijf.tt
XNH3tHX
NH4XMt3ShortR
X R NHzTnR
heat pressure
N Hx

NH3 very short

R xtR nitnR N
heat pressure
p.tl tx

halogen alkanes nitrile nucleophilic substitution


CN 让 C 链 多⼀ 个C

nitrile a mine reduction

R xtCN lethanoliD R ENtx

KCNR
CENt4i.lt
⼼⼤ ⼼
R CHz
NHzoraiAIH4mdngetherlithiumtetrahydrid.no
aluminate
amide a mine reduction

R 8Ǘ H 4 H 管管
㮺 12
念岱 H 1120

nitrobenzene phenylamine reduction

102 1咗
6 H 21120

tin Sn wnc HCl heart under reflux


acidic i 北 Hi

then add NaOH Hi ⼩⼼ 12
JN
提纯 steam distillation
2 Reaction of phenylamine

d With Biz


3Brz
iGBrt3HBrBrwhitepptz.tt

active 2.4.6 6 tribromophenylamine


NHz electron donating group
lone pair bedelocalised into the benzene ring
a bonding system extends
extra charge density morereadilyattacked by electrophile
2 making a dye
Na Nz t Ha Hlwzt NaCl
nitric ⼆ acid

diazolfz NHz.tt lWztHCl'iig


NENUt2HzObenzenedizonium
chloride

dizoniumsalthG
WztHt4TieG
NHz.tn
lENt2HzOdiazonium
ion

ㄑ 2 ǗNCT to 䬂 ⽇ OH ⼗ Nzt HCl


毁𠮿 alkalinesolution
NEN LD brigdeL
OH.rs LD N N G
OHtriazod.ge
diazonindye4
nydroxyphenylazobenzene

回 N 岵
alternative aryl compound g ㄖ N N 2
3 Amide

1 Structure

Ǚ_N R i N HR c i R.ec ni R2
carboxylic acid t ammonia primary t secondary
or chloride
acyl amine mine

c
NH3ethan.de
CH3 ci N HCH3 c I crB
N methylethanamideni

dimethykthanam.am
Rti 熈 祭
me basic
0
H Ri H R⼀ 123

0 electron withdrawing group


g amide neutral
_i 岱 lone pair on N
not Naible to accept Ht
2 preparing an amide ⻅26章

3 hydrolysis of amide

egiR c OHHH fRDHY


dfsret.mx R3R
T RrEon R I 0 HIER
4 Amino Acid

4 structure

amino acid en N Hz _COOH

basic acid

amphotericin
M2
ammo acid
RCHCNHDCOOHR

iiz aminocarb.org ⽐ acid

simplest H
iilooHaminoetha.no

ic acid glycine
2 Zwilteri on 两性离⼦

Mz
C H
Mi
R C
tooH Rif
interact within itself carries two charge 0
solid
strong Imf crystalline
soluble in water

buffer resist changes in PH


when small amount
of acid or alkali are added

MIH Mi
R H R d H
G
Coo tooH
MIH Mz
R C 0H R t H2O
too
neutral acidic basic
COOH too tooH coo
NHz Mhi M5

NHz.io
electric point
overall
adjust pH no charge
3 peptide amide condensation

dipeptideg.mn_ǛǗǗ红 001⼗

peptide link bond


H Bond soluble
eg.glU HQCCHz.CH2 cin
to OH

Cys HSCHz

cintoOHglu
c.gs
iizcmc02HNHz
CH co NH CH
COOHLHz.sn

cys qluNHz iiio NH cn


coHLHz.CH2C021

4 electrophoresis

功能 operate identify
ion
but sohofamès
controlpH control charge

to holdsample

positive
electrode f ⼩
negative
electrode

absorbentpaper
or a gel supported on aglass plate
Get soaked in buyersolution
large ion moves slowly
highly charged ion move quickly
Chapter 28 Polymerisation

4怯
譍𣿀管㻾 ti
Him In 侙
n
to
onbiodegradable DSN


link lester
amid E
nf
HO EI
H0 12
COOHH2NA

oath
One

nd
COOHhndenscnon.mn
N 1 COCl

lolCOUIHZN
产⽣HWor HU HO ⼝ 0H H00 ⼝⼀ 001

HO II OHtcloc 12
IZ NHztHOOC iz
cotkN
NktaOC lz.ca
IZ
Ds so
degradable hydrolysis

degradable I biodegradable

lphotodegradable
l
protein
1 addition polymerisation

i th
monomer polymer
one repeat

unity_it
s ⺎
break⺎
s s

form8
spz sp

g On
CHECHztf
fne.tn
ene poly eth en e

nCH3CHz.CH ⼆ CHOOH 7fi 8若


众州⼗

ŪŪŪ or
i
可以同时存在 多种 monomer

n 想 tnc I tic c.cn


知h h h hh h h
可以 EC

进 ⼆


n CHE CH

it
ig_ ǛEǙE 个

产物 单双 键 交替 delocalised electron 可导电


So

nonbiodegradable non polar


cannot hydrolysis
2 condensation polymerisation

4 Link

ester

c on H o
cf f.IEǗf H20

00
8 a H 0 4 fǖÉǘft HCl

amide

c OH tffj
i
i N
tH200r
c at.HN 焦增 ⼀
⼗ HCl



⼼ 0

degradable hydrolysis
2 monomer
one

i OH fo
cfntnHzotz
nt IZ lz

otz.ci ci otz ci
3itpeat units

nt lz iu fot
cfntnHuntqtz i OH fqn cfntnH.co
Gn
ntǐtzǚ
two monomer
a f个 ⼝ tn Ha

n H 0⼀⽇ 0 HtnHO c nc OH fo lz O c.tt峪 ⼝州

0 ⽇ 0 8 0 ⽇ 0 8
I 2repeat units
E
c nc f c
nctznHNHTTN
n H 0⼀⽇ 0 H incl cl o

HtnHO.ci_Ǚomfyzǐ 8⼀⽇嵱

tznrnHTTN
c nc.tl 卦 峪 Htna ⼝ 个 ⼀ 8⼀⽇ ⼝叫
2 已知 polymer 找 monomer

主链只有 C addition
取 2个C 加 双 链

州州
主链 上有amide or esler link condensation

断开 link 补 0H _H

tomomi rtnimm nihi.tor


b H l bH H H

Hinton Hinton
如果 one repeat unit 看不出来 那就多画 ⼏个
3 Degradable condensation V addition X
l Biodegradable
hydrolysis in hot acidic or basic conditions

Landfill rotten vegetation acidic


原料添加 starch granules bacteria andfungi enzyme
2 Photogradable
to carbonyl group absorb un weaken
4 protein

start with N terminal ⼼12

end with C terminal to H

amino acid residue 内部 和 之间都有 covalent bond

5 synthetic 了解

polyamide Nylon
kavlarypolyesterteryleue.PL
A 筺 H Bond
是⼀
Bond
强度⼤ Intermolecular force 特别是存在 H
optical isomer

i⻔ i
傶 逛
相同点 不同点
1


not opticallyactive
辅助物
Chapter 30 Analytical Chemistry

相似 相 溶原理
KPartition
basics
mobile phase stationary phase
Rf
f
Chromatography

paper chromatography

TLC 影响远近
type
的因素
Guy retention time
I peak area
H Bc odd
basic CD 13 TMS

120 0H NH signalsdisappear

HNMRfpgww esownon.ua

I high resolution n 1 split


识图 proton environment

BC NMR
1 Chromatography
4 基础原理 solubility不
相似 相 溶 原理 polar solute 易语于 polar solvent
nonpolarsolute 易溶于 nonpolarsolvent
similar polarity stronger attractiveforce

kin 器 鼎 国
㡭毕品 ⼀

If solubility of solute in solvent AT Kpc A

mobile phase 沿着介⾯ 往上运动 带着 溶质 往上运动


i

stationary phase 停留在介⾯上 溶解其中的泞质也停留在介质

mobile phase stationary phase 溶剂



个polar ⼀ 个 nonpolar
or ⼀
个极性强 ⼀ 个弱

If solute mobile phase solvent 同为polar or 同为 nonpolar


then solute moves faster further 越接近

If polarmobile phase then more polarthesolute further


If solute mobile phase solvent 个polar 另 个nonpolar
⼀ ⼀

then solute moves slower shot 越背离


⼼⽐以 加1
Rfdstmumbyinmbr
出如此 travelledby any ⽧台 国jgb
⽤于匹配鉴定

5baseline
施 浴质 添加 显⾊剂
2 paper chromatography

lnnǜl solvent

0不动 ⼀ 动

mobile phase solvent 动

stationary phase watertrapped between the cellulosefibres


of thepaper 不动

If solubility of solute in solvent mobible phase T


then solute moves faster further
If solubility of solute in water
binary phase T
then solute moves slower shorter

2D

Rf 接近 换 种 solvent 转 900 再来

3
是 巴
Thin layer chromatography

TLC

stationary phase solid absorbs the some A1203onglass


mobile phase solvent
4 Gas Liquid Chromatography GLC

Sample gas or volatile liquid or solid vapour

mobile phase inert carries gas He.Nz

stationary phase non polar hydrocarbon liquid


on solid particles 可以换成polar liquid
retention time i 停留时间 取决于题⼲

mini w the sample

greater name force stationary phase


hydrocarbon liquid on solidpane
shower retention Ǜiiw
peak

triangle area

主basex height
NULL
men

含量

Mention time
x Y z


t.cz
lll
Hung narrow
含重 ⼆ height
2 Proton 1H nuclear magnetic resonance NMR

H or BC odd mass number 才产⽣NMR 217不产⽣NMR

CDC13 solvent no signal


功能 鉴别 environment of proton
TMS Si CH314 tetramethylsilane
标准物 S 0
12个 equivalent H one peak

inert while mixwell strong sharp


solvent
横坐标
chemical shift Sl ppm 与 TMS信号的差别
对应 proton environment
1 low resolution
211
H 的个数
hi areas
这种 equivalent

2 High resolution
in the number of it atoms on the carbon
ntl split agent
OH _NHzo.no split one peak
sight doublet triplet quartet
ML
multiplet
GR 苯环上的 H 有 区别 但区别 ⼩ 画 ⼀起
i i
H C C 0 H
⼭ ⼭

moton environment alkane alkyl to0 alcohol

chemical shift range 09 17 3.2 40 0.5 6.0

relative numberof H 3 2 1

H on adjacent C 2 3 X

split Mtl 3 4 1
triplet quartet gkt

坊 x 3H 43

ii If ii in
if

yppm
3 identify 0H NH

OH _NH not split singlet


peak disappear when add 1720
_OH or Mtz proton exchange with deuterium

DO heavy water deuterium oxide

Ddeutrium

2HCH3CHzOHtDzOECH3CHzODtHOD3

SN MR
TMS CDU了

⾼度不代表 C 的 相对个 数

功能 ⽤于鉴别 Carbon environment

1 1 7

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