Audio Scripts LESSON C EXERCISE A

1. “We often keep quiet and don’t say what we think

so we can be, you know, good team members.”
2. “The main reason for this is that they’re afraid of
Unit 1 disagreeing with others.”
3. “Secondly, we should respect others and be fair,
LESSON A EXERCISE A
because that builds trust in the team.”
Communication in Successful Teams
4. “Thirdly, we should see disagreement as a good
People have different opinions on how to build thing because it’s a way of thinking about a
successful teams. Some believe that there are no fixed problem and it helps us make better decisions.”
rules, but researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) disagree. The researchers observed
LESSON C EXERCISES C AND D
several teams and the facts were clear: the way people
communicated was most important. Maya: Hey Sam, how was the meeting with
Jon today?
The researchers looked at three things:
Sam: Difficult.
1. Energy: the amount of time a team member
spends communicating Maya: Why? What happened?

2. Engagement: how often a team member Sam: Well, Jon wasn’t very happy with the
communicates with other members of the team suggestions I made for improving our
teamwork. I suggested he listen more to
3. Outside Communication: how often team
the team because he tends to talk a lot
members talk to people outside their team
during team meetings. It’s often difficult
The researchers discovered that successful teams for anyone to get a word in.
do similar things. All members spend about the same
Maya: And?
amount of time talking and listening. They discuss
things with everyone on the team, not just the leader. Sam: He said I wasn’t being fair. He said the
They encourage face-to-face communication, and reason he talks is because no one else
they often get new information and ideas from people has any ideas.
outside the team. Maya: Well, maybe that’s true?
Sam: No, no, it’s not.
LESSON B EXERCISE B Maya: OK, so the other people are quiet
1. If you change the way people sit in an office, you because he talks all the time?
can encourage people to have more face-to-face Sam: Yes, exactly! I tried to explain that. He
communication. has good ideas, but I’m sure the others
2. The best type of team members are people who do, too.
go around and talk to all other team members and Maya: I have a suggestion. Why don’t you ask
who listen a lot. everyone to write down some ideas
3. If you show a team a map of how they communicate before the meeting, so it’s easy for them
with each other, it can help them to improve. to give their opinions?
Sam: Hmm. That’s a good idea. I’ll try that.
LESSON B EXERCISE F Thanks, Maya!
1. “We often keep quiet and don’t say what we think Maya: Good luck!
so we can be, you know, good team members.”
2. “Heffernan says that as many as 85 percent of LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
managers have problems at work that they don’t I am the president of the new community service club
want to talk about. The main reason for this is that at my school. In our club, we think that everybody’s
they’re afraid of disagreeing with others.” opinions are important, so when we make decisions,
3. “ Secondly, we should respect others and be fair, we try to get everyone to say what they think. I think
because that builds trust in the team.” it’s a good practice because it encourages everyone

Audio Scripts 81
 to feel like they are a part of the club. It worked very LESSON F EXERCISE H
well in the beginning. Everyone was excited to share 1. They’re working together on a team project.
their ideas. But the members had different opinions,
2. I think it is really important to respect the opinions
so there were a lot of disagreements. Now, everyone
of all our team members.
prefers to keep their ideas to themselves. At meetings,
I continue to ask everyone for their opinions, but it’s 3. She’s a good listener and makes a great
hard—they usually stay pretty quiet. Everyone just teammate.
agrees with my opinion, so I feel sometimes we don’t 4. This is a difficult job—we’re going to have to work
make the best decisions. Also, I feel that most of our hard.
events don’t go very smoothly because members no 5. We are discussing how to choose members for
longer share information with each other. I’m not sure the team this afternoon.
what to do.
LESSON G EXERCISE B
LESSON E EXERCISE A Research shows that workplace leaders who use
Malaika Vaz, Environmental Protector humor are seen as more motivating than those who
Malaika Vaz is a wildlife filmmaker, TV presenter, and don’t. Their teams usually participate more and are
National Geographic Explorer. Vaz aims to get people more creative. Team members also trust each other
to protect and respect wildlife and the environment. She more. Laughing together allows people to feel closer
started filmmaking when she was only 18 years old. She and helps to build trust. This isn’t only true in the
tried working alone but found it difficult. She realized workplace. Leaders of student clubs, sports groups,
it was important to be honest about needing help and or even group projects will find that humor can help
found people with different strengths to join her. them build better relationships with their members.
Vaz and her colleagues now run a production But some people may find it difficult to use humor.
company called Untamed Planet Films, which has won Jennifer Aaker and Naomi Bagdonas of the Stanford
awards for its nature films. Some examples of her films Graduate School of Business believe that humor can
are documentaries about helping endangered big cats be learned. Firstly, when thinking of a joke, look around
and about how we can help stop bat diseases from and notice what’s true in your life. It’s about looking
spreading. at the world in a different way. For example, you can
For her work, Vaz and her teammates travel to many make a joke about how you only comb the front part
parts of the world. Many areas are far away from of your hair for online meetings. Secondly, be aware
cities and are difficult to get to. They work on projects of how other people feel. Think about how others will
to help bring back nature to areas that have been feel when they hear your jokes. Don’t make jokes that
damaged. One example is an area in Karnataka, India, could upset others. Ultimately, it’s about being human
which used to be empty and dry because of mining. and allowing people to feel comfortable.
Now it is full of wildlife and plants.

LESSON F EXERCISE G Unit 2

1. “It’s also important to trust each other and respect
your teammates.” LESSON A EXERCISE A
2. “Here’s another lesson I learned not too long ago.” The Effects of Food Production

3. “This experience taught me that it’s important to Food production is responsible for about 37% of the
ask for opinions from others in your team.” world’s greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are a
serious problem for the environment. They end up in
4. “It’s great because I get to hear exciting new ideas
the atmosphere, trap heat, and make the planet hotter.
that help me think of new and interesting ways to
Researchers are trying to find out how we can solve
tell a story.”
this problem.
5. “It doesn’t matter if you’re a student, filmmaker,
Studies show that producing meat products gives
businessperson, teacher, or doctor, everyone
off a lot more greenhouse gases compared to plant
needs to be able to work well in a team.”
products—up to 50 times more. Also, the type of meat

82 Audio Scripts
and the way the food is produced make a difference. small pieces called microplastics. At less than five
For example, producing beef creates twice the amount millimeters long, microplastics are smaller than sesame
of greenhouse gases as producing lamb. Raising seeds. But they aren’t only found in oceans—they’ve
cows using deforested land creates 12 times more also been found on land and in the air. They’re in
greenhouse gases than when using natural fields. drinking water, in food, and in salt: Microplastics are
everywhere.
So what can we do to help reduce the problem of
greenhouse gases? One way is to buy fewer meat and And now, microplastics are getting into our bodies!
dairy products. We can also demand that companies Researchers have found microplastics in human
produce food responsibly, even if it costs more time organs and even in our blood. This can be very harmful
and money. to our health.
Fortunately, there are some simple things you can do
LESSON B EXERCISE B to avoid microplastics. Here’s a simple one: Stop using
1. I heard that 150 people will lose their jobs. takeaway cups and plastic straws. You could use
glass or metal cups and straws instead. Next, don’t
2. 44% of global waste is food waste.
microwave food in plastic containers, as heat can break
3. One-third of the state’s residents want to move down plastic. This might result in some microplastics
out. getting into your food. Put your food in a ceramic
4. Every year, we throw away 2.1 billion tons of container. Also, avoid clothes made from man-made
waste. materials like polyester and acrylic. It’s good to buy
5. The company is worth three trillion dollars. clothes made from cotton. You might want to vacuum
your home more often, too. This can help get rid of
6. Plastic makes up three-quarters of the trash on
microplastics in the air. But the best way of all is to use
beaches.
less plastic—then there would be fewer microplastics in
our environment.
LESSON B EXERCISE C
The world throws away 2.1 billion tons of trash every LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
year. This includes food scraps, clothes, bottles,
Germany is one of the best countries in the world at
furniture, and so on. By 2050, this is expected to
recycling. Since 1972, it has created many rules for
rise to 3.4 billion tons a year. This is a major issue
dealing with waste. Over the years it also changes the
because it’s going to be very difficult to get rid of such
rules as people’s habits change. This helps to make
a large amount of trash. Most of the trash today is
sure that the rules continue to work well.
being burned or buried in places called landfills. This
results in the production of greenhouse gases which One example is a rule made in 1991 that companies
are harmful to the planet and to our health. Some must be responsible for the collection and recycling
trash ends up in streams and oceans, which can kill of all the materials in their products. For example, a
seabirds, fish, and marine animals. Dealing with trash company that made soda cans was responsible for
properly is important for protecting the environment all the cans, the boxes around the cans, and even the
and keeping people healthy and safe. boxes used when packing the boxes of cans.
Companies had two options. The first option was to
LESSON C EXERCISE B collect the used packaging from stores and consumers
1. “We have to do something about the food we are and send it for recycling. But this was difficult for
wasting.” bigger companies to do. So another option was to
pay a fee to print a special symbol, called the Green
2. “In our homes, we can stop food waste.”
Dot, on their packaging. The size of the fee depended
3. “We can also demand that businesses that bring on the type of material used. The fee was lower when
us our food every day stop wasting their food.” companies used less material, or for materials that
could be recycled, like paper. This money was then
LESSON C EXERCISES E AND F used to pay waste collection companies that collected
Plastic comes in all shapes and sizes. Every year, eight and recycled their packaging.
million tons of plastic waste gets into the oceans. The This rule worked very well for Germany for many
sun, wind, and waves break down plastic waste into years—until the rise of online shopping. More people

Audio Scripts 83
 started buying items from overseas. As the products c. completely
weren’t made in Germany, these overseas companies d. problem
didn’t pay the fee for their packaging.
e. government
So, in 2019, Germany changed the rule. Now all
f. supermarket
companies, including overseas companies, must
register before they can sell their products in Germany. g. inform
They have to pay a fee for all the packaging they use. h. without
As with the Green Dot, the fee depends on the type
and amount of material used. LESSON G EXERCISE B
Because of these rules, companies are careful about It’s good to lower our carbon footprint when we can.
their packaging. They use materials that can be A good way to start is by choosing the right materials.
recycled, and they also try to use fewer materials. So, what exactly do we need to think about?
First, think about how much energy is used to
LESSON E EXERCISE A create the material. For example, it takes four times
Focus on the Consumer more energy to produce paper than plastic. This is
Businesses today spend a lot of time and money trying because we have to cut down trees and move them
to understand consumers. They want to find out what to factories. Cotton takes a huge amount of energy to
consumers usually consider when deciding whether to produce because it requires a lot of water and fertilizer
buy something. to grow.
Research data shows that younger adults are more likely Second, think about how strong the material is. Some
to buy based on pressure from others, or to consider newer long-life plastics are very strong, so you can use
the effects on the environment. And women are more them over and over again. The same can’t be said for
likely to buy something on sale. This kind of information other materials like glass, paper, or regular plastic.
interests businesses: many want to use this powerful Third, think about whether the material can be recycled
information to get consumers to buy their products. easily. Recycling is a good way to lower your carbon
Finding out where and how consumers shop is also footprint. Creating any type of material produces
useful. For example, results from a survey in 2021 greenhouse gases. So it’s always better to recycle
show that 56% of consumers aged between 18 and than to create new material.
24 have bought something on a social media platform. Here’s one final thing to think about. The best material
However, only one-third of those aged 45 to 65 have is the one you don’t use. The most helpful thing
done this. Another 2022 survey showed that nearly anyone can do to protect the environment is to buy
20% of consumers got gift ideas from social media— and use fewer things!
and 70% of them were aged 26 to 41. A company
without this important data could make costly
marketing errors.
Unit 3
LESSON F EXERCISE D LESSON A EXERCISE A
“Nobody knew how many microbeads can be in one Choosing college majors
bottle. At first, I thought maybe 100 or 200. But our
When they decide on a college major, many students
results showed the opposite. These little glass bottles
get advice from family, career advisors, or teachers.
show how much plastic we got from each face wash.
Often they are told to think about two things: their
There were up to three million tiny microbeads in one
talents and their interests. In other words, the best
bottle! So every time you use your face wash, there
choice is one that combines what they are good at
could be 10,000 microbeads there. These will go down
with what they enjoy.
the drain and possibly into our oceans. We’re washing
millions of plastic bits into the oceans!” But those are not the only factors that students
consider. In many countries, students prefer to study
LESSON F EXERCISE G business because specialists in this field usually
get jobs with high pay. Many students also choose
a. exciting
engineering for the same reason.
b. natural

84 Audio Scripts
Another thing students consider is whether it will be Claire: I think I need to start specializing early if
easy to get a job. Nursing, medicine, and other health- I want to be successful in a career.
related majors are popular choices because there are Ali: Well, I don’t really agree. In my opinion,
usually many jobs available. In addition, many students you can still be successful even if you
choose these careers because they want to help other don’t specialize now. I read a really
people. interesting book the other day. The
author, David Epstein, said that a lot of
LESSON B EXERCISE A really successful people start out doing
Some people take time off after college to do some lots of different jobs. They take their
volunteer work. Before you decide if it’s right for you, time deciding what they want to do.
there are both advantages and disadvantages you Claire: But that means falling behind, doesn’t
need to think about. First, some advantages. You’ll it?
get a lot of new experiences, especially if you’re Ali: Yes, in the beginning, but then they
volunteering overseas. You’ll learn new skills like catch up, or even become one of the
leadership, teamwork, and how to communicate with best. Did you know that Van Gogh tried
different people. You’ll also be able to help others— five different careers before deciding
you could make the world a better place! And it’ll look to take up painting? Or that Roger
good on your job applications in the future, too. Federer did all kinds of sports when he
But there are some disadvantages. You may fall was young?
behind your friends—you would graduate and start Claire: 
Wow. Really? … But it doesn’t make
working later. You could also miss an interesting job sense. Everyone says to start early and
offer while you are away. And if you travel around a get ahead.
lot, it can be expensive. So think carefully before you
Ali: Epstein says that having more
decide. Do you think it’s for you?
knowledge, experience, and skills gave
them an advantage. They can see the
LESSON C EXERCISE B
big picture.
1. “But for many others, I don’t think it’s the right
Claire: Ah OK. Right.
question.”
Ali: So, it’s fine to try different things out.
2. “If you can’t decide what you want to do with your
I believe that everything you learn helps.
life, I think that’s OK.”
Claire: That’s something to think about.
3. “In my opinion, specialists, hybrid professionals,
and multipotentialites all have qualities that are
really important in the modern world.” LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
There are many paths to success. Let’s look at a few
4. “I believe that it doesn’t matter if you have one
different examples. First, we have Zara Rutherford.
interest or many.”
Rutherford comes from a family of specialists—all
professional pilots. She became interested in flying at
LESSON C EXERCISES C AND D
a very young age, got her pilot’s license at 18, and in
Ali: Hi, Claire. So how did the job fair go? 2022, she became the youngest person to fly around
Claire: 
Hi, Ali! Well, there were many booths the world at just 19 years old. Her dream is to be an
and I learned about many different astronaut and fly to space.
companies and jobs. But I don’t think it Next, we’ll look at Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci was
was very helpful. one of the most talented painters in history—his
Ali: 
There’s nothing you’re interested in? paintings include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Claire: No, it’s the opposite. I like the idea of He started painting at 17, but he had many interests
lots of different jobs. And I can’t decide and talents. So he went on to explore many different
which job I want to do. careers such as an engineer, inventor, architect,
scientist, mathematician, and writer.
Ali: Why don’t you just try a few different
ones? Let’s finish with someone with a unique career.
Julia Collins studied bioengineering, technology,

Audio Scripts 85
 and business. She also has a passion for food. She 3. “And as I spent more time on both photography
combines these very different skills and interests to and engineering, I began to see that engineering
create something unique—a robot pizza company. and photography weren’t really at two ends of a
Pizzas are made by robots, and they are delivered by scale.”
special trucks that bake the pizzas while on the way 4. “Choosing to study a STEM subject shouldn’t limit
to customers. you from the world of the arts or any other field.”
So, we’ve looked at three different people who took
very different paths in their careers. Each of them LESSON G EXERCISES B AND C
found success—which tells us that there’s no single The third industrial revolution began in the late
path to success. 20th century. Technology became digital—this meant
that exact copies of things like photos or music could
LESSON E EXERCISE A be made quickly and easily. Electronic tools started
From STEM to STEAM appearing all over the world, especially computers.
The workplace is changing at a fast rate. Machines Factories started using computers and information
are replacing many tasks done by humans, and the technology, also known as IT, which allowed them
skills that companies are looking for are changing. to make products automatically.
The World Economic Forum thinks that about 65% We are now entering the fourth industrial revolution,
of children starting grade school today will be working Industry 4.0, where technology is becoming more
in completely new jobs that do not exist at the moment. advanced. We have technologies such as artificial
It is impossible to predict which careers will be intelligence, also known as AI, robots, and 3D printing.
important in the future. But we can prepare for future New inventions are bringing different fields together.
opportunities by learning the right skills. And soon, the physical world and the digital world will
In order for students to develop the skills they need, no longer be separate from each other. Industry 4.0
there has recently been a move from STEM (Science, is changing the way we live, work, and communicate.
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) to And it is happening at a fast rate.
STEAM. STEAM education combines art subjects with Technology is taking over certain jobs, but jobs that
STEM subjects. It encourages students to connect require new skills are being created. People will
their learning in new ways, without being limited need skills that can allow them to adapt to these
to one subject at a time. The main aim of STEAM changes. This means that we need to change the
education is to teach students to be innovative, good way students learn. Education can no longer be just
communicators, and to be able to use critical thinking about technical skills, but skills students will need
to solve problems. In a future world where change is to succeed in any job, like critical thinking, problem-
constant, these skills will be very important in helping solving, and creativity. This is why STEAM education
people make their dreams come true. is so important. It will develop innovative, well-rounded
students who will be ready for the opportunities that
LESSON F EXERCISE G Industry 4.0 will offer them.
“I never thought that a photo would change my life.
This is a photograph of the Gabaldon Floodplain
in the Philippines. It won me first place in a photo Unit 4
competition in 2017. I was 19 years old and the prize
was a trip to the icy mountains of Patagonia.” LESSON A EXERCISE A
What would people be interested to do in virtual
LESSON F EXERCISE H reality?
1. “I did enjoy hiking in my free time and taking Virtual reality (VR) technology started to become
photos on my trips. But I had never thought popular in the 2010s. At the time, it was mostly used
of becoming a professional photographer.” for video games. Today, however, the technology
2. “But I actually didn’t want to give up either of allows people to do almost anything they can imagine.
them. And I wanted to find a way to make things But VR is not just about doing things that are
work.” impossible in real life. People also use the technology

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to experience real-world activities from their own 3. “Finally, VR travel can also help with the problem
homes. A 2021 survey asked people about things of overtourism.”
they would like to do in VR. Popular choices included
watching a VR movie with friends or family, traveling LESSON C EXERCISE C
virtually, and going to concerts. Why do I like to use virtual reality? Well, there are
As the technology improves, the advantages of VR several reasons. To start with, I feel that VR helps
are growing. The “metaverse,” for example, contains me relieve stress. I usually work from home, so I find
many connected virtual worlds where users can go it very hard to relax at home as I always think about
anywhere they like. People can shop, work, study, go work. VR is great because it allows me to escape to
on adventures, and of course, play games. Experts another world. Another reason is that the images are
believe that the future metaverse could look similar to so realistic! I love art, so I often visit art galleries. I think
the real world. It could even replace some real-world visiting a virtual art gallery is as good as going to a
activities. real one. Last, it’s just so convenient. I don’t need to
travel anywhere to use VR. I can use it right here, in my
LESSON B EXERCISE A room!
Cheap flights and room rentals have resulted in
overtourism in many historic cities around the world. LESSON C EXERCISES D AND E
Overtourism simply means too much tourism. And this Chris: 
Good evening, and welcome back to
is causing many problems in these cities, including Sports Insight. Today, we have with
damage to historical sites, litter, and crowded streets. us Jay, our technology editor, who
Many residents are unhappy about their cities being will tell us about how VR is changing
destroyed by tourists. professional sports.
There are some things tourists can do during their Jay: 
Thank you, Chris. Yes, VR is indeed
vacations to reduce this problem. They can avoid changing professional sports. Today,
peak times to travel or explore new places instead of players from the professional leagues
more popular ones. Another important thing to do is to in both soccer and American football
respect places—don’t make a lot of noise, and keep are using VR for their training. And they
the place clean! have very good reasons for doing so.
To begin with, VR allows players to
LESSON B EXERCISE B practice with their teammates, without
“In today’s podcast, we are going to look at virtual their teammates even being around!
reality travel, or VR travel. Now, imagine you’re at Secondly, players can view past games
home on a hot summer’s day. You put on a VR from any angle or position. That way,
headset. In a second, you find yourself in the icy desert they can study the game better and
of Antarctica, surrounded by icebergs! You can see understand what exactly was done well,
elephant seals and penguins up close. or not. Next, VR provides players with a
realistic environment that is almost the
Or maybe you want to go on an adventure. Head
same as an actual game. It’s so much
to the caves of New Zealand and watch millions of
better than training on a practice field.
glowworms glowing like stars in the night sky. Or go
And lastly, VR allows players to practice
on a deep-sea dive in Palau and swim with sea turtles,
safely. Players can improve their speed
sharks, and rays. You can do all these from your own
and accuracy without the risk of getting
home with VR technology!
injured.
Today, I want to talk about some of the advantages of
Chris: Wow! It sounds like VR is going to be
VR travel.”
very important in the future of sports.
Thank you for joining us today, Jay!
LESSON C EXERCISE B
1. “First of all, people can visit places that are difficult LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
or impossible to travel to.”
Would you like to take a trip to space? In the popular
2. “Another advantage is that VR helps people who new action-adventure VR Game Space Escape,
cannot travel see the world.” players repair a damaged space station near Jupiter.
Audio Scripts 87
 Just like in space, players float around and move by Man 3: Yes, they can definitely make a
grabbing and pushing against things around them. person anti-social! I used to do so
There are a total of five sections to the space station. much gaming that I was ignoring
In each section, players look around for tools and family and friends to play games. I
objects they need to fix the damaged parts. These think it becomes a problem when
tools and objects are hidden around the space station, you cannot separate reality from
and players have to solve puzzles to find them. Players fantasy.
need to act fast and fix the space station before it gets Woman 2: It depends. Video games can
lost in space. be a fun way to spend time with
I like most things about the game. It has realistic friends. Maybe you could try out
graphics. Together with the VR headset and a new game with your friends. I
controllers, you really feel like you’re in zero gravity. recommend Puzzle Plus! It was just
But there are two problems. You can’t go outside the released last month, and more than
space station, so it gets a little boring after some time. a million people have downloaded it.
Also, I think some of the puzzles are too easy—and
they don’t become more difficult as you go further in LESSON F EXERCISE G
the game. 1. Most people live in cities.
You can play this game by yourself, or with another 2. People improve their cities using games.
player. I think it’s more fun with another player. I’d say 3. They share their city designs with others.
this game is great for teenagers and adults.
All in all, I do recommend you try this game—I give it LESSON F EXERCISE H
four out of five stars. 1. “This is a fantasy city, even though it looks real.”
2. “So far, over three and a half million people have
LESSON E EXERCISE A
played it.”
Do Video Games Make Me Anti-Social?
3. “And what I will show you is some of these cities
Man 1: I’m a full-time university student. I created by the players.”
spend most of my free time playing
games—so other than classes, it’s
LESSON G EXERCISE B
likely that you’ll find me at home. My
Bandit the bottlenose dolphin splashes in the water
friend thinks video games make me
playfully in a Johns Hopkins School of Medicine lab.
anti-social. What do you think? Do
Bandit looks just like a real dolphin. He swims, eats
video games make a person anti-
fish, and jumps out of the water into the air. He makes
social?
sounds like a real dolphin, too. But Bandit is actually
Woman 1: No, I don’t think so. Many games a virtual dolphin in a video game created for stroke
require you to interact with other patients who are unable to move parts of their bodies.
people. In fact, I’ve made some Patients use a robotic arm to move Bandit. They guide
good friends from gaming. It also him to swim and jump in the water. They even catch
feels really good to show off my fish and fight sharks!
game medals to my online friends.
Before Bandit, most of the games for post-stroke
Man 2: Unless you intend to become a patients were based on activities in the real world—
professional gamer in the future, I like cleaning the table, picking apples, or even cutting
think that you shouldn’t spend so carrots. Patients had to do this for at least an hour
much time playing games. Also, every day. It was difficult and boring—and more
only a small percentage of gamers importantly, it wasn’t useful because patients would
actually become pro gamers. So, it be repeating the same movements. Bandit offers a
might be better to spend your time fun, and very cute, solution. It encourages patients to
doing other things, like studying. play and work on their motor skills, which helps them
recover faster.

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Unit 5 A: Oh no! He must be quite upset!
B: Actually, no, he wasn’t. He was just grateful
LESSON A EXERCISE A that no one was hurt.
Being Thanked at Work A: It’s amazing how he can always see the
Everyone likes to be thanked at work. But not bright side of things.
everyone likes to be thanked in the same way. The B: Yeah. Maybe that’s the secret to why he’s
consulting company Deloitte surveyed more than usually such a happy person—by being
16,000 people working in more than 4,000 companies grateful and appreciating simple things, like
around the world. The study showed that 54 percent his apartment! Do you know that tiny place
of workers prefer spoken thanks and 31 percent prefer he lives in? He’s always telling me how
written thanks. In other words, you could make more much he loves it.
than three-quarters of the people you work with feel
A: He really appreciates his family, too. I’ve
appreciated with a simple spoken or written thank you.
heard him call home a few times and he
In fact, workers are less interested in receiving thanks
never failed to thank his parents for their
through ways that required more time and money, like
support.
celebrations or gifts.
There are many benefits of thanking others at work. LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
When people show each other that they are grateful, it
A: And we are back. So, some people think
helps improve relationships. It also makes workers feel
that the amount of gratitude you feel is
valued and creates a positive workplace environment.
directly connected to how happy you are.
B: I’ve heard that …
LESSON B EXERCISE A
People who have an “attitude of gratitude” have good A: Now, the media company SoulPancake
physical health. Grateful people have good mental decided to find out if this was true. Nick,
health, too. have you heard about this one?
B: No, I don’t think so.
LESSON C EXERCISE A A: OK. They gave a group of volunteers a
1. “Gratitude is a feeling of thankfulness or a feeling test. The volunteers answered a bunch of
of appreciation. It’s being aware of the good questions, and the answers showed each
things in your life, appreciating small things, and person’s level of happiness. Next, they
counting your blessings.” asked the volunteers to close their eyes and
think of someone who had influenced their
2. “Grateful people have better physical health. They
lives; that is, someone who helped them in
get sick less often and see a doctor less often.”
an important way. Then they wrote down
3. “Grateful people also have better mental exactly why this person was important to
health. For example, they have less stress, them.
they’re happier, and they have stronger social
B: I’m curious—who did most of the people
relationships.”
choose?

LESSON C EXERCISES C AND D A: Well, some of them chose friends and

family members, and some of them chose
A: Hey, Dave. Have you seen Raul? I wanted to
teachers. But here’s the important part.
return the book he lent me last week.
After the volunteers wrote down the
B: I don’t think Raul will be coming to school reasons, they were told to call the person
today. He’s at the police station now. they chose and read out what they wrote to
A: Oh no! What happened? that person.
B: Someone broke into his apartment. He’s B: Wow. There must’ve been many touching
making a police report. conversations.
A: Oh, dear! Is he OK? A: A lot of tears and laughter, too. So after they
B: Yeah, but most of his valuables were stolen, made their calls, the volunteers took another
including his computer, his cash, and his violin! happiness test, like the first one, but with

Audio Scripts 89
 different questions. The results showed that LESSON G EXERCISE B
their happiness scores increased between 4 A: Have you heard of the term thankless jobs?
and 19 percent.
B: From the word thankless, I guess they are
B: Wow. That’s quite a lot. It definitely shows jobs that no one really notices?
that expressing gratitude can make a
A: Yeah, I read an interesting article that looked
person happier!
at different jobs in the U.S. to see which are
A: Yeah! In fact, the person with the lowest the most thankless. It looked at four things:
happiness score on the first test had the pay, respect from others, stress, and work
highest score increase on the second test. environment. For example, police officers
B: Very cool. So, if you’re ever feeling sad, try work in very dangerous environments, but
calling that important person in your life and people respect them. The pay is pretty
thanking them! good, too.
A: Right! B: But I think they have very stressful jobs.
They have to keep the city safe.
LESSON E EXERCISE A A: That’s true. Because of their work
Heroes in Our School Cafeterias environment and stress, police officers were
A lunch lady is a person who prepares and serves one of the most thankless jobs, according to
food for children at school. The term “lunch lady” the article.
is old-fashioned: All types of people make school B: How about nurses? Is that a thankless job
lunches—not just “ladies.” A more popular name is too?
“cafeteria workers.” Cafeteria workers do a lot more A: Well, it’s not as stressful as being a police
than just prepare food, though. They make sure that officer. Their pay isn’t too bad and people
every child gets a healthy meal. And often, they are the do respect them. But the work environment
first to notice when children don’t have enough food is difficult. They’re on their feet all day, and
to eat. they work long hours. So it was listed as a
In many countries, school lunches are inexpensive thankless job too.
or even free. As a result, many families rely on B: What was the most thankless job, according
school lunches to help feed their children. During the to the article?
COVID-19 pandemic, most schools in the United A: Unexpectedly, it was social workers. The
States were closed. Because many children did not study showed that people don’t respect
attend school, they didn’t get this important meal every them a lot. The stress they face and the
day. In addition, many people lost their jobs, which number of hours they work are very high.
made it hard for some parents to feed their children. And their pay is pretty low, too.
So a group of cafeteria workers took action. They
B: But these are all such important jobs. They
prepared, packed, and handed out millions of meals to
serve the community, and we can’t do
children and their families at outdoor locations around
without them. They definitely deserve better!
the country.
A: That’s very true. We should really try to
Cafeteria workers can play a meaningful role in
appreciate people with thankless jobs more!
people’s lives. Many people see them as
community heroes.

LESSON F EXERCISES G AND H Unit 6

1. “That equals up to a little over five billion lunches
LESSON A EXERCISE A
made every school year.”
The Psychology of Success
2. “And kids made the most amazing projects.”
What makes people successful? American
3. “And of course, what she does is important.” psychologist Carol Dweck thinks that what you believe
4. “I hope that you remember how powerful a thank about yourself affects how likely you are to succeed.
you can be.” Having a particular mindset, or set of beliefs, can help
you reach your goals.
90 Audio Scripts
According to Dweck, there are two kinds of mindsets: Oh, no!
the fixed mindset and the growth mindset. People with And?
a fixed mindset tend to think that they can only do
Then what?
certain things. They believe they were born with a set
of skills and are unlikely to change. No kidding!

On the other hand, people who have a growth mindset That’s funny.
believe that they can change. They look for opportunities That’s amazing!
that will help them grow, and they apply what they learn. That’s incredible!
This helps them improve in all areas of life. That’s interesting.
Dweck believes that success doesn’t necessarily come That’s great!
from being better or smarter. Rather, it comes from
That’s awful.
having a growth mindset and believing that your skills
can be developed.
LESSON C EXERCISE B
LESSON B EXERCISE B 1.
1. About half the children from the first group got Emily: Have you had this experience
better results. Researchers think it’s because they before? You tried your best to get
enjoyed the experience. better at something, only to realize
after some time, that you aren’t
2. People with a growth mindset are more open
getting much better at it?
to learning new information than people with a
fixed mindset. This is one of the main differences David: Yes, definitely!
between the two kinds of mindsets. Instructor: Um-hmm.
2.
LESSON B EXERCISE F Emily: You build your skills and then apply
1. those skills, and you repeat the
Speaker 1: “Sorry, I’m having trouble sharing process.
my screen. Give me a second.” David: 
That’s interesting. So does that
Speaker 2: Sorry, I’m having trouble sharing mean we can’t improve if we don’t
my screen. Give me a second. spend enough time in the learning
2. zone?
Speaker 1: “Great! Thanks, David.” 3.
Speaker 2: Great! Thanks, David. Emily: Mistakes are important—we
learn from them, and they help us
3.
improve and be successful.
Speaker 1: “Yes, definitely!”
Instructor: Wow! That’s really good advice.
Speaker 2: Yes, definitely.
4. LESSON C EXERCISES D AND E
Speaker 1: “Oh! That sounds like what our Kate: Hey, Jason! I’m heading to the gym. Do
soccer team does.” you want to go together?
Speaker 2: Oh! That sounds like what our Jason: 
Yeah! Just let me get my earphones.
soccer team does! Okay, let’s go!
Kate: What do you usually listen to while you
LESSON C EXERCISE A work out?
I see. Jason: Hmm ... I usually listen to lectures that
Yes. I’ve recorded.
Um-hmm. Kate: Wow! Is that helpful?
Really? Jason: Well, in biology, you have to learn a
Wow! lot of scientific stuff from lectures and

Audio Scripts 91
 textbooks. So listening to the lectures Paolo: Oh, no.
again really works for me. Also, for me, Sophia: We have really difficult problems to
doing something physical while I learn solve, and I keep making mistakes.
seems to help. I don’t know why, but Sorry I’m complaining so much!
moving while I’m listening helps me
Paolo: 
Oh, no problem! Hey, I have a few
pay attention to what the professor is
ideas. Why don’t you …
saying. I understand new ideas better.
Kate: Really? That’s interesting. I always LESSON E EXERCISE A
thought it would be hard to concentrate
What is Curiosity?
while working out.
Curiosity is a strong feeling of wanting to know or learn
Jason: I think it’s okay if you’re doing some
something. When we’re curious, we’re eager to learn.
light exercise. In fact, I heard that if you
We want to find out why things happen. We look for
do something physical, it uses more
information and new experiences everywhere we go.
parts of your brain or something. And
Throughout history, curiosity has led us to try new
you can remember better!
things, from growing food to exploring space. Curiosity
Kate: No kidding! I should try that next time! keeps us alive and makes life more interesting.
Jason: How about you? Do you have any Curiosity plays an important role in education, too.
interesting learning strategies? People enjoy learning about things that interest them.
Kate: Oh, um … one thing I really believe in But what about things that are less interesting?
is not worrying about making mistakes. Curiosity can prepare our brains for learning things
You can learn a lot from mistakes. that we find boring or difficult. When we are curious,
Jason: That’s true. our brain goes into a “curiosity state.” In this state, the
brain learns and remembers better. It also produces a
Kate: Especially for my major,
chemical called dopamine that makes you feel good.
programming—it’s really hard to avoid
This encourages you to continue learning.
mistakes. The thing is to not feel bad
about it and never give up. I just keep So, if you are learning something that is not interesting,
trying to do it another way until I get it try to get curious first. Find some part of the work or
right. The more you try, the better you study that you want to know more about. Ask yourself
get. You’ll learn more problem-solving questions about it. That way, you are more likely to be
strategies, too—that way, you don’t successful at learning.
make the same mistakes the next time!
Jason: I see. That really makes sense! LESSON F EXERCISE G
1. “Have you ever found yourself at a restaurant
LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B spacing out just doing this over and over?”
Paolo: Hey, want to get some coffee? 2. “Where did this guy get this confidence, the
audacity of it?”
Sophia: No. I’ve got to study for a test.
3. “Can we be the surgeons of our classrooms?”
Paolo: Which class? Business?
Sophia: No, math. I’m having such a hard
LESSON F EXERCISE H
time.
1. “What have you got for us today, Emily?”
Paolo: Oh, really? What’s the problem?
2. “Can you see my screen now?”
Sophia: I just don’t get any of it!
3. “Have you had this experience before?”
Paolo: Um-hmm.
Sophia: I think I have the lowest grades in LESSON G EXERCISE B
class, so I feel very embarrassed.
Now, another trend in the workplace is the role of
Ughhh! I was never good at math.
curiosity. Employment website LinkedIn recently saw a
But I have to take this class for my
90 percent increase in job descriptions that specifically
major. The lectures are very hard to
mention this word. But you might wonder what
understand. I’m having a hard time
curiosity has to do with your job.
with the textbook, too.
92 Audio Scripts
Well, according to a recent study, curiosity is 2. “One issue in many cities is the lack of places for
becoming more and more important at work. More young people to meet and take part in activities.
than half of the managers agreed that it is very Factoría Joven provides a solution to this
important for business success. They said that problem.”
employees who are curious perform better. They think 3. “A city in Gosford, New South Wales, Australia,
more deeply and come up with more creative ideas. addressed this problem. It built a footpath that
Teams that are curious also work better together. goes underneath a railway line.”
So if you are looking to progress in your current job, or 4. “It’s clear that safe public spaces are a good
looking for a new career opportunity, developing your solution to some of the problems in cities today.”
curiosity might be a good thing to do. Not only could it
help you be more successful at work, it could also help LESSON C EXERCISE B
you feel happier and more satisfied with your job.
One issue in big cities is the lack of space. High-rise
buildings can address this problem. Tall buildings
solve this issue by taking up vertical space, which is
Unit 7 unlimited. Another solution is creating public spaces.
Public spaces are a good solution because they
LESSON A EXERCISE A provide people with places to meet outside of their
Creating A More Livable City homes.
A study in the U.S. found that the more people there
are in a city, the more unhappy the residents. Some LESSON C EXERCISE C
reasons include crowded neighborhoods, dirty Where do you usually hang out with friends? In recent
streets, and expensive housing. But not all cities are years, many of us meet and talk to friends online. But
unpleasant places to live. Livable cities allow residents is it better to interact with people in person, in the
to enjoy a healthy and pleasant lifestyle. How can we real world? Some people think so. In fact, sociologist
create more livable cities? Ray Oldenburg thinks that being with people in
Access to services real, physical environments is a much better way to
connect.
Residents should be able to reach important services
easily. Shops and offices should be near homes, and Oldenburg calls physical meeting places “third places.”
good public transportation should make it easy to get Third places are places between work or school
around. There should also be many safe places for or home. They are places where people meet and
pedestrians to walk. talk, relax, and make new friends. Examples of third
places include parks, recreation centers, and even
Lively public spaces
restaurants. One benefit of third places is that they
There should be plenty of public spaces where people often allow people from different backgrounds to
can hang out. Indoor public places such as museums, meet and talk. They create opportunities for people to
community centers, and libraries allow people to make new friends—to connect with people they don’t
connect while enjoying art and culture. There should already know. Third places also help people feel like
also be outdoor public spaces such as parks, where they belong in the community.
people can experience nature and take part in healthy
activities.
LESSON C EXERCISE D
Safe and low-cost homes
A: Hey, Richard! Would you like to go cycling
Houses should not be too expensive. Residents should this weekend?
be able to have their own homes. Neighborhoods
B: That sounds good! But do you have a route
should have safe streets and good lighting. They in mind? It seems like it’s hard to find bicycle
should also look attractive with lots of space and trees. paths in the city.
A: Yeah, that’s true. In fact, there aren’t a lot
LESSON C EXERCISE A of outdoor places for young people to hang
1. “Good public spaces draw people together. They out in our city. Don’t you think that’s an
also solve other problems of city life.” issue?

Audio Scripts 93
 B: Absolutely. Well, one solution might be Finally, we recommend creating a community
“green corridors.” center with desks and laptops. It should be
A: What are those? free, and any resident could go there to use a
computer. The center could also have meeting
B: Green corridors are paths that go around a
areas, printers, and a kitchen. This center
city. These paths connect different parts of
could address the problem of loneliness in our
the city, like from the university to the park.
city. People who usually work alone could have
And you can only walk or cycle on these
a place to hang out with other people. Kids
paths. It’s a healthy, safe way to get around,
and their parents could also have a nice place
and a good way to exercise with other
to use the internet and do schoolwork. Uhm,
people.
OK. That’s it!
A: And the “green” part? You mean trees,
Host: Thank you, Dan. That was great. Questions?
right?
B: Right! Green corridors are filled with trees,
LESSON E EXERCISE A
flowers, and plants.
Habitat 67
A: I see. I think green corridors would also be a
Moshe Safdie is an architect famous for his original
good solution to the problem of having too
ideas for buildings. Safdie’s interest is improving
few green spaces. They would allow people
people’s quality of life in urban areas. Unlike the
to connect with nature right here in the city!
suburbs, where people usually have a lot of room, city
centers can feel crowded. Safdie creates homes that
LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
have a feeling of space. He also includes nature in his
Host: 
Thank you all for coming tonight to designs.
discuss ways to make our city more
In 1967, Safdie designed an apartment building
livable. OK, our first speaker is Dan
complex in Canada called Habitat 67. The complex is
Martinez. Dan?
different from other high-rise buildings. Each Habitat
Dan: Uh, yes. Thanks, everyone for coming 67 unit has space around it. There are roof-top
tonight. So, today our team will be gardens and play areas for children throughout the
recommending three solutions that we complex. There are outside streets instead of indoor
think could make our city more livable. hallways. These features make Habitat 67 feel like a
First of all, we recommend something pretty real community, where people can meet and spend
simple: community gardens. We’d like to time with each other.
create several community gardens around
the city. Residents could have their own area LESSON F EXERCISE F
to plant flowers, fruit, or vegetables. The city it’s a
could also provide lessons, like how to grow
in all
organic vegetables. Community gardens could
be a good solution to the issue of the lack of some are
green spaces and places for outdoor activities instead of
in our city. got a
Another problem in our city is the lack of first of all
places to enjoy art. We could solve this issue
by having more street art. Street art is very
LESSON F EXERCISE G
attractive and it draws people together. The
1. “And there it is, almost 50 years later.”
city could get artists to paint on walls in public
places, like alleys and parks. The painted 2. “It’s a very desirable place to live in.”
alleys would be great places for community 3. “In Singapore, we had an opportunity.”
events, too. The city could close off the alleys 4. “It does not form a wall or an obstruction in
and have street fairs. These events could the city.”
encourage people to meet and connect with
5. “And I want to touch on one more issue, which is
their neighbors.
the design of the public realm.”

94 Audio Scripts
LESSON G EXERCISE B Unit 8
Host: Today, we have invited Greta Davis to
talk about the social benefits of livable LESSON A EXERCISE A
cities. Greta? Feeling Heard in the Workplace
Greta: Hello, Nora. Thank you for inviting me today. A global study in 2021 found that many young workers
First of all, people often think that city life believe they are not heard equally in their workplace.
can be very lonely. But a livable city provides Most of the young workers surveyed felt that they
many opportunities for connecting with could not express their views to their managers freely
people. Livable cities have parks, community and that their opinions were sometimes ignored. Older
centers, outdoor events, and so on. For workers, in contrast, were more confident.
example, in a neighborhood in Copenhagen, There are several possible reasons for this problem:
Denmark, architects designed a park called Traditional workplaces tend to respect older workers
Superkilen. People from many different more than younger workers. Also, suggestions from
cultures live in this neighborhood, so they younger workers may not be taken seriously because
included activities from the different cultures, of their lack of experience.
like chess boards from Bulgaria, and a
Employers need to understand that it is important for
Japanese-style slide for children.
employees to feel listened to. Workers prefer to work
Host: Very cool. in a company where they feel heard. They are generally
Greta: Right. The park gives residents opportunities more involved and perform better.
to meet and hang out with people from
different backgrounds. LESSON B EXERCISE A
Host: What other benefits do livable cities have? Personality traits describe how people tend to think,
Greta: Livable cities are good for mental health. feel, and behave. Many psychologists use the Big
Public spaces like Superkilen allow people Five model to understand personality. As the name
to connect with others. Studies show that suggests, it has five main personality traits. People
people who make connections with others can learn about their personalities based on how
have better mental health. They’re happier high they score for each trait. The first is openness,
and more positive because they feel less which refers to how willing a person is to try new
alone. The World Value Survey interviewed things. People who have a high score for this trait
people in over 40 countries. The survey tend to be curious and like to learn new things.
asked them how happy they were and how Next is conscientiousness, which is how careful and
much time they spent with other people. The organized a person is. People who score highly for
results showed that those who spent more conscientiousness tend to be organized and plan
time with others were happier. ahead. Third, we have extroversion, which means
Livable cities are good for physical health, how outgoing a person is. People who score highly
too. People often think of cities as unhealthy for this trait usually enjoy talking to and being around
places to live in because they are noisy and other people. Fourth is agreeableness, which is how
dirty. But livable cities have lots of green easily a person can get along with others. A person
spaces. These spaces provide clean air who scores high for agreeableness tends to be kind
and encourage outdoor activities. Did you and friendly. And lastly, there is neuroticism, which
know that just being outside is good for your measures how often a person experiences negative
health? A study showed that people who emotions. People scoring high for neuroticism often
spent at least 120 minutes a week in nature tend to feel nervous and sad.
were more likely to say that they were in
good health. LESSON C EXERCISE B
Host: That’s very true! Well, thank you, Greta, 1. “The word introvert is used to describe people
for joining us today. who tend to direct their energy inwards. In other
words, introverts are people who enjoy and get
Greta: My pleasure!
energy from spending time alone.”

Audio Scripts 95
 2. “Interestingly, psychologist Adam Grant has found employees a chance to think about the issues and
that more introverted leaders are more likely to organize their thoughts.
give employees opportunities to express their Next, it’s important for managers to encourage all
views and try out their suggestions. To put it employees to give their opinions both formally and
another way, introverts can make better leaders!” informally. They should regularly ask their team
members for opinions. When employees provide ideas,
LESSON C EXERCISES D AND E managers should be open toward them, and thank
Leo: I’m glad the meeting is finally over. employees for their suggestions—this can encourage
Daniela: Yeah. I found it really hard to others to express their opinions, too.
concentrate when Andy was talking. Thirdly, experts recommend having breaks during
Leo: Me, too. But at least it was easy to office hours when colleagues can get together casually
understand what he was saying. to talk about anything they want. For example, there
could be a Friday coffee break. Over time, employees
Daniela: Really? I’m not sure what he was
are likely to speak up.
trying to say. He spoke so slowly! My
thoughts kept wandering. Finally, regular surveys are an effective way to hear
everyone’s opinions. Online surveys are easy to create
Leo: Well, we speak around 125 words a
and a great way to get honest feedback, especially
minute, but we think a lot faster. In
if employees don’t have to write their names on the
other words, thinking is much faster
survey.
than speaking. So we have space to
think about other things as we listen.
Especially when someone speaks
LESSON E EXERCISE A
slowly. Unpaid Surveys
Daniela: Right. So, I guess it’s not my fault that Why do people participate in research, especially if
I found it difficult to concentrate. they are not paid for it? A U.S. survey showed that the
most popular reason is that people want to share their
Leo: Maybe you could try mindful listening.
concerns and opinions. In other words, they want other
Focus fully on the speaker’s message
people to be aware of their ideas. One in three people
and try not to let your mind wander.
believed that if they provide clear feedback, it could
Simply put, pay close attention. Also,
lead to change. Maybe a problem could be solved,
don’t rush to respond, ask questions,
or a product they use could be improved. Interest is
or draw conclusions.
also key—if someone is interested in a subject, they
Daniela: You mean try to understand what the are much more likely to take a survey about it. People
speaker is saying first? also want to share their personal experiences and
Leo: Yeah, exactly. Another thing is to look feelings. It could be a good experience they had or
at the speaker’s body language. That an experience that upset them. On the other hand,
can help you understand more about there is a group of people who complete surveys just
what they are saying. because they are asked. They feel like they should help
Daniela: Sounds like a good idea. I’ll try it out and will feel bad if they don’t. And then there is also the
next time. simple reason of just having enough time—around one
in ten people said they did a survey to pass the time.
LESSON D EXERCISES A AND B
Studies show that when people feel they are being LESSON F EXERCISE G
listened to, they are happier and more involved in aware
what they do. What can we do to make sure everyone permission
is heard? Here are four recommendations for the consent
workplace.
Firstly, managers can send items for discussion to LESSON F EXERCISE H
employees before meetings. In other words, they can 1. Important
share the meeting topics in advance. This will give
2. Respect

96 Audio Scripts
3. Communicate
4. Dignity

LESSON F EXERCISE I
1. “Informed consent is a central part of ethics.”
2. “As a researcher, you have to be responsible.”
3. “Explain your research so that participants can
understand.”

LESSON G EXERCISE B
Crowdsourcing is not a new idea. The first true
example of crowdsourcing comes from 1879. Writer
James Murray asked his readers to send in examples
of English words. This became the Oxford English
dictionary.
Thanks to modern technology, crowdsourcing is now
easy and very popular. One type of crowdsourcing
is called “citizen science.” This refers to scientific
research done with the help of the public. One way
people can join citizen science projects is to sign up on
a citizen science website. There are usually hundreds
of different projects to choose from. For example,
if you are interested in nature, you could sign up to
record the types of animals or insects in your local
area. You could also study places far from home!
There are many projects run by NASA that citizen
scientists can take part in—from studying penguin
populations to searching for planets.
Most citizen science projects are easy to participate
in. Some do not even require participants to leave
their homes. In the United Kingdom, the Royal Society
for the Protection of Birds, or RSPB, organizes a
countrywide bird watch every year. Anyone can
take part. Participants only have to spend one hour
watching and recording birds in their gardens. They
then send their results to the RSPB. Together, they
provide important information about bird populations
across the U.K. The RSBP Big Garden Birdwatch is
the largest citizen science event in the U.K. During the
COVID-19 lockdowns in 2021, more than one million
people participated.

Audio Scripts 97