A2 Chem Handwriting Notes
A2 Chem Handwriting Notes
A2 Chem Handwriting Notes
DHI at b Hea
definition
f DH at
DHsol AHhyd
DH i AH f
Hess's Law
cannon Born_Haber Process
enthalpy change in solution
afinityi group16817
electron
f
explain
lattice energy
trends
thermal stability of group 2 carbonateand nitrate oxide
solubility of group2 sulfate and hydroxide
10 谁 谁 201mol 3D gls
断 吸成 放 ⼗ or ⼀
elements SS I atom
乩1219pegy a
主 Brill Br Br
Li Is Lil g
DH at nobelgas 0
oust mono_atomic molecule
与Bond energy 联系
break l mol gaseous bond
DHizatomcgs
scation2tlgl ze DH.IT sHi2
I atom g e anicon
g AHeat
I am on ig tē anion2 Ig
my DHeaza.to
anion2 g
2e A Heal t DHea2
I ionic compound s
q ionic compound G
l infinitely dilute
verylargeamount of water
g AHsolMgU2 s
MgCl215 t aq Mgclz q
or Mg4215 q Mg211q 24
q
DH soI more negative solubility⼩
DH soI large positive relatively insoluble
hydrated ion
f
Hffftstifii
dipokbondiinmgz.tn
EH8
H St
新a i
G enthalpy change of hydration AHnydd
Ii on Ig taq ion
q
2 Calculation
I Hess's Law
数据 DHf
reactants Mis products
三⽇年
reacsief_fDHfproud.us
DHr EDHfproducts ⼀
三 AHfreactants 右 在
⼀
Hfelement ⼆ 0
2 Born_Haber process
tmetdimlgltnonmetdiongiiiiment.in
metal
Mat
on element
Pǜ compound
DHatmetdtDHitDHatnonmetdtDH.at DHI at D Hf
À ⼗
cation2 g
Òǖomlp or ihnztg.metuato.mg
DHiltDHiziia.mg
anion2 g
ToHeal
normal g tDHeaznon
meta.ly
Hea2 or
pining v v
cation g
tanioncp ionic.compound IS
energy
DHicanonYM
EIDHsicyaetDHhgdanioncan.mg
anion lag
IH0mdanintompound.si
⼼⼼ 冷蕊 opting
vcompounds
盟
1
9
星⼼
ā A g AHEA 0
从左到右 in onmetal
more negative exothermic
nuclearcharge i attractiveforce nucleus outerelectrons i
从上 到 下 group 16817
member in the
apartfrom the 1st group of lessnegative
atomicradiusof 0 Ft electrondensity i
repulsion ì attractiveforced
down the group less negative exothermic
afffǚǜ Mio
邀国州 mioricg
⼗ ⼗ ionic compound IS DH in CO
ion charge T charge density⼩ ionic bond ⼩ morenegative
ion radius t charge density⼩ ionic bond⼩morenegative
4
㘜㗊再
品品
CdNo 2
0 1
polarising power of the cation i
07 ⼀⼆
anion be polarised T
charge ⼩ Charge
lradu.si Chargedensity i nlradu.sn
thermalstability of group2 carbonatesT and nitrates⼩
0
idis n.no
闧
2CallV0372 2 a0 41V02 02 CaC03 Got CO2
down thegroup radius⼩ polarising power l
Hnyd of cation
down the group radiusin less negative
DHhyd of 5042
unchanged
DHlattice of MS04
downthegroup radius不 lessnegative lessnegative
So i unchanged
soǎmnwge but change
small
altice energy and hydration energy both less negative
升 失 氧化 还原剂
Ox ⼩ lose oxidation reducing ability
beoxidised reducing agent
降 得 还原 氧化剂
reduction
以 t gain ē aiding ability
be reduced oxidising agent
electrolysis cell
化学能 油能
Üii
电能 化学能 i 7
不能发⽣ 能 I
ii
cathode reduction
anode oxidation
conduct inert
参与反应的⾦属
electrolyte
ioncap
ion l
i
13Electrodepoy
TFElaptz.EE
L elS
M2 tzé Mls
lap
for unreactive metals equilibriumposition liesfurther over to theright
reactive left
andelectrode potentials E
raid
3
101kPa 298KLTJlmol.am
Pt electrode.covered Pt
cateiystzriwptzeEHz.ly
E0 0占
⽐
ti
in
a t Hz a 2H
2étlu ZntxtszitHz.ci
时
Hz 72 Zntzitzē 4 2Httzés Hz
positive negative negative positive
圝 圝
i
Zitzē Zn
笹芊琴台 E0 0.76V Ecu is more positive
mind me agg
in
OX 不 losses oxidation1be oxidised reducing agent
左 在 E
negnvOe.anodeiii.in
Mttē M left species harder bereduced weakeroxidising agent
unreactive
SO ⼤ W R
WO ⼩ SR reactive
Econ Ereduction Eoxidation
会发⽣ 20判断是否会发⽣
题⼲规定oxidation reduction
Ecell ⼆ ⼤ ⼀
⼩ Ecell ⼆ Ered ⼀
Eox 70 会发⽣
Can A oxid.se B EA_EB
Can A reduce B EB ⼀ EA
酸碱 中性环境 3021
⼗⼗ 2ē E Hz E0 0
reactant ⼩ EM ㄈ肌 ⼭ CDT Et
I react any Et Eproduct t ET
gasconstant
2 The Nernst equation
⾼
Silk 0
concentration
完整版 E E0
笨 lniiin 不写固体
井昆 596500Òǜǖ constant
E E0
Fit
Fi
ē
3é Fe
Fě Z 1
Z 3 E
器
第 h空
E0
是 m Ee37
简略版 12 8.314 F 96500 K 48K h 710
名
298K
等 多 㼦器
器
E E0 0
3 feasibility
Selection
Faraday constant
Q ⼆ It time s
T T current
charge amperes A
Coulomb c
96500 n It
尛of ē
Lxfx_⼏ ⼆
热
2 电解优 级
electrolyte
⼀
IS
⼀
年 Ht.OH
cathode anode
CIU Na
cnodehr.NU ㄥ
⽐
mad
Pt graphite
cathode Emorepositive H Emorepositive7Ht
Eo not react Eco not react
anode I Bi 01 i Ci metal ⽐如此优先
4011 2亿 a e
conc.ci 0H
Cathode anode
and and
purify
pure a 变粗 杂质 a 变细
ma 加 Q
Htsoiorī cusoacitze aa.li ni
Cu504 a 02 plan Fe cu
⼼ Ht so i ai
ng
的04 ⽐⽐ a a Guy_
conc NaCl H2 C12
Nci.Hi 从 ci
dilute NaCl 42 02
Nat HT gig
chapter21 Further aspects of equilibria
l.kwpH.PK a
T
equilibrium constant
I the ionic product of water Kw
water
hydroxoniunions
H20 D H20 1 H30 q 0H 19
aidb
a.ir
H20 1 Ht q 0H 19 D H70
州州
等
k
kik H20 㞪㠭
Kw H q 011
q
在同⼀温度 ⽔或 ⽔溶液当中 H 和 OH共存
且世 0H 乘积是固定值
6
Kw 1.00 10 14m12dm 298K 250
inpwey
Ew H 0H 10 7moldmi 250
PH log Ht
pH log 107 7
T T endo shut to
right EH⻔ OH T T
kwnpHPHE
log.CH⻔不
2 calculate pH valuesfrom H D 10g 1g
pH 1 pH 2
PH 109 H⻔ POH 10 0𠮩
uyfiignwz
12017
PH 01T 10
H 10
PH t pOH 14
1⼗⻔ 不 PH d
N 些个 0IT J T pHN
恐吓9t
wptoricagit.sn
aq toHtHcl
H capT
cilq completely ionised
then pH log ⼗⻔
10
名 1 1
ii H2504 q 2H 19 5042
EH⼗ 2 H2504
国 if H2504 0.1moldní了 at 20.1 02moldi
then pH 10g ⼖州 togo0.2 0.7
PH
Üiǜ H 2
then EH⼗ 10 P 10 0.01 moldni
I Hzs04 ⽴ H 0.005moldup
pH H⼗ acid
恐 吓器
志烈
in
Nat lag t OH
NaOHlag Tag
OH 绝⼤部份来⾃NaOH 来⾃⽔的 OH忽略不计
at 来⾃Base
ㄈ 0T NaOH
if IN a0H on moldm3 ⼆
01⻔
1
then EH⼗
恶⼼ 巺 1 1013
ii BadHh q E Ba q 20H
g
0H 2I BaOH
OH o 2not ⼭⻔
if BadH 2 0.1moldh
then H 器⻔ 器 10 5 10
14
PH 109 EH
⼗ togfsx1014 13.3
⼼⻔ pH
y if I ㄈ 0H
then H 10 州 10 13 mold.ms
1
ㄈ 0H
器 19 器 0.1 molds
Ba OH12 主
0105moldnpp.lt
0H
H 01 ⻔ Base
zoweakacid.usingtheaciddissociationwnstant.ka
r
laqia.ir
ki
E.fi 器兜
kikfctbcoOHlapFHtlaptCH.co cap
⽐
着兠
ka ⼆
恐
㤻品
HA cap Ht A lag
q
ka ⼆
TEigpkae
log.kaki.li
Kai p Kat EH⻔ ⼩ acidity不
position of equilibrium liesto the right
cdalatepltuy
忽略⽔分解的 叶 叶来⾃于 weak acid
H2O D t H ag t OF lag
H COOH Ht Capt Hoo q
lap
initial a moldni ⼆ moldni Omoldni
change _xmoldnitxmoldnitx.noldni
final fax mold的 xmoldwixmold.ms
H Hoo J
⽐
ka ⼆
⼀蕊
笁9茈 ⼆
器
x a a x a
Ka 三 兴
凹 if HC00H 001moldm3 Ka 1.59x10 4moldm3
Ka ⼆ 区⻔
then
器⻔
击 哥 1.59x10 4moldi
HAJ Ka
t 叶 iāxlsrq 4 1.26x103moldm3
HD
PH 10 H 1 126 103 2.90
前
凹 if HC0011 o 01molds pH 2.90
HAJ PH then EH ⼗ 10 P 10290 126 103
EHAǙH
ka
空竿㟢 器 哠梁
⼆ 15940
笜之
ka mwí
rr
Bufersoluiml
2
lllix.cn
en
𠘕 邈 邈 in
畿
鸕鹳
CH300 CH3COOH共存 且含量接近
add acid Ht
Htt CH3Cool 43COOH
来⾃salt
HA A Na A 共存
add Ht At H HA
add OH HA 0H A 1120
in blood
ii HzPOI H Poi
NH4419 ⼗
Cig
器
芬第
Iblis H20 Mti apt OH 19
极少⾥反应
NH3 Mi 共存 且 是接近
EH 多的
混合〇
后 的浓度
近⼗3COOH CH300Na
直接代⼊公式
如 001国mixture ⼆
Ǚjiiǐǚ
0 acid Vacid
混合前 base J Vbase
EH3coo_itinin
CNagtHzon
ENNHJ.li
ICH3COOHIUCH3WOH NaOH ⼏⼆ Nn0H o
VNaOH
PHtfflask09moldm
3PH
hjmdia.tn
V 20m3
l
equivalent
range
point pH 7
⿄笠管 it
iii
出 PH 13
⼼⽅ Mi buffer
strong acid to weak base
PHfflaskiomndm
3PH
V 20m3 j.by
equivalent
ǚǖld 了
point m a
if
朝 indicator
20Cm了
pH43
zòjof
V Ha addedIan
weak acid to base
strong
和伙
趨Ǜǜdm3 PH 1
⿄ ǗǛPH_
iiiiu my zoai_nl.ir
weak acid to weak base
iii ⼼
PHtfflask.in
⿄ Ǚǖff
iiigtzi in
t.tn
iii
PH ㄑ 13
𨯧 Üiiuai
weak base to
singand
430
i
iii
3 Solubility product Ksp
Fez53 S
E2Fig 352 aq
2a 3a
闹 47个⾮
2 了
Solubility product Ksp Fe q S
common in effect
Tiy when added to solution with same in
Agas add to
Naacp
Aga ⼼ Agt apt Cig
Cir shut to left
混合后
嚸 器⼼
䑝炉 Nang
Aging
Cig Ksp produce ppt
⼆
Ksp saturated
Ksp no ppt
4
partitioncofeasolutexi.jiiiLS.lv
ent A
分层
Solvent B
X solventA E X solventB
ki 㸑
恐品
Chapter 22 Reaction kinetics
1 Rate of Reaction
of B 4 zxmoldni 5
㼦
rate
me
幽
I sampling 每隔 ⼀ 段时间 样 测量样本浓度
埾
每隔 段时间 repeat
⼀
Eizif 取样 testtube
beaker stop reaction in test tube
stop orslow
down
quenched to
题 ice
titration 测试管中物质的浓度
2 continuous 每隔 ⼀段时间记录仪器读数
① 产⽣⽓体
C6H 5 N三⼼ CITY 112011
-
C645OHCaptNzg HG
G
⾯⼝
我
⾯ 岩
体积增加的量
⼩
over time
盛 柴
质⾥减少的量
⼩
over time
② 产⽣离⼦
CH3 3 CBrtHW KH3 B CO Ht Htt OH_
Ǘ 㠇
change in conductivity over time
③ 颜⾊深浅变化
ctBCOCH3 - Iz CH3COCHs IT HI
coloring
2 Rate equation
D definition
M
rate of reaction k A 13
AB 不⼀定包含所有反应物
可能有反应物 以外的 物质
mn order
定义题
0 thepower to which a concentration ofreactant in therateequation
order with respect to Aim
order with respect to B n
overall order mtn
不⼀定 等于 coefficient
order reactant rate
0 double not change
1st double double run proportional to concentration
reatuntAlx.io
卖 fr
intra rate time
狂盯
在
t me
average rate ⼆
壆
号 gradient of secant line
instantaneous rate
㞷器 gradient A tangent line
V0 nrakr.ly 问
ㄈ们是x yo
以 n
nine
i__ 灬
he
i
⽠ y
逆⻘me
order rate equation half ⽐
o r R efnieijuuie A t
decrease
r
l st r k A
constant
ni_yzndr
EAJ
ki
rh.ci increase
3 half life 些
𧅤爵 ⾔
decrease
he t.IE
constant
𤅷 increase
in
4
X 姂
䇢 X
graph
多⻅于Paper5
half life 变化
0
table 控制 变⿊法 mutantdouble rate why
double 1st
若⽆法控制变量 则⽤⽐值 4 folds In
quadruple
find k
任意代⼊ 排 数据 进⾏计算即可
⼀
ㄒ 多响 R
iink hA
岳 ⽆需掌握使⽤
paper5考数据分析
简单统计学常识分析即可
3 Mechi
TOrate.de
terming step slowest step
slowest及其前⾯的 步骤 出现 reactant catalyst
order coeficient
Ǘǜ 2N205 741V02 02 rate R N205
mechanism
N205510 ⽐2 N03 rate 12 ⽐205
stepz
NOztN03f NOTNOztOzrate
NO3tkzENO.IS
step2
NO ⼗ 21V02
menteng
top3
Order
buwe.ie
rate3
reaction
coeficientegz.ae
kICH3CCHDIHJ
rall CH3COGB ⼗五 CH3COCHz.IT tIrate
mechanism
cries_ 趣
mediate
step I g Ia.in
Step2 CH3iiCH3 CH3
cECHztHtstep3CH3
EECH3tb.fi cg CHz.IT I CH3
𥑬
⺃ tBr
rate 12 Rǖ 制
SNIRzitn5iifjg_ftf.org
123
的
two opucal isomer as the
intermediate is
paw
OHcan approachfrom top or
botomSN2R
iiijiR.fi rate 攻 12412135 OH
no optical isomer as attackalwaysfromfixeddirection
4 21
邀
alternative route with lower Ea
5208 q 25 q 25042g ⼗五 q
life charge repulsion
近亩 9 2它 q 2Fe 仰 ⼗⼆ g
2
竺 agitsuilap z.fi g 2504219
503lgatatmfsozlgtyyg
oz.pt
wcpMgIOzg
wzlg
以
7 regenerate catalyst
products
𠯢监 away from the surface days t
1 Entropy
1 Definition
Entropy measure of ⽆
disorder of
序 混乱
a system
2
compare entropy value
有 40 TT entropy a
Chemical reaction
DGEDHriion
TASystemkj.mn
灯⼼ 以708 K'mi 单位换算
Spontaneous
continue
DS O DH O
DG 0 not spontaneous
0 equilibrium
a spontaneous
AH DS TAS T DG 1311 TDS
t t high
t always ⼗
⼀
⼗ ⼗ always
low
Cell
En 0V equilibrium
E刏 ⼆⼗0 lv moreproducts Eln o 6U gocompletion
E𠜎 0.1V more reactants Ei o 0V no reaction
DG n F En
T
J.moi 尛offfaraday constant 96500C
chapter 24 Transition Element
definition
transition element
l oxidation state
redox reaction chapter 207
I isomer
袋
optical
reaction Cu.co
ligand exchange
stability constant
do rib
colorful
tall
energy difference
I Definition
transition
element
d block ⽚蘸
20 one or more stable i
⼀
incomplete d sub shelld.in da
N definition
Complex Ǘ H20 6
Fe ㄈ们 4523d6
Fe E Ar 3d6 vacant orbitals on Fei
ordinate bond
ii
Ue co
遽 if
tetrahedral
HW to
6 o.tl if ǘi
4 isomer
Cisl trans geometric
optical mirror image cannotbe superimposed
both
coordination frmulac.is trans
x X
tetrahedral X X
ii
B
4 MBz.cz Bii Bini
希C C 13
C
planar B
z CD BiiDMB Bini
邈 彤 邈 13
BjiBMB4GB.fi
C
为13
党 B
B
为 13 13
if
C
6 octehedrdMB3GBITCBB.co B c
B
B l B B
聬
M BIG
neonate 齆 只
邃愉
optical B
i
MG
CNdentate 簕前clinical
i
䵣
Pt Cl 2 NH3 z p latin
il
ii
c.is
cisplatin trans_plain
slightly Polar complex non polar complex
dueto both U on sameside bond dipole and
dipole not canal
anti cancer react withDNA prevent cell division
3 Subsituation of ligands
1 Cu
2
Cu2⼗ q G H2016
q
add NaOH lap
or add concentrated NH3lap drop by drop
or add dilute NH3 q
C 计 Co H2O 6 2
q q
add NaOHlag
ColH2O 6 2
q 6Mt了 q ciwt 6
q
6112011
ǗCNH376 歼
oxidised by Oz in the air q
add concentrated HCl q
2 2
ColH2O 6 401 U4 6HOLD
q q q
Pink solution blue solution
tetrahedral
3 stability constant
取代 ⽔ 的 ligand exchange
Kstab 有 unit logokstab ⽆ unit
Kstab越⼤ equilibriumposition liesmoreto therighthandside
产物 越 稳定
MA4 ⼗413 EM134 4A
if Kstab MA4 M134 then not react
I complementary colour
2 d orbitals
ny A E
0 x
83 y
8 x
x
f x
ding di
3 colour of complex
dxydxzdytdxydtnon
the
degenerde.in presence of
ligands
orbitals
形成complex之后
into 2sets diferatenergy level
split slightly
d 啵more
叫 呲 dxy.chE.dytrepel more
energy increase energy increasemore
dorbital line with dative bond dorbital line up with dative bon
up
closer closer
repel less repel less
dxy.dxz.ly t dxy.dz
energy increase less energy increase less
⼝2 ⼝ ⼝⼝ ⼝
⼭到 dt ⼭凡
⼝ ⼝ ⼝ 幽幽
dxy dxz dyt dyed E
⼞ ⼝ ⼝ ⼝ ⼝
dxydxzdytdxydt
octahedral
a And9 困 困 困 困
dip d E dip dz 作
豳 罪 罪 灵 幽 罪 䬆灵
先满低能级
囧 囧 囧 国 四 excited election
dxydxzdytdxydt absorb energy DE
tetrahedral
Gt ㄈ的 3⼭
⽥ ⽥ ⽥ 囮 ⽥ ⽥ DE
dxydxzdytyhtdxydxzdyt.ly_
囮2 ⽥
思⼼意 7
⼭到 dz2
国 四 四 四 回 excited election
dxydxzdytdxydt
energy absorbed in visibleregio
degenerate non degenerate jump lower to upper
energy level
先填满低能级 Fe ⼕们 3d5
⼝⼝
国四回
⽥ ⽥⽥ ⽥ 回
Chapter 25 Benzene and its compound
1 Benzene CoHb
colourless liquid immiscible with water
solvent for organic compound
l CoHb structure
1⽇梢
避
Hfif ⼆⽉
Htyf
存在问题10 planar perfectly symmetrical molecule
no EC
新盥
术
Htǜm
H
⼭
ft H
H.it
ie
Te P electron
delocalised not in any one Particular position
6 spare p orbital electrons are spreadover 6carbonatom
⼭
⺎ bond
ㄑ_
8ff8 feel above and below the plane
f C
2
aryl compound
compound of benzene
aliphatic compound
alkylgrowp CH3 CHz.CH3
alkylbenzene
向
benzene
我 Ǘ Ǘ
chlorobenzene nitrobenzen methylbenzene ethylbenzene
爬⼭
if Ǘ ǗǛh
3,5 trichlorobenzenl bnmo zs dic.huben
i
⽐methylbenzene
㒑
chloromethylbenzene
2 phenol 2chloromethylbenzene
i 䳰 𡤻
B ⼼
䡁
r o
trinitrophenol3
phenylMz0 FCH3 of
CH2413
闷 闷 闷
phenylamine phenylethanone phenylpropanone
2 Reactions of benzene and its compound
i electrophilic substitution
anhydrous 你
Gt 向
Bn At x丱
anhydrous
t H Br
G 4zAM3TdystG
HICIOBrz.li pure bromine not in solution
Ck Ig ⽼教材
catalyst halogen carrier AlBr IAM3 1元13⻔ 是43
at room temperature
mechanism
然
邀
⼗ 4 元 bonding electrons and a positivecharge
圝 感
spread over 5 carbon atoms
H Br
Brt
CH break heteroGti fission
H 6 electrons spread over 6carbonatoms
stable again
1200
⾃述
⾮ 齶㗊
regenerate catalyst
Htt Al Br4 Al Bry H Br
halogenate benzene compounds
NHz
OHg R CI.eoeoo NOz COR CHO COOH.no
可 所 似
a 幽 Ǜ G
Had
⽐⼼ 如
造么
ight
a 4
⼭ 上
3.5a
g
感⾔ Ch Ei Gi at HCl
Uzi
excess
nitration of benzene
G t HMS 102
nitrobenzene
1120
excess ⼼ ⼀⼼
Nafi_ ⼼
义可
nitratngmixtureiconc.tk504 wing
25 C 600C ⽼教材55 C
mechanism
21 12504t H103
NOitZHSOcitH30tntnnunionornitrglc.at
ion
⼼
go i
遁 it Ht
竺_6or3
分 24
eg
Gini 豳 250 c Ǎ 0 可 以
⼗ Ho
hoz
alkylation or acylation of benzene Friedel Craftsreactions
alkylation
with hologenoalkane
alkylbenzeneggtcrBCHzcaEG
CH2CH3t.HU
mechanism
gi 䬝型 Üi
Htt El CID AKBtHCI
CHz.CH
可合并 竺竺
道 叫 45 G HatA143
acylation
with acyl chloride acylbenzene
9 世州 3
Gt CB COCl
感何 HCl
mechanism
CH4tClzlplz.CH3Clt HCl
Ǘtclz ǗǙ t Ha excess Ck Ǘ
3 Oxidation of alkylbene
10heat
R ⼼ ⼈1
alkaline potassium manganate 四
⾃ OH KMn04 Mn04
R⽆论多⻓ benzonacid
henacidifeduithdilutesurfuricHteg.D
3 0 i Ǘ H20
4 hydrogenation of benzene
ring
i
GHb
t3112
heat D
GHnCyclohexane
eg.it3吐 蕊 Ǎ
3 phenol
Ü ColtsOH
4 physical properties
crystalline solid melt 43 C 430 high
i tjit
Bondsligtlysolubk.ly
nonpolar disrupt H Bond
2 acidity
weak acid 向 q ⼩0iagl
Hlapphenoxideionequib.nu
m position lies well over to the lefthand side
alcohol water phenol carboxylic acid
ǗǙǚ
㞊 䬀 oxygen atom
gi ewlpswihthn rdebondingsyst.mnthebenzenering
edelocalie
negative charge spread over the whole ionj
lifiiceonpnenoxi.im
H not strongly attracted to
phenoxideionelectrondonatinggroup
2 prepare alcohol
NaNOztHCI
7HNOztNaclaoc.ie
NH2
HNOz HCl _NEN Ci 2H2O
diazonium chloride
benzene
unstable
diazoniumsaltfz
nENC.it hi 可 H2O ⼀
OH t H CI t Nz
3 electrophilic substitution
⽐109
AlBB catalyst I
G Bn pure Bn
HGft3Brz
Brt3HBrorClz.Iz
T
br
2,4,6
white ppt
tri bromophenol
more readily bromine solum 2,4,6
20niglbtwnc.HN 504
g 本
250 60 C
dilute
HNS rt
CǙIN02
Gj
hoz
pH
Ü 㗊 贰向
hoz
⼀⼼
4 Compare Reactions
with halogen
electrophilic addition
If t
Brig
⼀
杀岩
free radical substitution
CH4tlhlpl.CH3Clt HCl
M3 ⽐⼈ flzcl GF
G C12
6 HCl excess Ck
electrophilic substitution
Ǘ
anhydrous
Gt
inn
Biz in A 蘸 炒 t H Br
Ǜ
anhydrous
啊
𢝵
benzene compound
an
give
qeactieqeanveffiigtgtHCIGtclzG.atHCl
excess ⼼
𨯩𩥝
d
a
皪
excess
ai
phenol
pH
3Bringing Br
3H Br
or Ch Iz br
Friedel Crafts reactions
t
G t CH3CHz.CI
hj 向
⼀⼭243
Ha
T 世州 3
G t CB COCl
感何 HCl
nitration
benzene
tǚǜ了蓝蕊
G 102 1120
excess
Nafi_ ⼼
NED
or
⼼
phenol
Ü 9早笖
i ⾮ ⼼2
Ü
hoz
Ü 器 歌街
hoz
⼼
others
oxidation
00
Ò蠿
hydrogenation
3吐
蕊D it342 䗺
acidity
GOH age Gig tri lap
0 0⼼
2 年Na 2 t Hz
sodiumMenoxide
0 0⼼
年Name t Ho
0
年 Nazi not react
prepare phenol
NalV02⼗ HCl H1V02 ⼗ NaCl
_NH2tHNOztHCITEZ nENCll
ZHzofz
nENC.it H2O hi Et OH t HCI t Nz
Chapter 26 Carboxylic Acid and Their Derivatives
general mechanism
Mechanism
With Hw lease ㄩ
of hydrolysis to a R a 你
Mechanism
with alcohol
to a rate ⼼⼗
reactions
with phenol
𠓼ǎ on charge density t
less likely to bond with Ht
3 of C or other electron donatinggroup T acidity t
strengthens the 0
for Hunt
donate negative chargetowards the_wō
concentrating its negative change
CH3CHz.SC on More likeyl to bond With Ht
2 Oxidation
l HC00H H 8 0 H
IV.cn OF
Htpngnnngoī ci orange green
2 dicarboxylic acid
nninnnnddnt
I.cn OF Ii orange green
ethane dioica lid ⼗2
HOOCCOOH.cc001
4 E0
H 01 0 H
Tyse autocatalysis
in
3 Acyl Chloride ROU
l structure
RCOOHtDC15
RCOCltPOCBtHCILP3RCOOHtpc.BG whitefume
3Rout Hpfteamy
RCOOHtSOClz
RCOCllbtsoztHCIDstea.my white
fume
4 Reactions of Acyl Chloride
5 Cl strongly electronegative
ǙS
draw away electrons from carbonyl Carbo
C relatively large paid positive charge
general reaction
R 0
㤍 1 H区 R 0 t Ha g
white fume
nucleophile
Nor 0 1 of electrons
1one pair
mechanism
Rio
Rt 哶
i HU
⽐较 叶以
及⼀
击 R a
G4
9 CH3
c.fi CH3CHz.CI
N
tap donot react
IT
㖳d reflux
CH3 c.fr CH3CH20HG
0HO
strongly electronegative
draw away electrons from carbonyl carbon
di Ci relatively large partial positive charge
open to attact from nucleophile lone pair
easy to break Ccl bond
与 ⼀
00H ⽐ quicker vigorously gocompletion
base
⼗
01 1 0⼼
NaOH G ⼗
Hop
henoxide
phenoxideion.GHsoeg.CH
㤰 G0 said0
⼗
⼼ Nacl
gphenylethanoateg
dftGON G f.pt
phenyl benzoate
Nacl
4 with ammonia and with anunewnden yan.de
NH3 amide link
iiio R.inh
及
鹗 ⼗
NH3 R
d H Ha
primary amine
R
dgtni HEPR c
NftHClexassnrbi.RMh.tn
a RMI Ci
white organic ammonium salt
mechanism less I no white fume
iiit
R
iilzR cgc.dk R R
Ha
secondary anne
R
lgtni RER c NEE.tn a
amine not react
tertiary
Chapter 27 organic nitrogen compounds
at amine no
basicity
iakylaminezammoniasphenykuninehaloge.no
amine ly alkane amine
hdgenodkane nimye
forman amineamide
aminelnitrobe.nu
nesphenylam.net
3rzphenylamineG
reactions I making no dye
Structure neutral
amide
l hydrolysis of amide Ht or at
structure
Structure at different pH
aminozwilte.in
acid fl buffer
f peptide
isoelectric point
electrophoresis
1 A mine
1 Classes of amine
hm
aminobutane
FB
CH3 N H
R
secondary 122 Noo
H dimethylamine
FB
CHIN 43
i 123
tertiary RENoo trimethylamine
2 basicity d amine
ÜB t Ht NH4 1one pair of ē on N
ammonia ammonium l dative bond
proton 㖄 acceptor
R niztH R
NHJCH3M
b.tt Mtj C仍
methylammonium ion
CH3NHztHCISCH3MB.IT
methylammonium chloride
R ÜH ⼗时
k Rfy
Ü H R
R 12
悠1
k
⽐⼤⼩ alkyl amine ammonia phemglam.me
R xtR nitnR N
heat pressure
p.tl tx
KCNR
CENt4i.lt
⼼⼤ ⼼
R CHz
NHzoraiAIH4mdngetherlithiumtetrahydrid.no
aluminate
amide a mine reduction
R 8Ǘ H 4 H 管管
㮺 12
念岱 H 1120
102 1咗
6 H 21120
d With Biz
胙
3Brz
iGBrt3HBrBrwhitepptz.tt
dizoniumsalthG
WztHt4TieG
NHz.tn
lENt2HzOdiazonium
ion
⽐
毁𠮿 alkalinesolution
NEN LD brigdeL
OH.rs LD N N G
OHtriazod.ge
diazonindye4
nydroxyphenylazobenzene
回 N 岵
alternative aryl compound g ㄖ N N 2
3 Amide
1 Structure
Ǚ_N R i N HR c i R.ec ni R2
carboxylic acid t ammonia primary t secondary
or chloride
acyl amine mine
c
NH3ethan.de
CH3 ci N HCH3 c I crB
N methylethanamideni
dimethykthanam.am
Rti 熈 祭
me basic
0
H Ri H R⼀ 123
3 hydrolysis of amide
4 structure
basic acid
amphotericin
M2
ammo acid
RCHCNHDCOOHR
simplest H
iilooHaminoetha.no
ic acid glycine
2 Zwilteri on 两性离⼦
Mz
C H
Mi
R C
tooH Rif
interact within itself carries two charge 0
solid
strong Imf crystalline
soluble in water
MIH Mi
R H R d H
G
Coo tooH
MIH Mz
R C 0H R t H2O
too
neutral acidic basic
COOH too tooH coo
NHz Mhi M5
NHz.io
electric point
overall
adjust pH no charge
3 peptide amide condensation
dipeptideg.mn_ǛǗǗ红 001⼗
Cys HSCHz
cintoOHglu
c.gs
iizcmc02HNHz
CH co NH CH
COOHLHz.sn
功能 operate identify
ion
but sohofamès
controlpH control charge
to holdsample
positive
electrode f ⼩
negative
electrode
absorbentpaper
or a gel supported on aglass plate
Get soaked in buyersolution
large ion moves slowly
highly charged ion move quickly
Chapter 28 Polymerisation
4怯
譍𣿀管㻾 ti
Him In 侙
n
to
onbiodegradable DSN
识
link lester
amid E
nf
HO EI
H0 12
COOHH2NA
oath
One
nd
COOHhndenscnon.mn
N 1 COCl
lolCOUIHZN
产⽣HWor HU HO ⼝ 0H H00 ⼝⼀ 001
⼀
HO II OHtcloc 12
IZ NHztHOOC iz
cotkN
NktaOC lz.ca
IZ
Ds so
degradable hydrolysis
degradable I biodegradable
lphotodegradable
l
protein
1 addition polymerisation
i th
monomer polymer
one repeat
unity_it
s ⺎
break⺎
s s
㳤
form8
spz sp
g On
CHECHztf
fne.tn
ene poly eth en e
ŪŪŪ or
i
可以同时存在 多种 monomer
进 ⼆
絋
n CHE CH
it
ig_ ǛEǙE 个
盟
⼩
So
4 Link
ester
c on H o
cf f.IEǗf H20
00
8 a H 0 4 fǖÉǘft HCl
amide
c OH tffj
i
i N
tH200r
c at.HN 焦增 ⼀
⼗ HCl
性
正
⼼ 0
degradable hydrolysis
2 monomer
one
i OH fo
cfntnHzotz
nt IZ lz
otz.ci ci otz ci
3itpeat units
nt lz iu fot
cfntnHuntqtz i OH fqn cfntnH.co
Gn
ntǐtzǚ
two monomer
a f个 ⼝ tn Ha
0 ⽇ 0 8 0 ⽇ 0 8
I 2repeat units
E
c nc f c
nctznHNHTTN
n H 0⼀⽇ 0 H incl cl o
HtnHO.ci_Ǚomfyzǐ 8⼀⽇嵱
tznrnHTTN
c nc.tl 卦 峪 Htna ⼝ 个 ⼀ 8⼀⽇ ⼝叫
2 已知 polymer 找 monomer
主链只有 C addition
取 2个C 加 双 链
州州
主链 上有amide or esler link condensation
断开 link 补 0H _H
Hinton Hinton
如果 one repeat unit 看不出来 那就多画 ⼏个
3 Degradable condensation V addition X
l Biodegradable
hydrolysis in hot acidic or basic conditions
5 synthetic 了解
polyamide Nylon
kavlarypolyesterteryleue.PL
A 筺 H Bond
是⼀
Bond
强度⼤ Intermolecular force 特别是存在 H
optical isomer
i⻔ i
傶 逛
相同点 不同点
1
龗
not opticallyactive
辅助物
Chapter 30 Analytical Chemistry
相似 相 溶原理
KPartition
basics
mobile phase stationary phase
Rf
f
Chromatography
paper chromatography
TLC 影响远近
type
的因素
Guy retention time
I peak area
H Bc odd
basic CD 13 TMS
120 0H NH signalsdisappear
HNMRfpgww esownon.ua
BC NMR
1 Chromatography
4 基础原理 solubility不
相似 相 溶 原理 polar solute 易语于 polar solvent
nonpolarsolute 易溶于 nonpolarsolvent
similar polarity stronger attractiveforce
kin 器 鼎 国
㡭毕品 ⼀
5baseline
施 浴质 添加 显⾊剂
2 paper chromatography
lnnǜl solvent
欛
0不动 ⼀ 动
2D
Rf 接近 换 种 solvent 转 900 再来
⼀
遍
3
是 巴
Thin layer chromatography
巴
TLC
triangle area
⼆
主basex height
NULL
men
⼆
含量
Mention time
x Y z
ㄚ
t.cz
lll
Hung narrow
含重 ⼆ height
2 Proton 1H nuclear magnetic resonance NMR
2 High resolution
in the number of it atoms on the carbon
ntl split agent
OH _NHzo.no split one peak
sight doublet triplet quartet
ML
multiplet
GR 苯环上的 H 有 区别 但区别 ⼩ 画 ⼀起
i i
H C C 0 H
⼭ ⼭
relative numberof H 3 2 1
H on adjacent C 2 3 X
split Mtl 3 4 1
triplet quartet gkt
坊 x 3H 43
ii If ii in
if
yppm
3 identify 0H NH
Ddeutrium
2HCH3CHzOHtDzOECH3CHzODtHOD3
SN MR
TMS CDU了
⾼度不代表 C 的 相对个 数
1 1 7
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