Ire Kcse Past Papers With Marking Scheme (2010-2022)

EASY ARABIC
IRE KCSE PAPERS &

MARKING SCHEME
(Paper 1 & 2)
2006-2023
Highly Recommended ebook for familiarising and revising for
KCSE IRE Questions
Prepared by: AHMED A. ABUBAKAR
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I.R.E K.C.S.E. PAPER 1
(314/1)
2006------2022
AHMED A. ABUBAKAR
TETU BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL
Email: aaabubakar85@gmail.com
1
Contents
1. KCSE 2006 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 5
2. KCSE 2007 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 6
3. KCSE 2008 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 7
4. KCSE 2009 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 8
5. KCSE 2010 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 9
6. KCSE 2011 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 11
7. KCSE 2012 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 13
8. KCSE 2013 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 15
9. KCSE 2014 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 17
10.KCSE 2015 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 19
11.KCSE 2016 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 21
12.KCSE 2017 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 23
13.KCSE 2018 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 25
14.KCSE 2019 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 26
15.KCSE 2020 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 28
16.KCSE 2021 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 30
17.KCSE 2022 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 32
18.KCSE 2023 paper 1 ………………………. ……….………………………. 34
19.KCSE 2006 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 37
20.KCSE 2007 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 39
21.KCSE 2008 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 41
22.KCSE 2009 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 442
23.KCSE 2010 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 44
24.KCSE 2011 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 46
25.KCSE 2012 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 48
26.KCSE 2013 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 50
2
27.KCSE 2014 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 52

28.KCSE 2015 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 54
29.KCSE 2016 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 56
30.KCSE 2017 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 58
31.KCSE 2018 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 60
32.KCSE 2019 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 62
33.KCSE 2020 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 64
34.KCSE 2021 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 66
35.KCSE 2022 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 68
36.KCSE 2023 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 70
3
Introduction
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paper 2
This ebook helps IRE students become familiar with IRE questions and prepare
thoroughly for the IRE national examinations
The ebook also help teachers focus on highly tested areas in the KCSE national
examinations and make it easy for students
In future editions of IRE KCSE papers we will include a marking scheme that
will help students and Teachers learn IRE and prepare for KCSE exams .
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4
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Paper 314/1
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2006 PAPER 1
Answer any five Questions

1. a) Give reasons why the Quran is the Last and Final Word of God. (12mks)
b) Why is it important to memorise the Quran? (8mks)
2. a) State the teaching of Suratul Hujurat. (14mks)
b) Give six guidelines on how to worship Allah. (6mks)
3. a) Discuss the importance of Hadith. (8mks)
b) What is the subject matter of Hadith Qudsi? (8mks)
c) Explain any four methods by which Hadith was transmitted during the
life of Prophet Muhammad. (P.B.U.H)
4. a) Discuss the significance of Tawheed. (10mks)
b) Identify five forms of Shirk al-Akbar. (5mks)
c) List five qualities of an Imam. (5mks)
5. a) What is Sijdatu Tilawa? (6mks)
b) Identify types of prayers for special occasions. (5mks)
c) Discuss the importance of Sadaqa in Islam. (9mks)
6. a) What are the differences between sin and crime according to Islam?
(10mks)
b) State the categories of legal acts according to Sharia. (5mks)
c) Give examples of Huduud. (5mks)
5

2 ½ hours
KCSE 2007 PAPER 1
Answer five questions only.

1. (a) Discuss the significance of the preservation of the Quran. (10marks)
(b) Give five benefits of translating the Quran into Kiswahili. (5marks)
(c) What are limitations of translating the Quran into other languages?
(5marks)
2. (a) With reference to Surah An-Nur, describe the prescribed punishments for
Zinaa and for Qadhaf (slander) (8marks)
(b) Sate the teachings of the last two verses of Surah Al-Baqarah (Q 2:285-
286) (12marks)
3. (a) The Prophet (s.a.w) said, “Every one of you is a guardian and is
responsible for his charges..."In the light of this hadith, explain Islam's
position on the care for animals and plants. (14marks)
(b) Discuss the importance of Hadith in the life of a Muslim. (6marks)
4. (a) Explain the significance of Tahweed in the life of a Muslim. (14marks)
(b) Describe the three types of Shirk. (6marks)
5. (a) Give the qualities of a Mujtahid. (8marks)
(b) Outline factors that would hinder the application of Islamic Law in
Kenya. (12marks
6. (a) State acts that are forbidden to a Muslim who is in a state of Ihram.
(10marks)
(b) Give reasons why Muslims slaughter animals during Idd-ul-Adha.
6
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2008 PAPER 1
1. a) Give reasons for narrating stories of the Prophets in the Holy Qur’an.
(10mks)
b) Explain the importance of the Qur’an to a Muslim. (10mks)
2. a) Identify the themes emphasized in the Makkan Surahs. (8mks)
b) Discuss the importance of Surah Fatihah. (12mks)
3. a) Give the conditions that Hadith should fulfill before it is accepted as

Sound Hadith. (10mks)
b) State the methods used by the Prophet (S.A.W) to teach his Sunnah and
Hadith. (10mks)
4. a) Give the terms used in the Qur’an for the Day of Resurrection. (6mks)
b) Explain conditions under which life may be taken as punishment

according to Islamic Law. (8mks)
c) What are the conditions for Tawba? (6mks)
5. a) Give the features of Jumu’a Prayer. (8mks)
b) Explain the significance of Jumu’a prayer. (12mks)
6. a) Define the term Ijtihad. (5mks)
b) Apart from the Qur’an discuss the other sources of Sharia. (15mks)
7
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2009 PAPER 1
1. a) what are the four modes of Wahyi? (4mks)

b) Describe the background to the revelation of SurahAl-Hujurat. (8mks)
c) State ways in which the Quran has been protected from interpolation.
(8mks)
2. a) Identify the groups of people who are not at a loss according to SurahAl-
Asr. (4mks)
b) Give five facts that prove that the Quran is from Allah. (10mks)
c) State the lessons that Muslims can learn from Surah Al-Fiil. (6mks)
3. a) Discuss ways in which Hadith help Muslims regulate their behaviour.
(8mks)
b) Describe the criteria that can be used to detect a fabricated Hadith.
(12mks)
4. a) State conditions that a Muslim should fulfill before going for Hajj.
(10mks)
b) Mention the acts that nullify Saum. (10mks)
5. a) Explain five ways in which Zakat helps to promote national development.
(10mks)
b) Give five differences between Sharia and secular law. (10mks)
6. a) Explain the significance of belief in the Oneness of Allah. (14mks)
b) Identify any six characteristics of the Revealed books. (6mks)
8
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2010 PAPER 1
1. a) Give five reasons for the revelation of the Quran. (5mks)

b) Discuss the significance of the compilation of the Quran. (10mks)
c) State five teachings of Surah Fatihah. (5mks)
2. a) State the etiquettes that should be observed when reading the Quran.
(10 mks)
b) Explain the circumstances that led to the standardization of the Quran.
(10 mks)
3. a) Differentiate between the Quran and Hadith. (10mks)
b) Mention the six authentic books of Hadith (Sahihul Sitta) (6mks)
b) State four ways in which the Swahabas helped in the transmission of
Hadith. (4mks)
4. a) Explain the five different types of Saum. (10mks)
b) State six privileges accorded to a Muslim traveler. (6mks)
c) Illustrate the recommended steps in the performance of Tayammum.
(4 mks)
5. a) Explain five ways in which Muslims can help promote peace in Kenya.
(10 mks)
b) Discuss the significance of the freedom of religion to the Muslims in
Kenya.(10mks)
6. a) Explain five ways in which the Prophets of Allah facilitated divine
guidance. (10mks)
9
b) State the different manifestations of Shirk-al-Akbar. (5mks)

c) State the significance of the Day of Judgment to Muslims. (5mks)
10
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2011 PAPER 1
1 a) Explain ways through which Muslims preserve the Quran today.
(10 marks)
b) Give five reasons why Quran is considered a guide to mankind. (5marks)
c) State the reasons why the Quran was revealed in portions. (5marks)
2 a) Discuss the role played by angel Jibril in the revelation of the Quran
(7 marks)
b) State six attributes of Allah that are mentioned in Ayyatul kursi. (6marks)
c) State the teachings of surah An-Nasr. (7marks)
3 a) Explain the differences between Hadithul Qudsi and Hadithul Nabawi
(6marks)
b) The prophet (s.a.w) said, “Powerful is not the one who subdues others
through physicalstrength, rather powerful is one who can control the
self when angry.” In the light of the above Hadith, state ways through
which Muslims can control anger. (7marks)
c) Give the qualities of a Muhadith. (7marks)
4 a) Give an account of the day of resurrection. (8marks)
b) Describe the relevance of Tahweed in the life of a Muslim. (5marks)
c) What are the characteristics of the prophets of Allah? (7marks)
11
5 a) Discuss how the performance of Hajj creates unity among Muslims.
(10marks)
b) State the Sunnah rites of Hajj. (5marks)
c)) Give five reasons that make it compulsory for Muslims to slaughter
during hajj (5marks)
6 a) what are the differences between zakat and Sadaqa? (10marks)
b) Give the benefits of fasting during the month of Ramadhan. (10marks).
12
KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2012 PAPER 1
1 a. state six characteristics of the language of the Quran. (6mks)
b. Explain seven lessons that Muslims can learn from the last three verses of
surah Al-Baqarah. (Quran 2:284-286)
2 a. state four differences between the compilation and the standardization of

the Holy Quran. (8mks)
b. Why is the Quran considered a miracle by Muslims? (7mks)
c. Give five benefits of translating the Quran into other language. (5mks)
3 a. Describe the criteria used by Muhaddithin to determine the authenticity of

hadith. (8mks)
b. the prophet said, “cursed is he who misleads a blind person away from
his path.” In the reference to the above hadith, state six ways in which
Muslims can care for the disabled members of the society. (6mks)
c. Give six reasons why people invented false Hadith. (6mks)
4. ( a) Differentiate between Jumu’a and Jamaa. (10mks)
b. Identify five categories of Muslims who are exempted from saum. (5mks)
c. Outline the recommended steps in the performance of ghusl. (5mks)
5 a. Discuss four conditions of tawba. (8mks)
b. state seven rights that a Muslim should accord him/herself. (7mks)
13
c. Give five reasons why Qiyas is an important source of Shariah to

Muslims. (5mks)
6 a. In what ways does shirk affect Muslims. (10mks)
b. State five similarities between prophet Musa and Isa. (5mks)
c. Mention five angels and the duties that each performs. (5 mks)
14
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2013 PAPER 1
1. a. Discuss the challenges encountered in translating the Quran into other

languages. (9mks)
b. Describe the background to the revelation of Surah Al-Fiil. (5mks)
c. Describe how the Quran was preserved during the time of the four-rightly
guided Khalifa. (6mks)
2. a. State the moral teachings of Surah An-Nur. (10mks)
b. Why is the Quran considered a perfect revelation? (5mks)
c. State the importance of Surah Al-Fatiha. (5mks)
3. a. Give five reasons that necessitated the collection and compilation of

Hadith after the death of the prophet. (5mks)
b. State the methods used by the prophet to transmit Hadith. (8mks)
c. the prophet said, “seeking knowledge is an obligation on every Muslim.”

State the significance of the above hadith in eradicating illiteracy. (7mks)
4. a. What are the benefits of swalatul Jamaa? (8mks)
b. Describe the factors that led to the development of schools of thought

(Madhhab). (7mks)
c. Identify five items on which Zakat is not payable. (5mks)
5. a. Discuss how the application of Huduud laws can reduce the rate of crime
in the society. (10mks)
15
b. Describe the various ways of performing swalatul musafir. (6mks)
c. State four contributions made by Shafi to Islamic Fiqh. (4mks)
6. a. Give reasons why human beings need divine guidance. (8mks)
b. Explain the importance of the belief in Qadar. (7mks)
c. Outline five characteristics of the Angels of Allah. (5mks)
16
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2014 PAPER 1
1. a. Outline six reasons why the Quran is regarded as the final revelation.
(6mks)
b. why was the Quran was not compiled into one book (Mushaf) during
the lifetime of the prophet. (6mks)
c. state eight characteristics of Makkan Surahs. (8mks)
2. A. state four teachings of surah An-Nasr. (8mks)
b. Give seven conditions to be fulfilled by a translator of the Quran.
(7mks)
c. state five modes of Wahyi. (5mks)
3. a. Describe four ways through which hadith evolved. (8mks)
b. Discuss the contributions of hadith to Islamic culture. (7mks)
c. The Prophet said “I and the person who looks after an orphan will
be in paradise like this”, putting his index and middle fingers together.
In reference to the above hadith, explain five ways through which
Muslims can care for orphan. (5mks)
4. A. Differentiate between fardh and Sunnah saum. (8mks)
b. Explain four effects of swalah in a Muslim. (8mks)
c. Identity four obligatory acts in the performance of wudhu. (8mks)
17
5. a. What are the functions of a kadhi. (8mks)
b. State four contributions of Imam Abu Hanifa to the development of

fiqh. (4mks)
c. Outline the acts forbidden for a pilgrim in the state of Ihram. (8mks)
6. a. Discuss the significance of the belief in Qadha and Qadar in the life of
Muslim. (8mks)
b. State the characteristics of the Ulul-azmi prophets. (5mks)
c. State the functions of an imam. (7mks)
18
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2015 PAPER 1
1 a. Differentiate between Makkan and Madinan surahs (10mks)
b. state six reasons why the prophet emphasized on the recording of the
Quran. (6mks)
c. Give four attributes of Allah as mentioned in Ayatul Kursi. (4mks)
2 a. state eight teachings on slander according to surah An-Nur. (8mks)
b. Give seven reasons why mankind needed the revelation of the Quran.
(7mks)
c. mention five teachings of surah Al-Fatiha. (5mks)
3 a. Discuss the characteristics of the chain of narrators (Isnaad) of a sahih

hadith. (7mks)
b. Explain the significance of hadith in the life of a Muslim. (7mks)
c. The prophet said, “Do not be angry.” In the reference to the above
hadith, state six ways through which Muslims can manage anger.
(6mks)
4 a. Explain four differences between Sijdatu lshukr and the sijda performed
in swalah. (8mks)
b. Suggest six ways in which the collection and distribution of zakat in

Kenya can be improved. (6mks)
c. what is the importance of saum in the life of a Muslim? (6mks)
19
5 a. Discuss the significance of tawba. (10mks)
b. Outline five achievements of Imam Malik as a Muslim jurist. (5mks)
c. state five conditions which necessitate the performance of ghusul. (5mks)
6 a. state eight characteristics of angels of Allah. (8mks)
b. Identify seven duties of the prophets of Allah. (7mks)
c. write five holy scriptures in the correct order in which they were revealed.
(5mks)
20
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2016 PAPER 1
1. a. With reference to surah An-Nur, describe the prescribed punishment for

zinaa and for Qadhaf (slander). (8mks)
b. State the teachings of the last two verses of Surah Al-Baqarah. (12mks)
2. a. Discuss the role played by angel Jibril in the revelation of the Quran.
(6mks)
b. Explain the importance of the Quran to a Muslim. (8mks)
c. Why is the Quran considered a miracle by Muslims. (6mks)
3. a. State the etiquettes that should be observed when reading the Quran.
(10mks)
b. State the methods used by the prophet to teach his Sunnah and Hadith.
(10mks)
4. a. Identify four obligatory acts in the performance of wudhu. (4mks)
b. Explain four effects of swalah on a Muslim. (8mks)
c. Differentiate between fardh and Sunnah saum. (8mks)
5. a. Give five difference between Sharia and secular law. (10mks)
b. Mention the acts that nullify saum. (10mks)
6. a. Mention five angels and the duties that each performs. (5mks)
b. Explain five ways in which the prophets of Allah facilitated divine
guidance. (10mks)
c. Give five characteristics of angels of Allah. (5mks)
21
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2017 PAPER 1
1. a. How do Muslims ensure that the Quran remains in its original form?
(10mks)
b. Describe the divisions of the Holy Quran. (6mks)
c. State four qualities of human beings who are not at a loss according to
surah Al-Asr. ( 4 mks)
2. a. Outline eight characteristics of Madinan surahs (8mks)
b. Mention seven benefits of memorizing the Quran to Muslims. (7mks)
c. State the supplication (dua) as stated in the last verse of surah

Baqarah. (Quran 2:286). (5mks)
3. a. Describe seven ways through which prophet Muhammad conveyed his

Sunnah to the Muslims. (7mks)
b. state seven characteristics of weak (dhaif) hadith. (7mks)
c. The prophet said, “If someone kills a sparrow for sport, the sparrow
will cry out on the day judgment O Lord! That person killed me in
vain, he did not kill me for any useful purpose.” In the reference to the
above hadith, give six reasons why Muslims should care for animal.
(6mks)
4. a. Identify three Muslim festivals and for each give a reason why it is
celebrated. (6mks)
22
b. Outline seven acts that can invalidate saum.
(7mks)
c. State seven rights that a Muslim should accord other people. (7mks)
5. a. Explain the conditions for the use of Ijmah as a source of Shariah.
(6mks)
b. Difference between zakatul-maal and zakatul-fitri. (8mks)
c. what are the social benefits of Hajj to Muslims. (6mks)
6. a. Describe the challenges faced by the prophets of Allah in their mission.
(6mks)
b. Discuss the relevance of the belief in Tawheed to Muslims. (8mks)
c. Give the meaning of each of the following attributes of Allah. (6mks)
i. Ar Rahim
ii. Al-Ghaffar
iii. Arrazaq
iv. Al-Hayyu
v. Al-Qayyum
vi. As-swamad
23
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2018 PAPER 1
1. (a) Differentiate between the Qur’an and Hadith. (8 marks)
(b) Describe six reasons which led to the standardization of the Qur’an.
(6 marks)
(c) Outline six characteristics of the language of the Holy Qur’an.
2. (a) Discuss eight teachings on Muslim brotherhood as derived from Surah

Hujurat. (8 marks)
(b) Give seven reasons why Prophet Muhammad was given the Qur’an in
piece meal. (7 marks)
(c) Suggest five ways through which Muslim can handle the Qur’an with
respect. (5 marks)
3. (a) Describe four ways through which Imam Bukhari ensured authenticity of
his collection of Hadith. (8 marks)
(b) State six characteristics of the matn (text) of an authentic Hadith. (6 mks)
(c) The Prophet said “true believers never waiver in their faith and bow
in front of other fellow human beings so as to gain favour”
In reference to the above Hadith, state six ways through which Muslim can
show reliance on Allah. (6 marks)
4. (a) Discuss the significances of shahada in the life of a Muslim. (7 marks)
(b) Explain four differences between swalatul Idd and the normal Swalat.
24
(8 marks)
(c) State five ways in which the devotional acts inculcate the virtue of
punctuality among Muslims. (5 marks)
5. (a) Give eight social benefits of zakat to Muslims. (8 marks)
(b) State six rights of other creatures of Allah. (6 marks)
(c) Outline six achievements of Imam Ja’far Assidiq. (6 marks)
6. (a) Describe the duties of the following angels of Allah (s.w.t) (5 marks)
(i) Raqib and Atid
(ii) Munkar and Nakir
(iii) Mikail
(iv) Ridhwan
(v) Jibril.
(b) What is the significances of divine guidance in the life of a Muslims?
(7 marks)
(c) State eight similarities in the content of the revealed scriptures. (8 marks)
25
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2019 PAPER 1
1. (a)State the differences between Makkan and Madinah Surah. (8 marks)
(b) Discuss six benefits of translating the Qur’an into other languages.
(6 marks)
(c) Indicate where each one of the following Surah was revealed.
(i) Al-Fatiha(Q:1)
(ii)An-Nasr(Q:110)
(iii)An-Nur(Q:24)
(iv)Al-Hujurat(Q:49)
(v) Al-Fiil(Q:105)
(vi)Al-Asr(Q:103) (6 marks)
2. (a) Describe the circumstances which led to the revelation of Surah Hujurat.
(8 marks)
(b) In which ways did Angel Jibril assist Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬in his
mission? (5 marks)
(c) Mention seven features of Surahs revealed in Makka. (7 marks)
3. (a) Explain four ways which Hadith evolved. (8 marks)
(b) Give three differences between Hadith Qudsi and Hadith Nabawi.
26
(6 marks)
(c) A man came to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and said “Advise me.” The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said
“Do not get angry.” With reference to the Hadith, explain ways through
which a Muslim can manage anger. (6 marks)
4. (a) Identify five conditions for payment of Zakat. (5 marks)
(b) Discuss the significance of tawba in life of a Muslim. (8 marks)
(c) Explain seven conditions to be fulfilled for one to be considered a

Mujtahid in Islam. (7 marks)
5. (a) State six achievements of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. (6 marks)
(b) Differentiate between Zakat and tax. (8 marks)
(c) List six crimes and their punishment according to hudud laws. (6 marks)
6. (a) Why is the belief in Qadar important to a Muslim? (7 marks)
(b) Describe eight characteristics of the revealed books. (8 marks)
(c) State five qualities of the prophets of Allah. (5marks)
27
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2020 PAPER 1
1. (a) why did mankind need the revelation of the Quran? ( 8 marks)
( b ) Give six lessons that Muslims learn from the last three verses of surah Al-
Baqarah ( Q284-286) ( 6 marks)
(c ) state six ways through which the Quran is preserved in present times
( 6 marks)
2. ( a ) State seven teachings of morality from Surah An-Nur ( 7 marks)
( b ) Describe the process of compilation of the Quran ( 6 marks)
( c ) Mention seven scribes who were used by the prophet ( p.b.u.h) to record
the revelation of the Quran ( 7 marks)
3 ( a ) Discuss the significance of hadith in the life of a Muslim ( 7 marks)
( b ) Explain three forms of Hadith ( 6 marks)
( c ) The prophet ( p.b.u.h.) said ‘’ search for knowledge is obligatory upon every
Muslim male and female’’ in reference to the hadith, state the importance of
knowledge in Islam ( 7 marks)
4 ( a ) Mention six acts that nullify wudhu ( 6 marks)
( b ) Identify seven categories of Muslims who qualify to receive zakat
( 7 marks)
28
( c ) State the role of kadhi in Kenya ( 7 marks)
5 ( a ) Explain seven conditions to be fulfilled before going to Hajj ( 7 marks)
( b ) Differentiate between faradh and Sunnah acts in Islam ( 5 marks)
( c ) Differentiate between Islamic shariah and secular laws ( 8 marks)

6 ( a ) Give six reasons why shirk is condemned in Islam ( 6 marks)
( b ) State the different interpretations of the word ‘’imam’’ ( 6 marks)
( c ) How did the prophets of Allah facilitate divine guidance to their

communities? ( 8 marks)
29
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2021 PAPER 1
1.(a ) Describe the language and style of the Quran ( 7 marks)

( b ) How can Muslims apply the teachings of Surah Al-Asr in their lives ( 6 marks)
( c) State seven ways in which the Quran was preserved during the period of the
rightly guided Khalifas ( 7 marks)
2. ( a) Why is the Quran considered as perfect revelation from Allah to mankind?
(7 marks)
(b ) Discuss the social teachings of Surah An-Nur ( 8 marks)
(c ) State five similarities between Quran and Hadith Qudsi ( 5 marks)
3 ( a ) Why did it became necessary to collect and compile Hadith after the death
of the prophet (p.b.u.h.) ? (7 marks)
( b ) State seven conditions that a matn of a hadith should fulfill before it is

accepted as authentic ( 7 marks)
( c ) The prophet ( p.b.u.h.) said “ Cursed is he who misleads a blind person from
his path” In reference to the Hadith, explain six ways through which Muslims can
care for the disabled. ( 6 marks)
4 ( a ) Mention five categories on which zakat is payable ( 5 marks)
( b ) Differentiate between Swalatul Idd and Swalatul Jumaa ( 8 marks)
( c ) Discuss the rationale for the punishment of Islamic law ( 7 marks)
30
5 ( a ) State six contributions of Imam Malik to Islamic jurisprudence ( 6 marks)
( b ) In which ways can Zakat promote economic development of a nation ?
( 7 marks)
( c ) State seven qualities of Mujtahid ( 7 marks)
6.( a) Differentiate between Angels and human beings ( 8 marks)
(b) Explain six Islamic beliefs about Yaumul Qiyama ( 6 marks)
( c ) Discuss the effects of Shirk ( 6marks)
31
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2022 PAPER 1
1. ( a ) Give eight reasons why the Quran was not compiled during the lifetime of
the prophet(p.b.u.h) (8 marks)
( b ) why was the Quran revealed in Arabic ? ( 6 marks)
( c ) Identify six attributes of Allah mentioned in Ayatul kursi. ( 6 marks)
2. ( a ) why is the Quran considered a miracle by Muslims? ( 8 marks)
( b) Outline six benefits of diacriticalisation of the Quran ( 6 marks)
( c) State six characteristics of believers in Surah An-Nur ( 6 marks)
3 ( a) Describe the simple classification of Hadith ( 6 marks)
( b) Explain the test used to determine the authenticity of a Hadith ( 7 marks)
( c) The prophet (p.b.u.h.) said “ the best home for Muslims is one where in there
is an orphan who is treated well’’ In reference to the Hadith, give seven ways in
which Muslims can take care of orphans. ( 7 marks)
4. ( a ) Identify eight categories of legal acts in Islamic law. ( 8 marks)
( b ) State six principles of peaceful co-existence according to Surah Al-Hujarat

( Q49) ( 6 marks)
( c ) State six lessons a Muslim youth can learn from the life of Imam Shaffi .
( 6 marks)
32
5 ( a ) Outline six restrictions of ihram ( 6 marks)
( b ) What are the benefits of performing Swalat in congregation? ( 6 marks)
( c ) Explain four differences between Zakat and Sadaqah. ( 8 marks)
6.(a ) State six ways in which Hadith is being preserved in modern times.
( 6 marks)
( b ) State the Islamic teachings on rewards by Allah. ( S.W.) ( 6 marks)
( c ) How does the belief in the oneness of Allah affect the life of a Muslim?
( 8 marks)
33
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION Paper 1

2 ½ hours
KCSE 2023 PAPER 1
1.
a) Describe the methods used by the companions of the prophet p.b.u.h to
preserve the Quran (6marks)
b) How did angel Jibril help the prophet p.b.u.h during the revelation of the
Quran (6marks)
c) Discuss the lessons a Muslim can learn from Surah Al-hujrat (8marks)
2.
a) Explain the significance of Surah Al-Fatiha (6marks)

b) Describe the process of compilation of Quran during Abubakar’s reign
(8marks)
c) Outline six characteristics of Madinan Surahs (6marks)
3.
a) State Five themes of Al- Muwatta of Imam Malik (5marks)

b) Describe the develop of had during the period of Tabi-Taabiin (5marks)
c) The prophet p.b.u.h said seeking knowledge is mandatory for every

muslim . How can muslims improve the standards of education in the
society to enable all muslims to seek knowledge (10marks)
4.
34
a) Describe seven ways in which performance of swalat demonstrates unity

among muslims (7marks)
b) Explain six social benefits of Saum (6marks)
c) State the seven factors that encouraged the companions of the prophet
p.b.u.h to study hadith (7marks)
5.
a) Discuss the contributions made by Imam Ab Hanifa to Fiqh (8marks)
b) Mariam wanted to perform Asr prayer .She discovered that there was no
water and decided to perform Tayyamum . Describe how she would
perform Tayyamum (5marks)
c) Outline the seven acts that nullify swalat (7marks)
6.
a) Differentiate between Quran and other revealed scriptures (8marks)
b) Mention the five revealed scriptures in the order of their revelation
(5marks)
c) Outline the stages that a muslim go through on the day of judgment
(7marks)
35
I.R.E. K.C.S.E. PAPER 2

(314/2)
2006------2022
AHMED A. ABUBAKAR
TETU BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL
@ 2023
36
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2006 PAPER 2
1 a. Discuss the effects of sexual pervasion in the society (10mks)
b. Give reasons why abortion is prohibited in Islam (5mks)
c. state any five deeds that leads to piety and righteousness (5mks)
2. a. why is Riba prohibited in Islam (8mks)
b. state lawful acts in commercial trade (7mks)
c. Give reasons why agreement and contracts have to be documented (5mks)
3. a. state un-Islamic social practice that characterise the Jahiliyyah period in

Arabia. (8mks)
b. identify four human rights issue in the Madina constitution that are found
in modern charters and constitution. (4mks)
c. state the function of chief Kadhi’s court in Kenya. (8mks)
4. a. describe the relationship between the Muhajirun and Ansar. (7mks)
b. Discuss Umar ibn Khattab’s contribution to the cause of Islam during the
prophet’s time. (8mks)
c. what are the benefits of the Muslim brotherhood. (5mks)
37
5. a. Identify the social achievements of the prophet Muhammad during his

lifetime. (9mks)
b. outline five achievements of the Fatimid dynasty. (5mks)
c. Discuss the effects of the first Muslim contact with the coast of East
Africa. (6mks)
6. a. Give reasons for the rise of Jama’a in Hausa land under the shehu
Uthman Dan Fodio. (8mks)
b. Describe the shehu Uthman Dan Fodio the administrative structure.
(7mks)
c. what actions were regarded as a war crime by shehu Uthman Dan Fodio.
(5mks)
38
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2007 PAPER 2
1. a. “O you who believe! Stand out firmly for the Allah as just witnesses;
and let not the enmity and hatred of others make you avoid justice. Be
just: that is nearer to piety: and fear Allah. Verily, Allah is well-
acquainted with what you do.” (Quran 5:8)
With reference to the above verse explain six other factors that may
promote injustice in society. (12mks)
b. in what ways can involvement in gambling undermine a person’s

integrity. (8mks)
2. a. Give reasons why it is important for a Muslim to leave wasiya. (8mks)
b. what is Eddat. (4mks)
c. Explain the types of Eddat
(8mks)
3. a. state the rights of a woman in Islam. (10mks)
b. Give the Islamic manners on walking (5mks)
c. suggest five ways in which Muslims in Kenya could help in the fight
against drug and substance abuse. (5mks)
4. a. Discuss the contributions made by Ali bin Abu Talib to the prophet’s
mission. (10mks)
39
b. What challenges did Sayyidna Ali face when he took over as caliph.
(10mks)
5. a. Discuss the role of the city states on the East coast of Africa in the
spread of Islam in the region in the period between 1700 and 1900 A.D.
(12mks)
b. Elaborate the contributions made by Muslims to politics in Kenya

since 1945. (8mks)
6. a. Explain the views of Hassan-al-Banna on Islamic education. (12mks)
b. Discuss the contribution made by Sheikh Al-Amin Ali Al-Mazrui in

promoting education among Muslims in Kenya. (8mks)
40
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2008 PAPER 2
1. a. Discuss the importance of marriage in Islam. (10mks)
b. Give reasons why it is important for Muslims to conserve the

environment. (10mks)
2. a. Define the term Mirath (3mks)
b. Describe the significance of Mirath. (12mks)
c. Identify five forms of child abuse prevalent in Kenya. (5mks)
3. a. state the manners of eating according to Islam. (8mks)
b. Identify ways in which Muslims in Kenya can show Taqwa. (12mks)
4. a. Discuss the contribution made by the Ansaar to the Development of

Islam. (12mks)
b. Give reasons why the Madina contribution was written. (8mks)
5. a. Discuss the factors that led to the fall of the Abbasid Dynasty. (10mks)
b. Discuss the contribution made by Abbasid to education. (10mks)
6. a. Elaborate the contribution made by Ibn Sina to medicine. (7mks)
b. Discuss ways in which Islamic culture has influenced the Kenyan

society. (13mks)
41
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2009 PAPER 2
1 a. Give any four basic principles of Islamic morality (4mks)
b. Discuss the significance of Amr BilMaaruf waNahyi Anil Munkar

(commanding good and forbidding evil) in preventing social evils among
Muslim. (10mks)
c. state six rules on the Islamic code of dress. (6mks)
2 a. what is the significance of the law of Mirath (inheritance) in Islam.
(8mks)
b. Explain the Importance of Eddat in Islamic Law. (6mks)
c. state any six Islamic rules that governs the relationship between Muslims
and non-Muslims. (6mks)
3 a. identify five illegal ways of earning money according to Islam.(5mks)
b. Give the conditions that an agreement has to fulfil for it to be binding to

two parties according to Islam. (8mks)
c. state any seven rights of children in Islam. (7mks)
4 a. Describe the methods used by the Quraysh to persecute the early Muslims
in Mecca. (12mks)
b. Give reasons why Sayyidna Uthman ibn Affan was elected Caliph.
(8mks)
42
5 a. Elaborate on any six achievements of the Umayyad Dynasty. (6mks)
b. Discuss any seven challenges faced by Muslims in Kenya in the 19th

century. (14mks)
6 a. Discuss the contributions made by sheikh Abdallah Swaleh Farsy to the

growth of Islam in East Africa. (12mks)
b. In what ways have Muslims in Kenya helped in the provision of medical

services. (8mks)
43
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2010 PAPER 2
1 a. Give five reasons why Muslims advocate abstinence in the prevention of

HIV/AIDS. (10mks)
b. ‘And those who when they spend, are neither extravagance nor
niggardly, but hold a medium (way) between those extremes,’ (Quran
25:67). With the reference to the above verse from the Quran give five
reasons why Islam condemns Israaf (extravagance) (5mks)
c. state five rules on walking according to Islamic teaching. (5mks)
2 a. what are the effects of divorce on the children? (10mks)
b. Describe five conditions under which polygamy is allowed in Islam.
(5mks)
c. state five rights a Muslim girl child. (5mks)
3 a. Explain five ways in which Muslims in Kenya help in reduction of

poverty in their community. (10mks)
b. Give six reasons why record keeping is important in business transaction.
(6mks)
c. state four rules that a Muslim should observe before taking a loan from
the bank. (4mks)
44
4. a. Describe the social conditions prevailing in Mecca when
Prophet Muhammad (p.u.b.h) was born. (8mks)
b. state the effects of the battle of Badr on the prophet’s mission.
(7mks)
c. Mention five contributions of Ali bin Talib to the development of Islam.
(5mks)
5 a. Discuss five reasons that led to fall of the Fatimid Dynasty. (10mks)
b. Explain five challenges Kenyan Muslims face in education. (10mks)
6 a. Discuss Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio’s contribution to the development of

Islam in Northern Nigeria. (10mks)
b. Discuss five achievements of Sayyid Qutb. (10mks)
45
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2011 PAPER 2
1 a. Explain the Islamic measures put in place to guard the society

against Zinaa. (10mks)
b. How has the mass media eroded the morals of the Muslim youth in
Kenya. (10mks)
2 a. Discuss the reasons for Jihad in Islam. (10mks)
b. state the rules of Jihad according to Islamic teaching.
(10mks)
3 a. Discuss the effects of corruption on the Muslim society.
(10mks)
b. what are the rights of a Muslim husband. (5mks)
c. state the conditions of borrowing and lending money in Islam.
(5mks)
4 a. Discuss the contributions made by Abubakar Assadiq to the

development of Islam. (10mks)
b. Explain ways through which prophet Muhammad eliminated

racism.
(10mks)
46
5 a. Mention the reforms introduced by Khalifa Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz of

the Umayyads. (5mks)
b. Give reasons that contributed to the fall of Umayyad dynasty
(7mks)
c. Outline the challenges faced by Muslims in the spread of Islam in

East Africa in the period between 1700 and 1900 A.D (5mks)
6 a. state the contributions made by Imam Al-Ghazali to the

development of Islam. (10mks)
b. what were the views of ibn Khaldun on education.? (10mks)
47
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2012 PAPER 2
1 a. Discuss ways through which Muslims can discourage gambling in the

society. (8mks)
b. Explain the rationale for the prohibition of homosexuality in Islam.
(8mks)
c. Give four reasons why Muslims should exercise self-control in their daily
lives. (4mks)
2 a. “….and made you people and tribes that you may know you may
know one another.” (Quran 49:13) in reference to the above verse, explain
ways through which Muslims can co-exist peacefully with people of
different nations. (10mks)
b. Describe the importance of wasiya to Muslims. (10mks)
3 a. Describe the importance of marriage in Islam. (10mks)
b. Explain the effects of domestic violence on the family. (6mks)
c. Identify four legitimate sources of earnings in Islam. (4mks)
4 a. Discuss the influence of Islam along the coast of East Africa in the 19th
century. (10mks)
b. Elaborate on five challenges faced by Sayyidna Uthman ibn Affan during

his caliphate. (10mks)
48
5 a. state the contributions made by the Abbasids towards the development of

education. (8mks)
b. what lessons can Muslims learn from the conquest of Mecca in 630 A.D.
(7mks)
c. Highlight the importance of the treaty of Hudaibiya to Muslims. (5mks)
6 a. Discuss five contributions made by Muslim scholars to science.
(10mks)
b. In what ways did Hassan-al-Banna contributed to the growth and

development of Islam in the 20thcentury? (10mks)
49
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2013 PAPER 2
1. a. Discuss the effects of sexual perversions on the society. (8mks)
b. State any five etiquettes of speech according to Islamic teaching. (5mks)
c. Give the rationale for the prohibition of intoxicants in Islam. (7mks)
2. a. Discuss the effects of terrorism on the society. (8mks)
b. State the rights of a Muslim wife. (8mks)
c. Identify four conditions to be fulfilled before the administration of the

estate of a deceased Muslim. (4mks)
3. a. Explain the Islamic teachings on the acquisition and ownership of

property. (8mks)
b. Under what circumstances is a business contract considered invalid in

Islam. (7mks)
c. Describe five measures that can be taken to guard against hoarding.
(5mks)
4. a. Describe the lessons that Muslims can learn from the prophet’s farewell
speech. (8mks)
b. In what ways did Prophet Muhammad encourage religious tolerance?
(6mks)
c. State the problems faced by Ali bin Abu Talib during his caliphate. (6mks)
50
5. a. Discuss the challenges faced by Muslims in practicing Islam in Kenya.
(7mks)
b. State the achievements of the Fatimid dynasty. (7mks)
c. Explain the contributions of Muslims to the development of culture in

East Africa. (6mks)
6. a. Discuss the contributions of sheikh Al-Amin Mazrui to the development of

Education in East Africa. (10mks)
b. Give brief biography of Ibn Sina. (10mks)
51
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2014 PAPER 2
1. a. Describe the benefits of having good morals to the Muslim youth. (8mks)
b. Discuss the rationale for the prohibition of abortion in Islam. (7mks)
c. State five Islamic manners of sleeping that a Muslim can adopt from the
Sunnah of the prophet. (5mks)
2. a. State three factors that will prevent an heir from inheriting a deceased
Muslim. (3mks)
b. How does Islam empower women economically? (7mks)
c. Describe five ways through which through which Muslims can assist in
the eradication of corruption in the society. (10mks)
3. a. Describe the process of talaq in Islam. (6mks)
b. State seven reasons why the family is considered as the foundation of the
Islamic society. (7mks)
c. Highlight seven measures put in place by Islam to eliminate racism.
(7mks)
4. a. What are the similarities between the reign of Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz and
Umar al Khattab. (5mks)
b. Explain five effects of the contact between the Arab settlers and the
indigenous people of the East African before the 19th century. (10mks)
52
c. State five lessons that Muslims learn from the leadership of Khalifa
Ma’mun in the development of education during the Abbasid era. (5mks)
5. a. Elaborate on the role played by Nabongo Mumia in the spread of the Islam
in western Kenya. (10mks)
b. State four measures undertaken by the prophet in the preparation for Hijra
to Madina. (4mks)
c. Explain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Khawarij

movement. (6mks)
6. a. Describe eight lessons that a Muslim can learn from Sheikh Abdallah
Saleh Farsy. (8mks)
b. State seven measures introduced by Hassan Al-Banna to reform the

Egyptian society. (7mks)
c. How can a Muslim youth use the social media to promote good and forbid
evil? (5mks)
53
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2015 PAPER 2
1. a. state eight remedies recommended by Islam to control the spread of HIV/

AIDS . (8mks)
b. Give seven reasons why Muslims are discouraged from engaging in vain
talk. (7mks)
c. Explain the rationale for the prohibition of khat (Miraa) in Islam. (5mks)
2. a. Give seven reasons why the prophet married more than one wife. (7mks)
b. State seven rights of a child in Islam. (7mks)
c. What are the differences between the Eddat of a widow and the Eddat of a
divorced woman? (6mks)
3. a. Describe seven benefits of keeping records in business transactions

according to Islamic teachings. (7mks)
b. state seven rules governing money lending in Islam. (7mks)
c. Identify six causes of corruption in the society. (6mks)
4. a. Discuss four challenges faced by Khalifa Abubakar during his reign.
(8mks)
b. What lessons can Muslims learn from the battle of khandaq? (6mks)
c. State six effects of the social boycott imposed on the Muslims by the
Quraysh. (6mks)
54
5. a. Explain four differences between the Hijrah to Abbysinia and Hijrah to

Madina. (8mks)
b. Outline six achievements of Harun Ar-Rasheed of the Abbasids. (6mks)
c. State six factors responsible for the spread of Islam in North Eastern
Kenya up to the 12th century. (6mks)
6. a. In what ways did Prophet Muhammad advocate for the improvement of

the status of women? (7mks)
b. Describe seven lessons that Muslim youth can learn from Imam Ghazali’s
rules of conducts. (7mks)
c. State the role played by Muslims in the political development of Kenya

since independence. (6mks)
55
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2016 PAPER 2
1. a. Describe the benefits of having good morals to the Muslim youth. (8mks)
b. Discuss the rationale for the prohibition of abortion in Islam. (7mks)
c. State five Islamic manners of sleeping that a Muslim can adopt from the
Sunnah of the prophet. (5mks)
2. a. Discuss the effects of terrorism on the society. (8mks)
b. State the rights of a Muslim wife. (8mks)
c. Identify four conditions to be fulfilled before the administration of the

estate of a deceased Muslim. (4mks)
3. a. Describe seven benefits of keeping records in business transaction

according to Islamic teaching. (7mks)
b. State seven rules governing money lending in Islam. (7mks)
c. Identify six causes of corruption in the society. (6mks)
4. a. Describe the lessons that Muslims can learn from the Prophet’s farewell
speech. (8mks)
b. In what ways did prophet Muhammad encouraged religious tolerance.
(6mks)
c. State the problem faced by Ali bin Abi Talib during his caliphate. (6mks)
56
5. a. State the contributions made by the Abbasid towards the development of

education. (8mks)
b. What lesson can a Muslims learn from the conquest of Makkah in 630
A.D (7mks)
c. Highlight the importance of the Hudaibiyah to Muslims. (5mks)
6. a. discuss contributions made by Muslims scholars to science. (10mks)
b. in what ways did Hassan-al-Banna contribute to the growth and

development of Islam in 20thcentury. (10mks)
57
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2017 PAPER 2
1 a. Describe seven ways in which Islam has helped in curbing the spread of
HIV/AIDS. (7mks)
b. Under what circumstances are Muslims expected to exercise sabr.
(6mks)
c. Discuss the rationale for the prohibition of Zinaa in Islam. (7mks)
2 a. Explain six measures that can be adopted by Muslims to guard against

terrorism. (6mks)
b. State seven duties of a Muslim husband. (7mks)
c. Mention seven unlawful acts in trade. (7mks)
3 a. Explain ways through which Muslims can co-exist peacefully with non-
Muslims. (8mks)
b. Elaborate on the effects of riba on the Muslims. (7mks)
c. state the reasons for polygamy in Islam. (5mks)
4 a. state the role played by Kabaka Mutesa in the spread of Islam in Buganda
in the 19th. (7mks)
b. How did the Muslims benefit from the Hijra to Madina.
(8mks)
c. what lessons can Muslims learn from the treaty of Hudaibiya. (5mks)
58
5 a. In what ways did the battle of Badr affect the prophet’s mission?
(7mks)
b. Mention seven contributions of Uthman bin Affan to the development of

Islam. (7mks)
c. State six contributions of Muslim scholars to Education.
(6mks)
6 a. Discuss three reasons why Abubakar As-sadiq was elected as the first
Khalifa. (6mks)
b. State seven contributions of the Muhajirun to the development of Islam.
(7mks)
c. Outline seven social achievements of Prophet Muhammad during his

lifetime. ( 7mks)
59
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2018 PAPER 2
1. (a) Discuss the rationale behind the prohibition of gambling in Islam.
(8 marks)
(b) State seven benefits that Muslims gain from practicing the virtue of
Qanaa. (7 marks)
(c) Give five reasons why Muslims are prohibited from consuming dead
meat. (5 marks)
2. (a) State seven conditions that may necessitate a wife to seek for dissolution
of marriage through the Kadhis Court. (7 marks)
(b) Suggest seven ways through which Muslims can assist in curbing
domestic violence. (7 marks)
(c) In which ways can hoarding affect the Muslim community? (6 marks)
3. (a) Identify six responsibilities of a Muslim wife. (6 marks)
(b) Discuss the effects of corruption on the Muslim society. (8 marks)
(c) State six conditions to be adhered to before a Muslim takes a loan from a
bank. (6 marks)
4. (a) Highlight the importance of the constitution of Madina to the Muslims.
(7 marks)
(b) Elaborate on the challenges experienced by Muslims in the early years of

Islam. (6 marks)
60
(c) State seven achievements of Khalifa Abubakar. (R.A). (7 marks)
5. (a) Explain six factors that facilitated the spread of Islam in both Mumias
and Buganda in the Nineteenth Century. (6 marks)
(b) Discuss four factors that led to the rise of the Ummayad dynasty.
(8 marks)
(c) In what ways did Umar-al-Khattab support the Prophet in his mission?
(6 marks)
6. (a) Describe six lessons that a Muslims youth can learn from Sheikh Al-Amin
Mazrui. (6 marks)
(b) State six social issues highlighted by the Prophet during Hijjatul Wida
(farewell Hajj). (6 marks)
(c) Describe the incident when Muhammad received the first revelation at
the cave of Hira. (8 marks)
61
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2019 PAPER 2
1. (a) Describe the rationale behind the prohibition of slander in Islam.
(6 marks)
(b) Elaborate the ways in which HIV/AIDS has affected the Muslim society
today. (8 marks)
(c) Mention six Islamic manners of walking. (6 marks)
2. (a) State seven benefits of writing a will before a Muslim dies. (7 marks)
(b) Explain six teachings of Islam that married couples can adopt in order to
avoid talaq. (6 marks)
(c) Identify seven unlawful acts in business transactions. (7 marks)
3. (a) State seven rules to be observed by a Muslim shopkeeper when selling

goods to customers. (7 marks)
(b) Give six ways through which Islam empower women economically.
(6 marks)
(c) State seven Islamic teachings on acquisition of wealth. (7 marks)
4. (a) Discuss ways in which Muslim city states on the East Coast of Africa
facilitated the spread of Islam in the region between 1700 and 1900 A.D.
(6 marks)
(b) State six reasons that led to the fall of the Fatimid’s empire. (6 marks)
62
(c) In what ways did Umar al-Khattab contribute to the growth of Islam
before he became a Khalifa? (7 marks)
5. (a) Give six reasons why Sayyidna Abubakar (R.A) was elected Khalifa.
(6 marks)
(b) Explain four factors that led to battle of Badr. (8marks)
(c) In which ways has Islam discouraged slavery? (6 marks)
6. (a) Discuss eight contributions made by Abbasids in the field of Education.
(8 marks)
(b) State Imam Ghazali’s view on children’s education. (6 marks)
(c) Elaborates six achievements of Khalifa Ali (R.A). (6 marks)
63
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2020 PAPER 2
1. (a) Discuss the significance of Islamic dress code. (8 marks)
(b) Identify three types of food prohibited in the Quran and for each, give a
reason for its prohibition. ( 6 marks)
(c) State six ways in which Muslims can prevent zinaa in the society.
( 6 marks)
2. (a) Mention four main categories of heirs and their shares according to the
law of mirath (8 marks)
(b) Mention five responsibilities of children towards their parents ( 5 marks)
(c) Identify seven unlawful acts in business transactions. (7 marks)
3. (a) Explain eight ways through which Muslims can eradicate child abuse in
the society ( 8 marks)
(b) Enumerate eight Islamic rules that govern the relationship between
Muslims and non- Muslims ( 8 marks )
(c) Explain four conditions of polygamy in Islam ( 4 marks)
4. (a) Outline eight contributions of Umar bin Al-khattab ( R.A) during his
caliphate ( 8 marks )
(b) Highlight the challenges experienced by the Muslims after Hijra to

Madina ( 7 marks )
64
(c) Mention five religious groups that existed in Makka during the jahiliya
period. ( 5 marks)
5. (a) Outline seven results of the contact of between Arab settlers and the
indigenous people of East Coast of Africa before the 19th century. ( 7 marks)
(b) Discuss the role played by Nabongo Mumia in the spread of Islam in
western Kenya ( 7 marks)
(c) State six achievements of Muawiya bin Abu sufyan ( 6 marks)
6. (a) Explain eight views of ibn khaldun on education (8 marks)
(b) Outline seven contributions of Hassan Al-Banna to Islam ( 7 marks)
(c) Outline five contributions of Muslims to the field of medicine (5 marks)
65
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2021 PAPER 2
1 ( a ) What is the Significance of the Islamic Morals? ( 7 marks)
( b ) Describe seven Islamic manners of eating ( 7 marks)
( c ) State six benefits of conserving the environment ( 6 marks)
2. ( a ) State seven effects of domestic violence in the society ( 7marks)
( b) Discuss seven ways through which Muslims can fight against

radicalisation and terrorism ( 7 marks)
( c ) State six rights of a child according to shariah ( 6 marks)
3. (a) Explain the machinery for talaq ( 6 marks)
(b) State seven rights accorded to a wife by Islam ( 7 marks)
(c ) Give seven effects of child abuse ( 7 marks)
4. (a) Describe the different ways in which the Muslims were persecuted by the
Quraysh during the early years of Islam, ( 7 marks)
( b ) State the accusations levelled against Khalifa Uthman ( 7 marks).
( c ) Give six reasons that led to the fall of the Ummayad dynasty. ( 6 marks)
5. (a ) Discuss seven factors that influenced the spread of Islam in the interior of
Kenya ( 7 marks)
( b ) Outline seven achievements of Harun Ar Rashid of the Abbasids ( 7 marks)
66
(c ) Describe the challenges faced by Muslims in Kenya ( 6 marks)

6 (a ) Give eight lessons that Muslims learn from sheikh Uthman Dan Fodio
(8 marks)
( b ) Discuss five contributions of Muslim to the political development in Kenya in

the Nineteenth Century ( 5 marks)
( c ) State the role played by Sheikh Abdalla Saleh Farsy to the development of
Islam. ( 7 marks)
67
2 ½ hours
KCSE 2022 PAPER 2
1.(a) Why should Muslims exercise self-control? ( 7 marks)

( b ) In which ways can Muslims exercise justice towards their servants?
( 6 marks)
( c ) Discuss ways through which Islam helps to combat HIV/AIDS. ( 7 marks)
2. (a) Why did the prophet Muhammed(p.b.u.h.) marry wives? ( 6 marks)
( b ) State seven duties of a Muslim. ( 7 marks)
( c ) State seven factors that facilitated the Prophet’s migration to Madina
( 7 marks)
3. ( a ) what is the significance of observation of Iddah by a Muslim woman?
(6 marks)
( b ) Describe seven ways through which Muslims can combat terrorism
( 7 marks)
( c ) Identify seven remedies of corruption ( 7 marks)
4. ( a ) State six lessons that Muslims can learn from the incident of Isra wal miraj
( 6 marks)
( b) Describe seven achievements of prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.). (7 marks)
( c ) State seven contributions of Muslims to Education in East Africa in Twentieth
Century. ( 7 marks)
5. ( a ) State the achievements of khalifa Maamun of the Abbasids. ( 7 marks)
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( b) Describe the factors responsible for the spread of Islam in the interior of
Tanzania in the Nineteenth Century ( 7 marks)
( c ) State six contributions of Uthman Dan Fodio to the development of Islam.
( 6 marks)
6.(a) Give seven lessons that Muslims learn the rules of conduct of Imam
Al-Ghazali. (7 marks)
( b) State six achievements of fatimids. ( 6 marks)
( c ) Explain the importance of the conquest of Makka. ( 7 marks)
69
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION Paper 2

2 ½ hours
KCSE 2023 PAPER 2
1.
a) During a local Baraza meeting in Peptone village , Mr Hamza raised a
concern on number of Muslim Youth who were engaged in online betting
. Describe seven measures that the community can put in place to curb
this vice (7marks)
b) During a Geography field trip , the Muslim students of Kilimanjaro Boys

School slept in one tent .State seven manners of sleeping that they
observed (7marks)
c) Discuss the benefits of commanding good and forbidding evil in the

society . (6marks)
2.
a) Describe six rules to be observed by a widow in Eddat (6marks)

b) There has been a shortage of petrol and Rajab , the owner of a petrol
station is hoarding his stock in anticipation of price increase.Give six
reasons why you would discourage Rajab from this act (6marks)
c) Discuss eight measures recommended in islam to eradicate prostitution
in the society (8marks)
3.
a) Sabrina wants to engage in business and approaches one of her friends

for advice. Identify eight illegitimate business practises her friend could
advise her to avoid (8marks)
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b) Discuss the significance of marriage in Islam (8marks)

c) Describe how the law of mirath enhances unity in the family (4marks)
4.
a) Describe how the social conditions that prevailed in Pre-Islamic Arabia

(8marks)
b) State six factors that favoured the selection of Abubakar as the first
Khalifa in Islam (6marks)
c) Routine the six terms of constitution of Medinah (6marks)
5.
a) Give a brief biography of Uthman Dan Fodio (7marks)
b) Outline seven factors that led to raise of Abbasid dynasty (7marks)
c) State six similarities between Umar al-Khattab and Umar bin Abdul Aziz
(6 marks)
6.
a) Discuss seven factors that led to spread of Islam in North Eastern Kenya
up to the 20th Centuary (7 marks)
b) Discuss the seven lessons a muslim can learn from the life history of Ibn
Khaldun (7 marks)
c) State six similarities between Sheikh Al-Amin Mazrui and Sheikh
Abdallah Saleh Farsy in their contribution to islam (6mark
71
PAPER 1 MARKING
SCHEME
for more visit: eazyarabic.com


KCSE 2006 PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME
1 a) Reasons why the Quran is the Last and Final Word of God.
i. Quran was given to the last Prophet, no other Prophet will come after Muhammad (s.a.w)
and thus his revelation was considered the final revelation.
ii. The Quran is a miracle, it is beyond human power, and this is because no human being
can reproduce a copy similar to it.
iii. The Quran is addressed to the whole mankind whereas the previous revelations were
addressed to a particular people, for instance, Taurat was meant for the Jews only.
iv. The message of the Quran is eternal, since it is applicable anywhere around the world and
at all times its judgment is perfect putting in consideration the question of equity.
v. It guards the previous revelations and restores eternal truth thus guiding humanity to the
straight path.
vi. The teaching of the Quran is all encompassing, dealing with all aspects of life e.g. moral.
Legal, political, social, economical and international relations.
vii. It teaches about the histories of the past nations and their Prophets, an indication that it is
addressing the last Ummah no nation will come after it.
viii. The other revealed books were revealed before the Quran, this is because the teachings of
the other revelations are included in the Quran thus the final revelation.
ix. The earlier revelation has given a prophecy of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) that he will
come to complete the chain of Prophethood.
x. Other Prophets were sent to their own nations to give guidance but the message of Prophet
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was for all humanity.
xi. The Quran is a complete book of guidance as it is a complete way of life.
xii. Prophet Muhammad to whom the Quran was revealed is the Seal of the prophets, the final
decisive Prophet after whom no more will come. He is Allah’s decisive messenger to whom
the revelation of Quran was vouchsafed.
b) Why it is important to memorize the Quran.
i. Whoever memorizes Qur’an and acts upon it; Allah will reward him and honor him greatly
for that, so that he will rise in status in Paradise to a level commensurate with what he
memorized of the Book of Allah.
Ibn 'Amr reported that the Prophet (S.A.W) said:
"It will be said to the companion of the Qur’an after he has entered Paradise, 'Recite,
and rise!' For every verse he recites he will rise one level (in Paradise), until he
recites the last verse with him (i.e., in his memory)." (Abu Dawood)
ii. The Parents of the Memorizer of the Qur'an will receive the highest Honor of wearing a
crown on the Day of Judgment.
It was narrated that Buraydah said: “The Prophet (s.a.w) said: ‘Whoever reads the
Qur’an, learns it and acts in accordance with it, on the Day of Resurrection his
parents will be given a crown to wear whose light will be like the light of the sun, and
his parents will be given garments which far surpass everything to be found in this
world. They will say, “Why have we been given this to wear?” It will be said,
“Because your child learned the Qur’an.”
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iii. For every letter the Memorizer of the Qur'an recites is rewarded ten times or more. The
Prophet (s.a.w) said: “Whoever recites one Word from the Book of Allah will be
rewarded for a good deed and ten more like it; and I don’t say that Alif Lam Mim is a
letter but Alif is a letter and Lam is a letter and Mim is a letter” (Tirmidhi & Al-Darami)
iv. The Qur'an will intercede for the Memorizer of the Qur'an:
It was narrated that Abu Umaamah al-Baahili said: “I heard the Prophet (s.a.w) say: ‘Recite
the Qur’an, for it will come on the Day of Resurrection to intercede for its
companions. Recite the two bright ones, al-Baqarah and Surat Aal ‘Imraan, for they
will come on the Day of Resurrection like two clouds or two shades or two flocks of
birds in ranks, pleading for those who recite them. Recite Surat al-Baqarah for to
take recourse to it is a blessing and to give it up is a cause of grief, and the
magicians cannot confront it.” (Muslim and Al-Bukhaari).
v. The memorizer of the Qur’an will be granted Jannah so long as he followed the lawful and
kept away from the prohibited.
Hadrat Ali (RA) reports that the Prophet (s.a.w) said:
“Anyone who knows the Quran by heart and follows the lawful and the prohibited
according to it, he will be sent to Heaven by Allah .” (Tirmidhi).
vi. There is double reward for those who try hard to memorise the Qur'an
Aisha that the Prophet (s.a.w) said: The likeness of the one who reads Quran and
memorizes it is that he is with the righteous honorable scribes. The likeness of the
one who reads it and tries hard to memorize it even though it is difficult for him, he
will have (at least) a double reward. (Al-Bukhaari)
vii. It is among the methods of preserving the message of the Quran hence enabling its
perpetuation to the next generation.
viii. Memorization of the Quran is an act of ibadah, hence one is rewarded by Allah(s.w)
ix. Those who memorize the Quran are held in high esteem in the Ummah.
x. It helps in remembering and understanding the content of the Quran.
xi. To maintain accuracy of the message of the Quran.
xii. Those who have memorized the Quran are highly sought after and valued by the Islamic
learning institutions and universities and the world of scholarship.
xiii. Necessary for perfection of prayer.
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2a) Teachings of Suratul Hujurat
i. This Surah begins by bringing up a point in regards to having discipline and order, while in
the presence of Allah and His Messenger. The meaning of this discipline and order is that
the Muslims must learn the commandments and legislations of the religion from Allah and
must not let their own inner desires and whims lead them to formulating laws and
regulations.
ii. The people who have true faith are instructed and commanded how they should speak to
their leaders. They should be humble and show respect whenever speaking to their leaders
not to raise their voices.
iii. The people who have true faith are also commanded that when they are given news or
testimony about another person from one who commits sins in the open, is known for his
wicked ways or is not scared of his transgressions (against the laws of Allah, Glorified and
Exalted is He), that they must not accept such a testimony from him and must stay away
from all forms of rumors and gossip.
iv. The general thoughts and opinions of the people have absolutely no value when compared
to the orders and directives of the infallible Prophet (blessings of Allah be upon him and his
progeny).
v. It is incumbent upon every Muslim that he strives for peace, and to attain this goal he must
stand up against the oppressors so that he would be able to uphold the truth and maintain
the rights of the oppressed.
vi. All Muslims are brothers (and sisters) of and equal to one another and it is incumbent that
they all endeavor to ensure that peace and happiness are established amongst
themselves.
vii. A Muslim does not have the right to make fun of another Muslim.
viii. It is forbidden to find or pick faults in other people according to the teachings of Islam.
ix. A true believer does not have the right to call his brother in faith by a nickname or bad
name.
x. It is forbidden (haram) to think bad thoughts about a believing brother (or sister).
xi. It is expressly forbidden to spy on or pry into the secrets and private life and affairs of other
people.
xii. It is a major sin to speak bad things behind the back of another Muslim.
xiii. In this Surah, the issue of racial superiority has also been brought to an end and the only
criteria for judging who is better (than another person) is one’s merit, piety and abstinence
from those things which Allah (Glorified and Exalted is He) has forbidden and by keeping
away from all sins.
b) Guidelines on the Worship of Allah.
i. Worship is dependent upon revelation. This means that there is no room for personal
views in it. Rather, the only one who has the right to legislate what is and isn’t worship is
Allah, as He said quoting His Prophet: “I only follow what has been revealed to me.”
[Surah Al-Ahqaaf: 9]
ii. Worship must be done sincerely for Allah’s sake and it must be free from any traces of
Shirk (polytheism), as Allah, the Most High, says: “So whoever hopes to meet his Lord
then let him perform righteous deeds and not mix any partners into the worship of
his Lord.” [ Al-Kahf: 110]
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iii. The person we follow with regard to worship and the one who clarifies it to us is none
other than the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w), as Allah says: “You indeed have in the
Messenger of Allah a good example.” [Surah Al-Ahzaab: 21]
iv. Worship is confined to specific time-frames and limitations, which one is not permitted to
challenge or transgress, like the prayer for example. Allah says: “Verily, the prayer is
enjoined upon the believers at fixed times.” (An-Nisaa: 1)
v. Worship must be founded upon love for Allah, as well as submission to Him and fear and
hope in Him. Allah says: “Those who they call upon (in worship), they seek a way to
their Lord, as to which of them is nearest to Him. And they hope for His Mercy and
fear His Punishment.” [Surah Al-Israa: 57]
vi. The obligation of performing worship does not get removed from a sane-minded individual
that is responsible for his actions from the time he attains puberty to the time he dies. And
He says: “And worship your Lord until certainty (i.e. death) reaches you.” [Surah
Al-Hijr: 99]
vii. Oneness of the Worship of Allah. To believe that none has the right to be worshipped but
Allah.
3. a) The importance of Hadith
i. Hadith is part of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) Sunnah and Muslims are commanded by God
to follow this Sunnah, together with Quran, as sources for Islam religion teachings and
rules.
ii. Prophet Muhammad is a true model for human to be followed in all his saying, doings, and
practices.
iii. Prophet sayings (hadith) give the details, as explained to the prophet by God, of many ritual
worships.
iv. Prophet sayings (hadith) are sources of many Islam morals, since they help Muslims in
determining the prophet way to behave.
v. Prophet sayings (hadith) detail and explain what is briefed in Quran.
vi. Help Muslims to be closer to Allah by doing what He wills and abstaining from what He
forbids.
vii. Give direction on the performance of Sunnah acts.
viii. They are a source of knowledge for Muslims.
ix. Helps Muslims to know the details regarding the Prophet’s life and teachings.
x. They affirm the position held by the Prophet in Islam.
xi. Confirm the Prophet’s teachings on various religious issues.
b) Subject Matters of Hadith Qudsi
i. Affirmation of the doctrine of the unity of Allah and guarding against polytheism.
ii. The majesty of the Creator and His uniqueness.
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iii. Proper discharge of religious observances.
iv. Attainment of proper standards of morality.
v. Kindness to parents, relatives, humanity, animals and plants.
vi. Good behavior towards other people.
vii. Self-dedication to the Cause of Allah.
viii. Preparation for the Day of Judgment.
c) Methods of Transmission of Hadith during Prophet Muhammad’s time.
i. The Holy Prophet himself used to give instructions with regard to the transmission of what
he taught. Thus when a deputation of the Rabi'a came to wait upon him in the early days of
Medina, the Prophet concluded his instructions to them with the words: "Remember this
and report it to those whom you have left behind"
ii. Again, there is ample historical evidence that whenever a people embraced Islam, the Holy
Prophet used to send to them one or more of his missionaries who not only taught them the
Holy Quran but also explained to them how the injunctions of the Holy Book were carried
out in practice.
iii. It is also on record that people came to the Holy Prophet and demanded teachers who
could teach them the Quran and the Sunnah: "Send us men to teach us the Quran and
the Sunnah"
iv. The companions of the Holy Prophet were fully aware that his actions and practices were
to be followed in case an express direction was not met with in the Holy Quran.
v. When Mu'adh ibn Jabal was appointed governor of Yemen by the Holy Prophet, and was
asked as to how he would judge cases, his reply was "by the Book of God." Asked again if
he did not find a direction in the Book of God, he replied, "by the Sunnah of the Apostle of
God." The Sunnah was therefore recognized as affording guidance in religious matters in
the life-time of the Holy Prophet.
vi. Through the verbal teachings by the Prophet and the Sahaba.
vii. Through practical demonstration by the Prophet.
viii. Through recitation by those who had memorized them.
ix. Through written medium.
x. Through lectures in Mosques.
xi. Through centres of learning (Sufahaa) AhlulSufaa.
xii. Through recitations during gathering and festivals.
4. a) The significance of Tawheed.
i. It is the pillar upon which Islam is built. The Prophet said "Islam is built upon five : the
Tawheed of Allah…..(Muslim no. 19)
ii. The greatest need for mankind, since there is no life for the hearts or delight or tranquility
except through knowing their Lord, the one to be worshipped, the creator.
iii. It was the key and essence of the call of the messengers "Verily we have sent to every
nation a messenger saying worship Allah and avoid the worship of false gods"
(Q:16:36)
iv. Because Allah has created us to worship Him, " I have not created the jinn and mankind
but to worship me" then how can we worship Allah, if we don't know who He is? It is only
through knowledge of His names and attributes we can learn about Allah.
6
v. Firmness upon the Deen, excellence in this world and salvation in the Hereafter is built
upon this. a) because when you know Allah, His names, attributes and Actions this
necessitates loving Him, fearing Him, placing reliance upon Him etc. b) when you know
what Allah loves and is pleased with or angered and displeased with, you will rush to fulfill
what He loves and avoid what He hates.
vi. Its great emphasis in the Quran The Quran begins with Tawheed (al Fatihah) and ends
with Tawheed (al Ikhlas) likewise the greatest ayaat in the Quran describes Tawheed (of
knowledge)
vii. The prophet began his day with Tawheed by reciting Surat al kafiroon and Ikhlas in the
Sunnah of fajr and end with reciting these two Surahs in the witr prayer. (related by Muslim)
viii. The prophet mentioned it during his last illness (shows its importance) when he said “the
curse of Allah be upon the Jews and the Christians for they took the graves of their
prophets as places of worship." (Bukhari)
ix. It's the first thing the prophet invited to and preached to for thirteen years. "Say, none has
the right to be worshipped and thus be successful." (ahmad)
And he ordered his companions to preach Tawheed when sending them to various
communities. He sent Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yemen saying " indeed you are going to the
people of the book so let the first thing that you invite them to be the Tawheed of
Allah" (Bukhari )
x. You have to compromise the three aspects together and not just believe in one, merely
with the meaning "the one who has the power to create and originate" as the Arab mushriks
used to agree that Allah alone is the creator of everything, despite this they were still
mushriks. Plus this was not the true reality which Allah sent the messengers with. But
rather we must believe in his Ruboobiyah, uloohiyah Asma was Sifaat together.
xi. When you believe in the three aspects of Tawheed. i.e. Ruboobiyah- you will negate any
source of harm, blessing, power from any other than Allah. Uloohiyah- this will stop you
from committing shirk. Asma was Sifaat - to have the correct knowledge of this will prevent
you from distorting any of Allah's Names and Attributes, or explaining them, or denying
them or asking how they are.
xii. If a person dies upon this he will enter Paradise. When the Jewish boy accepted Islam, the
Prophet (s.a.w) said, "All praise is for Allah who saved this boy from the fire."
Although this person had no good deeds. (Bukhari)
xiii. Tawheed is a condition for an action to be accepted, because for a deed to be accepted it
requires 2 conditions. a) The intention is purely for Allah (Tawheed al ibadah) b) It must be
in accordance with the Shariah of Muhammad
xiv. It strengthens ones heart and makes one firmer and well rooted. Then as a result ones
deeds will multiply and likewise his worship of Allah will be greater.
xv. It makes it easier to fulfill the commands of Allah and leave the prohibitions as Aisha said:
"had the first revelation been do not drink and fornicate or commit adultery etc they
would have said we shall not give up adultery and fornication etc." (Bukhari )
xvi. For it was only after Tawheed was understood by the companions and had settled in their
hearts that Allah began to order them with various commands.
b) Forms of Shirk
i. To be excessive in one's worship, respect and 'glorification' of prophets, pious leaders,

sheikhs or imams.
ii. When one prays or supplicates to something other than Allah (s.w.)
iii. When one takes a lawgiver or lawmaker other than Allah
iv. To adorn something that is believed to be a form of 'protection from misfortune'
v. To swear with names other than Allah
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vi. To practice, involve or believe in any form of sihir (sorcery) including charms, incantations,
astrology etc.
vii. To believe in evil omens
viii. To be excessive in one's reverence, respect and 'glorification' of prophets, pious leaders,
sheikhs or imams
c) Quality of an Imam
i. Piety(God fearing)
ii. tolerance
iii. Learned and knowledgeable/wisdom from Quran and Sunnah.
iv. Patience
v. Leadership qualities
vi. Communication skills.
vii. Public relations/ friendly/ warm
viii. Trustworthiness/ honesty /integrity
ix. Ability to make good judgment and decision.
5. a) SijdatuTilawa
Sajdah tilawat is the Sajdah that one has to perform as an obligatory duty when one reads,
recites, or hears, in the prayer or outside, some specific verses containing those words. The Holy
Prophet ( s.a.w) has observed, "When a person prostrates himself after reading a verse
requiring the performance of Sajdah, the shaitan starts crying and wailing in a corner,
saying: 'Alas! The children of Adam were enjoined to perform Sajdah and they carried it
out, and become entitled to enter Paradise, but I refused to do so and was condemned to
Hell.'" (Muslim and Ibn Majah)
b) Types of Prayers for Special Occasions.
i. Swalat ul Safar
ii. Swalat ul Taqdim
iii. Swalat ul Qasr
iv. Kusuf wal khusuf (Prayers during eclipse of the sun and the moon)
v. Istisqa (prayers for rain)
c) Importance of Sadaqa
i. It is a form of Zakat which is not compulsory and which is voluntarily given.

ii. It helps in promoting love, peace, unity and harmony in society.
iii. Creates a sense of satisfaction in the giver and gives hope to the receiver.
iv. Helps in poverty alleviation.
v. It is a way of sharing resources.
vi. Help to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor / the haves and have-nots.
vii. It is a form of ibadah rewarded by paradise.
viii. Helps in over-coming misery and thus puts a smile on others’ faces.
6. a) Differences Between Sin Crime
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i. Sin is rejecting/ breaking the Laws of Allah but crime is breaking the law of the land/nation
/state/ community.
ii. Sin in the eyes of Allah can be forgiven but the state authority may not pardon crime.
iii. Sin is punished by Allah or other directed by Allah but crime is punished according to law of
the state.
iv. Sin is judged by Allah but crime is judge by the court of law.
v. Sin cannot be hidden from Allah but crime can be concealed from the state.
vi. Sinners will definitely be punished in the hereafter but criminals get their punishment in the
world.
vii. Parts of the body testify against sin but this does not happen in crime.
viii. Most crimes are sinful acts but they are not punishable by the state as stipulated in the
Shariah.
ix. Sins are universal but crimes are individual.
x. Judgment in crimes can be compromised but in sin it cannot.
xi. Punishment in crime does not apply to all but few.
b) Categories of Legal Acts
i. Fardh and Wajib

ii. Sunnah
iii. Sahih and batil
iv. Halal
v. Makruh
vi. Mubah
c) Examples of Huduud
i. Shurbal Khamr – 80 lashes

ii. Theft – Amputation.
iii. Zina - 100 lashes, stoning to death.
iv. Murder - Death.
v. Highway robbery – Death
vi. Slander – Flogging_80 lashes
vii. Riddah– Death
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KCSE PAPER 1 2007 MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Significance of the Preservation of the Quran.
i. The preserved Qur’an provides a uniform reading/recitation of the Arabic text for both Arab
and non-Arab speaking Muslims.
ii. It helps to perpetuate the message of Allah to the future generation.
iii. It provides indisputable source of law in Islamic Sharia.
iv. It can easily be referred to when the need arises. It is an easy source of reference for
research and scholarship.
v. Preservation helps in protecting the message from infiltration.
vi. There is a reward for those who help in the preservation of the Qur’an as well as those who
recite it.
vii. It is a symbol for Islam as it represents the book of the Muslims.
viii. Preserved Qur’an is a unifying factor for all Muslims in all places and generations.
ix. Preservation of the Quran motivates Muslims to learn Arabic so that they can read the
Qur’an in its authentic form.
x. It also encourages the Muslims to study other sciences related to the Qur’an and hence
search for knowledge.
xi. It has helped in the preservation of Arabic literature.
b) Benefits of Translating the Qur’an into Kiswahili
i. It is an affirmation of the universal nature of Islam.

ii. It enables non-Muslims to read the message of Islam hence revealing to them the truth
about Islam.
iii. Points out to non-Arabic speaking Muslims about Allah’s commands thus enabling to
practice Islam.
iv. It creates awareness among all people about the good qualities of Islam.
v. It helps in the spread of Islam in East Africa as people will be able to comprehend the
teachings of the Holy Quran.
vi. The translation incorporates transliteration which helps in the correct pronunciation of the
verses.
vii. The translated Qur’an can be used as a resource in schools, colleges and universities.
viii. People will be able to solve any problem or issue which they come across with ease
without much problems.
ix. Another benefit is that when it is read with translation, it makes us able to understand life
better and just by reading Quran, we can accept and reject certain practices of society.
x. Through translation one will be able to understand the Quran better thus guiding him to the
straight path.
c) Limitation of Translating the Qur’an
11
i. Since the Qur’an was revealed in Arabic, a translation would not be the actual Word of
Allah.
ii. The uniqueness of the Qur’an would be lost in the translation.
iii. The authenticity of the Qur’an would be interfered with/ translation would never express the
true meaning of the Qur’an.
iv. It will give room to non Muslims to translate the Qur’an.
v. Translation can water down the message of the Qur’an.
vi. Some Arabic words and expressions will not get their equivalent in other languages.
vii. The translated Qur’an cannot be recited during prayer.
viii. I t creates laziness in reading the Qur’an in Arabic.
2. a) Punishments for Zinaa and Qadhf according Surah An – Nur Zinaa
i. Punishment to be done openly

ii. No sympathy
iii. Prescribed punishment for fornication: The man and woman who are guilty of fornication
should be flogged with hundred stripes.
iv. For adultery: The man and woman who are guilty of adultery should be stoned to death.
Slander
v. Those who are guilty of slander should be flogged with eighty stripes.
vi. The testimony of those who have been found to have slandered should be rejected in
future.
vii. In case of slander by a spouse then termination is allowed with witness.
b) Teachings of the last two verses of suratul Baqarah
i. Muslims should believe in what has been sent to them from Allah.
ii. Muslims should believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books and His Messengers.
iii. Muslims should not make distinctions between the Prophets of Allah.
iv. A Muslim duty is to hear and do.
v. Allah does not burden a person beyond his scope with more than a person can bear.
vi. A person gets reward for the good he has done.
vii. A person is punished for the evil he has done.
viii. Muslims should pray for mercy and forgiveness from Allah.
ix. Muslim should pray to Allah not to punish them when they forget fall or into error.
x. Allah is Muslims’ patron, supporter and protector (Maula)
xi. Muslims should pray for victory over non-Muslims.
3. a) Islam’s position on care for Animals and Plants
i. It is a divine responsibility and duty for human beings to take care of the rest of creation
including plants and animals. This responsibility is emphasized in the Qur’an and Hadith.
ii. There are rewards promised for those who are caring for and show kindness in animals.
iii. The Qur’an explains clearly that nature and environment are signs of the existence of Allah.
iv. Plants constitute basic source of sustenance for human beings and animals.
v. Plants moderate the climate and produce oxygen hence Muslims should take good care of
plants.
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vi. The Qur’an talks of the aesthetic functions of animal and plants.
vii. Animals and plants also worship Allah declaring his praise and to him.
viii. While hunting and fishing are permitted in Islam, the prophet prohibited those who take
away life for sport.
ix. The prophet forbade people from lighting fires on anthills.
x. The Prophet ordered a man who took a nestling of a bird to return it to its place. Muslims
should conserve and protect the environment they live in.
xi. The prophet forbade people from needlessly and carelessly cutting trees. Muslims should
preserve and conserve trees and forests.
xii. The prophet forbade the killing of bees and any captured livestock and this shows that we
should have mercy on animals.
b) Importance of Hadith in the life of a Muslim.
i. Hadith explains the Qur’an in detail, thus it is a supplement to it.

ii. It is a source of Shariah only next to the Quran.
iii. Helps a Muslim to know the proper way of behaving.
iv. Helps a Muslim to be closer to Allah by carrying out his commands.
v. Guides Muslims in their relationship with other Muslims, non-Muslims and the rest of Allah’s
creation.
vi. Guides a Muslims in performance of Sunnah acts.
vii. It is a source of knowledge for Muslims.
viii. Helps Muslims in their knowledge of the details of Prophet Muhammad’s (s.a.w) life
ix. It defines the position held by the Prophet (s.a.w) in Islam.
x. Helps Muslim understand the opinion held by the Prophet and his stand on various issues.
xi. A Muslim can study Hadith for academic excellence.
xii. There is a promise of reward for the study and implementation of hadith.
4. a) The significance of Tawheed in the life of a Muslim
i. It is the basis of the Islamic faith i.e. it forms the foundation of the Muslim faith.
ii. Tawheed also leads to the unity and brotherhood among Muslims.
iii. Liberates a Muslims from the worship of false gods.
iv. It establishes a direct link between Allah and the individual Muslim.
v. Leads to the fear of Allah thus one lives within the limits set by him.
vi. One realizes that Allah is aware of his/her actions.
vii. Leads to the fear of Allah thus one lives within the limits set by him.
viii. One realizes that Allah is aware of his/her actions.
ix. Belief in Tawheed increases a persons taqwa (piety and righteousness)
x. A person is able to accept Allah’s orders without questions.
xi. It distinguishes between a Muslim and non-Muslim.
b) Types of Shirk
i. Ash-shirk-al-Akbar (major shirk). This is invoking, making supplications or praying to other

gods besides Allah. It also implies having intentions to worship other gods besides Allah
and obeying authority against the command of Allah.
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ii. Ash-Shirk-al-Asghar (minor shirk). This type implies showing love which is due to Allah
alone to other than him.
iii. Ash-Shirk-al-Khafiy (inconspicuous shirk). This implies not being satisfied with what Allah
has decreed / ordained for a person.
5. a) Qualities of a Mujtahid
i. Must be conversant with the knowledge of the Qur’an in all its aspects.
ii. Must have a mastery of Arabic.
iii. Have a mastery of the Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW) with its isnad and matn.
iv. Have complete knowledge of the development of Islamic Shariah.
v. Must have a mastery of Usul al-Fiqh.
vi. Must be pious/piety and righteousness.
vii. Uprightness/ integrity/modesty
b) Factors that would hinder application of Islamic law in Kenya.
i. Majority of Kenyans are non-Muslims and view Sharia as a threat to them.

ii. Lack of enough learned personnel in Islamic Law to implement and execute it.
iii. Some Muslims tend to compromise on matters related to Shariah might not support it in
order to confirm to its establishment.
iv. Kadhis courts in the country are too few to deal with issues of the Muslims.
v. Shariah would have to be included in the constitution and this would be opposed by the rest
of the Kenyans.
vi. Some Muslims prefer secular law as it can be manipulated as opposed to the Islamic
Sharia which does not favour anybody.
vii. The powers of the Office of the Chief Kadhi are limited to deal with personal and family
related matters and do not extend to criminal and civil issues.
6. a) Acts forbidden to a Muslim in a State of Ihram
i. Wearing of sewn clothes or headgear for men

ii. Wearing of veil i.e. to cover the face for women
iii. Clipping and cutting the nails.
iv. Anointing the hair.
v. Trimming and shaving the hair.
vi. Applying of perfume or anything that has fragrance.
vii. Combing the hair.
viii. Quarreling and using of vulgar language.
ix. Hunting or killing wild animals (except snakes and scorpions and the like)
x. Undergoing marriage ceremony.
xi. Having sexual pleasures
xii. Cutting grass of felling trees.
b) Why Muslims slaughter animals during Idd-ul-Adha.
i. To commemorate the act of Prophet Ibrahim (A.S) when he showed his willingness to
sacrifice his son Ismail after he was commanded by Allah (s.w).
ii. It is a command from Allah for the Muslims to slaughter animals during Iddul-adh’ha.
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iii. It is one way of feeding the poor when the meat is shared out to them, thus an act of
charity.
iv. It is one of the conditions of Hajj (Tamattu and Qiraan)
v. It is Kaffara for those who break the rules of Ihram.
vi. For those who fail to spend the night at Muzdalifa during Hajj.
vii. It is a Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW).He slaughtered practically.
viii. For those who fail to stone the Jamaraat it is obligatory to slaughter.
ix. Idd-ul-Adha is one of the festivals celebrated by Muslims and slaughtering is one of its
rituals.
x. A person who slaughters is highly rewarded for it is an act of worship.
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1. a) Reasons for narrating the stories of the Prophets in the Holy Qur’an.
There are many wisdoms and reasons why the stories of prophets mentioned in the Quran. The
most significant of them are as follows:
i. The stories of prophets prove that the Quran is the word of Allah and the Messenger of
Allah (S.A.W) is the last prophet, this is because, the fact that an illiterate person informs
people about the events in the past as if he has seen them proves that he is the Messenger
of Allah and that his knowledge is based on the divine revelation.
ii. They were narrated in order to teach believers something and make them draw lessons
from various events. For instance, the verses that were sent down about Nabii Ibrahim (a.s)
in Makkah are usually about his struggle of oneness and belief against his nation.
iii. One of the important reasons why the stories of the prophets are mentioned in the Quran
is to console and strengthen all of the believers, primarily the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W)
and to threaten the unbelievers with torture.
iv. Another reason why the stories of the prophets are mentioned in the Quran is to prove the
institution of Prophethood that the institution of Prophethood exists in the history of
mankind. He who cannot deny the institution of Prophethood cannot deny Prophet
Muhammad (s.a.w).
v. The belief of the believing people are strengthened against the attacks and denials of the
people of deviation by mentioning the stories of the prophets in the Quran, since they show
that the way that Muslims are following is not an ideology and belief that is put forward for
the first time but a continuation of the struggle between belief and unbelief that has been
going on throughout history
vi. The stories of the Prophets serve as explanation of the general principles of the message
of Islam.
vii. The Prophets inculcate in the minds of the people the doctrine of the Unity of Allah. All the
Prophets preached Tawheed an example is evident during Nabii Ibrahim (a.s) when he
called his people to worship one God.
viii. They give lessons on communities and people who lived before the Prophet (SAW), their
stories give information on the people who lived before the Prophet (SAW), some of these
stories serve as a warning to evil doers and give glad tidings to those who do good.
ix. They indicate and serve as a proof of the continuity of the message which was revealed to
earlier Prophets and completely to Prophet Mohammad, the seal of the prophets and the
final Prophet.
x. To prove the Universality of the Prophethood of Muhammad/was sent for all humankind
whereas the earlier Prophets were each sent to his own nation (people) for their guidance.
b) The Importance of the Qur’an to a Muslim
i. Quran is the most truthful speech, the most eloquent advice to Muslims which they need to
listen to it carefully inorder to preserve the words of Allah (s.w).
ii. The Holy Qur’an guides us to all aspects of life i.e. socially, morally, politically and
spiritually, thus enabling people to live in peace and harmony.
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iii. Our supplications get answered if we were to pray after reading the Holy Qur’an, thus it
also helps in strengthening our faith.
iv. Students get wise when they start reading the Qur’an in their childhood, thus Holy Book is
the best intellectual treasure a student can have.
v. The Quran reminds the Christians and Jews about the right path of their religions and the
correct commands and guides in their holy books. It thus explains the deviations in their
holy books, and therefore invites them to the new message which subsumes all what is true
in their Scriptures.
vi. It also calls Muslims to think deliberately in God creations that are the right way to believe
in God. In this regards, Quran contained a wide variety of scientific statements that become
only proven by state of art of technology, science, and information. These scientific
statements are considered as miracles of Quran that prove Quran is a God revelation and
not human wrote text.
vii. Quran recitation inculcates love and fear of Allah. This is because some verses of the
Quran contain soothing effect while others contains harsh tone to the disbelievers and the
evil doers.
viii. Inculcates love and respect for the Prophet (SAW) to whom the Qur’an was revealed.
ix. It also contains narratives of peoples and nations of the past and prophets.
x. Helps to improve Arabic and services as an incentive for the study of Arabi
2. a) Themes Emphasized in Makkan Surahs
i. Tawheed (Unity of Allah)

ii. Worship of Allah.
iii. Day of Judgment.
iv. Allah’s Mercy to humankind.
v. Man’s ingratitude to Allah.
vi. The Power of Allah.
vii. Hell
viii. Paradise
ix. Righteous conduct.
x. Condemnation of idol worship.
b) Importance of Surah Fatiha
i. It is the first chapter of the Qur’an /opening Chapter.

ii. It is referred to as the key to the Qur’an.
iii. It teaches about the attributes of Allah.
iv. It is a supplication (Dua)
v. It is a pillar of prayer. Must be recited in the five daily prayers.
vi. It praises Allah and shows His Majesty.
vii. It is also referred to as the greatest surah in the Qur’an by the Prophet (SAW)
viii. It is referred to as As-Sab Al-Mathani, the seven repeatedly recited verses.
3. a) Conditions that a Hadith should fulfill before it is accepted as Sound.
i. The hadith must quote what was said or done by the Prophet.(SAW)
ii. It must be traceable to the prophet.
iii. It must be in Arabic.
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iv. It must have an unbroken chain of transmitters.

v. It must not contain accusations against the Prophet or his Swahabas (companions)
vi. It must be logical and appealing to reason.
vii. The narrator must be a pious Muslim.
viii. It must not contradict other hadiths on the same subject.
ix. Hadith should not contradict the teachings of the Qur’an.
x. Each of the narrators of hadith must have been well known for his education/scholarship.
xi. The narrators of the hadith must be people of integrity/unquestionable behavior/trustworthy.
xii. The narrator should not have benefitted from the hadith.
b) Methods used by the Prophet to Teach His Sunnah and Hadith
i. Through answering questions directed to him.

ii. Through solving problems.
iii. By practical demonstrations/his actions e.g. performing wudhu, prayers.
iv. People coming from outlying areas were accommodated and educated on hadith and
Sunnah
v. Trained his wives and companions to answer questions on his behalf.
vi. Through public addresses/giving discourses.
vii. After teaching his companions, the Prophet used to listen to what they had learnt from him.
viii. Through the actions of his companions which he approved.
ix. Sent his companions to outlying areas to go and teach.
x. Encouraged those whom he taught to teach others. ‘Convey my message even if it be one
single ayah’.
4. a) Terms used in the Qur’an for the Day of judgment.
i. Yaum al-Qiyamah (Day of standing up)

ii. Yaum al – Fasl (Day of separation / sorting out)
iii. Yaum al –hisab (Day of reckoning)
iv. Yaum al Baath (Day of awakening)
v. Yaum al Diin (Day of judgment)
vi. Yaum al Muhit (the Encompassing Day)
vii. As – Sa’ah (the hour)
b) Conditions under which Life May be Taken as a Punishment
i. Qisas (law of equity) applied for a murderer who kills someone intentionally.
ii. Punishment of death to the traitor/ those who try to overthrow an elected Islamic
government/ punishment for those who are guilty of treason.
iii. In war of defence (Jihad) against the enemies of Islam.
iv. A married man or woman who if given had as punishment for adultery.
v. Those who commit highway robbery.
vi. Apostasy rejecting religious beliefs.
c. Conditions for Tawba
i. A person must stop the act of sinning immediately.

ii. A person must show genuine regret for the wrong committed.
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iii. A person must sincerely/ genuinely intend not to repeat the sin/ resolve not to sin again.
iv. A person must amend his/her ways and become righteous.
v. Must repent immediately and not wait to repent when one is dying.
vi. Must ask for forgiveness from Allah.
5. a) Features of Juma Prayer
i. The time for prayers falls at the same as that of the noon prayer (dhuhr) and it replaces it.
ii. The prayer has to be performed in congregation led by an Imam.
iii. If a person misses the Juma prayer, he cannot make up for it; instead he has to offer noon
prayer.
iv. Two separate Adhans are made. One for reminding the people to come for prayer and the
second to mark the beginning of the sermon.
v. The Khutba (sermon) is delivered by Imam.
vi. The sermon is delivered in two parts with the Imam sitting in between.
vii. The units of Sunnah prayer must be offered on entering the mosque.
viii. No dhuhr prayer is performed after the Friday sermon and prayer.
ix. The prayer consists of two rakaas.
x. The Imam recites the prayer ‘loudly’ unlike in dhuhr prayer.
xi. It should be performed on a Friday.
b) The significance of Juma prayer.
i. It is an occasion earmarked by God for the Muslims to express their collective devotion to
him.
ii. Muslim come together to renew their religious bonds and social solidarity.
iii. It shows the devotion of Muslims to their God as they leave all what they were doing to the
call of God.
iv. It is a meeting in which the spiritual, social and political accounts of the week are
recounted.
v. Helps an individual acquire rewards of Juma prayer as described in the Sharia.
vi. Trains individuals to be obedient to the leaders, as they follow the commands of the Imam.
Nobody is allowed to talk when the Khutba is going on.
vii. Juma prayer helps people from being over-powered by Satan as the congregation acts as a
veil against Satan.
viii. The day of Jumuah includes an hour during which all supplications of a Muslim are
answered.
ix. “Any man who performs Ghusl on Friday, perfumes himself if he has perfume, wears
the best of his clothes, then goes to the mosque and offers as many prayers as he
wishes while not harming anybody, then listens quietly while the Imam speaks until
he offers the prayer, will have all his sins between that Friday and the next
forgiven.” (Al-Bukhaari)
x. It was narrated from Aws ibn Aws al-Thaqafi that the Messenger of Allah ( ) said:
Whoever does Ghusl on Friday and causes (his wife) to do Ghusl, and sets out early,
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and comes close to the imam and listens and keeps quiet, for every step he takes he
will have the reward of fasting and praying qiyaam for one year.” (Al-Tirmidhi)
6. a) Ijtihad
i. Ijtihad is derived from the word Juhd which means exerting oneself to the utmost or to the
best ability.
ii. It literally means an effort or an exercise to arrive at one’s judgment.
iii. In its widest sense, it means the use of human reason in the elaboration and explanation of
Sharia Law.
iv. It includes the interpretation of the text of the Qur’an, the assessment of the authenticity of
Hadith.
v. It also includes the issue of consensus (Ijmah and Qiyas) at arriving at a judgment.
b) Other Sources of Shariah
i) Hadith / Sunnah
Hadith /Sunnah is the second source of Sharia to the Qur’an. The Prophet would
sometimes explain the intent of the Quranic text by making a statement, at other times by an act.
For example the Quran commands believers to establish regular prayers without description of the
time they have performed. So the Prophet prayed among his followers. Revelation on matters of
inheritance is in the Qur’an, but it was the Prophet who gave an elaborate explanation of how the
property should be shared out.
ii) Al- Ijmah
It is an agreement of opinion by the learned jurists’ to come up with a certain solution to a

problem.
It expresses the unanimous consensus by the learned jurist on a matter affecting/relating to
Sharia.
The Qur’an exhorts man to ‘reflect’ to ‘understand’ to have sense. This shows that mankind is
urged to apply reason and to exercise judgment.
The Prophet himself followed /put into practice the principle of reason and judgment in religious
matters when there was no express direction given in the Qur’an. Example is when he chose the
methods of calling people to prayer (Adhan) and when he sent Ibn Jabal to Yemen.
iii) Analogical Deduction
Qiyas means measuring by comparison.
It is also a legal principal introduced in order to arrive at logical conclusion /verdict/ judgment of a
certain law on a certain issue.
If a case comes up for decision which is not expressly provided for either in the Qur’an or Sunnah,
the jurists / scholars look for a similar case in the Qur’an or Sunnah and by reasoning on the basis
of analogy arrive at a decision /verdict judgment e.g. punishment given to those who drink alcohol.

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1. a) the four Modes of Wahyi.
i. Revelation through the Angel (Jibril)

ii. Revelation through inspiration.
iii. Revelation through dreams.
iv. Revelation as spoken words behind a veil.
b) Background to the Revelation of Surah Al-Hujurat.

i. The word Hujurat means the inner apartment which is mentioned in the fourth verse of this
surah, it is used here to refer to the one-roomed house of the Prophet’s wives.
ii. It is the 49th chapter of the Quran; it consists of 18 verses, 343 words and 1476 letters.
iii. The surah is 106th inorder of revelation and it is the 21st surah inorder of being revealed in
madina.
iv. It is from those Surahs whose name is tawqifiyyah i.e. it has some text upon which it is
based.
v. It was revealed after the conquest of Makkah in the 8th year after hijrah.
vi. It was revealed when the desert tribes began sending emissaries to make oaths of
allegiance to the Prophet (s.a.w) and accept Islam on behalf of their tribes. (The year of
deputations).
vii. The main intent of the revelation was to reprimand and lay down general code of behavior
and a set of moral ideals for Muslims as well as all mankind.
c) Ways in which the Quran has been protected from interpolation.
i. Allah has promised to preserve the Quran. “Verily, it is we who have sent down the Dhikr
(i.e. the Quran) and surely we will guard it (from corruption) (Quran 15:9)
ii. The Quran was standardized during the reign of Caliph Uthman and has remained in the
same Arabic dialect throughout the ages in the world.
iii. The Quran is always recited in prayers in its original form, thus it becomes very difficult for
one to interfere with it since People will easily notice the mistake.
iv. The Quran is a source of Sharia, thus its teachings is applied daily in our lives.
v. It has been memorized by many people in its original form.
vi. The translation of the Quran is not done without the Arabic version beside it.
vii. It has been written in separate volumes (Juzuu)
viii. The Quran must be quoted in its original form. Paraphrasing is not allowed.
ix. Allah has promised stiff punishment in the hereafter for those people who interpolate the
Quran.
x. The Quran has been recorded in magnetic / electronic media.
xi. There are rules and regulations regarding the handling, reading and reciting the Quran i.e.
with proper articulation and pronunciation.
xii. Madrassa schools teach the Quran and Arabic.
xiii. Recitation of the Quran is held all over the world.
xiv. Recited at the beginning of every Muslim function.
xv. Memorization Quran is encouraged through competition all over the Muslim world.
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xvi. Some Surahs with special significance are written separately and encouraged to be read.
xvii. The whole volume is recited in the month of Ramadhan in Taraweeh prayers.
2. a) Group of people who are not at a loss according to Surah Al-Asr.
i. Those who have real faith.

ii. Those who do righteous deeds.
iii. Those who advise others to speak the truth.
iv. Those who abstain from all kinds of sins and from doing evil.
v. Those who practice sabr (patience)
b) Facts which prove that the Quran is from Allah
i. The Quran challenges disbelievers to produce anything like it.

ii. The Prophet (s.a.w) was not literate / good orator and would not have produced the Quran.
iii. The Quran has miracles that prove that it could not be the work of man.
iv. During the time of the revelation of the Quran, poetry was at its climax, but none could
manage the style of the Quran/ match the style of the Quran.
v. It foretells events that are to come / foretells future events which always become true.
vi. The Quran reprimands the Prophet and he did not hide this verse contrary to the norms of
a human.
c) Lessons from Surah Al-Fiil
i.The Kaaba is under the protection of Allah no one can destroy it except for his will.
ii.Muslims should put their trust in Allah and have faith in Him alone when faced with
challenges.
iii. The surah is a warning to those who are intoxicated with power to know that their days are
numbered just as king Abraha.
iv. Allah can use his creatures however small to destroy the enemy and all sort of evil.
v. Allah is All-Powerful no one can defeat Him.
vi. No one can go against Allah’s will He always does what He wants without opposition.
3. a) Ways in which Hadith help Muslims regulate their behavior.
i. Muslims are supposed to get their ways of behavior from the Prophet (s.a.w)
ii. The Prophet taught by word and deed on how Muslims should behave.
iii. The Prophet’s whole life was exemplary for Muslims to emulate.
iv. Hadith give guidance on how to behave in daily life and under different situations and
circumstances.
v. Hadith give guidance on how people in society should relate e.g. members of the family,
neighbors, relatives, Muslims and non-Muslims, rich and poor etc.
vi. Give guidance on how Muslims should treat those who need help e.g. widows, orphans,
travelers
vii. Spell out the etiquettes to be observed by Muslims e.g. manners of eating, sleeping,
toileting greetings.
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viii. Spell out how Muslims should relate to their leaders.

ix. Spell out the values and virtues that Muslims should keep e.g. humility, respect, honesty,
cleanliness, patience, tolerance, simplicity.
x. Illustrate moral ideals e.g. relationship between men and women.
xi. When Muslims are faced with a moral decision or dilemma they turn to Hadith for guidance.
xii. Spell out how Muslims should relate to their creator.
b) Criteria that can be used to detect a fabricated Hadith.
i. It must quote what was said or done by the Prophet (s.a.w)

ii. It must be traceable to the prophet (s.a.w)
iii. It must be in Arabic.
iv. It must have unbroken chain of transmitters.
v. It must not contain accusation on the Prophet or his Swahabas.
vi. It must be logical and appealing to reason.
vii. The narrator must be a pious Muslim.
viii. It must not contradict other hadith on the same subject.
ix. It must not contradict the teaching of the Quran.
x. Narrator’s trustworthiness to transmit what he had heard must not be in doing.
xi. Traditions should not contain detailed prophesies of future events with date.
xii. It should not favor a particular madhhab i.e. school of law.
xiii. Should not give a higher reward for a lesser deed and opposite.
4. a) Conditions to be fulfilled before going for Hajj.
i. One should ensure that the expenses to be spent on Hajj are from lawful source.
ii. Must ensure that he/she has cleared all debts/ must be free from debts.
iii. Must make sure that he/ she leave behind enough money for the family expenses.
iv. Should ensure that he/she has enough resources / means/ money to undertake Hajj.
v. A woman should be accompanied by a Mahrim.
vi. One should be sane /of sound mind.
vii. One must be a free person.
viii. Should bid farewell to relatives and friends.
ix. Ensure that the way /route to Makkah /Hajj is safe.
x. Should have the knowledge of the performance of Hajj – the rituals and regulations.
xi. Should seek for forgiveness from those he / she has wronged
b) Acts which nullify Saum
i. Menstruation.(heidh)
ii. Sexual intercourse during the day while fasting.
iii. Anything entering through the mouth or any other opening/ eating and drinking intentionally.
iv. Ceasing to be a Muslim.
v. Vomiting intentionally.
vi. Losing of senses by fainting/ madness
vii. Post-childbirth bleeding (Nifas)
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viii. Ejaculation intentionally/ masturbation.

ix. Having intentions to break saum
x. Acts of lying / cheating.
xi. Acts of backbiting /gossip
xii. Killing intentionally
5. a) How Zakat helps to promote National Development.
i. Distribution of Zakat helps in the fight against poverty/ helps in poverty alleviation.
ii. Zakat helps in circulation of money and currency as the recipient will be able to engage in
investment activities.
iii. Zakat helps in eliminating such crimes as stealing and theft thus creating security which is
necessary and conducive to development.
iv. Help in the maintenance of peace and harmony and good will among the citizens which
creates a good atmosphere for development.
v. It contributes to national budget as it is a form of Sadaqa / tax.
vi. Help in creating jobs and employment opportunities.
vii. Promotes equality, brotherhood and unity which are motivating ingredients for
development.
viii. Helps in bridging the gap between the rich and poor, the haves and the have-nots thus
raising the living standards of the poor and the marginalized.
ix. Cleanses the soul against greed and ego thus helps in the fight against corruption by giving
and receiving of Zakat.
b) Differences between Sharia and Secular law

Man-made law Sharia or Allah’s Law
1. Men make laws when they feel the 1. Islamic law is complete, perfect and
need. These laws start from a few and includes all aspects of human life.
then grow in number over the years.
2. Man made laws are not permanent; 2. Sharia is permanent for all people all
they can be changed according to the the time. It does not change with time
time and circumstances. For example, and conditions. for, instance drinking
in a particular country at a particular wine and gambling are not allowed in
time, drinking alcohol may be banned; Islam. And no one can change this; it is
but this can change when public a law that is valid for all time and for all
pressure grows. The American places.
Government once banned alcoholic
drink but removed the ban after a time
because it could not be applied.
3. Man does not have knowledge of the 3. Allah is all knowing and all powerful; He
future. Hence man made laws cannot is the wisest and his laws are the best
stand the test of time. and complete.
4. Man is a created being. His laws are the 4. Allah is the creator and his laws are for
creation of the created. man, His creation.
5. Manmade laws may be suitable for a 5. Allah’s laws are for all nations, all
particular nation or country. They countries, and for all time. They are
cannot be universal. universal.
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6. a) Significance of Belief in the oneness of Allah.
i. When one believes in Allah, he surrenders all his life to Him and his servant. This therefore
makes him to fulfill god’s commands and every law and other in society.
ii. Belief in Allah produces in a believer a high degree of self-respect and He/ she knows that
he/she depends on none other than Allah for the fulfill needs. Believes Allah alone has
power to do good or harm on him / her.
iii. Makes a believer humble and modest. He /she are never arrogant. He/she everything is
controlled by Allah. He is the one who gives and the one from one what he pleases.
iv. It makes the believer to be dutiful and upright. The believer knows that he will be asked to
give an account of his/her responsibility by Allah on the Day of Judgment.
v. Belief in Allah makes a believer contented for he knows that Allah will provide him with
his/her needs if he / she is obedient and hardworking.
vi. It makes the believer brave and courageous as he/she knows that it is Allah who
safeguards and protects him/her nothing will touch him except what has been written by
Allah (s.w).
vii. Makes a believer to be patient and persevering as he/she knows that whatever problems
he suffers, Allah will solve them eventually.
viii. Makes a believer submit completely to the will of Allah, thus accepting any kind of result for
he knows that it was decreed by Allah (s.w).
ix. Liberates a believer from the worship of idols / false gods.
x. It is the basis on which believers unite regardless of race, colour, nationality, status.
xi. Inculcates good values/ virtues /virtues. Builds good character based on piety and
righteousness/ taqwa.
b) Characteristics of the Revealed Books.
i. All the revealed books are from Allah (s.w).

ii. They were all revealed to the Prophets of Allah (s.w).
iii. They all mention the origin of human beings.
iv. They also teach about Tawheed i.e. the Unity of Allah (s.w).
v. They talk of the existence of Angels.
vi. They talk of the belief in the Prophet of Allah.
vii. They talk of the existence of heaven and hell/ reward and punishment.
viii. They teach morals /values virtues and condemn evil.
ix. They teach on sanctity of human life / importance of human beings as the of Allah’s
creation.
x. All books enjoin good (right) and forbid evil (wrong)
xi. They call people to the worship of One God and to stop idol worship.
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1. a) Reasons for the Revelation of the Quran.
i. To guide humanity on how to conduct themselves as per its prescriptions.

ii. To show humanity the path to repentance and salvation.
iii. It is mercy to humanity.
iv. To confirm / affirm Allah’s messages previously sent to other prophets e.g. Ibrahim, Musa,
Daud, Isa etc.
v. To bring unity among different groups of people.
vi. To meet the spiritual needs and spiritual development of the people.
vii. To take care of the changing needs of the people in terms of laws and regulations.
viii. To finalize Allah’s message to humanity.
ix. To make the message of Allah universal.
x. To witness to the Greatness of Allah
xi. To warn the evil doers
xii. It was revealed as a judgment of authority and to judge between right and wrong.
xiii. To abrogate the previously revealed books.
xiv. To simplify the message of Allah.
xv. The time for its Revelation had come.
b) Significance of the compilation of the Quran
i. Compilation of the text provides for a uniform reading of the book by both Arab and non-
Arab Muslims. It promotes unity of mission, action and purpose.
ii. The compiled text facilitates the keeping and perpetuation of the message to the future
generation without alteration.
iii. It helps in preserving the message as the materials used are more durable.
iv. The process helps in protecting the message from infiltration of foreign materials i.e.
preserves the purity of the Quran.
v. It inevitably provides rewards for those who participated in the compilation.
vi. It is a very useful source of reference for those who wish to study and research on it.
vii. The complied text acts as a symbol of Islam.
viii. It is easily portable and convenient. Can be carried from place to place.
c) Teachings of Surah Fatiha.
i. Muslims should worship one God only.

ii. Muslims should seek guidance from Allah.
iii. Allah is the owner of the Day of Judgment.
iv. Surah teaches Muslims knowledge of Allah and His attributes.
v. Muslims will have a good relationship with Allah through worshipping Him.
vi. Allah is the creator, sustainer, master of the universe.
vii. Allah is gracious and merciful.
viii. Allah is able to guide us on to the straight path and protect us from engaging in evil.
ix. Allah is the only one to be praised.
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2. a) Etiquettes that should be observed when reading the Quran.
i. Keep the Quran in a clean place.

ii. Concentrate fully and leaves aside all other preoccupations.
iii. Be ritually clean and sit on a clean place.
iv. Face the Qibla.
v. Observe humility and respect for the Quran.
vi. Begin the reading with “Audhu-bi llahi mina-shaitan rajiim followed by basmallah…”
vii. Read with a good voice.
viii. Ask for Allah’s blessing when reading a verse which contains a promise.
ix. Ask for Allah’s mercy when reading a verse that contains a threat.
x. Repeat important verses many times.
xi. Say SadaqaIlahu-ul-adhim at the end of the recitation.
xii. Close/ end with a dua so that Allah may accept it from you.
xiii. Observe SijdatuTilawa where applicable.
xiv. Feel as though the Quran addresses you directly.
xv. To stop reading Quran when Adhan is recited.
b) Circumstances that led to the standardization of the Quran.
i.
The Quran was revealed in seven Arabic dialects and therefore the necessity for its
standardization.
ii. Muslims taught, read and recited the Quran in its different readings and this created a need
to read and recite the Quran from the same script.
iii. To stop some Arabs from the provinces from boasting that their dialects were superior to
other.
iv. To be able to correct mistakes made by new Muslims in their recitation of the Quran.
v. The expansion of the Muslim territories beyond Arabia brought in non-Arabic speaking
Muslims. A standardized Quran was therefore necessary to make it easy for them to read,
memorize and recite the Quran.
vi. Different copies of the Quran, some incomplete were circulating, as it became necessary to
have a standardized Quran.
vii. The death of the Prophet meant the end of Revelation. No more Revelation was expected
therefore there was a need for a standardized Quran.
viii. To minimize quarrels, differences and misunderstandings over the Quran.
ix. To protect the purity of the Quran/protect it from manipulations.
3. a) Differences between the Quran and Hadith.
Quran Hadith
a) It is the Word of Allah sent down upon Is the report about the acts, sayings and
Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) through Angel confirmations of Prophet Muhammad
Jibril.
b) The Quran has no categories because the Categorized as hadith Qudsi and Hadith
meaning and wording are all from Allah. Nabawi.
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c) The Quran speaks in general terms and Hadith being interpretation is analytical. It
contain general principles. explains the Quran.
d) Reading of the Quran is an act of Worship Reading of Hadith is not rewarded but its
and the reader is rewarded. application is rewarded.
e) Quran is principally recited in daily Hadith is not recited in prayers; instead it is
prayers, without which the prayer is applied in our lives.
invalid.
f) Cleanliness (twahara) is a primary Can be recited in any state but it is good
requisite for reciting the Quran. for one to observe cleanliness
g) Quran is authentic as it was written and Hadith are classified according to their
recited in its original form from the time of degree of authenticity.
the Prophet.
h) Muslims are commanded to listen to the It is not a necessity to listen to hadith being
Quran when it is being recited. recited.
i) The recording of the Quran took place The writing of Hadith was not supervised
during the prophet’s lifetime; he by the prophet. It was recorded after his
supervised it and listened to its order of death.
memorization.
j) The Quran is memorized and recited in its The words and sentences of Hadith may
original form/words. vary depending on the reporters.
k Quran is the first source of Shariah Hadith is the second source of Shariah
l When quoting the Quran it must be done One quoting the Hadith one is allowed to
exactly. (direct quotation) paraphrase.
b) Six authentic books of Hadith (Sahih ul Sitta)

i. jamii Sahihul Bukhari
Compiler: Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim al-Bukhari (194H – 256H)
ii. Sahihul Muslim
Compiler: Abu al-Hussein Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Muslim al-Naysaburi (206H –261H)
iii. Sunan Abu Dawood
Compiler: Abu Daud Suleiman ibn Al-Ashaath as sijistani (202 A.H-275A.H)
iv. Jami al-Tirmidhi
Compiler: Muhammad ibn ‘Isa al-Tirmidhi (209H – 279H)
V Sunan al-Nissaee
Compiler: Abu Abd ar-Rahman Ahmad ibn Shu’ayb an-Nasai (214H – 303H)
VI Sunan ibn Majah
Compiler: Mummahad ibn Yazid ibn Majah al-Qazwini (209H – 273H)
c) Ways in which the Swahabas helped in the Transmission of Hadith.
i. The Swahabas had excellent memories; they easily memorized what the prophet (s.a.w)
did, said and passed it on and taught others.
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ii. Some of the Swahabas could read and write, they put in writing what the Prophet (s.a.w)
said, did and taught and this was read to their students and to other people.
iii. Some of the Swahabas were sent out as teachers (missionaries) to distant lands to teach
and spread Islam and Hadith were part of what they taught and spread.
iv. The Swahabas moved to other places as travellers, traders, migrants with their knowledge
of Hadith and taught it to those they came across and lived or settled among.
v. The Swahabas established learning centres/ institutions where they taught Hadith.
vi. The Swahabas love for the Prophet (s.a.w) and their desire to practice his exemplary life
made them to strive to live perfect lives with minimum worldly pleasures and others learnt
from them. (actions speak louder than words)
vii. The application of their knowledge of Hadith to situations. When faced with challenges/
problems/ issues/decisions making, the Swahabas used relevant Hadith to solve them.
4. a ) types of saum
i. Fardh: An obligatory fast observed during Ramadhan, the ninth month of the
Muslim lunar year.
ii. Qadhaa: A fast observed at another time in order to pay a fast that had been
missed for some valid reason during Ramadhan.
iii. Kaffara : A fast observed for the redemption of sins committed.
iv. Sunnah: Voluntary fasts a Muslim can observe on specific days of the year on
such occasions as six days of Shawwal, ninth DhulHijja etc.
v. Nadhir: A fast vowed to be observed under special circumstance e.g. when a
Muslim vows that if Allah blesses him/her with something e.g. Passing exam, getting
a job he will fast.
vi. Nafl: These are purely voluntary fasts. A Muslim may fast any day except
the forbidden days.
b) Privileges accorded to a Muslim traveller.
i. Shortening of prayers
ii. Combining of prayers
iii. Rewarded for Sunnah acts observed during travelling
iv. Exempted from Sunnah acts.
v. Exempted from observing fast so long as the journey is within the distance permitted by
Shariah.
vi. Exempted from performing Swalat at the stated times.
vii. A traveller is entitled to Zakat in case he/she is stranded so long as the journey is Halal.
viii. Permitted to perform Tayammum instead of wudhu.
ix. Permitted to eat food which is not Halal if he/she is going through hardships as a result of
not getting food.
x. To be hosted by other Muslims.
xi. Exempted from performing Jum’aa prayers.
xii. Exempted from performing Jamaa prayers.
c) Recommended steps in the performance of Tayammum.

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i. Make Niyyah to perform Tayammum
ii. Make two heaps of clean dust/sand
iii. Hit the first heap with the hands and pass the dusty hands over the face once.
iv. Hit the second heap and rub the hands up to the elbows starting with the right hand then
left.
5. a) Ways in which Muslims in Kenya can help promote peace.
i. Following the teachings of the Quran on non-aggression against others/on living

harmoniously with others.
ii. Following the Sunnah and teachings of the prophet (SAW) on Muamalat for instance a non-
Muslim neighbor has a certain right as a human being.
iii. Praying for peace and reconciliation in case of a dispute between a Muslim and a non
Muslim.
iv. Condemning evil and injustice in the society and calling for a just society, through various
forums.
v. Helping the poor and the needy in the community through giving Zakat and Sadaqa and
other social responsibilities.
vi. Obeying the lawful authority so long as it does not contradict Allah’s laws and common
sense.
vii. Through teaching, preaching and advocating for peace in school, Madrassa, and mosques.
viii. Treating people of other religions and cultures with tolerance e.g. living peacefully with
them and assisting them when necessary.
ix. Devising and applying conflict resolution mechanisms, e.g. reconciling warring parties.
x. Writing books, pamphlets, journals on matters of peace.
xi. Use of electronic and print media to sensitize people and promote peace and reconciliation
in the nation.
b) Significance of freedom of Religion to Muslims in Kenya.
i. Muslims are able to practice their religion freely without any victimization e.g. can worship
freely, hence harmonious co-existence with others.
ii. They are able to construct places of worship e.g. mosques and Madrassas anywhere in the
country and manage these places.
iii. Sanctity of the places of worship e.g. mosques and Madrassas is upheld i.e. followers of
other religions recognize and respect these places.
iv. Muslims are able to form organizations for the welfare of their fellow Muslims e.g. WAMY,
SUPKEM etc.
v. They are free to express their opinion, wishes and stand on matters affecting them e.g.
inclusion of the Kadhis court in the new constitution.
vi. They are free to travel out of the country for religious obligations e.g. travel to Makkah for
Hajj and Umrah.
vii. Free to celebrate religious ceremonies and festivals e.g. MiladNabi, Idd-ul-Fitr, Idd-ul-Hajj.
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viii. They are able to wear/observe Islamic code of dress at the workplace, homes and in
education institutions.
ix. They are able to publish and sell Islamic books and other education materials.
x. They are able to use the electronic and print media to preach and teach the religion of
Islam e.g. through radio Rahma, Iqra FM, etc.
xi. Provide religious instructions and Islamic Religious Education in education institutions right
from primary level to university level.
xii. Muslims receive government support in their undertakings e.g. initiation of development
projects in marginalized areas e.g. North Eastern, Coast province where majority of people
are Muslims.
xiii. Receiving equal treatment by the government/authority with people of other faiths.
xiv. Are allowed to start Islamic Shariah Banks e.g. first Community Bank, Gulf African Bank
etc.
6. a) Ways in which the Prophets of Allah facilitated Divine Guidance.
i. Some were given revelation (books) which they passed on to the people.
ii. They led exemplary lives for others to emulate i.e. they were role models to the people.
iii. They Preached and taught people what was revealed to them.
iv. Some had groups of companions whom they taught and sent out to teach others.
v. Some established places of worship.
vi. Condemned sin in society and called people to return to the right path.
vii. Condemned idol worship and called people to the worship of Allah and Allah alone.
viii. Through counseling and guidance on matters of faith.
ix. They put up with hardships (persecutions) for the sake of Allah.
x. By remaining faithful to Allah and committed/ devoted to their calling / mission / work.
xi. Preached Tawheed.
xii. Taught fear and obedience to Allah by abstaining from all that he has forbidden.
b) Different manifestations of shirk-al-Akbar
i. Worship other being besides Allah.

ii. Making/ selling/ buying idols.
iii. Showing off (riyaa)
iv. Supplication to other beings other than Allah.
v. Visiting graves for the purpose of worship.
vi. Equating the power of human beings to that of Allah.
vii. Invoking other names other than the name of Allah.
viii. Believing that people have the power to protect or harm.
ix. Believing / consulting witchdoctors, palm readers, soothsayers.
x. Showing love which is due to Allah alone to other than Him.
xi. Slaughtering in any other name other than Allah’s.
c) Significance of the Day of Judgment to Muslims
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i. The belief in the Day of Judgment strengthens Muslims faith in their creator Allah.
ii. Induces Muslims to perform good deeds and avoid evil because they shall he held
responsible for all their deeds.
iii. Enables Muslims fulfill one of the article of faith.
iv. Instills the virtues of responsibility and patience as Muslims will be careful in their deeds
and have patience in any trials because they know that there is reward for them.
v. Strengthens Muslims loyalty to their creator hence brings them close to the creator.
vi. Creates in a Muslim the fear of Allah and the urge to avoid bad deeds.
vii. Encourages the virtues of justice among Muslims because they know that they will also
judge in the hereafter.
viii. To make the religion have sense /meaning to human being knowing they will be
accountable during the Day of Judgment.
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1) a) Ways through which Muslims preserve Quran
i) Quran has been memorized by the Muslims all over the world. It is in the hearts of the Muslims.
ii) It is recited in the daily five prayers, this has enabled the Muslims to memorize and recall the
verses of the Quran as revealed to the prophet.
iii) The Quran is taught to the Muslim children in madrassas and other learning institutions such as
integrated schools.
iv) Some organizations in the Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia Egypt, Yemen, and Sudan
etc have printed and distributed copies of Quran freely to other parts of the world.
v) The Quran is recorded in cassettes and other electronic devices such as, flash disk, memory
cards e.t.c.
vi) Quran is also played many times in radio stations such as Iqra FM, radio salaam, radio rahma
e.t.c.
vii) Quran competition are held annually especially during Ramadhan period.
viii) It is also recited a revised during taraweh prayers in the month of Ramadhan.
b) Reasons why Quran is regarded as a guide to mankind
i. Quran is the most truthful speech, the most eloquent advice to Muslims which they need to
listen to it carefully in order to preserve the words of Allah (s.w).
ii. The Holy Qur’an guides us to all aspects of life i.e. socially, morally, politically and
spiritually, thus enabling people to live in peace and harmony.
iii. Our supplications get answered if we were to pray after reading the Holy Qur’an, thus it
also helps in strengthening our faith.
iv. Students get wise when they start reading the Qur’an in their childhood, thus Holy Book is
the best intellectual treasure a student can have.
v. The Quran reminds the Christians and Jews about the right path of their religions and the
correct commands and guides in their holy books. It thus explains the deviations in their
holy books, and therefore invites them to the new message which subsumes all what is true
in their Scriptures.
vi. It also calls Muslims to think deliberately in God creations that are the right way to believe
in God. In this regards, Quran contained a wide variety of scientific statements that become
only proven by state of art of technology, science, and information. These scientific
statements are considered as miracles of Quran that prove Quran is a God revelation and
not human wrote text.
vii. Quran recitation inculcates love and fear of Allah. This is because some verses of the
Quran contain soothing effect while others contains harsh tone to the disbelievers and the
evil doers.
c) Reasons why the Quran was revealed in portions.
i) The Quran was revealed in portion to strengthen the heart of the o Prophet (S.A.W)by
addressing him continuously and whenever the need for guidance arose.
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ii) To enable the Muslims memorize the Quran easily without any difficulties, since memorization
required a lot of time.
iii) To gradually implement the laws of Allah (s.w), since the people were engrossed in acts of
jahilliya most of which were against Islam, Allah prohibited these thugs gradually.
iv) To make the understanding of the Quran much easier until they were able to apply them
properly in their lives.
v) To allow room for spiritual development for the prophet and the Muslims at large.
vi)It was out of consideration for the Prophet since the revelation was a difficult experience for him
it was not easy for the prophet to take it in wholesome since he is a human being.
vii) It was because different circumstances at different times and place necessitated the Quran to
be revealed in bits.
2) a) Role played by angel jibril in the revelation of the Quran
i) Angel jibril acted as a link between Prophet Muhammad and Allah, taking the message from
Allah and revealing it to the Prophet.
ii) He also taught the prophet what he was expected to know before he began his mission like
when he instructed him to repeat the verses after him during their first meeting in cave Hira.
iii) Angel jibril also acted as the Prophet’s security, he protected him from his enemies most of the
times.
iv) He was a companion and a real friend of the Prophet he consoled him during difficulties and
psychological stress.
v) Angel jibril also assisted the prophet tom recite the Quran twice during Ramadhan.
b) Attributes of Allah mentioned in Ayyatul kursi
i) Allah is the only one.
ii) All knowing
iii) Self sustaining
IV) Allah needs no helper
v) The owner of the heavens and the earth
vi) Allah Never gets tired
vii) The eternal
viii) He is the supreme
ix) Allah never sleeps nor slumbers
x) The wise and the powerful.

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c) The teachings of suratul Nasr
i) The surah shows that the truth will finally win and falsehood will never prevail.
ii) Muslims must have patience and firmness if victory is to be achieved.
iii) The surah teaches that when a Muslim excels in any activity he/she must thank Allah (s.w) for
that particular success.
iv) Allah also teaches us that man is not perfect and is prone to mistakes when performing ibadah
(an act of worship), thus he must always ask Allah for forgiveness.
v) Allah is the only one who grants victory to man, thus Muslims should have firm faith in Allah
(s.w).
vi) People will enter in Allah’s religion in great numbers; this shows that Islam is the only religion
recognized by Allah (s.w).
vii) Allah (SW) is oft-forgiving he forgives any person who seeks his forgiveness.
3) a) differences between Hadith Qudsi and Hadith Nabawi
Hadith Qudsi Hadith Nabawi
1) The meaning originates from Allah (s.w) 1) Both the meaning and wording originate from
while the Prophet (saw) uses his own words. the Prophet(saw)
2) The chain of transmission ends with 2) The chain of transmission ends with the
Allah(s.w) Prophet (s.w).
3) The subject matter of these Hadith is 3) The subject matter is general. It covers all
restricted or confined to specific matters. aspects of life.
4) When quoting hadith Qudsi one opens by 4) When quoting hadith Nabawi one opens by
saying the prophet (saw) said that Allah (s.w) saying, “the prophet (SAW) said………..
said……
5)they are few in number 5)they are many in number
6) Most of the sacred hadith are directly in first 6) They are recorded both in direct speech, and
person. in third person.
b) The prophet (s.a.w) said, “Powerful is not the one who subdues others through physical
Strength, rather powerful is one who can control the self when angry.”
In the light of the above Hadith, state ways through which Muslims can control anger.
i) When a Muslim is angered by someone he should exercise patience and restrain himself from
taking harsh decision that will be harmful to himself and other people.
ii) A Muslim is taught to seek protection from Allah against shaitan when he becomes angry on
world things, since the devil always whispers to man in order to lead him astray.
iii) It is encouraged to take ablution first when one becomes angry as this will cool him down thus
enable to him to think wisely before taking any action.
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iv) When one becomes angry and he is in a standing position, the sharia teaches him to sit down
as this will too help him tom cool down.
v) When he is in a sitting position and he becomes angry he is encouraged to lie down for
sometime this will cool down his nerves and make him think straight.
c) Give the qualities of a Muhadith.

i) A Muhadith must be a piety Muslim.
ii) He must be knowledgeable in Quran and the science related to it.
iii) He must also be well acquainted with knowledge of Hadith and all the knowledge related to it.
iv) He should also have a retentive memory.
v) He must be trustworthy and truthful.
vi) Must have the ability to distinguish between a sound Hadith and a false one.
4 a) Give an account of the day of resurrection.
i) On the day of resurrection the earth will be shaken and it will yield up its burdens i.e. man will be
resurrected.
ii) Nothing will survive except Allah (s.w) himself or those he may exempt from destruction.
iii) Mankind will be in scattered groups to be shown their deeds i.e. will be given their books of
accounts.
iv) The earth will be an immense plain in which there are no mountains, villages and trees.
v) All mankind will arise from their graves in the same shape and with the same qualities in which
they lived on earth.
vi) All mankind will be made to wait for what is to come, they will gather at the place of assembling
for judgment.
vii) Allah will then appear to the people, He will be on a majestic Throne guarded by angels, and
the process of judgment will then follow.
b) Describe the relevance of Tawheed in the life of a Muslim
i. When one believes in Allah, he surrenders all his life to Him and his servant. This therefore
makes him to fulfill god’s commands and every law and other in society.
ii. Belief in Allah produces in a believer a high degree of self-respect and He/ she knows that
he/she depends on none other than Allah for the fulfill needs. Believes Allah alone has
power to do good or harm on him / her.
iii. Makes a believer humble and modest. He /she are never arrogant. He/she everything is
controlled by Allah. He is the one who gives and the one from one what he pleases.
iv. It makes the believer to be dutiful and upright. The believer knows that he will be asked to
give an account of his/her responsibility by Allah on the Day of Judgment.
v. Belief in Allah makes a believer contented for he knows that Allah will provide him with
his/her needs if he / she is obedient and hardworking.
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vi. It makes the believer brave and courageous as he/she knows that it is Allah who
safeguards and protects him/her nothing will touch him except what has been written by
Allah (s.w).
vii. Makes a believer to be patient and persevering as he/she knows that whatever problems
he suffers, Allah will solve them eventually.
viii. Makes a believer submit completely to the will of Allah, thus accepting any kind of result for
he knows that it was decreed by Allah (s.w).
ix. Liberates a believer from the worship of idols / false gods.
x. It is the basis on which believers unite regardless of race, colour, nationality, status.
xi. Inculcates good values/ virtues /virtues. Builds good character based on piety and
righteousness/ taqwa.
c) What are the characteristics of the prophets of Allah?

i) The prophets of Allah are all maasumin infallibles they do not commit sins.
ii) They all taught people what they were sent for; they do not teach what their hearts desires.
iii) They do not ask for wages for delivering the message, they expect rewards from their Lord.
iv) They all underwent trials but managed to overcome them, they had full trust in their Lord.
v) All are men; Allah out of His own wisdom did not send a woman prophet.
vi) Prophets of Allah were all honest and truthful, they did not speak lies.
vii) They also did not suffer from serious diseases except for some few cases like the example of
Nabii Ayyub and that was a lesson to mankind.
5 a) Discuss how the performance of Hajj creates unity among Muslims
i) It brings Muslims together and thus becomes the large annual gathering where they meet to
know one another and help to solve their problems.
ii) It brings equality to the Muslims since they all wear the same type of clothing i.e. ihram thus no
distinction in terms of race and social status.
iii)the sacrifice of slaughtering in hajj goes a long way in helping other Muslims who are poor in the
vicinity of Makkah as well as in far lands this inculcate in the hearts of the Muslims a sense of
belonging thus love and unity.
iv) It is to acquaint the pilgrims with the spiritual and historical environment of the Holy Prophet so
that they may derive warm inspirations and strengthen their iman.
v) Bad habits such as backbiting and quarrelling are discouraged as good habits are encouraged
this will inculcate love and unity in the lives of the people.
vi) All pilgrims performing the rites of hajj at the same time reaffirms that Allah is one and His
religion is one, this understanding will go a long way in forging unity among the Muslims.
vii) Hajj symbolizes the oneness of mankind and its common origin from Adam and Hawa and
signifies the unity of the Muslim ummah.
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viii) There is mental and spiritual unity that benefits mankind greatly, this is due to the eternal
peace experienced around the territories of Makkah and madina until the day of Qiyamah.
b) State the Sunnah rites of Hajj.
I) To take optional bath before proceeding to Arafat.
ii) To utter the glorification (labayka) “here am I”
iii) To perform a ritual prayer of two rakaats.
iv) To drink from the spring of zamzam.
v) To visit the tomb of the Prophet at madina.
c) Give five reasons that make it compulsory for Muslims to slaughter during hajj
i) When one performs hajj Tamattu, he has to slaughter an animal.
ii) When one performs Qiraan type of hajj.
iii) When one does not spend a night at Muzdalifa.
iv) Failure to spend the three nights at Mina.
v) Failure to take part in the throwing of stones at Jamaraat.
vi) Failure to observe any of the restrictions of ihram.
6 a) what are the differences between zakat and Sadaqa?
ZAKAT SADAQA
1)Zakat is a pillar of Islam 1) Sadaqa of an act of charity. Not a pillar.
2) Zakat is compulsory for all Muslims who fulfil 2) Sadaqa is a voluntary act.
the condition to pay it.
3) It is given to specific people mentioned in the 3) No specific recipients any person is liable for
Quran. Sadaqa.
4) Zakat is payable only on savings that have 4) Can be paid on any amount that has been in
been in one’s possession for one year. one’s possession for a day, month or a year.
5) There is a minimum amount on which zakat 5) There is no fixed rate for Sadaqa.
is payable.
.
b) Give the benefits of fasting during the month of Ramadhan
i. During the month of Ramadhan, the believers learn to curb their desires and check
them against transgression, extravagance, and the yielding to the lower desires, all of
which degenerate man and bring him to the pit of self-destruction and annihilation.
ii. Fast fosters a strong will, teaches patience and self-discipline, the ability to bear
hardship and tolerate hunger and thirst. In short, it brings about a clear victory over
one's illicit desires and selfish impulses.
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iii. It is a moral education, a nourishment of supreme virtues. It teaches the believer to

abandon vices, to control emotions and instincts, to curb the tongue against saying
what is wrong or inappropriate and the conscience against contemplating upon
wrongdoing or rebellion.
iv. It promotes the spirit of unity among members of the fasting community; it teaches
them humility and humbleness and instills within them the feeling of equality before
Allah (s.w)
v. It promotes the spirit of charity and compassion towards the poor and the needy, and
it reminds each believer of the needs of other believers. Muslims share with each other
Allah's blessings unto them.
vi. The believers strengthen their ties with the Almighty, since they express through fast a
continuous desire to obey His Will and carry out His commandments.
vii. The rich have to observe it as well as the poor, the women as well as the men, the
influential and powerful as well as the weak and downtrodden: they all have to
observe the fast thus it promotes the spirit of brotherhood and unity among the
Muslims all over the world.
viii. A person, who fasts with full faith in Allah (s.w) and expects a reward from Him, will have all
his past sins forgiven, thus saum during Ramadhan is highly rewardable.
ix. It is an obligatory act to all the Muslims in the month of Ramadhan as it was ordained to the
ancient communities the main goal is to make us God fearing.
x. It has so many medicinal benefits like the accumulated fats in the body are burnt down thus
protecting us from dangerous diseases.
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1. a) Characteristics of the language of the Quran.

i. The language of the Quran is clear and makes clear the laws and reports which it contains.
ii. It consists of distinct chapters (muhkamaat), each distinct from the other, perfected and
preserved from any flaws or contradicts.
iii. It has clear verses (bayinaat) which are clear and obvious signs indicating Allah’s unique
unity, the perfection of His attributes, and the goodness of His laws.
iv. The language of the Quran is rhythmic and harmonious e.g. Surah Nas, Lahab, Ikhlas.
v. The language of the Quran combines both poetic and prose from e.g. Surah Nas, Lahab,
Baqarah.
vi. The verses of the Quran are in classical Arabic and in the dialect of the Quraish of Makkah.
vii. The language is precise and to the point, does not contain extra words that do not add
value.
viii. The verses that express the fear of Allah are fiery and those that express the mercy of
Allah are in soft language.
ix. The Quran contains vocabularies that are difficult to understand and interpret which Allah
uses as a challenge to Muslims e.g. Alif- Iam-mim.
x. The language of the Quran is easy to comprehend.
xi. There is repetition of words and sentences in various surahs for affirmation e.g. Rahman,
Mursalat.
b) Lessons that Muslims can learn from the last three verses of Surah Al-Baqarah.
(Q2:284-286)
i. Muslims should exercise humility because all that they own belongs to Allah; Allah is the
owner of all that is in the heavens and on earth. Muslims should shun pride and showoff.
ii. Muslims should strive in doing good and avoiding evil, and also be sincere in worshipping
Allah because He Knows whatever we do whether we conceal or do it in the open. All
Muslims will be held accountable for their deeds.
iii. Muslims should seek for forgiveness from Allah because it is Allah who forgives at His own
will and punishes at His own will.
iv. Muslims should trust and rely on Allah only because He has full control of all things.
v. Muslims should believe and follow the teachings of the Quran revelation from Allah.
vi. Muslims should follow and imitate the prophet (s.aw) because he had the highest level of
faith in the message of Allah.
vii. A true believer should believe in the articles of faith i.e. belief in Allah, Angels, messengers,
books etc.
viii. Muslims will gain complete faith when they believe in all of Allah’s messengers without any
distinction. To disregard any of Allah’s messengers is disbelief.
ix. Muslims should submit fully to the will of Allah, Allah’s will is superior to the will of human
beings.
x. Muslims should always supplicate to Allah and seek for his forgiveness.
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xi. Muslims should prepare for the hereafter, with full knowledge that they will finally return to
their creator.
xii. Allah is merciful because He does not burden a person beyond his capabilities.
xiii. Believers are punished and rewarded for what they have done because Allah is just.
xiv. Allah has favored the Muslims by giving them lenient obligations as compared to the Jews
and Christians.
xv. Allah is the giver of victory.
2. a) differences between the compilation and the standardization of the Holy Quran.
i. Compilation of the Quran was done during the reign of Khalifa Abubakar (R.A) and
standardization was done during the reign of Khalifa Uthman (R.A)
ii. In the compilation of the Quran there was only one scribe Zaid binThabit but in the
standardization there were four scribes, Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah Ibn Zubeir, Said Ibn Aas
and Abdurrahman Ibn Harith.
iii. Compilation of the Quran was done at the advice of Umar ibn-al-Khattab while
standardization was done at the advice of Hudhaifah ibn Al-Yamman.
iv. Reason for compilation of the Quran was for fear of the loss of the Quran and reason for
standardization was for fear of disunity of the Ummah.
v. Compilation of the Quran involved collection of the different portion of written Quran into
one single volume while standardization involves the unifications of the pronunciation of the
Quran.
vi. Compilation of the Quran resulted into one official copy while standardization resulted into
six official copies distributed to the six provinces.
vii. Compilation was done at early stage of Caliphate while standardization was done at a later
stage of Caliphate.
b) Why the Quran is considered a miracle by Muslims.
i. Allah promises to protect it from any interpolation and human interferences.

ii. It was delivered to an unlettered prophet but it proved to be a challenge to the most learned
and the scholars of all ages.
iii. It gives scientific details discovered by the enquiries and research made by man in later
centuries.
iv. It gives an in depth analysis of the future and the hereafter something which is not found in
any other book.
v. It has no shortcomings in substance or content thus does not contradict itself though
revealed in a period of 23 years.
vi. No one can produce anything like it even one chapter, despite the presence of renowned
poets in Arabia.
vii. The Quran contains vocabularies that are difficult to understand and interpret which Allah
uses as a challenge to Muslims e.g. Alif- Iam-mim.
viii. It soothes the mind, acts as a mental therapy and Shifaa (cure)
ix. Contains enriching content and subject matter that satisfies the challenges of contemporary
times.
x. Gives detailed stories of previous prophet and their respective nations.
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xi. One does not get tired of reading it.

xii. It is valid for all time and place.
xiii. Unique style, neither poem nor prose.
xiv. When one hears Quran is shows it is addressing him directly. Hears it for the first time.
xv. Legal injunction in the Quran cannot be suppressed.
c) Benefits of translating the Quran into other languages.
i. Non-Arab speakers can read and understand it.

ii. People can read/ study it and write commentary on it.
iii. Followers of other religions can take interest in studying it.
iv. For easy comparison with other religions,
v. Act as a source of reference.
vi. So that people can understand it in their own languages.
vii. Eases the work of teaching to those who cannot read Arabic.
viii. Researchers can access it and support their work be referring to it.
ix. Non-Muslims will develop interest in it and can even convert to Islam.
x. One earns rewards for translating the Quran.
xi. Creates employment to translators, publishers and printers.
xii. A Muslim who does not understand Arabic will be able to read and understand it hence
becomes a better practicing Muslim.
xiii. Helps Muslim understand the miraculous nature of the Quran.
3. a) Criteria used by Muhadithin to determine the authenticity of Hadith.
Muhadithin ensured that:-

i. Every hadith must be traced back to the original reporter through a continuous chain of
transmitters.
ii. Every Hadith that reports an event that took place repeatedly and in the presence of a large
number of people must be corroborated by other who were in attendance at the time of that
event.
iii. A reporter of Hadith should be well known person.
iv. A reporter of Hadith should be a Muslim of unquestionable character/ trustworthy/
competent.
v. The chain of narrators should end with the prophet (s.a.w).
vi. The narrator must have a good memory.
vii. Age of narrators had to be known so as to prove that they had clearly understood what they
saw or heard.
viii. The narrator must have been present when the reported action or saying took place to
provide an authentic and complete chain of narrators.
ix. It must be proved that each narrator met each of his teachers / transmitter and that they
were of the same geographical position so as to remember and to grasp the full impact of
Hadith.
x. A reporter of Hadith should be a scholar of Hadith.
xi. A hadith quote what was said or done by the Prophet (s.a.w)
xii. A Hadith should not be against the house of the Prophet (s.a.w)
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xiii. A Hadith should not be inconsistent i.e. e.g. a hadith that promises large rewards for small
deeds except where it was proved and in limited instances that the Prophet said so.
xiv. A Hadith should not be illogical or contrary to reason.
xv. A Hadith should not contradict the teachings of the Quran or favour a particular Madhhab.
xvi. Hadith which contain detailed prophecies of future events with dates are not authentic.
xvii. A Hadith should not be against other Hadith on the same subject which have already been
accepted as authentic and reliable.
b) Ways of caring for disable members of the society.
i. Assisting them through provision of basic necessities e.g. food, clothes, shelter, health.
ii. Visit and socialize with them.
iii. Consoling them when bereaved.
iv. Counseling them when in difficulties.
v. Praying for them.
vi. Honoring them during special occasions e.g. Idd.
vii. Helping them in their special needs e.g. assisting the blind persons to cross the road.
viii. Reserving special facilities for their use e.g. parking area, telephone booths, elevators etc.
ix. According them preference and special treatment in all areas that require queuing and
physical competition to access e.g. when boarding a bus, queuing in a bank etc.
x. Offering them scholarship in education institutions.
xi. Establishing institutions for people with special needs e.g. schools, college for the blind,
hearing impaired, physically handicapped etc.
xii. Considering them for employment.
xiii. Treating them with love.
xiv. Do not discriminate them.
c) Reason why people invented false hadith.
i. To induce other Muslims to perform good deeds.

ii. Some people had weak memories hence unintentionally transmitted false Hadith.
iii. To support innovation( bida’a) in religion which could not be supported by Sahih Hadith
iv. For economic and political gains.
v. Hypocrites wanted to discredit Islam and the Prophet (s.a.w)
vi. To create confusion among Muslims so that they go astray.
vii. To please the leaders of the time inorder to gain some personal favours.
4 a) the differences between Jum’aa and Jamaa prayers.
i. There is a minimum number of people that must be present for Jum’aa prayer while for
Jamaa only the Imam and Maa’muma are enough
i. Jum’aa prayer must have a Khutba while Jamaa prayer has no Khutba.
ii. Jum’aa prayer is only performed in a central mosque or a limited number of mosques while
there in no restrictions on the number of mosques for Jamaa prayers
iii. It is Sunnah to take a bath before Jum’aa prayer. While it’s not the case for Jamaa.
iv. A Muslim who is able should not miss three consecutive Jum’aa prayers or he will be
condemned by Allah while it is highly recommended to pray in Jamaa especially for a
Muslim who lives near the mosque.
v. Jum’aa prayers carry more rewards than Jamaa prayers.
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vi. Travellers are exempted from Jum’aa prayer but should perform Jamaa prayers.
vii. Jum’aa prayers have no Qadhaa but Jamaa prayer has Qadhaa.
viii. A Muslims woman can lead fellow women in performing Jamaa prayers but cannot lead in
performance of Jum’aa prayer.
ix. Missing a rakaat in Jum’aa prayers makes the prayer invalid while a person who misses a
rakaat in Jamaa still earns the reward of Jamaa prayers.
x. Recitation in Jum’aa prayer is done loudly while in Jamaa at times loudly at times silently.
xi. The angles wait at the door of the mosque in Jum’aa and write the name of those who
attend while this is not the case with Jamaa prayers.
b) Categories of Muslims who are exempted from Saum

i. Children before the age of puberty.
ii. Old/aged.
iii. Sick/weak.
iv. Traveller.
v. Women in heidh.
vi. Women in Heidh.
vii. Insane in Nifas.
viii. Pregnant/ breastfeeding women. Lactating mother.
ix. People working under hard/ difficult conditions.
c) Recommended steps of performing Ghusl.

i. Niyyat.
ii. Washing of hands, private parts and removing impurities.
iii. Performing wudhu.
iv. Pouring water all over the head.
v. Washing the whole body starting from right left.
5. a) Conditions for Tawba.
i. Giving up the sin immediately for the sake of Allah and not for any other reason i.e. one
should not stop doing wrong for fear of punishment from other people or being afraid of
what people will say.
ii. Feeling sorry and regretting for the sin committed, one should show remorse for the sin
committed. One should not be happy /pleased when remembering past sins or wish to go
back to it.
iii. The sins should not be repeated again i.e. one should resolve not to go back to the sin
again; one should have the intention and determination of never repeating the sin.
iv. Compensation and seeking forgiveness from the people who have been wronged e.g.
compensating the family of the person who has been killed and seeking their forgiveness.
v. Keep away from places of sin, if being there will make one fall into sin again.
vi. Keeping away from people who induced the committing of the sin if associating with them
will lead to repetition of the sin.
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vii. Destroying haraam things/ items such as idols, intoxicants, indecent movies by breaking or
burning them (which led them to commit sin).
viii. Repentance should not be at the time of death i.e. a Muslim should not wait until he/she is
on the death bed to repent; repentance should be a daily affair.
ix. Repentance should not be done after one of the signs of the Day of Judgment becomes
manifested because the Prophet (s.a.w) said that repentance should be done before the
sun appears from the west.
b) Rights that a Muslim should accord him/her self.
i. A Muslim should preserve his/ her life by not committing suicide or taking his life through
any means.
ii. Protecting oneself from external aggression by defending self through any means.
iii. A Muslims should protect him/her self from all harmful things e.g. drugs, food stuffs
diseases etc.
iv. Feeding oneself reasonably and not starving.
v. Getting enough rest and sleep.
vi. Fulfilling reasonable demands of pleasure e.g. in marriage.
vii. Saving oneself from hell fire by obeying Allah and avoiding sins.
viii. Avoiding impossible and difficult things i.e. letting your body do only what it can/ avoid
overworking your body.
ix. Dressing, walking and behaving in a proper manner to avoid disrespectfulness to self or
others.
x. Not sharing sensitive personal secrets with others so as not be embarrassed or be
disrespected.
xi. To acquire knowledge.
a) Reasons why Qiyas is an important source of Shariah to Muslims.
i. Through Qiyas, Muslims are able to solve issues which are not directly mentioned either in
the Quran, Hadith or Ijmah.
ii. Use of Qiyas encourages analytical and positive thinking among Muslims so as to solve
issues affecting them.
iii. Make it easy to understand and apply the Islamic Shariah / law.
iv. Use of Qiyas leads to better understanding of Islam.
v. Simplifies the understanding of Quran and Hadith as source of Shariah,
vi. Assist Muslim scholars make decisions affecting Muslims and pass injunctions fatwa.
vii. It gives a precise way of ruling on a case e.g. intoxicants.
viii. Qiyas as source of Shariah assists Muslims in solving issues that come up at different time
and places.
ix. Qiyas is the most widely used of the four sources, in Shariah application.
b) Different manifestations of shirk-al-Akbar
xii. Worship other being besides Allah.

xiii. Making/ selling/ buying idols.
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xiv. Showing off (riyaa)
xv. Supplication to other beings other than Allah.
xvi. Visiting graves for the purpose of worship.
xvii. Equating the power of human beings to that of Allah.
xviii. Invoking other names other than the name of Allah.
xix. Believing that people have the power to protect or harm.
xx. Believing / consulting witchdoctors, palm readers, soothsayers.
xxi. Showing love which is due to Allah alone to other than Him.
xxii. Slaughtering in any other name other than Allah’s.
c) Significance of the Day of Judgment to Muslims
ix. The belief in the Day of Judgment strengthens Muslims faith in their creator Allah.
x. Induces Muslims to perform good deeds and avoid evil because they shall he held
responsible for all their deeds.
xi. Enables Muslims fulfill one of the article of faith.
xii. Instills the virtues of responsibility and patience as Muslims will be careful in their deeds
and have patience in any trials because they know that there is reward for them.
xiii. Strengthens Muslims loyalty to their creator hence brings them close to the creator.
xiv. Creates in a Muslim the fear of Allah and the urge to avoid bad deeds.
xv. Encourages the virtues of justice among Muslims because they know that they will also
judge in the hereafter.
xvi. To make the religion have sense /meaning to human being knowing they will be
accountable during the Day of Judgment.
6. a) Ways in which shirk affect Muslim
i. It is because of shirk that man can believe in the powers of jinn, spirits and particular
human beings. Some believe that they can predict future events or cause an event to occur
or not to occur. All these can give rise to various forms of evil or ignorant practices.
ii. In praising and worshipping deities that have no power whatsoever to control his life, man
forgets Allah's (S.W.) sole right to be worshipped. He ignores his Creator, Who had given
him his life and thus is ungrateful and unjust to Allah (s.w.).
iii. Because the mushrik believes in the powers of his various deities, he is always living in
constant fear, whereas the only one to be feared is Allah (S.W.), as all other things are
dependent upon Him.
iv. For those who associate partners with Allah (s.w.), heaven has been made haraam for
them since ALLAH does not accept their good deeds..
v. Shirk causes the greatest downfall of human status and dignity.
vi. A Muslims who practices/believes in shirk is suspicious and has no peace of mind.
vii. Belief and practices in shirk can bring about enmity among Muslims hence lead to fights
and quarrels.
viii. The heart of a Muslim who practices/ believes in shirk will be devoid of love for Allah.
ix. A Muslim who practices shirk is hated and shunned by true believers.
x. One does not benefit from supplication done by angels and believers.
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b) Angles and their duties.
i. Jibril – revelation/ conveying Wahyi to prophets.

ii. Mikhail – in charge of rain.
iii. Israfil – to blow the trumpet on the day of judgment
iv. Izrail/Malakul-Maut – removing souls.
v. Raqib and Atid – recording deeds.
vi. Munkar and Nakir – questioning people in the grave.
vii. Ridhwan – in charge of Jannah.
viii. Malik in charge of Jahanam.
ix. Hamalat–al-arsh – throne bearers.
x. Huffadha – guardian from danger.
c) Similarities between Prophet Musa (A.S) and Isa (A.S)
i. Both are Ulul-Azm Prophet.

ii. Both given holy books Taurat and Injiil.
iii. Both were Jews sent to the Jewish people.
iv. Both came from the same region of Palestine.
v. Both performed miracles.
vi. Both of them were descendants of Nabii Ibrahim (A.S)
vii. Both are Rasul.
viii. Both were rejected by their people at first.
ix. Both lived under duress of kings.
x. Both of their mother got problems because of them.
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4.11 ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (314)
4.11.1 Islamic Religious Education Paper 1 (314/1)
1.(a) Challenges of translating the Quran into other languages.
(i) Lack of competency in either of the languages.

(ii) Lack of competency in translation skills.
(iii) Inadequate vocabulary equal to the Arabic word in the other languages e.g.
Swalah.
(iv) Limitations in giving the full meaning of the word or phrase.
(v) Limited knowledge of other branches of Islam e.g. Seerah, hadith, fiqh, etc.,
necessary for the translation of Quran.
(vi) Inability to capture the exact meaning of the Arabic text in the other languages.
(vii) Inability to maintain the rhythm, flow and affection of Arabic text in the other
languages.
(viii) Subjectivity and personal prejudices of the translators(s).
(ix) Existence of certain words e.g. Kalala, (Q 4:176), which do not have an
equivalent in other languages.
(x) Existence of certain words e.g. ALIF LAAM MIIM which cannot be translated.
9x1 9 marks
(b) The background to the revelation of Surah Al-Fil.
(i) This event happened in the year of Prophet’s birth.

(ii) Abraha who was the governor of Yemen on behalf of the King of Abyssinia,
built a house like the Kaaba and asked Arabs to go to it for pilgrimage instead of
Kaaba.
(iii) An Arab man defiled the inside walls of the newly built structure with human
waste.
(iv) This angered Abraha and made him invade the Kaaba with his army using
elephants.
(v) The Makkans couldn’t stop Abraha from attempting to destroy the Kaaba.
(vi) Abraha and his army were destroyed by Allah near Makka with birds carrying
stones of baked clay.
5x1 5 marks
(c) Preservation of the Quran during the time of the Khalifas.
(i) Living companions of the Prophet had committed Quran into memory and that served
as the living copies of the Quran.
(ii) Individual companions had written portions of the Quran for personal use.
(iii) Quran, written on parchments and other materials was collected and compiled into one
copy during the time of Abubakar. This copy was kept under the custody of Hafswa.
(iv) Muslim scholars were sent by Caliph Umar (R.A) to different parts of Islamic state to
teach the Quran.
(v) The Quran was harmonised using the Quraish dialect to overcome variations in
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recitation and the copies thus produced and distributed to different cities during the time
of Caliph Uthman (R.A).
(vi) All un-official copies of the Quran in circulation were collected and burnt under the
instruction of Caliph Uthman.
(vii) The companions living in the era of the Caliphs recited, memorised into practice and
constantly taught the tabiun the Quran.
6x1 = 6 marks
2.(a) Moral teachings of Surah An-Nur
(i) The Surah highlights chastity which is a virtue for both men and women Q 24: 15 -16
highlights the punishment for sex offences e.g. fornicators to be given 100 lashes and
there must be witnesses when the punishment is being carried out.
(ii) Adultery is discouraged and Muslims are called upon to boycott adulterers and should
not have any relations with them Q 24:3.
(iii) Those who slander or create false allegations about sexual misconduct, those who
accuse others of adultery without evidence to be given 80 lashes and if they repent
thereafter then Allah will forgive them Q 24:4 - 5.
(iv) Husbands who accuse their wives of infidelity without evidence should swear 4 times
and invoke the curse of Allah on themselves if the wives swear in the same way, then
they are acquitted. Q 24: 6 - 10.
(v) The Surah lays down general principles regarding relations between Muslims that
should be based on faith and not suspicions. Q 24: 26
(vi) Believers are forbidden from entering houses of other people unless with permission.
Q24: 27 - 29.
(vii) Believers are warned to be careful about false rumours because they can cause pain and
divisions among them, those who spread evil rumours deserve punishment and not
encouragement. Q 24: 11 - 16.
(viii) Marriage is encouraged among the single and pious even if they are slaves or poor as
Allah will enrich them.
(ix) Slavery is discouraged. Slave owners are asked to give financial help to the slaves so
that they can earn their freedom. Prostitution by slave girls is also forbidden. Q 24:33
(x) Muslim men and women should lower their gaze from looking at forbidden things and
shun illegal sexual acts.
(xi) Women are forbidden from revealing their adornment except to their husband and
Mahrim. Q 24: 30 - 31
(xii) Rules regarding coexistence and social relations are established, e.g privacy in the
home is encouraged servants and under age children should not enter private rooms
without permission especially before Fajr prayers, at noon and after Isha prayers.
Q 24: 58 - 59
(xiii) Old women past child bearing age are permitted to set aside their outer garment within
the house. Q 24: 60.
(xiv) Muslims are encouraged to treat the disabled kindly e.g. the blind, lame, crippled and
sick, are allowed to eat in other people’s houses.
(xv) When entering other people’s houses, it is good to offer greetings.
5x2 10 marks
438
(b) Why the Quran is considered a perfect revelation.
(i) It is a comprehensive legislation governing all aspects of human life.

(ii) Its language and style are unique and cannot be imitated.
(iii) It lacks contradictions in its teachings.
(iv) It lacks human manipulation/omissions or additions.
(v) The copies of the Quran in existence are all uniform.
(vi) Allah promised to preserve it from all alterations or loss.
(vii) It has balanced teachings which answer to all human needs and problems.
(viii)It addresses the past, present and future with all its prophecies coming true.
(ix) It is a divine miracle that ascertains the truth in the mission of all the revealed
scriptures.
(x) It was revealed in its precise meaning and wording and transmitted by numerous
persons both verbally and in writing.
5x1 5 marks
(c) Importance of Surah Al-Fatiha
(i) It is the opening chapter of the Quran.

(ii) It must be read in each portion (Raka) of Salah without which Salah will be invalid.
(iii) It is the summary of the Quran. It contains all fundamental objectives of Islam.
(iv) It is a supplication which is an integral part of Muslim’s daily prayer.
(v) Reciting it earns one rewards from Allah.
(vi) It was the first Surah to be revealed as a whole.
(vii) It contains the seven most recited verses of the Quran.
5x1 5 marks
3.(a) Reasons that necessitated the collection and compilation of Hadith after the death of the
Prophet (p.b.u.h)
(i) Memorises of hadith were dying of old age thus it was feared that hadith would perish
and thus it had to be compiled.
(ii) There was need to study hadith especially for the people who were not there during the
time of the Prophet (p.b.u.h).
(iii) The compilation of the Quran was complete thus there was no fear of tampering with
the purity of the Quran.
(iv) The Quran was already stored in people’s memories and also copies circulated to the
people.
(v) There was need to compile Hadith so as to safeguard its purity and to avoid false hadith.
(vi) There was need to distinguish between authentic and weak hadith.
5x1 5 marks
.(b) Method used by the Prophet(p.b.u.h) to transmit Hadith.
(i) Through establishment of informal schools in the mosque where he taught his Sunnah.
(ii) Instructing his Sabahas to pass on knowledge to others e.g. He said, “pass on
knowledge from me even if it is only one verse”. During the Hijatul Wida, He said,
“For those who are present should convey the message to those who are absent.”
It was common practice of the companions of the Prophet to tell those who are absent
about the Prophet’s deeds and sayings. Delegates coming to Madina to see the Prophet
were ordered to teach their people when they return.
439
(iii) Sending teachers to distant lands to teach Islam, e.g. Abdulla Ibn Makhtan and Musab
Ibn Umayr were sent to Madina before Hijrah to teach Islam. There were delegates also
delegates sent to Yemen in 9 A.H. to teach Islam.
(iv) Writing letters to various rulers explaining the fundamentals of religion and inviting
them to Islam.
(v) Through practically demonstrating to his Sabahas e.g. how to perform Wudhu, Swalat,
Hajj, etc.
(vi) Offering incentives for teachers and students which motivated them to learn and
practice his sunnah, e.g. on reward for students he said “that whoever searches for
knowledge, he will be forgiven his past sins”, on reward for teachers, he said, when
a man dies, all his actions comes to an end with three exceptions and one of them is
knowledge from which benefits continues to be repeated.
(vii) The prophet used threat of punishment e.g. he warned people of dire consequences if
they remained ignorant, he also indicated punishment which will come on as a result of
being taught and not learning.
(viii) The prophet used to sit in the mosque and answer questions and he would at times test
the companions on different aspects of Islam.
(ix) He encouraged the Swahabas to learn his Sunnah through memorisation and practice of
his sayings and deeds.
8x1 8 marks
. (c) Significance of the stated Hadith in eradicating illiteracy.
(i) It makes education compulsory on everyone.
(ii) It makes it the duty of parents to teach their children or take them to school.
(iii) Islamic government and all stakeholders have a duty to avail education to the people.
(iv) Acquiring education merits reward.
(v) One is rewarded for teaching.
(vi) Seeking knowledge is higher in status than ritual worship.
(vii) Islam encourages its followers to acquire all forms of beneficial knowledge.
(viii) The learned person in Islam is considered superior to the illiterate person.
7x1 = 7 marks
4.(a) Benefits of Swalatul Jamaa.
(i) Jamaa prayer rewarded more than prayers performed individually. (27 times more).
(ii) It enhances brotherhood in Islam.
(iii) It fosters a sense of unity among the Muslims.
(iv) Muslims meet five times a day and hence can discuss their problems and come up with
possible solutions.
(v) It helps to break social classes or even racial barriers among worshippers.
(vi) Helps in promoting a higher sense of spiritual development. Muslims’ faith is
strengthened in Swalatul Jamaa.
(vii) Helps in development of punctuality and discipline in worshippers.
(viii) Builds a sense of collective responsibility among Muslims.
(ix) Praying in Jamaa is very much recommended in Islam.
(x) It helps in strengthening social relations as people socialize and get to know each
other.
8x1 8 marks
440
.(b) Factors that led to the development of schools of thought.
(i) Differences in linguistic interpretation of the Quran where some scholars interpreted
some Quranic verses differently. This led to the evolvement of schools of thought.
(ii) The geographical spread of leading Muhadithin, these were spread all over the
Muslim world and taught people around them their views thus leading to the
evolvement of the schools of thought.
(iii) The question of who should be depended upon for authority, either those who grew up
in Madina and were conversant with the prophetic traditions of those from Kufa with
the best Sahabas and Tabiuns, in the interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah. This
created 2 groups which later grew into the 4 schools of thought.
(iv) Issues came up and solutions could not be found either in the Quran or Sunnah; this led
to the scholars to exercise their ijmah so as to solve these issues and this led to the rise
of the schools of thought.
(v) The expansion of Muslim empire where Islam spread far and wide and many people
converted to Islam. This led to the rise of different ideas which gave rise to the schools
of thought.
(vi) Different scholars had their own views on various issues in Islam, this also contributed
to the rise of schools of thought.
(vii) Competition in acquiring knowledge which gave rise to different opinions among the
scholars also contributed to the rise of the schools of thought.
(viii) Spread of authentic hadith which led to the different applications and issues also
contributed to the rise of different applications and issues also contributed to the rise of
schools of thought.
(ix) Spread of hadith to different areas where weak/forged hadith came up and difference in
opinions developed.
7x1 7 marks
.(c) Items on which Zakat is not payable.
(i) Private house.

(ii) Machine or engine used for manufacturing goods.
(iii) Animals used for transportation.
(iv) Women’s jewellery for personal use which is below Nisab.
(v) Personal clothes, furniture, weapons, tools which are not for sale.
(vi) Books which are not for trade.
5x1 5 marks
5.(a) How the application of Hudud Laws can reduce the rate of crime in the society.
(i) Punishments given for the sexual offences e.g. stoning for adultery and 100 lashes for
fornicators will act as a deterrent for these immoral acts.
(ii) Chopping off the hand will serve as a lesson to potential thieves and hence reduce the
vice. This will also act as a shame to the offender before the public thus minimizing a
repeat of the same.
(iii) Punishing the murderers by killing them will serve as a lesson that no human being has
the right to take the life of the other.
441
(iv) Since the murderer has to be killed, it will remain as a living lesson to the society not to
commit the crime.
(v) The punishment for slander (80 lashes), which is carried out in public creates
awareness to all those who witness it of the severity of the crime and thus no one
would wish to be subjected to the same.
(vi) The punishment awarded for robbery with violence will instil not only fear but respect
for other peoples’ properties.
(vii) The fact that Hudud Laws cannot be manipulated by the state or individuals makes
people to refrain completely from such crimes.
5x2 10 marks
.(b) Ways of performing Swalatul Musafir
(i) Jam’u Taqdim

This is to bring foward a later prayer and performing it with the present prayer at the
time of the latter, e.g. bringing foward Asr prayer and performing it with Dhur prayer
or bringing foward Isha and praying it with Maghrib at Maghrib time with the intention
of Jam’u Taqdim.
(ii) Jam’u Taakhir:

This is delaying a present prayer and performing it with a later prayer at the time of
the latter e.g. delaying Dhuhr prayer and performing it with Asr prayer at the time of
Asr or delaying Maghrib and praying it with Isha prayer with the intention of Jam’u
Taakhir.
(iii) Qasr:
This is the act of shortening four Rakaat prayers to two Rakaats with the intention of
shortening.
3x2 6 marks
. (c) Contributors of Imam Shaffi to Islamic Fiqh
(i) He was recognized as a scholar at the age of 15 years and was authorised by the
prominent scholars of Makka to give fatwa on religious issues.
(ii) He was a well-known teacher and used to give lectures in the grand mosque in
Makkah, he also travelled to Egypt where he taught students.
(iii) He was the founder of the Shaffi Madh’hab (Shaffi School of Thought).
(iv) He wrote several books which include Kitab-al-Risala, Kitab-al-Umm.
(v) He accepted Ijmah as a source of Shariah as long at it involves the whole community.
He also looked at religious matters with an independent legal reasoning.
(vi) He was a distinguished scholar in Arabic language and commentary on the Quran, a
skillful debater and a keen teacher.
(vii) He studied the viewpoints of the Hanafi school of thought and the Muhtazilite doctrines
which contributed to the development of Fiqh.
4x1 4 marks
442
6. (a) Reasons for divine guidance.
(i) To guide mankind to the will of Allah.
(ii) To provide mankind with the knowledge of Tawheed and the attributes of Allah. Such
knowledge helps mankind to avoid false worship/Shirk.
(iii) To provide mankind with the knowledge of the Unseen e.g. hereafter, Angels, Paradise
and Hell.
(iv) To direct people to the true worship of Allah.
(v) To provide believers with hope for the future and warn the disbelievers of the
punishment of Allah.
(vi) To restore the authentic message of God to humanity and guard it against corruption
and manipulation.
(vii) Provide regulations in human life that guarantee prosperity in this world and in the
hereafter.
(viii) To provide mankind with skills and knowledge so as to execute his mandate as Allah’s
vicegerent on earth.
(ix) Helps man to understand and appreciate God as the essence behind all the events that
occur.
8x1 8 marks
.(b) Importance of the belief in Qadar.
(i) It makes one to recognize the power and authority of Allah over His creatures.
(ii) It brings about acceptance of life situations whether good or bad as being part of the
will of Allah.
(iii) It encourages Muslims to exercise patience when afflicted by calamities.
(iv) It encourages Muslims to be contented with what they get in life as part of Allah’s
providence.
(v) As one of the pillars of Imam, believers in Qadar earn rewards from Allah.
(vi) It makes Muslims distinguish what is in human’s domain and what is in the realm of
Allah S.W. e.g. human beings plant crops but whether the crops will grow and mature
is left to Allah.
(vii) It helps the believers to rely solely on Allah.
(viii) Understanding the concept of Qadar frees a believer from the danger of resigning to
fate.
(ix) Qadr, is a pillar of Imam without which one’s beliefs is incomplete.
7x1 7 marks
.(c) Characteristics of the Angels of Allah.

(i) They are free from sins.
(ii) They are created from light.
(iii) They are gender neutral.
(iv) They neither drink nor eat.
(v) They have no material bodies.
(vi) They cannot deviate from God’s commands.
(viii) They have no physical desire, e.g. sleep.
(ix) They don’t have a will of their own.
5x1 5 marks
443
1. a] Reasons why the Quran is regarded as the final revelation
a. It was revealed to the last of all prophets i.e. prophet Muhammad (s.a.w)
b. Its message is meant for the whole mankind in contrast to other revelations that
were community specific.
c. Its teachings are applicable at all times and situations hence no necessity for new
revelation.
d. Allah has promised to protect it until the Day of Judgment.
e. The Quran contains teachings of the other earlier books.
f. There has been no other revelation after that of the Quran for over fifteen centuries
since the demise of the Prophet (s.a.w)
g. The Prophet (s.a.w) proclaimed that the message of the Quran is final.
b) The Quran was not compiled into one book (mashaf) during the lifetime of the Prophet
(s.a.w) because;
a. As long as the Prophet (s.a.w) was alive, there was a possibility of fresh revelation of
the Quran.
b. Religious and legal issues or disputes were referred to the Prophet (s.a.aw) for
arbitration and guidance, thus removing the need for compilation of the Quran.
c. There was a little time to write a book as Muslims were actively involved in
defending themselves against attacks from the non-Muslims and in preaching Islam.
d. Those who could read and write were, thus writing a mashaf was not a priority.
e. There was no controversy with regard to the pronunciation of the Quran during the
Prophets time.
f. The fear of loss of the Quran did not arise as majority of the companions had
memorized it were alive and so was the prophet (S.A.W).
g. The last revelation occurred shortly before the death of the prophet (s.a.w), thus
leaving little room for compilation.
h. Due to the fact that some verses were abrogated in the course of the revelation and
therefore flexibility needed to be maintained.
i. The verses and chapters were not always revealed in their final order.
C.Characteristics of Makkan Surahs.
a. The Makkan Surahs invite the people by addressing them “o people” given that majority of
the audience had not embraced Islam.
b. Makkan Surahs were mostly short and concise; they were easy to remember and meant to
attract the attentions of the message of Islam.
c. Makkan surahs are centered on fundamental doctrines of Tawheed, oneness of God, the
Day of Judgment.
d. Allah uses harsh and strong language to convey the message of the stubborn Quraish.
e. Verses of the Quran in Makkan surah are often repetitive.
f. Makkan Surahs are full of warnings.
52
g. Stories or narratives of previous prophets and their communities are discussed in Makkan
Surahs.
h. Description of hell fire and severe punishments are common in Makkan surah.
i. Muslims are often urged to be patient in the face of opposition against their faith.
j. Those who accept the call are promised great rewards by Allah.
k. Rhyme and prose is more common in Makkan surah such technique had a lasting impact
on the target audience some f whom converted to Islam after hearing it.
a. Teachings of surah an-Nasr

a. The surah indicated the approaching death of the Prophet [s.a.w]
b. It directs the prophet [s.a.w] and the Muslims to give thanks and praise to Allah for
the victory and other achievements.
c. Man should repent and seek for forgiveness from Allah.
d. The surah indicated the end of the mission of Prophet Muhammad [s.a.w]
e. It predicated the victory of Islam over all other religions as a large number of people
were embracing Islam following the conquest of Makkah.
b.conditions to be fulfilled by a translator of the Quran
a. Should have a good mastery of Arabic language both grammar and a broad Arabic
vocabulary.
b. Must have a good understanding of the language he/she is translating into.
c. must have a mastery of the science of the Quran [ulumul Quran] including legal verses,
asbabab nuzuul.
d. Should have a deep understanding of Islamic religion including such branches as hadith
and fiqh.
e. One should be sincere in translation work with the sole aim of earning the pleasure of Allah
and not for material gains or to discredit Islam.
f. one should refrain from extensive use of his/her personal opinion
g. The translator must be a Muslim.
h. The translator must be just of high integrity and piety.
c] Modes of wahyi
a. through the agency of an angel

b. Speaking from behind a veil [of light] e.g. prophet Musa at mt.sinai.
c. Speaking directly to Allah as exemplified by Prophet Muhammad [s.a.a.w] during isra
wal-miraj.
d. through true dreams e.g. prophet Ibrahim
e. through inspiration[ilhaam] or intuition in the form of a clear cast in the heart of the
recipient
f. revelation in the form of ringing bells
g. instinctual guidance to animals e.g. bees
53
3. a] ways through which hadith evolved

Evolution means progress or development. The Hadith progressed due to the following reasons:
a) Through the prophets own initiative
The prophet (saw) used his own initiative in guiding and teaching the Swahabas for instance he
used to ask them questions and then give them the right answers, or sometimes he narrated a
story to pass a lesson to them.
b) As response to questions of his companions
The prophet used to answer some questions posed to him by the Swahabas or he would solve a,
problem from the Swahabas who sometimes might have two different views on an issue.
c) As a demand of circumstances
The holy prophet would sometimes respond to certain situation as a way of correcting and guiding
his companions especially when something has occurred his presence.
d) An interpretation of the Quran
The holy prophet used to explain some Quranic injunctions like explaining to them the rules of
swalat and saum.
b] Contribution of hadith to Islamic culture
a. contributed to the development of Arabic language, especially new vocabularies of religious

significance such as Sunnah, qaul, takbir e.t.c
b. it contributed to the development of Islamic law as it forms the most authoritative source of
law after the Quran
c. Led to the emergence of uluml hadith [science of hadith] and Muhadithin as specialist of
this branch of knowledge.
d. it contributed towards the emergence of new ways of observing ceremonies and festivals
such as Nikkah, aqeeqah e.t.c
e. it influenced Muslim’s code of behavior emulating the model of the prophet [s.a.w]
f. influenced the growth of centers of learning where hadith was taught
g. Hadith redefined concepts of aura, personal hygiene, ritual purity and dietary regulations.
Most of these regulations and norms are contrary to prevailing cultures.
h. It led to the development of press, publication and writing of books on hadith such as
Sahihul Bukhari.
i. Acceptance of the genuine sayings and practices and practices of the prophet [s.a.w]
became part and parcel of the requirements of faith.
c.ways through which Muslims can care for orphans.
a. Through the establishment of endowments and orphanages.

b. By feeding and clothing them.
c. by avoiding misappropriation of properties for the orphans,
d. Investing their properties on profitable enterprise.
54
e. returning property held in trust to orphans when they attain the age of puberty and
discretion [bulugh]
f. By supporting them in the quest to seek for education and providing scholarship to them.
4. a] differences between fardh and Sunnah saum
a. There is only one obligatory fast in the month of Ramadhan while recommended fasts are
many.
b. Avoiding obligatory fast without justifiable reason is blameworthy and sinful while omitting
Sunnah fast attracts neither sins nor punishment from Allah.
c. A Muslim must compensate for missed fardh fast in form of fidya or Qadha while there is no
fidya or Qadha for missed Sunnah fast.
d. Fasting in Ramadhan lapses for 29-30 consecutive days while it is recommended to fast a
day and break the other in Sunnah fast.
e. Observance of the obligatory fast is done during the month of Ramadhan while Sunnah
fasts are done during the eleven months.
f. Fardh fast begins and ends with the sighting of the moon while Sunnah fast is not days or
months specific.
g. End of obligatory fast is marked with the celebration of Eid-ul-fitr while Sunnah fast requires
no specific festival.
h. The prescription of fardh fast is expressly mentioned in the Quran while Sunnah fasts are
modelled in the practice of the prophet [s.a.w].
b] Effects of swalat in a Muslim
a. It makes a believer to constantly remember Allah given that one has to pray five times a
day.
b. If properly observed swalat safe guards a Muslim from committing sins and evil deeds.
c. It makes a Muslim acquire a sense of punctuality and obedience in life.
d. it distinguishes Muslim from a non-muslim
e. It enables a Muslim to fulfill a fundamental pillar of Islam.
f. It helps a Muslim to maintain a high level of personal hygiene and cleanliness.
g. When observed in congregation prayers inculcate a sense of brotherhood social solidarity
and belonging among Muslims.
h. It purifies the heart, develops the mind and cultivates conscience.
i. It demonstrates ones loyalty and steadfastness in Allah.
j. Swalat enhances am Muslim’s spiritual and physical wellbeing.
C.obligatory acts in the performance of wudhu.
a. Washing the face.

b. Washing the two hands to the elbows.
c. Wiping the head with wet hands.
d. Washing the two legs.
5. a] functions of a kadhi
a. He listens to cases and dispute involving Muslim parties and determines them on the basis
of Shariah provision e.g. marriage, divorce and child custody.
55
b. He determines cases involving crimes [hudud], taazir and administers appropriate
punishment.
c. He determines cases involving inheritance i.e. rightful heirs and their shares.
d. He acts as a guardian for women who have no walii in marriage.
e. He presides over waqf properties and oversees their administration.
f. He acts as the administrator or trustee of property especially if other relatives of the
deceased are qualified.
g. Works in liaison with other judicial courts, state and state departments.
h. The kadhi is consulted by the government on Islamic legal issues.
i. He is regarded as an authoritative figure by Muslims as they seek for his guidance on
matters related to Islam.
j. Under certain jurisdiction, the kadhi is empowered to issue marriage and divorce
certificates.
b] Contributions of Imam Abu Hanifa to the development of fiqh
a. He established a committee of scholars from among his best students charged with the
task of compiling fiqh based questions and the answers he gave under different heading
such as taharah,salat e.t.c.
b. He codified fiqh into relevant chapters for easy reference.
c. He devised series of principles from which to derive the rules of fiqh which came to be
known as Usul-al-fiqh.
d. He accepted the sources of law as being the Quran, Sunnah, ijma and Qiyas.
e. He developed the principle of istihsan (provision made in public interest) as a subsidiary
source of Sharia.
f. He taught many students such as Imam Muhammad and abu Yusuf as-Shayban who
commented upon and expounded further on the jurisprudence of their teacher.
g. He founded the Hanafi School of law- the first of its kind in the muslim world.
h. He tried to make fiqh as easy and applicable as possible on day today life.
i. He divided his fiqh into two categories, namely those dealing with canonical laws that were
fixed and those dealing with non-canonical laws9i.e dealing with customary practices that
could change with time and place.
c.acts forbidden for a pilgrim in the state of ihram
a. Wearing sewn clothes for men.

b. having sexual intercourse with spouse
c. Applying perfume and cosmetics.
d. Uprooting vegetation and cutting of trees.
e. Getting married or accepting a marriage proposal.
f. Hunting animals.
g. Anointing the hair.
h. Trimming or shaving the hair.
i. Cutting the nails.
j. Using vulgar language or even fighting.
6. Significance of the belief in Qadha and Qadar in the life of Muslim.
56
a. Fosters in a Muslim contentment and satisfaction that it is Allah who created him and gave
him what he has.
b. Develops deep trust and devotion to Allah among Muslims.
c. Creates a desire in a Muslim to keep away from worldly pleasures and to concentrate on
pleasing Allah.
d. A Muslim who believes in Qadar keeps away from envy and greed.
e. Encourages Muslims to remain steadfast on the path of truth.
f. Develops patience in Muslims and enables them endure suffering and hardships.
g. Muslims strive to do good and avoid evil as each will be held accountable for their own
actions.
h. Belief in Qadar develops a Muslim’s faith in the divine will and encourages them to seek
Allah’s guidance in all their endeavors.
b.characteristics of the ulul-azm prophets
a. They all came from distinguished families mentioned in Quran.

b. all of them are both Nabii [prophet] and Rasul[messenger]
c. all of them received message for their respective communities in the form of divine
scriptures or books with an exception of prophet Nuh who was described as a Rasul by
prophet Muhammad[s.a.w]
d. They possessed strong will and perseverance in the course of their mission.
e. They were given some exceptional qualities or talents or superiority in some aspects by
Allah [s.w].
f. They all possessed divine law.
g. Allah protected them from immoral acts, physical defects and committing of deliberate
mistakes.
h. Allah made them successful in their mission through miracles.
c.functions of an imam
a. He is the leader of Muslims in congregational prayers.

b. He supervises Islamic rites such as marriage.
c. He conducts sermons especially during Friday prayers.
d. Teaches Muslims especially children on the fundamentals of religion.
e. Arbitrates and reconciles disputing Muslims.
f. Acts as a role model for the youth and the society as whole.
g. Authenticates and approves official documents as per the law e.g. birth certificates,
passport application, bursary forms, bank account opening requests.
h. Fills the vacuum in the absence of political leadership.
i. Acts as a witness in transactions and business dealings.
j. Conducts in funerals for deceased.
k. Engages in daawa activities and also defends Islam and Muslims when need arises.
57
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2021 I.R.E. PAPER 1

1. a) Language and style of the Quran.
a) The Quran uses pure and clear /classical Arabic and in the Quraysh dialect.
b) Verses expressing the fear of Allah are fiery while those expressing the mercy of Allah are
in soft language.
c) The Quran uses rhymed prose which does not strictly follow poetic rules in its rhythm/ it
combines both poetry and prose form.
d) The Quran also uses narratives/stories {Qasas} to convey its message e.g. surah Yusuf.
e) The Quran uses similes {Amthaal} in some of its verses by comparing two things that are
similar/ idiomatic expressions/metaphors.
f) The Quran uses repetition as a way of emphasis and making the message impressive.
g) In the Quran certain verses begin with the phrase {Qul} i.e. say to address questions that
had been raised to the prophet (s.a.w.}.
h) The Quran uses oaths to show the seriousness of the message Allah wishes to convey e.g.
surah Al/Asr.
i) The Quran uses abbreviated letters at the beginning of certain surahs and whose meaning
is only known to Allah /Huruf Muqattaah e.g. Yasin.
j) Allah uses first/second/third person/singular and plural in His address.
k) Some verses are general while others are specific /Amum wa Khass.
l) Issues regarding one topic can be found in several surahs and at the same time one surah
can deal several issues.
m) Quran uses many rhetorical questions which don’t need answers e.g. ….
n) In some verses Allah uses all tenses, past, present and future making the message
impressive.
{7 x 1 // 7 marks}
b) Ways Muslims can apply the teachings of suratul Asr in their lives.
a) Muslims can utilize their time properly in beneficial activities that pleases Allah.
b) Muslims must have sincerity of faith in Allah and purity of action, sincerity in a Muslim will
make one secure in all his/her endeavors.
c) Muslims must spend their time and life in pursuit of righteousness e.g. performing acts of
ibadaat, working, studying for the sake of Allah and human benefit.
d) Muslims must stand for the truth in speech and action even if it is against self or those
close to them/justice must prevail in any circumstances.
e) Muslims should encourage one another to be patient in times of calamity/difficulty and
help one another in overcoming such adversities/commanding good and forbidding evil.
f) Muslims should seek success here and in the hereafter by leading virtuous lives based on
Iman , good deeds, upholding truth and being patient/exercising patient.
1
g) Muslims should avoid swearing unnecessarily using Allah’s creations, it is only Allah who
has the right to swear by his creations e.g. al/Asr.
{5 x 1 // 5marks}
c) Ways in which the Quran was preserved during the time of the Rightly Guided Khalifas.
a) Living companions of the prophet {s.a.w.} had committed Quran into memory and that
served as the living copies of the Quran.
b) Individual companions had written portions of the Quran for personal use.
c) Quran written on parchments and other materials was collected and compiled into one
copy during the time of Abu-Bakr; this copy was kept under the custody of Hafswa.
d) Muslim scholars were sent by Khalifa Umar {R.A.} to different parts of the Islamic state to
teach the Quran.
e) The Quran was harmonized using the Quraysh dialect to overcome variations in recitation
and the copies produced and distributed to different cities during the time of khalifa
Uthman {R.A }/standardization of the Quran.
f) All unofficial copies of the Quran in circulation were collected and burnt under instruction
of khalifa Uthman {R.A.}
g) The companions living in the era of the khalifas recited in their prayers/Ramadhan/other
occasions.
h) The companions living in the era of khalifas put the Quran into practice/source of Sharia.
i) The companions taught the Tabiun the Quran in madrassa and schools
{ 7 x 1 // 7marks}
2. a) Why the Quran is considered perfect revelation from Allah to mankind .

a) it is comprehensive legislation governing all aspects of human life.
b) Its language and style are unique and cannot be imitated.
c) It lack contradiction in its teachings.
d) It lacks human manipulation/omissions or additions.
e) Copies of the Quran in existence are all uniform.
f) Allah {s.w} promised to preserve it from alteration or loss.
g) It has balanced teachings which answer t all human needs and problems/universality.
h) It addresses the past, present and future with all prophecies coming true/timelessness.
i) It was revealed in its precise meaning and wording and transmitted by numerous persons
both verbally and in writing.
j) It has no errors/mistakes.
{ 7 x 1 // 7 marks}
b) Social teachings found in Suratul An-Nur.
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a) The surah highlights chastity which is a virtue for both men and women Q24/15-16
highlights the punishment for sex offences e.g. fornicators to be given 100 lashes and there
must be witnesses when the punishment is being carried out.
b) Adultery is discouraged and Muslims are called upon to boycott adulterers and should not
have any relations with them Q24/3.
c) Those who slander or create false allegations about sexual misconduct, those who accuses
others of adultery without evidence to be given 80 lashes and if they repent thereafter
then Allah S.W. will forgive them Q24/4-5.
d) Husbands who accuses their wives if infidelity without evidence should swear 4 times and
invoke the curse of Allah on themselves if the wives swear in the same way, then they are
acquitted Q24/6-10.
e) The surah lays down general principles regarding relations between Muslims that should be
based on faith and not suspicions Q24/26.
f) Believers are forbidden from entering house of other people unless with permission
Q24/27-29.
g) Believers are warned to be careful about false rumours because they can cause pain and
divisions among them, those who spread evil rumours deserve punishment and not
encouraged Q24/11-16.
h) Marriage is encouraged among the single and pious even if they are slaves or poor as Allah
S.W. will enrich them.
i) Slavery is discouraged, slave owners are asked to give financial help to the slaves so that
they can earn their freedom, prostitution by slave girls is also forbidden.Q24/33.
j) Muslim men and women should lower their gaze from looking at forbidden things and
shun illegal sexual acts.
k) Women are forbidden from revealing their adornment except to their husbands and
mahrim Q24/30
l) Rules regarding coexistence and social relations are established e.g. privacy in the house is
encouraged servants and under age children should not enter private rooms without
permission especially before Fajr prayers, at Noon and after Ishaa prayers Q24/56-59
/times of visitations.
m) Old women past child bearing age are permitted to set aside their outer garments within
the house Q24/60.
n) Muslims are encouraged to treat the disabled kindly e.g. the blind, lame, crippled and sick
are allowed to eat in other people s houses/kinsmen.
o) When entering other people s houses, it is good to offer greetings.
p) Muslims should be patient when falsely accused instead of overeating which can cause
harm. { 8 X 1 // 8 marks}
c) Similarities between the Quran and Hadithul Qudsi.
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a) Both have no mistakes/errors.
b) Both are sacred/they are from Allah.
c) They are both sources of spiritual guidance.
d) They both address matters dealing with Ilmu ghayb such as the attributes of Allah and
divine power/Tawheed.
e) The meaning of both the Quran and Hadithul Qudsy originates from Allah/words of Allah.
f) The chain of transmission in both ends with Allah.
g) They are both sources of Islamic Sharia.
{ 5 x 1 //5 marks}
3. a) Reasons for the compilation of Hadith after death of the prophet {s.a.w.}
a) Memorizers of hadith were dying of old age, it was feared that hadith would perish and
thus it had to be compiled.
b) There was need to study hadith especially for the people who were not there during the
time of the prophet {s.a.w.}
c) Compilation of the Quran was complete thus there was no fear of tampering with the
purity of the Quran.
d) The Quran had already been memorized and also copies circulated to the people.
e) There was need to compile the hadith so as to safeguards its purity to discourage the
fabrication of hadith/emergence of false hadith.
f) There was need to distinguish between authentic and weak hadith.
g) The expansion of the Muslim empire called for the collection and compilation of hadith for
the people to learn what they were taught.
{ 7 x 1 // 7 marks}
b) Conditions for the Matn of the Hadith to be accepted as authentic.

a) The hadith must quote what was said or done by the prophet saw.
b) It must be in Arabic.
c) It should not contain accusations against the prophet {s.a.w.} or his Sahabas.
d) It must be consistent, logical and appealing to reason.
e) It should not contradict other Hadith on the same subject which are considered authentic.
f) It should not contradict the teachings of the Quran.
g) It should not favour a particular Madh-hab/group/individual.
h) It should not promise a very big reward for a small deed.
i) It should not give specific dated and time for future events /minute details.
{ 7 x 1 // 7 marks}
c) Ways through which Muslims can care for disabled.
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a) Providing them with the basic necessities e.g. food, shelter, clothes.
b) Visiting and socializing with them/don’t discriminate them.
c) Consoling them when bereaved.
d) Praying for them.
e) Honoring them during special occasions like Idd.
f) Assisting them when in need e.g. helping the blind cross the road.
g) Reserving special facilities for their use e.g. special ramps, parking area, modified facilities.
h) According them preference and special treatment in all areas that require querying e.g.
when boarding vehicles, in banks.
i) Offering them employment.
j) Offering scholarships to those in need.
k) Establishing institutions for people with special needs to cater for their needs e.g. schools,
colleges.
l) Giving them right to life /not to kill them.
{ 6 x 1 // 6 marks}
4. a) Categories of items on which Zakat is payable .

a) Animals.
b) Agricultural products.
c) Treasurers / buried treasurers.
d) Merchandise/trade and industrial goods/stock.
e) Savings/money.
f) Gold and silver.
{ 5 x 1 // 5 marks}
b) Differences between Swalatul Idd and Swalatul Juma.
a) Swalatul Idd is optional while Swalatul Jumaa is obligatory.
b) Swalatul Idd is performed during the morning hours before noon while Swalatul Jumaa is
performed at Dhuhr time.
c) There are two sermons given after Swalatul Idd while in Swalatul Jumaa the sermons are
given before the swalaat.
d) Swalatul Idd has no Adhan or Iqamah while Swalatul Jumaa has two two Adhans and
Iqamah.
e) Swalatul Idd is preferably performed in an open ground while Swalatul Jumaa should be
performed in a Central Mosque.
f) Swalatul Idd can fall on any day of the week depending on the sighting of the moon while
Swaltul Jumaa is specifically performed on Friday alone.
g) Swalatul Idd has additional Takbiras after Takbiratul Ihram while Swalatul Jumaa has no
additional Takbiras after Takbiratul Ihram.
h) Swalatul Idd can be attended by all people under any state e.g. women in in haidh while
Jumaa should be attended by only those who are pure.
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i) Swalatul Idd is performed to mark the end of Ramadhan or commemorate the rites of Hajj while
Swaltul Jumaa is performed to mark the end of the week.
{ 4 x 2 // 8 marks}
c) Rationale for punishment in Islamic Law .
a) Punishment helps to reduce crime in the society e.g. knowing that you will be given 80
lashes for slander will deter you committing offences.
b) It provides criminals and wrong doers with an opportunity to reform/reflect/correct e.g. a
thief will not steal again after their hands are chopped off.
c) It acts as deterrent to those may be tempted to commit crimes e.g. seeing an adulterers
stone to death will deters others from the illicit acts.
d) Punishment guarantees law and order in the society /peace and harmony/sense of
discipline.
e) Ensures that justice prevails in the society by punishing those who are guilty.
f) It builds a deep feeling of abhorrence for transgression against fellow human beings and
against Allah in the society.
g) It helps in minimizing disorders and corruption in our society.
h) It helps in reducing the violation of people s rights in the society .
i) It is a fulfillment of Allah s command /act of ibadah hence earns one rewards.
j) It creates a sense of equity and satisfaction in individuals.
k) It shields /protects Muslims from effects that may arise from effects of sins or crimes e.g.
effects of zinaa.
{ 7 x 1 // 7 marks}
5. a) Contributions of Imam Malik to Islamic Jurisprudence.
a) He authored several books in the field of Islamic jurisprudence e.g. Al-Mudawatul Kubra.
b) He taught and produced many prominent Muslim jurists / scholars such as Imam al-Shafii.
c) He organized regular jurisprudence classes in the mosque of the prophet {s.a.w.} where
various issues in law were discussed.
d) He issued well-articulated fatwa { Islamic Decrees} which are applicable up today.
e) He is the founder of the Maliki school of Jurisprudence.
f) He gave prominence in his formulation of principles of jurisprudence {Usul Fiqh} on
Quran, Hadith and the practices of the people of Madina {Amal Ahlul Madina}.
g) He motivated and inspired many young scholars to study Islamic jurisprudence/served as a
role model e.g. Imam al Bukhary.
h) He made a collection of hadith on jurisprudence e.g. al Muwattaa.
i) He developed the concept of Istislah {public interest} on matters of sharia.
{6 x 1 // 6 marks}.
b) Ways in which Zakat can promote economic development of a Nation .
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a) Zakat helps in poverty alleviation by raising living standards of destitute.
b) It eliminates crimes such as theft thus creating security which is conducive for development.
c) It helps in maintaining peace and harmony and good will among citizens which creates a
good atmosphere for development.
d) It contributes to economic development as it is a form of tax.
e) It promotes equality/brotherhood/unity which are motivating factors for development.
f) Bridges the gap between the rich and poor and raises the standards of living for the poor.
g) It cleanses the soul against greed/selfishness/jealousy/ thus helps in the fighting against
corruption.
h) It reduces debts and arrears.
i) It creates employment opportunity,{those involved in collection and distribution of zakat
hence improve economy.
{ 7 x 1 // 7 marks}
c) Qualities of a Mujtahid .
a) A Mujtahid should be conversant with the knowledge of Quran.
b) He should have a mastery of Arabic language.
c) He should have a mastery of Hadith of the prophet {s.a.w.}
d) He should have complete knowledge of the development of Islamic Sharia.
e) He must be conversant with Islamic Sharia {Law}.
f) He must have a mastery of Fiqhi {deals with application}.
g) He must be of upright character/Righteousness.
h) He must be pious Muslim.
i) He must be sane and mature {Mukallaf}/sound mind.
j) He must have logical and sound reasoning power that can facilitate a sound analogical
deduction.
k) He must have knowledge of the culture of the given people.
l) He must have the mastery of the history of Islam/prophet/Sahabas {syrah of the prophet
s.a.w.}.
m) He must not be biased on Madh hab , culture or personal inclinations/ acceptable aqidah.
{ 7 x 1 // 7 marks}
6. a) Differences between Angels of Allah and Human beings.

a) Angels are created from light while human beings are created from clay/soil/clot of
blood/alaq/nutfah.
b) Angels do not disobey Allah {S.W} while human beings are liable of transgressions,sins
against Allah s commandments/commit sins.
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c) Angels were created to worship Allah without being given the will to choose between good
and bad while human beings were given free will to choose good and evil, obedience and
disobedience.
d) Angels are free from material or physical needs while human beings are given desires for
food and other wordly and bodily pleasures.
e) Angels are neither males nor females while human beings were created of specified gender.
f) Angels were created to perform specific errands/duties by Allah while the primary
objective of creating human beings is to worship Allah.
g) Angels have no inert knowledge except what Allah has taught them while human beings
have capability to learn through revelation ,intuition, discovery, experimentation or
experience.
h) Angels have no distinct shapes ,they can change to any form while human beings have
distinct shape.
i) Angels live in heaven while human beings live on earth.
{ 4 x 2 // 8 marks}
b) Islamic Teachings / beliefs about the Day of judgment/qiyamah.
a) The world will come to an end on a predetermined day.
b) No human being or angel knows when Qiyama will take place, this knowledge is with Allah
only.
c) Certain signs of Qiyamah have been given by the prophet saw indicating the eminence of
its occurrence e.g. the appearance of Dajjal.
d) Qiyamah will be signaled by the blowing of trumpet by angel Israfil.
e) There will be disorder and confusion on the day of Qiyamah.
f) The day of Qiyamah is a transition to another stage of life i.e. hell or paradise life.
g) One s faith is not complete without the belief in the day of judgement, it is one of the
pillars of Iman.
h) Believers will be rewarded with paradise and non believers punished with hell fire.
{ 6 x 1 // 6 marks}
c) Effects of Shirk .
a) Shirk keeps one away from the worship of Allah.
b) It ascribes power of Allah to beings that do not deserve to be associated with those
powers.
c) It lowers the status of human beings who are created by Allah as the most dignified among
his creation/lowers one s dignity.
d) It diminishes trust in the dependence and reliance on Allah.
e) It attracts the wrath of Allah in a person s life and consequently leads to hell fire.
f) One who engages in shirk will not prosper in this life and the hereafter.
g) Deeds of those who engage in shirk are rendered useless in front of Allah.
h) It is a gateway to commitment of other evils in the quest to appease other gods.
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i) It creates perpetual fear and anxiety as one relies on a deity who is not eternal or all
powerful/cowardice.
j) It retards development in the society/waste of resources.
k) It creates hatred/conflicts/war/ e.t.c. among people in the society.
l) It leads to stigmatization.
m) It leads to death /harm/avenues for other evils.
{ 6 x 1 // 6 marks}
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Paper 2
MARKING SCHEME
OCT/NOV 2006
1. a) Effects of sexual perversion on society

i. Mayleadtodivorceasaresultofonepartner’sfeelinganddign
hurt by perverted sexual behavior of the partner.
ii. May lead to street children for instance in case of pregnancy outside
marriage.
iii. Leads to unwanted pregnancies and unplanned children, hence leads to
negligence of children.
iv. May lead to single parenthood as a result of rape before marriage, hence
leading to stigmatization.
v. Leads to committing criminal acts such as rape, abortion, damping of babies
and infant, this will lead to instability in the society.
vi. Leads to poverty as a result of having children outside marriage to support
and cost of treatments for disease contracted.
vii. Contributed to rise and spread of STD and HIV/AIDs.
viii. Causes mistrust and suspicions in the society.
ix. Leads to people neglecting their religious obligation as they sink deeper into
the vice.
x. Might end up being expensive for the nation and families as they seek to
provide the people suffering from STD or HIV/AIDs with medicine and
food.
xi. Leads to mistrust and suspicious leading to disharmony in families and
society.
xii. May lead to other vice e.g. drug and alcohol abuse, abortion and even
murder/suicide.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Reason why abortion is prohibited in Islam.

i. It is murder. Results in the death of the baby and may result in the death of
the mother too.
ii. The experience causes trauma and psychological suffering to the
perpetrators.
iii. It is anti-social and shameful act which results in an individual losing
respect.
iv. It is against the law of the land thus considered as a criminal act.
1
v. It is against teachings of Allah whoever goes against Allah will get sin.
vi. It can be fatal and injurious to the health of the mother.
vii. It is an act of Shirk. Only Allah gives life and only Allah has the right to
take it away.
viii. Life is sacred and nobody has the right to take it away.
ix. It is against the right of the child. Deprives the unborn child right to live.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
c) Deeds that lead to piety and righteousness

i. Giving Sadaqa
ii. Paying zakat
iii. Praying consistently.
iv. Making honest and justice judgment.
v. Saying what is acceptable
vi. Feeding orphans and wayfarers
vii. Exercising self control
viii. Being content with what one has
ix. Practicing/showing patience in difficult times.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
2. a) Why Riba is prohibited in Islam.

i. Creates bad blood between the tender and the borrowed thus leading to
suspicion, mistrust, resentment and hatred between the lender and the
borrower.
ii. It may lead to corruption as the borrower strives to pay off hence will looks
for illegal ways and means of paying off debt.
iii. It widens the economic gap between the rich and the poor/ the haves and
the have not.
iv. It is a form of exploitation since it leads to misappropriation of other
people’s property without giving anything in return.
v. It prevents people from working to earn money lawfully.
vi. It leads to inequality between the rich nations and poor nations.
vii. It keeps individual and countries in a vicious cycle of poverty.
viii. May causes suffering/ hardship to the borrower and his/ her family.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
b) Lawful Acts in Commercial Trade

i. Trading in genuine wares and commodities.
ii. Use of standards in trade e.g. weights, measures scales to determine
quality/quantity.
iii. There must be mutual trust/honesty between the buyer/customer and seller.
iv. Records of business transactions must be kept e.g. agreements
v. Sources of seed money to start business must be legitimate/halal
entrepreneurship.
2
vi. There should be no monopoly of business if so then it must be obtained in a
fair way.
vii. Prices of commodities should not be fixed. The market should decide.
viii. The customer has the right to inspect and return.
ix. The seller should disclose the defects of the commodities and let the
customer to decide.
x. Customers who cannot pay promptly should be given time to pay.
xi. Excessive swearing is not allowed in business.
xii. There should be mutual consent between buyer and seller.
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
c) Reasons why Agreements and Contracts have to be documented.

.
i. It is a command from Allah (s.w) Muslims should therefore adhere to it.
ii. Documentation of agreements may allow for defective items to be
returned with little or no arguments at all.
iii. If the shopkeeper overcharged or cheated the buyer in some other way,
he may be brought to justice, since the evidence is available.
iv. Both the buyer and the seller can keep accounts more easily, thus
clearing all the doubts that might have arisen.
v. It provide evidence that the terms of the deal were faithfully written and
agreed to by all the parties concerned therefore maintains original terms
of agreement and contract to the end.
vi. It reduces the chances of any parties involved falling victims to the
temptations of taking advantage of the other parties by lying, cheating or
other crooked ways resulting from bad faith.
vii. There will always be some people who do not give too much importance
to taqwa. They will not hesitate to break an agreement whenever it suits
them. For such people there is need for a legal apparatus to enforce the
deals they willingly sign.
3. a) The UnIslamic practices in the Jahiliya period.

i. Drinking alcohol, gambling and sexual promiscuity were common practices
and social evils.
ii. Women were degraded and looked down upon. They were regarded as tools
of sex and were inherited after the death of their husbands.
iii. People were either masters or slaves. The masters were highly privileged
and ruled with high handedness, whereas the slaves or the subordinates were
looked down upon and their rights deprived.
iv. People practiced worship of idols; there were 360 idols in the Al-Kaaba.
v. There was disunity among tribes and clans that led to tribal wars and raids.
vi. The girl child was buried alive for fear of poverty and shame.
3
vii. There was caste system/discrimination on status of an
individual/classification of people according to status.
viii. The weak and marginalized had no rights/disregard of human rights.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
b) Human rights issues in the Madina Constitution found in modern

Constitutions.
i. Freedom of worship was guaranteed.
ii. Freedom of Association.
iii. Sanctity of life.
iv. Prisoners of war should be treated humanely.
v. Peaceful co-existence of people of different religions and groups.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
c) FunctionoftheKadhi’sCourtsinKenya.
i. Deals with issues pertaining to Islamic marriages and family life according
to Sharia.
ii. Deals with matters of inheritance among Muslims according to Sharia.
iii. Works in liaison with judicial courts and the government.
iv. Gives legal directions on affecting Muslims according to Sharia
v. Consulted by the government on Islamic legal issues.
vi. Offers conflicts solutions on social, political and economic issues.
vii. Gives guidance to Muslims.
viii. Is looked upon/ regarded as a unifying factor by Muslims as they seek
cancel and guidance on matters related to their faith and practices.
ix. Helps to promote Muslim identity/ uniqueness and their place in the Kenyan
society.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
4. a) Relationship between Muhajirin and Ansar.

i. They demonstrated the spirit of brotherhood in terms of the way they
assisted each other.
ii. The Ansar provided the Muhajirin with shelter and other basic needs.
iii. They practiced sharing whatever they had; each Muhajirin was paired with
an Ansar.
iv. They prayed and propagated Islam as a united front.
v. Both accepted the Prophet (s.a.w) as their spiritual and social leader.
vi. They formed an alliance and unity of purpose against any external
aggression, thus, giving aid to Allah and his messenger by fighting
alongside each other.
vii. The Ansar gave asylum to their Muhajirin brethren in their homes and
comforted them with their wealth.
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viii. They used to inherit from each other, having more right to inheritance than
the deceased man's relatives, until Allah abrogated that practice with the
fixed share for near relatives.
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
b) Umar Ibn-al-Khattab’s contribution to the cause of Islam during the

Prophet’stime.
i. His conversion to Islam strengthened Islam and was a big blow to the
unbelievers because he had been an opponent of Islam and the Prophet.
ii. Because of Umar, Muslims were able to perform swalat publicity.
iii. He was the first to declare his faith openly to the Quraish.
iv. He asked the Prophet to offer swalat in the Kaaba.
v. He had great love for Allah and the Prophet.
vi. He took part in most of the battle on the Muslim’sside.
vii. He gave half of his wealth in the Tabuk expedition for the sake of
Allah/gave his belongs for the cause of Allah.
viii. Some verses were revealed because of his input.
ix. Advisor to the Prophet.
x. A scribe of the Quran.
xi. Boosted the morals of the Muslims.
xii. Supporter of the Prophet.
c) Benefits of Brotherhood in Islam.

i. Promotes and enhances peace and harmony.
ii. Enhances economic development and prosperity.
iii. Contributes to religious development and growth.
iv. Promotes social, political and intellectual tolerance.
v. Promotes and enhances social equality among Muslims.
vi. Gives identity to the Muslims.
(5 x 1 = 5marks)
5. a) Social Achievements of Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H)

i. He brought about and promoted religious tolerance.
ii. Advocated and promoted peaceful co-existence of people of diverse tribes/
clans and nations.
iii. Developed the Madina constitution the first of its type which created a new
social order in Madina and is still regarded as the exemplary model for
Muslims everywhere.
iv. The rise and spread of Islam as a universal and complete religion.
v. Defined and promoted the status of women in society/human rights for
women.
vi. Advocated eradication of slavery i.e. promoted freedom of slaves.
vii. Taught equality of mankind.
viii. Advocated and promoted racial equality.
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ix. He united all the Arab tribes and people of different races.
(9 x 1 = 9 marks)
b) Achievements of the Fatimid Dynasty

i. They improved curriculum by decorating it with facilities like astronomy
and medicine.
ii. They founded Al-Azhar mosque and a university which produced famous
physicians etc.
iii. They made progress in Science and humanity during their period.
iv. They constructed Darul-Hakim as a fountain of knowledge.
v. They constructed many mosques and learning centers.
vi. They founded the first Ismaily state in the world.
vii. They founded many new capitals e.g. Al-Mahdiya.
viii. They constructed many luxuries palaces.
ix. They constructed water tanks and supplied water through pipes.
x. The defeated the Aghlubids, Abbasids and Abu Yazid revolts.
xi. They conquered Egypt during the reign of Al-Mansoor and made it their
capital.
xii. They were famous in works, poet and architecture.
xiii. They also constructed Darul-Hikma.
xiv. Security was strengthened enough as the shops were not closed.
xv. They founded men of the pen e.g. the Kadhi.
xvi. There was progress in Science and humanity during their reign.
xvii. They founded Al-Azhar mosque and a University.
xviii. They improved the curricular by decorating it with facilities like astronomy
and medicine.
xix. They were strict in Islamic obligations e.g. against drinking and gambling.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
c) Effects of the First contact of Muslims with the East coast of Africa.
i. Trade was established between the East African Coast and the Arab world.
ii. Muslim traders settled along the coast and their settlements developed into
city states.
iii. Brought Islam to the coast of East Africa/Islamisation of the inhabitants of
the region.
iv. Intermarriages between the local population and Muslims traders resulted in
the Swahili people, culture and language.
v. Established centers of learning in the region.
vi. Built mosques and madrassa.
6
vii. They introduction new ways of architecture which was adopted by the local
people.
viii. Opened East Africa to the rest of the world/ made East Africa known by the
rest of the world.
ix. Brought in/introduced new crops/food to the region.
(6 x 1 = 6 marks)
6. a) Reasons for the rise of Jamaa in Hausaland under Uthman Dan Fodio.
i. The conviction of the people through the teachings and the exemplary life of
Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio.
ii. The feeling of freedom by the masses who had been enslaved by the
emperors. The Hausa peasants feel emancipated from the injustice and
oppressive rule of the Hausa rulers.
iii. Dan Fodio advocated and lived a simple way of life which made people
follow him/made him attract followers to him.
iv. Dan Fodio established a strong army which over run neighboring states who
joined his movement.
v. The Shehu involved people in decision making and in the affairs to the state
established democracy.
vi. The Hausa appreciated the new efficient system of government that kept
them united and replaced stability/ establishments of a strong united empire.
b) Uthman DanFodio’sAdministrativestructure.
i. Shehu’sadministrationwasmadeupofdifferentarmsofgovernm
definite functions and power relating to central authority.
ii. On top of the administration was the Caliph.
iii. Directly under the Caliph was Waziri (Prime Minister)
iv. Then there were Governors who were advisors to the Caliph.
v. Then there were justice and law enforcement officers.
vi. To manage the finances were revenue collectors whose duty was also to
distributed Zakat and ghanimah (booty) economic and welfare officers.
vii. Then there were officers who managed different services in the empire
roads, judiciary (judges), prisons, Imams.
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
c) Actions Regarded as War crimes by Uthman Dan Fodio.

i. Killing of children.
ii. Killing of women.
iii. Rape
iv. Destruction of property, animals. Farms and buildings.
v. Personalizing booty

7

MARKING SCHEME
OCT/NOV 2007
THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
1. a) Factors that may promote injustice in society.

i. Racism: discrimination and unfair treatment of others because of their race
or color of their skin.
ii. Tribalism: discrimination and ill-treatment of people because of tribal/ethnic
background or origin.
iii. Greed and selfishness leading to love of money. This drives people to
acquire money by using illegal means and to exploit those who are
defenseless.
iv. Envy and jealousy which may lead to unhealthy competition and
acquisition of attitudes which could results in evil practices such as theft,
corruption, gambling, monopoly, hoarding etc.
v. Classism which creates the gap between the rich (haves) and the poor (have
nots) the rich look down upon the poor, oppress, exploit and marginalize
them.
vi. Abuse of power and authority where those who are in positions of power
and authority misuse them by oppressing others and even deny them their
rights.
vii. Prides (kibr) and arrogance which lead to disrespect of other people and
their rights.
viii. Sexism/Gender when some people are discriminated against and even
denied their rights on the basis of their gender.
ix. Political ideologies/ polarization. Those who hold different political views
from the ruling class are oppressed and persecuted for their views and
political inclination.
x. Lust may lead to violence, murder, rape, violation of the rights of others,
cheating and lying.
xi. Corruption leads to the break-up of moral fabric in society, to exploitation
and violation of the rights of others.
xii. Religion – some people have been discriminated against, oppressed/
persecuted and marginalized on the basis of the religious or sectarian
beliefs.
(6 x 2 = 12 marks)
10
b) Ways in which gambling undermines integrity.

i. Turns a gambler into a liar and a cheat.
ii. Leads to wastage of money and other resources/turns a person to
spendthrift.
iii. Leads to laziness, idleness and irresponsibility as the gambler
forsakes/neglects respectable work/job to concentrate on gambling.
iv. It is an illegal way of acquiring wealth.
v. Leads to moral, mental and spiritual corruption.
vi. May lead to stealing to get money to gamble and even to murder and
violence.
vii. May lead to drunkenness and use of drugs.
viii. May lead to bankruptcy hence to hopelessness and despair where a person
becomes suicidal.
ix. May lead to break-up of families/ marriages, thus leading to stigmatization
and hence undermine human integrity.
x. A gambler may easily forsake/neglect his religion.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
2. a) Reason why Muslims should leave Wasiyya

i. Helps to avoid conflicts and disputes among members of the family
regarding inheritance.
ii. It safeguards the integrity of the family by protecting it from outside
interference regarding division of property e.g. friends and secular courts.
iii. Wasiyya may be made in favor of charitable purposes like constructing a
mosque or a road thus enabling the one making it to get continuous rewards
from Allah (s.w).
iv. Thus law offers the deceased a means of enabling his poor relatives who are
excluded from the inheritance to obtain a share of his property.
v. Muslims fulfils a commandment of Allah (s.w) through the writing of a will
hence are rewarded.
vi. In a situation where the law of mirath is not enforced by the Government a
Muslim can write a Wasiyya stating how he would like his property to be
inherited according to Sharia.
vii. Declaration of Wasiyya prevents injustice in ensuring that no undeserving
people inherit from the deceased because the will clearly stipulates on
whom and how the inheritance is to be done.
viii. Muslims are able to improve the social amenities within the community can
be of benefit to less fortunate member of the community for instance a
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Muslim can will out his property for the construction of hospitals, schools,
boreholes e.t.c
ix. It can be used to clarify the nature of joint accounts, appointment of
guardianforone’schildrenandsoon;thishelpsinavoiding
misunderstandings and disputes.
x. It gives a person peace of mind to know that their wishes will be carried out
after their death.
xi. A will also makes financial sense, if a person dies without a will it is called
having died intestate and this means the wealth will be distributed according
to the laws of the country in which the person lived.
xii. One is rewarded by Allah (s.w) the Prophet (s.a.w)said:”whenamandies
his actions come to an end except for three: an ongoing charity, knowledge
thatbenefitsothersorpiousoffspringwhoprayforhim.”
(8 x 1 = 8mks)
b) Eddat
It is a prescribed period of waiting for a woman after divorce or death of her
husband (widow) after the expiry on which she can marry if she wishes.
(4 x 1 = 4marks)
c) Types of Eddat
i. Edat for a widow or divorced woman who has passed menopause and those
who are underage is three months.
ii. Edat for a widow or divorced woman who is pregnant is until the baby is
born.
iii. Edat for a widow or divorced woman who is in the productive stage is four
month and ten days.
iv. For a woman where there has been no consummation of marriage there is no
Edat.
(4 x 2 = 8 marks)
3. a) Rights of a woman in Islam

A woman has the right to:
i. Own property
ii. Make decisions
iii. Inherit property
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iv. Education
v. Shelter, food and clothing (basic needs)
vi. Leadership
vii. Chose her husband
viii. Decide her mahr
ix. Life
x. Freedom of speech/ expression
xi. Freedom of association with limitation
xii. Be maintained by her husband
xiii. Conduct business
xiv. Conjugal rights.
b) Islamic manners of walking

i. Walk with humility and not proudly and pompously with self conceit.
(Q31:18)
ii. Use the right side of the road / path.
iii. Walking should be moderate /should neither be too fast nor too slow.
iv. Should not obstruct others when walking.
v. Give preference to the disadvantages in the society.
vi. Should walk with your eyes concentrated on the road/ path.
vii. Men should avoid walking behind women.
viii. Those walking should greet the seated.
ix. Stop walking respect when Adhan is said/coffin is passing.
x. Remove injurious objects.
xi. Use a different route every time.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
c) Ways in which Muslims in Kenya could help in the fight against Drug and
Substance abuse.
i. Should follow the teachings of the Quran that prohibits Muslims from
abusing drugs.
ii. Keep away from those who abuse drugs lest they induce you in the abuse.
iii. Emulate the life of the Prophet (s.a.w) and Muslims scholars by living
healthy lives free of drugs.
iv. Should educate the public on the evils of drug and substance abuse/ create
awareness on the evils of using drugs.
v. Engage the youth in constructive activities e.g. games, sport, charity work /
constructive use of leisure.
13
vi. Create employment for the youth and empower them to be self-employed.
vii. Establish youth centers where the youth can learn skills and trade.
viii. Obeying the law of the land / be law abiding.
ix. Report people engaged in drug and substance abuse to the authorities for
appropriate action.
x. Form organization/ group to fight against illegal drugs and collaborate with
other organization engaged in the same mission.
xi. Provide guidance and counseling to the recovering drug addicts /
rehabilitate drug addicts.
xii. Not to grow drugs and not to trade in them.
xiii. Advocacy from stiff punishment from drugs dealers.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
4. a) Contribution of AlibinAbuTalibtotheProphet’sMission.
i. Ali (R.A) was among the earliest converts to Islam. He was the second to
embrace Islam after Khadija (R.A.A)
ii. He remained with the Prophet in Makkah for 13 years through the times of
difficulties and persecution by the Quraish.
iii. When the Prophets (S.A.W) made the Hijra, Ali slept and remained in the
Prophet’sroomalthoughhefacedtheriskfromthosewhowerepl
against the prophet.
iv. The prophet gave the responsibility of returning to the people the belongings
which were entrusted to him to Ali (R.A) could follow him to Madina.
v. Ali (R.A) walked all the way to Madina to join the Prophet.
vi. He took part in the early battles that Muslims had to fight against the
polytheists in defense of Islam.
vii. When the Prophet went for an expedition to Syria, he left Ali in charge of
Madina.
viii. He was one of the scribes of the revelation.
ix. He wrote letters for the prophet.
x. He was appointed a successor by the Prophet at Ghadir khum.
xi. He constantly remained bytheProphet’sbedwhentheprophetwassick
xii. He was a companion of the Prophet.
xiii. He was one of the Quran memorizer.
xiv. He was one of ten companions of the Prophet who got the news of paradise
from the Prophet / one of the Ashara Mubasharah.
xv. Collected a number of Hadith.
14
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Problems faced by Sayyidina Ali (r.a) when he became Caliph

i. Ali took over the Caliphate when there was confusion as a result of the
assassination of Caliph Uthman(r.a)
ii. There was general disunity among Muslims.
iii. There was dissatisfaction and grievances in the provinces as the people were
against the governors and officials who had been appointed by Ali.
iv. The governor/ viceroy of Syria, Muawiyyah did not recognize / accept Ali
as the Caliph of Islam. He began to secretly plot against Ali (r.a).
v. Muawiyyah also encourage civil disobedience against Ali and refused to
obey/ honor the authority of Ali and refused to compromise.
vi. There was power struggle between the clans to Banu-Hashim and Banu-
Umayyad.
vii. Ali could not take immediate steps to avenge the murderers of Uthman due
to the prevailing disorder in the caliphate. This did not go well with those
wanted immediate action against the assassins.
viii. Aisha (r.a) was instigated against Ali by Talhah and Zubayr who were
refused the governorship of Kufah and Syria.
ix. The constant disputes and troubles resulted in the battle of Camel between
Ali and group led by Aisha who had marched against Ali.
x. Muawiyyah also made efforts to replace Ali as Caliph/ overthrow Ali, and
this resulted in the battle Siffin.
xi. The Kharijite movement emerged with the intention of removing Sayyidina
Ali and Muawiyyah as alternative centers of power. The Kharijite broke
away and rebelled against Ali (r.a) until he fought them at Nahrawain.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
5. a) The role of the City states on the East Coast of Africa in the spread of
Islam between 1700-1900
i. By 1700 the city states on the east coast of Africa had developed into
cosmopolitan centers where Swahili/ Islamic civilization and culture thrived
and this way of life attracted inhabitants from the neighboring communities
and those from the mainland who were involved in the long distance trade
with the Arabs and Swahili trades. The new comers easily embraced Islam.
ii. Muslim Inhabitants of the city states intermarried with the local people who
converted to Islam upon marriage.
15
iii. The Mosques and Madrassas in the city states also attracted the local people
to convert to Islam.
iv. Through trade with the Muslim inhabitants of the city states, local people
came into contact with Islam and eventually ended embracing the religion.
v. Local people left their homes to seek employment be Muslim inhabitants as
domestic workers, in business and in plantations. These workers eventually
embraced Islam.
vi. Local people, who left their rural homes, occasionally visited their relatives
and took Islam with them to the villages.
vii. In the 19th century (during the rule of Sayyid Said bin Sultan) Muslim
traders began to travel, to the mainland of East African to obtain goods and
bring them to the city states. These trades come into contact with the inland
tribes to whom they propagated Islam.
viii. Some of those traders who went to the mainland stayed in the trading
centers where they were trading with the local people resulting in the
establishment of Muslim centers such as Taveta, Ujiji, Tabora, Mumias and
Buganda.
ix. Those Muslim centers in the mainland became important in propagating
Islam to the surrounding areas.
x. The city states were ruled by Muslims rulers/ sultans who extended their
authority beyond the city states to the neighboring local communities who
not only came to accept the rule of their Muslim rulers but Islam as well.
(6 x 2 = 12 marks)
b) The contributions of Muslims to politics in Kenya since 1945

i. Muslims have been involved in trade union activities where they have
fought for the rights of workers and for better terms and conditions of
services.
ii. Muslims supported the fight for land from the colonial settlers.
iii. Supported the freedom fighters that rose against the colonial rule.
iv. Joined the rest of the Kenya in fighting for the rights, self determination and
the dignity of the African people.
v. Joined the rest of the Kenyans in fighting for and demanding independence
from the British.
vi. Made great contributions to the national politics in registration and policy
formulation as Members of parliament, ministers and assistant Ministers.
vii. He emphasized the importance of Arabic as a tool in learning Islam.
16
viii. He solicited for the teaching of Islamic Religious Education and Arabic in
secondary schools.
ix. He supported and advocated for the education of women.
x. He established Islamic learning centers and Madrasas for Muslim children.
xi. He authored several works in Arabic and Kiswahili.
xii. Advocated for employment of IRE teachers and to be paid salary by the
government.
xiii. Contribution to local politics as Councilors and Mayors, Chairpersons of
local and Municipal Councils.
xiv. Contribution in the making of the current Kenyan constitution and in the
Bomas Draft Constitution.
xv. Have presented their concerns and stand on issues affecting the lives of
Kenya such as good governance, corruption, human rights, health,
education, poverty eradication etc.
xvi. Muslims participate in general elections to elect the President, Members of
parliament and Councilors.
6. a) Views of Hassan-al-Banna on Islamic Education.
i. The designation of religious instruction as a basic subject in all schools, in

each according to its type, as well as in the universities.
ii. Activeinstigationtomemorize in the
all theQur’an
free elementary
schools; making this memorization mandatory for obtaining diplomas in the
areas of religion and (Arabic) language; the stipulation that a portion of it be
memorized in every school.
iii. The promulgation of a firm educational policy which will advance and raise
the level of education, and will supply it, in all its varieties, with common
goals and purposes; which will bring the different cultures represented in the
nation closer together, and will make the first stage of its process one
dedicated to inculcating a virtuous, patriotic spirit and an unwavering moral
code.
iv. The cultivation of the Arabic language at every stage of instruction; the use
of Arabic alone, as opposed to any foreign language, in the primary stages.
v. The cultivation of Islamic history, and of the national history and national
culture, and the history of Islamic civilization.
vi. The foundation of Islamic teaching is the Quran and the Sunnah of the
Prophet (S.A.W)
vii. Islamic education deals with/ encompasses all aspect of human life and all
aspect of human life.
viii. Provides the practicability of implementing the guidance of the Quran.
17
ix. Enables an individual to stay within the limits set by Allah.
b) Contribution of Al-Amin Ali Al-Mazrui in promoting education among

Muslims in Kenya.
i. He was one of the first generation of graduates in Islam. He became role
model for the younger Muslims to emulate.
ii. He was one of the pioneer reformers of Islam in East Africa. Believe in way
of bringing reform was through education.
iii. Founded and published newspapers through which he advocated education
for Muslims.
iv. He wrote books and articles in which he focused on the importance of
education to the Muslims communities.
v. He freely shared his knowledge with Muslim ummah and as a result shaped
the lives of important local Muslims personalities.
vi. He donated most of his books to the libraries in the Kenyan coast.
(4 x 2 = 8 marks)
18
MARKING SCHEME
OCT/NOV 2008
1. a) Importance of marriage in Islam.
i. It is obedience to the command of Allah, who says in the Quran: SM˙

those among you who are unmarried and your slaves and slave girls who
are righteous. If they are poor Allah will enrich them from His
overflowing favorX_~SZvN}}WA˙Z
ii. It is following the guidance of our beloved Prophet [peace be upon him] and
the Messengers of Allah since Allah Almighty said in His description of the
Messengers: “We sent Messengers before you and gave them wives and
childrentoo”(SuraharRa’d:Ayah ). 83
iii. Marriage gives repose and delight to the soul since sitting with, looking at,
andplayingwithone’sspouseallowsthehearttorelaxandst
worship. Without this the soul would grow wearied and turn away from the
truth. The Almighty says: “Among His signs is that He created for you
spouses from yourselves so that you might find repose with them. And
He has placed between you affection and mercy. In that there are
certainlysignsforpeoplewhoreflect.”Surah ( arRum:Ayah2).
iv. It provides an arena for combating and disciplining the lower self through
taking care of the family and looking after their needs, putting up with their
faults and failings, and striving to bring them up well and guide them to the
right path. The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:
“Whatamanspendsonhisfamily is ”Hesaid,“Amanis
Sadaqa.
rewardedforthemouthfulhegivestohiswife.”
v. Marriage is a source of acquiring the blessings of Allah (s.w) this is due to
the du[a of a righteous offspring who makes [ for you after your death
or the intercession of a child who dies before reaching adulthood. The
Prophet (s.a.w) said:
"When a person dies, his works come to an end (are cut off) except from
three sources: except from an ongoing charity which he established or
knowledge from which benefit is taken or a righteous offspring who
makes du'a for him."
20
vi. Marriage is a source of tranquility and peace, and it is the best of the
pleasures of this world. In it is that which Allah has made a sign for His
slaves, and He has mentioned it in His Book so that they may think and
ponder the greatness of His might, may He be glorified and exalted. Allah
says: SAvu}vPH]S]Pv]Z]UZH(}˙}`](}u
among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put
between you affection and mercy. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a
}o`Z}(o_
vii. It allows the couple to assist one another in their lives since when a man
lives alone will not be able to dedicate time to knowledge and other good
deeds. A righteous wife is an aid to her husband in this regard. She is
primarily responsible for the keeping of the house and children while he is
responsible for supplying their needs
viii. ItisanaspectofAllah’slovefor the

an race as hum
it enables them to have
children thus perpetuating the human species.
ix. Marriage gives the child a legal identity; providing him with a home, love
and security. Thus promoting psychological and mental peace in couple and
their children.
x. It fortifies the heart against the devil by satisfying sexual desire and
therefore averting the dangers of unbridled sexual appetite
b) Reasons why it is important for Muslims to conserve the Environment.
i. Water is an essential element of the environment its preservation, has socio-

religious function to perform which is the purification of the body and
clothing from all dirt and impurities so that man may encounter God clean
and pure. God has said in the Glorious Quran:“ And He caused rain to
descend on you from heaven to cleanseyoutherewith…” 8:11)Q(
ii. Conservation of lake, sea and ocean water is vital in the preservation and
continuation of life in its various forms, plant, animal, and human; Allah has
made it the habitat of many created beings which play vital roles in the
21
perpetuation of life and the development of this world. God has said: “Itis
He Who has made the sea of service, that you may eat thereof flesh that
is fresh and tender, and that you may bring forth from it ornaments to
wear, and you see the ships therein that plough the waves, that you may
seek of His bounty
iii. Water is a basic necessity for all, thus God made its use the common right
of all living beings and all human beings. All are entitled to use it without
monopoly, usurpation, despoilment, wastage, or abuse. God commanded
with regard to the people of Thamud and their camel, “Andtellthemthat
thewatershallbesharedbetweenthem…”(Quran8):254
iv. Since the atmosphere performs biological and social functions, its
conservation, pure and unpolluted, is an essential aspect of the conservation
of life itself which is one of the fundamental objectives of Islamic law. For
example: Air is an important element. God has created it for definite
purposes; he mentions in the Quran one of the vital role of the winds in
pollination. God said: “Andwesendthefertilizingwinds..”Quran (
15:22)
v. The act of planting trees is considered an act of charity; one is rewarded

abundantly by Allah (s.w) The Prophet declared:“ If any Muslim plants a
tree or sows a field, and a human, bird or animal eats from it, it shall be
reckonedascharityfromhim.”(Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim)
vi. God has made the land a source of sustenance and livelihood for us and
other living creatures: He has made the soil fertile to grow the vegetation
upon which we and all animal life depend. He has made the mountains to
catch and store the rain and to perform a role in stabilizing the crust of the
earth, as He has shown us in the Glorious Quran:“ And the earth, after
that He has spread it out; from it He has brought forth its waters and
its pastures, and He has made fast the mountains, a provision for you
and for your cattle.”(Quran0:379 -33)
vii. In addition to their importance as nourishment, plants enrich the soil and
protect it from erosion by wind and water. They conserve the water by
detaining its runoff; they moderate the climate and produce the oxygen
which we breathe. They are also of immense value as medicines, oils,
perfumes, waxes, fibers, timber, and fuel. God has said in the Glorious
Quran, “Haveyouseenthefireyoukindle? Was it you who grew its
timber or did We grow it? We have made it a reminder, and a comfort
forthedesertdwellers.”Quran ( -73)716:5
22
viii. God has made in plants and animals that which excites wonder and joy in
man’ssoulsoastosatisfyhispeaceofmind,afactorwhichisesse
man’sproperfunctioningandfullperformance .
ix. The Glorious Quran also mentions other functions which these creatures
perform and which man may not perceive, namely the functions of
worshipping God, declaring if His praise and bowing down to Him as they
are compelled by their very nature to do. God has said,“Do you not see
that to God bow down in worship all things that are in the heavens and
on the earth - the sun, the moon, the stars, the mountains, the trees, the
animals…”
x. The prophet(s.a.w) forbade that one needlessly and wrongfully cut down
any tree which provides valuable shelter to humans or animals in the desert,
and the aim of this prohibition may be understood as prevention of the
destructionofvaluablehabitatforGod’screatures.
xi. The Prophet forbade that a person relieve himself in a water source or on a
path, or in a place of shade, or in the burrow of a living creature. Lest he
pollutes the critical resources and habitats in general. Waste products
exhaust fumes, and similar pollutants should be treated at their sources with
the best feasible means of treatment, and care should be taken in their
disposal to avoid adverse side effects that lead to similar or greater damage
or injury.
2. a) Definition of mirath.
Mirath is the terminology used for the Islamic law of inheritance.
It also means the transfer of property or items form one person to another.
Technically it is a science that shows the eligible heirs as they are assigned
inheritance be application of jurisprudential and some mathematical
principles.
b) Significance of Mirath
i. Women are recognized as integral part of the family and their right to
inheritance of the share of the property.
ii. The law of mirath safeguards against family squabbles and conflicts over
the division of a deceased person hence promoting harmony and
understanding among the members of the family.
23
iii. It allows for circulation of wealth as people take possession of their shares
of inheritance and invest it in a meaningful manner.
iv. This particular law has stood the test of time. All other laws (secular laws)
needed reforming because of inheritance weaknesses.
v. It is a divine commandment of an obligatory nature (Fardh), whose violation

is punishable in the hereafter.
vi. The wealth is not passed on to a single person, luxury loving and
extravagant, thus no danger of it being misused.
vii. The law of mirath also enables the settlement of the debts of the deceased
and payment of legacies in the form of wasiyya.thus a Muslim has the
chance to set aside some part of his property for the welfare of the
community and those who do not have shares of inheritance.
viii. It also strengthens the bond of relationship the bond of relationship between
the relatives and also between a husband and wife and they are aware of the
needs of each other even after death.
ix. The law of mirath enables the parents strives hard in acquiring a lawful
wealth for the benefit and betterment of their heirs who will be a bit secure
financially.
x. It safe guards and protect the interests of the orphans, since prior to that
their property was misused by the greedy relatives who may deprive the
rightful heirs from getting their shares.
c) Forms of Child Abuse

i. Physical abuse e.g. beatings, burning, pulling ears.
ii. Social abuse e.g. discrimination on basis of age, gender disability, defects.
iii. Child labour
iv. Child prostitution
v. Child sex/ pedophile.
vi. Denial of the right to education.
vii. Denial of basic needs – food, shelter, clothing.
viii. Verbal abuse e.g. calling names, insults, abuses.
ix. Inadequate legal framework to protect children and their rights.
x. Giving children drugs and alcohol.
24
xi. Forced initiation rites e.g. female genital mutilation/ forced circumcision of
girl child.
xii. Indecent touching, fondling and other sexual gestures.
xiii. Child pornography.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
3. a) Manners of Eating
i. To wash both hands up to the wrists.

ii. To recite Bismillah.
iii. To eat with the right hand.
iv. To eat from that which is in front of you.
v. To eat with 3 three fingers. This helps to digest the food properly.
vi. To clean the plate, bowl, etc. and to lick the fingers.
vii. To pick up and eat a fallen morsel.
viii. Not to find fault in food.
ix. Not to blow in food as a result of carbon dioxide been released.
x. Not to lean while eating.
xi. To read the [ after the meals.
xii. To wash the hands after eating.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
b) Ways in which Muslims in Kenya can show Taqwa.

i. By striving to please Allah by obeying this commands.
ii. Have love and fear of Allah.
iii. Showing gratitude for Allah’sfavour / words or actions
iv. Reading /reciting the Quran.
v. Performing the five daily prayers, Fardh and Sunnah and observing other
devotional acts.
vi. Being humble, gentle and polite to others.
vii. By being patient and practicing self restraint.
viii. By protecting, conserving andtakingcareofAllah’screation.
ix. By living in peace with oneself and others.
x. Being content with what one has.
xi. Be living simple and modest lives.
xii. By leading chaste and moral lives/moral uprightness.
xiii. Keeping away from evil deeds and immoral practices.
xiv. Devoting time to Allah, remembering him and his bounty to mankind
xv. Giving Sadaqa and Zakat.
(12 x 1 = 12 marks)
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4. a) Contributions of the Ansar to Developments of Islam.

i. They established a brotherhood with the Muhajirin and worked together the
cause of Islam/ offered the Muhajirin a safe haven from where they spread
Islam.
ii. Joined with the Muhajirin to propagate Islam as a united front.
iii. They accepted the Prophet (S.A.W) as spiritual and social leader thus enable
him to carry on with his mission.
iv. They strengthened/ reinforced the Muslim army to counter any outside
aggression and in military operations.
v. Joined the Muhajirin in spreading Islam which hastened and enhanced its
spread.
vi. Learned from the Prophet and the Muhajirin about Islam which they spread
to others.
vii. The support they gave to the Prophet gave him inspiration and motivation to
carry on with his mission.
viii. The Prophet created in Madina a new state and new social order which is
still regarded as archetypal model for Muslims everywhere.
ix. TheyhelpedinthebuildingoftheProphet’s m
osque in Madina.
x. It was in Madina that the Prophet was able to work out a cultus and
institutions e.g. Juma prayers, five daily prayers, Adhan, prostration during
prayer, giving of alms etc.
(6 x 2 = 12 marks)
b) Why the Madina constitution was written.

i. To ensure that Islam was taught and spread freely in a peaceful
environment.
ii. To ensure peaceful co-existence between Muslims and non-Muslims in
Madina.
iii. To safeguard freedom of worship.
iv. To safeguard life and property.
v. To safeguard freedom of thought, expression, association and religion.
vi. To reduce/stop territorial and religious wars/ conflicts.
vii. To reconcile different groups living in Madina.
viii. To provide safe haven for Muslims and non-Muslims.
ix. To recognize/confirm the Prophet (S.A.W) as Supreme Leader (religious,
political, social ethical) and organizer of affairs in Madina.
x. Toensuretolerancetootherpeople’sreligiouspracticesan
xi. To create a model Muslims state.
xii. To preserve it for future generation.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
5. a) Factors that led to the fall of the Abbasid Dynasty.
26
i. Moral degeneration due to the extravagant life styles of the ruling class who
concentrated on pomp and ceremony at the expense of solving the problems
on the caliphate.
ii. Weak leadership by the Caliphs. The Caliphs could not rule the empire
efficiently and effectively.
iii. Dissatisfaction by the provincial governors’ in response to the appointment
of the Turkish guards to take care of the royal security.
iv. Discontent by the Arabs and the Persian soldiers who felt sidelined.
v. Some provincial governors led revolts against the Caliph.
vi. Racial discord between Arabs and non-Arabs, and religious conflicts
between Muslims and non-Muslims undermined unity and peace in the
Caliphate.
vii. Decline in military power as the army had been neglected at the expense of
cultural affairs.
viii. Economic unrest due to imposition of heavy taxes and other levies on the
population.
ix. Latter Abbasid rulers invested enormous powers on the provincial governors
and this led to the decentralization of the administration/ power.
x. Due to decentralization of power some provincial governors declared their
own autonomy/ independence.
xi. Emergence of Muslim sects such as the Shiites, Qarmathians undermined
the unity of the Muslims Ummah.
xii. Invasion by the Mongols led by Hulaghu Khan who killed the Caliph and
destroyed Baghdad in 1258 A.D. Thus giving the final blow to the Abbasid
dynasty.
xiii. Natural calamities, floods, famine.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Contribution of the Abbasids to Education

i. The Caliphs were educated and cultured and they provided patronage for
education and learning throughout the Caliphate.
ii. Madrassa, Primary and Secondary schools, colleges and institutions of
higher learning were established throughout the Caliphate.
iii. Establishment of libraries. A library was attached to every mosque.
iv. Schools started in private houses and shops.
v. The study of the Quran, Hadith, literature, jurisprudence, logic,
mathematics, geography, philosophy, astronomy, medicine and music etc.
was carried out in the education system.
vi. Learning of Islamic History was promoted.
vii. Practically everybody could read and write and this promoted learning and
culture with Baghdad becoming the centre of world culture.
viii. Books in Persian and Greek were translated into Arabic.
ix. Islamic jurisprudence became in independent discipline.
27
x. The four Sunni schools of thought: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali
emerged.
xi. Hadith was collected during this time.
xii. Literacy level of women improved.
xiii. Specialized system of Hadith research introduced.
xiv. Scholars were held in high esteem.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
6. a) Contributions made by Ibn Sina to Medicine.

i. Ibn Sina wrote the canon of medicine, which is his most celebrated book in
medicine, presents a summary of all the medical knowledge of his time
ii. He wrote a complete section about kidney calculi in his book. Totally, 65
herbal, 8 animal, and 4 mineral medicines are mentioned in his book as
beneficial drugs for dissolving, expelling, and preventing kidney calculi.
iii. Ibn-Sina introduced very advanced drug designing based on drug delivery,
targeting the organ, deposition in the site of action, pain control, wound
healing, clearance after action, and supporting the organ.
iv. Using Ibn-Sina's ideas help scientists to choose better drugs with a
historical background to reduce the cost of therapies and research
projects.
v. Discovery of sexually transmitted diseases
vi. First detailed description of skin problems, perversions and nervous
ailments
vii. First description of Meningitis
viii. First known treatment of cancer. Discovery of cancer as a tumor.
ix. Discovery of the causes of bleeding and hemorrhage
x. First descriptions of bacterial and viral organisms
xi. Description of working of heart as a valve
xii. First diagrams of the cranial sutures
xiii. Discovered that madness is a disorder of reason with its origin in the middle
part of the brain.
xiv. Introduction of quarantine for contagious diseases
xv. Identification of tuberculosis and phthisis as contagious
xvi. First description of the surgical procedure of intubation
xvii. Discovered the cerebellar vermis and the caudate nucleus (Neuroanatomy)
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
b) Influence of Muslims Culture on the Kenya Society.

i. Language – Kiswahili (mixture of Arabic and Kenyan languages) is the
national language of Kenya. It is spoken in every part of Kenya. Arabic or
28
Kiswahili loan words have their way in every language. (Including English)
and dialect spoken in Kenya.
ii. A big population of Kenya is made up of Muslims who continue to make
Reverts/converts. This means that Muslims are found in every city and
town in Kenya and even in the rural areas where they continue to influence
the way people live and behave.
iii. Food and methods of cooking e.g. Pilau, Biriani, Kaimati, Mahamri, use of
spices in cooking.
iv. Etiquettes – manner, behavior, speech.
v. Dress – mode of dress, buibui, kangas, kanzu.
vi. Architecture and design – design of house and use of building materials and
way of building.
vii. Education- Madrassa, school and colleges built and run by Muslims,
Muslims history.
viii. Tourism – attract tourists to come and see historical sites built by Muslims
teaching of Muslim culture and celebrations e.g. Maulid.
ix. Urbanization – coastal urban centres founded and built by Muslims and
mostly inhabited by Muslims, their contribution in developing other urban
centres in North Eastern and other areas.
x. Intermarriages – intermarriages with other people continues to spread Islam.
Islamic culture and influence to more areas.
xi. Politics – Muslim have always been involved in the Kenyan politics as
elected members of Parliament, Ministers and Assistance Ministers, elected
councilors and Mayors leaders and members of the trade union movement,
have been involved in the struggle for independence, for human rights and
democracy.
xii. Public service – working as civil servants, in judiciary.
xiii. In Commerce and Industry – involved in manufacturing as factory owners
or workers, as business owners or employers and in other sectors such as
Matatu, business, import and export etc.
xiv. Agriculture – involved in farming activities as owners of shambas
employers, members of co-operative societies.
29
314/2
Paper 2
MARKING SCHEME
OCT/NOV 2009
1. a) Principles of Islamic Morality
i. Faith/ belief in Allah.
ii. Fear of Allah
iii. Adherence/ obedience to Islamic teachings based on the Quran and Hadith
/Sunnah.
iv. Avoidance of prohibitions.
v. Fulfillment of prescriptions.
vi. Alertness/ guarding against committing sins / going against the teachings of
Islam.
vii. Repentance/seeking forgiveness.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
b) The significance of Amr bil Maarfu wa Nahyi Anil Munkar in the

prevention of Evil.
i. Creates awareness in Muslims of what is good and what is evil.

ii. Corrects weakness in individuals.
iii. Acts as a reminder of what is good and what is evil.
iv. Acts as a watchdog for individuals.
v. Leads to uprightness and good behaviour.
vi. It is incentive to do what is good and avoid evil / motivation.
vii. Leads to eradication of social ills in the society e.g. corruption, immorality,
violence, indecency.
viii. Creates harmony, peace and brotherhood among Muslims.
ix. Promotes/ cultivates values/virtues necessary for good co-existence in the
community.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
c) Rules on the Islamic Code of Dress.
31
The Muslim women dress should fulfill the following rules:
i. The hijab (covering) must conceal the entire body except the face and
the hands.
ii. It should not be translucent or tight. Tight clothes, even if they

conceal the color of the skin, still describe the size and shape of the
body or part of it, and create vivid images.
iii. It should not attract the attention of the opposite gender; thus it should
not be extravagant or excessively opulent. Nor should jewellery and
makeup be on display.
iv. It should not be a garment worn because of vanity or to gain

popularity or fame. The female companions were known to wear
black and other dark colors but other colors are permissible; a woman
must not however wear colorful clothes because of vanity.
v. It should not be perfumed. This prohibition applies to both the body

and the clothes.
vi. It should not resemble the clothing worn by men.
vii. It should not resemble the clothing that is specific to the non-
Muslims.
TheMuslim’smendressshouldfulfillthefollowingrules:
i. The part of the body from the navel to the knees should be covered.
ii. It should not resemble the clothing that is specific to the non-
Muslims. Western clothing that does not represent a certain group or
sect is normally permitted.
iii. It should not resemble the clothing worn by women.
iv. It should not be tight or see-through.
v. A man is not permitted to wear garments made of silk, or jewellery

made of gold.
vi. Finally, it is recommended for men not to wear garments that fall
below the ankles.
N.B:
32
Some of the conditions are the same as the conditions for woman but others
relate particularly men.
(6 x 1 = 6 marks)
2. a) Significance of the Law of Mirath
i. The law of mirath safeguards against family squabbles and conflicts over
the division of a deceased person hence promoting harmony and
understanding among the members of the family.
ii. It allows for circulation of wealth as people take possession of their shares
of inheritance and invest it in a meaningful manner.
iii. This particular law has stood the test of time. All other laws (secular laws)
needed reforming because of inheritance weaknesses.
iv. It is a divine commandment of an obligatory nature (Fardh), whose violation

is punishable in the hereafter.
v. The wealth is not passed on to a single person, luxury loving and

extravagant, thus no danger of it being misused.
vi. The law of mirath also enables the settlement of the debts of the deceased
and payment of legacies in the form of wasiyya.thus a Muslim has the
chance to set aside some part of his property for the welfare of the
community and those who do not have shares of inheritance.
vii. It also strengthens the bond of relationship the bond of relationship between
the relatives and also between a husband and wife and they are aware of the
needs of each other even after death.
viii. The law of mirath enables the parents strives hard in acquiring a lawful
wealth for the benefit and betterment of their heirs who will be a bit secure
financially.
ix. It safe guards and protect the interests of the orphans, since prior to that
their property was misused by the greedy relatives who may deprive the
rightful heirs from getting their shares.
33
b) Importance of Eddat
i. It is an obligatory act for a woman following divorce or death of her
husband/ a form of worship.
ii. It is a show of respect to the deceased in the case of death.
iii. It is a time of reflection for the wife/ husband.
iv. It is a sign of the sanctity of the institution of marriages.
v. A proofthatthereisnopregnancyfromthewoman’sprevious/lat
vi. To avoid unnecessary conflicts and disputes regarding the paternity of a
child/children.
vii. In case of divorce it accords the husband an opportunity to revoke divorce
where it is revocable.
(6 x 1 = 6 marks)
c) Islamic Rules that Govern the Relationship between Muslims and Non-
Muslims.
i. Muslims should have dealings with non-Muslims/ treat them with fairness
and justice.
ii. Should show tolerance to their behaviour and life styles.
iii. Should have mutual respect.
iv. Should keep a good relationship / rapport with them. E.g. greet them, have
intervisits.
v. Should have mutual consultations on common issues/ matters.
vi. There should be no act of aggression against peaceful non-Muslims/
peaceful co-existence/ not persecute or oppress them.
vii. Should not make rude comments about them/speak behind their backs.
viii. Should mutually protect each other in times of need.
ix. Can conduct trade transactions with people of other faiths in Halal ways.
x. Should assist/ help non-Muslims in any way they can/should be kind and
compassionate to them.
xi. Can interact with people of other faiths freely and with frankness/ should
avoid suspicions.
(6 x 1 6 marks)
3. a) Illegal ways of Earning Money

i. Stealing
ii. Robbery
iii. Gambling
iv. Usury (Riba)
34
v. Cheating
vi. Bribery
vii. Trading in Prohibited goods/items
viii. Forgery
ix. Prostitution
(5 x1 = 5 marks)
b) Conditions an Agreement has to fulfill for it to be binding.

i. The agreement must be mutual.
ii. Term and conditions must be clear/ should have no ambiguity.
iii. Must be done with god intensions.
iv. Should be flexible.
v. All conditions of the agreements must be in conformity with Islam.
vi. It must be written (if possible).
vii. It should be on permissible things/ items.
viii. It must have witnesses.
ix. Must be binding to both parties.
x. Must be contracted by mature and sound adults.
xi. The two parties should clearly understand the terms of the agreement and its
legal implications.
(8 x 1 = 8mks)
c) Rights of children in Islam
Rights to
i. Life
ii. Shelter
iii. Decent and proper clothes
iv. Food
v. Medical care/health care.
vi. Nutritional care.
vii. Proper upbringing.
viii. Good names.
ix. Protection from outside aggression.
x. Education and spiritual well being.
xi. Proper environment to grow in.
xii. Good friends/ company.
xiii. Counseling and/ guidance
xiv. Legitimacy – should have a father.
35
xv. Feed from legitimate sources.

(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
4. a) Methods used by the Quraish to Persecute Early Muslims in Makkah.

i. Physical torture e.g. beatings, putting thorns on the path, being dragged in
the sand.
ii. Mental torture by marginalizing them.
iii. Killings/ murder/ beating to death.
iv. Through business embargo.
v. Threatening them with death.
vi. Opposition toandrejectionoftheProphet’steaching.
vii. Verbal insults and abuses hurled at Muslims.
viii. Name calling of the Muslims/ called Muslims names.
ix. Prevented Muslims from worshipping in the Kaaba.
x. Making noises when Muslims were praying.
xi. Threatening and warning they would be converts or those who made contact
with Muslims.
xii. Confiscated the property / wealth of Muslims.
xiii. Men who were married to Muslim women divorced them.
(12 x 1 = 12 marks)
b) Reasons Why Uthman Ibn Affan Was Elected Caliph.

i. He was one of the early Muslims who migrated to Abyssinia and then to
Madina.
ii. He was one of the ten companions of the Prophet (s.a.w) to whom the
prophet gave the good tidings of Heaven.
iii. He was of gentle character, soft spoken, kindhearted and compassionate.
iv. Was one of the first ten people who believed in the Prophets (p.b.u.h).
v. HewasacompanionoftheProphetp. ( b.u.h)throughouttheProphet’
vi. He donated generously to the cause of Islam whenever the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
needed help / funded the Islamic army especially the battles of Tabuk.
vii. He was married to two daughters of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) (one after the
other)
viii. He was one of the writers of the Revelation.
ix. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) had praised him and indirectly pointed to him after
Abu Bakr and Umar as top companion.
x. He was unanimously proposed as the next Caliph to succeed Umar by the
panel of six companions appointed by Umar.
36
(8 x 1 = 8marks)
5. a) Achievement of the Umayyad Dynasty.

i. Restoration of law and order throughout the Muslims empire after the
prolonged civil war.
ii. The Caliphate lasted for almost a century from 660 to 750 when it was
overthrown by the Abbasids.
iii. The conquest of African territories thus expanding Islam and Arab influence
in Africa.
iv. Consolidation and extension of Islamic territories in Asia.
v. Introduced proper administrative system and built a strong and efficient
army.
vi. Establishment of a department of registry (Diwanul – Khatam).
vii. Introduced postal services (Diwanul-Barid)
viii. The building of the first Muslims navy.
ix. Arabic was made the official language of the whole Islamic Nation.
x. Standardization of currency used in the Muslim empire by introduction
gold, silver and copper coins with the denominations of Dinar and Dirham.
xi. Introduced vowels and diacritical marks in the Arabic script which made it
easier for the non-Arabs to learn Arabic and use the correct pronunciation.
xii. Liberalization of knowledge and freedom of learning.
xiii. Saw stability in leadership. Arab civilization had its first stable centre in the
Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus (established by Muawiyyah)
(6 x 1 = 6 marks)
b) Challenges Faced by Muslims in Kenya in the Nineteenth Century.

i. The Muslim presence remained mainly along the coastal strip and on the
Indian Ocean islands as they could not venture into the mainland for fear of
hostile people and other unknown factors.
ii. During the nineteenth century European nations e.g. British, French,
Germans and the Dutch started showing interest on the coastal of East
Africa and this posed a threat to the Muslim possessions along the Kenya
coast.
iii. During the nineteenth century European Christian missionaries started their
evangelization of the Kenyan people spearheaded by the CMS, UMFC and
the Holy Ghost Fathers. The Christian missionary activities posed a threat
to the spread of Islam.
37
iv. The Europeans regarded Muslims with suspicion and mistrust as they only
saw them in terms of slavery and slave trade a fact that made determined to
check further Muslim influence among the Kenyan people.
v. There was disunity among Muslims rulers. They would not encounter/
countercheck the external interference as a united front.
vi. The weakening of the Ottoman Empire affected what was happening in the
Muslim world including the coast of Kenya.
vii. The signing of treaties between the European powers (especially Britain)
and the Muslim rulers undermined the Muslim power and trade.
viii. The inability of Muslims to take Islam to the interior of Kenya accorded the
Christian missionaries the Opportunity to take Christianity to the interior
without hindrances.
ix. The scramble for Africa leading to the Berlin Conference and partition of
Africa brought Kenya under the British rule. That meant Muslims lost their
political economic and social control of their possessions.
x. Colonization by the British meant that the Muslims lost their independence
which they had enjoyed for centuries (with the exception of the period of the
Portuguese occupation).
xi. With colonization and building of the Uganda railway, came the influx of
European Christian missionaries into Kenya who started evangelization at a
great speed undermining the spread of Islam.
(7 x 2 = 14 marks)
6. a) Contribution of Sheikh Abdullah Swaleh Farsy to the Growth of Islam in

East Africa.
i. He was an educationist, worked as a Senior Kadhi in Zanzibar (1960 –
1967) and as Chief Kadhi in Kenya (1968- 1982) and during his years of
service he promoted Muslim unity through his excellent leadership and
arbitration skills.
ii. He authored over 25 books through which Muslims knowledge of Islam was
enriched.
iii. He translated the Quran into Kiswahili making it possible for non-Arabic
speakers to read the Quran.
iv. His spiritual leadership and decrees were accepted by all Muslims who also
respected his authority to interpret Islam.
v. He firmly stood for the interest of the Muslims especially their right to
education.
38
vi. He advocated for separate Muslims schools and for government aid in
running them and for the provision of Muslim teachers paid by the
Government in public schools.
vii. He advocated for equity in education. He challenged the government to
raise the standard of Muslim education to the level of other community’s
education.
viii. He called for the combination of secular education and Muslim studies in
Muslim schools.
ix. He called on the government to start the teaching of Islamic Religious
Education in schools.
x. Contributed in the establishment of Madrassa system in East Africa.
xi. He gave lectures and organized seminars in mosques to educate the Muslims
youth. Many young people flocked to his lectures.
xii. He stood for the pure Islam/ purity of Islam and revival of proper
understanding of Islam.
xiii. He was committed to reforming the society through education and by
getting rid of outdated cultural practices among Muslims.
xiv. Travelled widely for the course of Islam.
39

MARKING SCHEME
OCT/NOV 2010
1. a) Reasons why Muslims advocate Abstinence in the Prevention of

HIV/AIDs.
i. Quran condemns Zina (adultery and fornication) and advocates abstinence.
Failure to abstain from illicit sex is going against Islamic teachings and
morality.
ii. Fear of Allah. Those who fear Allah will not engage in acts that are
forbidden.
iii. It should be the responsibility of every Muslim to protect him/herself from
(HIV/AIDsinfectionasitisincurable.“Preventionisbettertha
iv. Abstinence helpstosafeguardaperson’siman.
v. According to Islamic principles of morality, the unmarried should wait until
they are married and the married be faithful to their spouses.
vi. Indulgence in Zina leads to other vices e.g. drug and alcohol abuse, lying,
cheating, family breakdown diseases, fights and quarrels and even death.
Abstinence not only gives protection against HIV/AIDs but against other
vices.
vii. Abstinence is in Keeping with the teaching of the Prophet (p.b.u.h).
viii. Even those who are infected should abstain in order to avoid further
infection and from infecting others.
ix. Use of condoms is not acceptable to Muslims. It might lead to promiscuity
in society.
x. Abstinence instills self discipline and responsibility to the Muslims.
xi. It was practiced by prophet and their companions.
xii. Muslims advocates abstinences as it was a message of all the prophets of
Allah.
(5 x 2 = 10mks)
b) Reasons why Islam condemns Israaf.

i. Israaf is against the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet /
against Islamic morality.
ii. It is an irresponsible use of resources /against the conservation of resources.
iii. Denis other members of the family/ community use of resources / rightful
livelihood.
iv. Develops greed, meanness, selfishness and craving in an individual.
42
v. Creates a division between the haves and have nots/ the rich and the poor.
vi. One spends the wealth/ resources at the expense of others e.g. family
members.
vii. May lead to mistrustful feelings/ hatred in a family between individual and
the community.
viii. Leads to forgetting/neglecting of religious obligations e.g. paying, zakat and
giving Sadaqa.
ix. Leads to indulgence in unacceptable behaviour/ acts e.g. gambling, Zinaa,
corruption.
x. May lead to bankruptcy and poverty.
xi. It shows lack of gratitude/ appreciation to Allah.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
c) Rules on walking according to Islamic teaching.

i. Muslims should walk humility, not with pride Q 31:18, Q 17:37.
ii. Muslims should be moderate in their walking, should neither rush nor be too
slow, and should take the middle path Q 31:19.
iii. When one comes across undesirable element when walking, should lower
his/her gaze Q 24:30-31. Should not stare directly at undesirable elements
e.g. a naked mad man.
iv. Those walking to great those seated.
v. Remove unwanted obstacles on the way e.g. thorns, nails, large stones
banana peelings etc.
vi. Should walk with genuine purpose.
vii. Women’sstyleofwalkingshould not attract the attention of men.
viii. Should not stand on the way and block others.
ix. Women should always walk behind men so as to guard their modesty.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
2. a) Effects of divorce on Children.

i. Children go through a traumatic experience/shock/ confusion.
ii. Children suffer psychologically and even tend to blame themselves for the
divorce.
iii. Children may develop resentment for both parents or for one of them.
iv. Children may also be divided/ torn between the mother and the father/ tears
the family apart.
v. Children may develop juvenile tendencies and other antisocial behaviour
e.g. drugs and alcohol addiction.
43
vi. They suffer from lack of identity.

vii. May develop aggression, they throw tantrums, suffer withdrawal syndrome
hatred resentment.
viii. May develop criminal tendencies as a defense mechanism.
ix. Their performance in school and other in other activities may suffer/
develop lack of concentration in school and in other activities.
x. May not be able to sustain relationships e.g. friendship because of lack of
trust.
xi. May develop suicidal tendencies as a result of bitterness.
xii. May lead to homelessness for the children.
xiii. Leads to poverty and want/ hopelessness and despair.
xiv. Children suffer from lack of confidence / self esteem.
xv. Children become vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Conditions under which polygamy is allowed in Islam.

i. If the first wife is unable to bear children/ barren.
ii. If the first wife is sick.
iii. If the wife cannot meet the conjugal rights of the husband.
iv. If the man is in a position to provide for the wives/ satisfy their material and
emotional needs.
v. If the husband should be ready to treat all the wives equally/ equitable/
justly.
vi. When the population of women is higher than that of men.
vii. To take care of widowed women.
viii. To eradicated single parenting.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
c) Right of the Muslim girl child.

i. To be educated.
ii. To be provided with basic necessities.
iii. To inherit from her father, brother.
iv. To play with peers/ friends.
v. To be protected from harm/ injury e.g. FGM, early marriage.
vi. To be brought up in an Islamic way.
vii. Right to own property.
viii. Right to life
ix. Right to health care.
44
x. Right to express herself.
3. a) Ways in which Muslims in Kenya help in the reduction of poverty in their

community.
i. By the payment of Zakat. The payment of Zakat is obligatory as it is one of
the five pillars of Islam. Muslims pay a certain fixed proportion of their
wealth and on every kind of property liable for Zakat annually for the
benefits of the poor in the community.
ii. The payments of Sadaqa. This is alms (or anything) given in charity to help
the poor and needy in the community.
iii. The application of Islamic Sharia to protect the property of the most
vulnerable in the society e.g. widows and orphans. They also safeguarded
against exploitation and protected against human right abuses that could
leave them destitute.
iv. The work of Muslim charity organizations and non-Governmental
organizations whose programmes are tailored to eradicate poverty and to
help the less fortunate to improve their standards of living.
v. Muslims provide, promote and encourage the education and training of the
youths so that they can be equipped with relevant knowledge and skills for
gainful employment and for the development of the community. Education
and training also enhance equity, economic growth and expansions of
employment opportunities.
vi. Muslim organizations and individuals provide bursaries and scholarship to
Muslims children who cannot afford school fees. This helps all Muslims
youths regardless of their class to benefit from education.
vii. By providing polytechnics and other post school institutions where schools
leavers can be trained in technical/ industrial/ vocational and entire
entrepreneurship knowledge and skills for job employment or self-
employment.
viii. The contribution of Muslim entrepreneurs in commerce and industry. These
help in the creation of wealth and provision of employment for Muslims.
ix. Through civic education where Muslims are sensitized in strategies of
wealth creation e.g. entrepreneur skills, proper management and use of
resources, dignity of work, evils of corruption; preservation and
conservation of the environment and natural resources.
x. Application of Islamic commercial law and ethics in business to safeguard
the poor (and ignorant from being exploited and cheated/ the poor are
accorded justice.
45
xi. Muslims politicians and human rights activists have calling for and
advocating for equitable distribution and allocation of resources and for the
development (hence economic growth) and provision of necessary
infrastructure and basic services (necessary bedrock in areas which had been
neglected in the past.) This will greatly benefit Muslims who live in those
areas economically.
xii. Muslims have formed self-help groups which initiate income generating
projects. These projects allow members to exploit their gifts, skills, talents,
creativity and potential for self development and the development of the
community.
xiii. Muslims are involved and participate in community development activities
meant to bring development in the community e.g. water projects, co-
operative movements agriculture/ animal keeping projects which are
catalysts to economic growth and development.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
b) Reasons why Record keeping is important in Business transactions.
i. To determine the profitability of a business; by keeping proper records,

the profit or loss made by the business can be easily calculated.
ii. To maintain proper financial control of the business in order to maximize
profit. Caution must be exercised when handling revenue and expenses
of the business.
iii. Consequently, proper record keeping will help determine whether or not
the resources of the business are being managed efficiently.
iv. To be able to provide financial information about the business that assist
in making informed decisions about the business.
v. To provide the government with the necessary information to file a tax
return as well as to furnish the relevant information if your business is
being audited.
vi. Accurate and complete records enable you, or your accountant, to
identify all your business assets, liabilities, income and expenses. That
information helps you pinpoint both the strong and weak phases of your
business operations.
vii. Record keeping is an essential source of evidence to detect business
losses, internal fraud and theft.
viii. Businesses are expected to put in place a record keeping system to
ensure that your Income Tax or/and Goods & Services Tax (GST)
declarations are duly supported with the required documents.
ix. Failure to keep and retain records may be subjected to penalties under
the Income Tax Act. (6 x 1 = 6 marks)
46
c) Rules to be observed by a Muslims before taking a loan from a bank.
i. Ensure that the bank is Sharia compliant
ii. Ensure that the loan to be taken will not attract any interest.
iii. Prove that the money given as loan has been generated through lawful
means i.e. the bank should not engage in haram acts to make profits.
iv. Ensure that there are witnesses to the loan transaction.
v. The agreement on the loan between him/her and the bank should be written
down.
vi. Managers/ custodians of the bank should be Muslims who understand the
Shariah regarding loan transactions.
vii. Should understand the terms of the agreement before signing for the loan.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
4.a) Social conditions prevailing in Makka when the prophet was born.
i. Women were down trodden and oppressed and denied any rights.
ii. They were treated as property.
iii. Baby girls were buried alive.
iv. The weak and physically challenged had no rights
v. Wine drinking and wild parties were the order of the day.
vi. Immorality, prostitution and indecency were prevalent in the society.
vii. Rich men married as many wives as they possibly could and kept women /
mistresses
viii. Makka was the centre of trade /trade flourished as a consequence there was
prosperity
ix. Makka used to receive many visitors from other parts of Arabia who came
to worship in the Kaaba and to visit the well of Zamzam.
x. Slavery was practiced and slaves were ill-treated and had no rights
xi. The haves/ rich did not show compassion or consideration to the have nots/
poor and the unfortunate in the society.
xii. There were strong social based tribal affiliation and loyalties.
xiii. Among the Arabs lived a few Christians and Jewish communities.
xiv. The Makkans also believed there were innumerable, jinn and ghouls who
inhabited object of nature and society.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
b) Effect of the Battle the Badr on the Prophet mission.
47
i. The defect of non-Muslims by Muslims strengthened their confidence in

Muhammad a prophet of Allah.
ii. ItstrengthenedtheMuslim’sfaithinAllahandinIslam.
iii. Muslims considered the victory over non-Muslims a victory from Allah/
favour from Allah.
iv. The security of Muslims was assured.
v. The victory was a symbol of defeat of falsehood and victory of truth/ victory
of truth over falsehood.
vi. Thevictorystrengthenedtheprophet’s position
s an efficient and able a
religious and political leader.
vii. The Prophet gained more followers from those who were on the periphery
asthevictorywasanassurancethatMuhammadwasindeedAlla
prophet.
viii. The victory of Muslims was very essential to the future of Islam.
ix. The victory limited plots and conspiracies against the Muslims from the
internal front.
x. It gave the oppressed Muslims in Makka hope and confidence of freedom..
xi. The victory gave Muslims confidence and courage to engage in future
battles.
xii. It distinguished the hypocrites from true believers.
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
c) Contributions of Ali bin Abi Talib to the development of Islam.

i. Knowledge and among the best commentators of the Quran and master of
the Arabic language.
ii. Brave warrior who took part in all the battles fought by the prophet (p.b.u.h)
iii. Acted as the prophet’s secretary during the treaty of Hudaibiya.
iv. During his caliphate, he followed the pattern established by the first 3
Khalifas.
v. Was among the compilers of the Quran/ Hadith.
vi. Memorized the Holy Quran and many Hadith.
vii. Was left behind in Makka by the prophet to return properties to the rightful
owners.
viii. The first young person to accept Islam.
ix. Was very simple honest and contributed generously to the cause of Islam.
x. Was just and treated his enemies fairly.
xi. Was a man of strong will power and determination was always ready to
defend Islam.
48
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
5.a) Reason the led to the fall of the Fatimid Dynasty

i. Vastness of the empire made it difficult to administer law and order this
created division which led to the downfall.
ii. Khalifa Al-Qaim sold government offices to the highest bidders’ thus
encouraging corruption in the administration.
iii. Khalifa Al-Qaim used the oppression policy which resulted in revolts and
this contributed to the Fatimid’s.
iv. Disunity between Sunnis and Shia contributed to the weakening of the
Fatimid’s .
v. Khalifa Al-Hakim was not tolerant towards other religions, he enforced
Christians and Jews to convert to Islam hence creating discontentment.
vi. Khalifa Al-Qaim enforced the Ismail doctrines on everyone, and increased
taxes this created discontentment.
vii. Al-Hakim introduced very strict measures e.g. he suppressed women,
banned alcohol and gambling and this made him unpopular especially
among the Christian and Jews.
viii. Khalifa Al-Hakim took pleasure in killing and torturing people and this led
to the rise of the crusaders who campaigned against the Fatimid rule.
ix. Turkish slaves kept as body guards by the Fatimid’srulers gained power
and overthrew the Fatimid’s .
x. Khalifa Al-Aziz patronized the Christians and Jews e.g. allowed them
freedom of religion and gave them high offices, this made him unpopular
among the orthodox Sunni who lost faith in the Fatimid rule.
xi. Some rulers were weak and immature e.g. Al-Hakim hence could not
control the empire effectively.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
b) Challenges Kenyan Muslims Face in Education

i. Inadequate schools sponsored by Muslims or owned by them.
ii. Shortage of Muslim teachers and not enough trained and qualified teachers.
iii. School and other institutions of learning lack adequate facilities.
iv. Lack of tertiary institutions in the country where Muslims can continue with
higher education.
v. Schools situated in remote areas are far apart and inaccessible; children have
to walk long distances to and from school. This affects their performance
and attendance.
49
vi. Poverty prevents many parents from sending their children to school as they
cannot afford the fees and other levies.
vii. Lack of awareness by some parents on the value of educating their children
especially girl child.
viii. Ineffective leadership which does not promote and encourage education
among Muslims.
ix. Political interferences and controversies in running schools.
x. Muslims children also attend Madrassa and Duksi along alongside formal
education so they tend to be overworked and overburdened.
xi. Marginalization of the regions predominantly occupied by Muslims in all
areas of development including education.
xii. Indifference and apathy by Muslims towards education as a result of
marginalization.
xiii. Lack of funds to build school and other educational facilities.
xiv. Lack of infrastructure in the areas occupied by Muslims makes it impossible
to attract teachers education sponsor to them.
314/2
Paper 2
Oct./Nov. 2011
2 ½ hours

Paper 2
2 ½ hours
Instructions to candidates
This paper consists of six questions.
Answer any five questions in the answer booklet provided.
1. a) Explain the Islamic measures put in place to guard the society against
zina.
(10mks)
50
the period between 1700 and 1900 A.D
(5mks)
6. a) State the contributions made by Imam Al-Ghazali to the development

of Islam.
(10mks)
b) What were the wives of Ibn Khaldun on education?

(10mks)
314/2
Paper 2
MARKING SCHEME
OCT/NOV 2011

1. a) Islamic measures put in place to guard the society against zina.
i. Islamic teaching emphases that Muslim who attain the age of puberty should
marry to avoid Zina.
ii. Prohibition of free mixing of sexes; men and women are not allowed to mix
freely. e.g. in the mosques men and women pray in separate areas.
iii. Prohibition of acts that may lead Muslims to commit fornication adultery
e.g. consumption of alcohol, engaging in dancing etc.
iv. Muslim men are allowed to marry a maximum of four wives, incase a man
fell in love with another woman he should marry her instead of committing
zina.
v. Harsh punishment has been prescribed in the Quran on fornicators and
adulterers (Q 24 2-3).
vi. Muslim women should dress decently i.e. they should cover their bodies
with the exception of the hands and face. This reduces the evil of
temptation which can lead to zina.
vii. Restrictionsonmenfromvisitingothermen’shomesintheira
man cannot visitanotherman’s it’s
house
only theifwife who is at home.
viii. Islam allows divorce incase a couple are unable to reconcile their
differences to enables both parties choose suitable/ appropriate spouse.
52
ix. Muslim women should be accompanied by Muhrim when going on a
journey.
x. Islam prescribes reward for those who keep away for zina.
xi. Muslims are encouraged to practices piety to prevent them from engaging in
immoral acts.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) How the mass media has eroded the morals of the Muslim Youth in
Kenya.
i. Distortion of Muslims identity where the mass media portrays images
opposed to Muslims culture e.g. keeping of beard for men which is the
Muslim identity is portrayed as unfashionable.
ii. Muslim youth labeled as extremists and fundamentalists.
iii. Advocating for western way of dressing where advertisements on television
show that wearing of tight and short garments is fashionable.
iv. Muslim youth waste a lot of time watching immoral films and surfing the
internet at the expenses of their studies and their Ibadah.
v. Mass media encourage the youth to rebel against the acceptable terms in the
society e.g. through film, songs hence the youth have become rebellious and
disrespected. Towards elders.
vi. Distortion of Islamic teachings has made the youth less faith in their religion
e.g. portraying polygamy in Islam as an avenue of spreading HIV/AIDs.
vii. Publishing/ broadcasting negative articles about Islam e.g. Islam mistreats
women this makes the youth especially girls develop rebellious attitude.
viii. The youth have no respect for elders and they glorify use of vulgar language
as a result of the songs they listen to and films that they watch.
(10 x 1 = 10 makes)
2.a) Reasons for Jihad in Islam.

i. For self defense, incase one is attacked by enemies then he should fight
them.
ii. In order to defend the weak members of the society, fighting with the
intention of helping those who are being oppressed. (Q 4: 75)
iii. In defence of religion/ in the course of Allah; Muslims are supposed to fight
in order to defend their religion.
iv. Fighting to remove aggression: Islam allows Muslims to fight those who are
aggressive e.g. where one country attacks another for no particular reason
then it should be fought.
v. For protecting places of worship; all places of worship in which the name of
Allah is glorified should be protected against those who want to destroy
them. (Q22:40)
vi. Waging Jihad so as to defect those who cannot tolerateAllah’smessagee.g
where Muslims are denied freedom of worship.
53
vii. Jihad can be undertaken to defend property e.g. in a situation where

property has been destroyed or stolen.
viii. Jihad can be undertaken so as to bring an end to evil e.g. people who refuse
to pay zakat, who practice immoral activities should be fought.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
b) The rules of Jihad according to Islamic teachings.

i. Killing of old, women, children and those engaged in worship is prohibited.
ii. Soldier should not mutilated dead bodies.
iii. Destroy, burning or cutting vegetation is not allowed.
iv. Destroy of places of worship is not allowed during Jihad.
v. Slaying of flock or herds is not acceptable except subsistence.
vi. War captives should not be persecuted.
vii. A person who surrenders should not be attacked.
viii. The enemy should not be ambushed; should be informed about the attack in
advance.
ix. Injured soldiers should be taken care of regardless of the side they are
fighting for.
x. All treaties and accords signed by the warring parties should be respected.
xi. Soldiers should not steal the booty.
xii. There should be fair distribution of the booty.
(10 x 2 = 10 marks)
3.a) Effects of corruption on the Muslim society.

i. Division and hared among Muslims e.g. in a situation where a person who is
not qualified is given a job at the expense of one is qualified can create
enemity.
ii. Creates unemployment where jobs can only be offered to those who are
known hence leaving the majority unemployed.
iii. Corruption leads to greed for more and more gain, a corrupt person will
always want more and more gain.
iv. Increase in crime activities; e.g. a policeman who is bribed to protect
corrupt people encourages them to continue.
v. A person who engaged in corruption lacks reputation from other members
of the society.
vi. Strict punishment has been prescribes for those who engaged in corruption
by the Shariah.
vii. Misappropriations of funds which are meant to assist the less fortunate
members of society e.g. corrupt Muslims who misuse zakat funds.
viii. Corruption kills initiative, hardwork and integrity e.g. promoting people
who are not qualified, hence do not deserved it.
ix. Loss of income for the government where most of the revenue is pocketed
by corrupt people who evade tax.
54
x. Creates social classes in society where those who are corrupt form the class
of the rich and the remaining majority form the class of the poor.
xi. Corruption creates shortages of goods and increase in prices, hence brings
hardships to the poor who are not able to access basic necessities.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Rights of a Muslims husband

i. To be obeyed by the wife in lawful matters.
ii. To be treated with respect, love and kindness;
iii. His wife should take care of his property in his absence.
iv. His honour should be protected i.e. his wife should not have relations with
other men;
v. His wife should seek for his permission when leaving the house and when
she wants to perform sunnah acts e.g. fasting.
vi. To be taken care of by his wife.
vii. The wife should not admit anyone in the house whom he does not approve.
viii. His wife should act as his confidant i.e. she should not reveal his secrets.
ix. His conjugal rights to be fulfilled by his wife.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
c) Conditions of borrowing and lending money.

i. There should be no interest charged.
ii. Both parties should be mature and of sound mind.
iii. There should be a written agreement signed by both parties.
iv. There must be witnesses to the transaction.
v. The borrower should be allowed more time if he is unable to pay on time.
vi. Date of paying back should be stated.
vii. Money borrowed should be used for halal purposes.
viii. Lender should not attach conditions or expect favours from the borrower.
(5 x1 = 5 marks)
4.a) Contributions made by Abubakar Assidiq to the development of Islam.

i. He expended the Muslimempire through preaching Islam far and wide.
ii. CompilationoftheQuranduringtheProphet’slifetime,theQu
written on different materials and it was feared that it may by lost hence
under the leadership of Abubakar was compiled into one volume.
iii. He was strict in administration and he never allowed any of his officers to
have in an irregular manner.
iv. He decided the matters of the state after consultation and appointed public
officers on merit.
v. He strengthened the Muslims arm by ensuring proper administration, high
level of motivation and discipline hence gained success in all expeditions.
55
vi. He divided the Arabian Peninsula into different provinces for the purpose of
providing better services and effective administration to the Muslims.
vii. He paid special attention to the preaching of Islam e.g. he preached to the
enemies before fighting them.
viii. He bought the freedom of several Muslims slaves who were persecuted by
their masters e.g. Bilal.
ix. In Madina he purchased a plot used to construct a mosque and the prophet’s
house, he also contributed everything he had towards the Tabuk expedition.
x. He participated in almost all battles which the prophet fought.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Way through which the Prophet (p.b.u.h) eliminated racism

i. Created a sense of brotherhood among believers by teaching that all
Muslims are brother regardless of colour or race.
ii. Preached on equality among all races e.g. he appointed Bilal who was a
slave as a Muadhin.
iii. He preached to people of all races e.g. he sent missionaries to preach to
people of non-Arab origin e.g. Abyssinia, Roman Empire, and Persian
Empire.
iv. He prescribed a heavy punishment to those who practice racism.
v. Preached/ emphasized practice of humility which describe as the act of
racism.
vi. Islamic teachings as a whole discourage racism and encourages unity of
Muslims e.g. performance of Hajj, giving out zakat.
vii. He married and encouraged Muslims to marry from different races to
discourage racism e.g. he married Maria Qibtiya from Egypt, Bilal was
married to the sister of Abdurrahman Ibn Auf.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
4. a) Reforms introduced by Khalifa Umar Ibn Abdulaziz of the Umayyads.

i. Gave equal civil status to the mawalii and exempted them from paying
Kharaj (land taxi) and this led to more people converting to Islam.
ii. He forbade forceful circumcision e.g. forbade the Khorasan governor in to
forcing converts to get circumcised.
iii. Tolerant towards non-Muslims e.g. he reduced taxes for the Christians of
Najran also once a Muslim killed a non-Muslim and he ordered that the
Muslim be killed.
56
iv. He forbade the sale of land by non-Muslims to Muslims because the
Muslims did not pay Kharaj.
v. He improved the status of the Alids e.g. he restored the privileges which
they enjoyed during the time of the glorious caliphate.
vi. He banned the cursing of Ali (R.A) and his descendants during Friday
khutba.
vii. He appointed official on merit and piety. He instructed his governors to be
loyal to the people, dutiful and sincere and not to accept bribes, attack or
oppress people.
viii. He was strict in administration and took strict measures against dishonest
governors and officials e.g. Yazid Ibn Muhallab was imprisoned for
misappropriating funds of war.
ix. Jails were reformed; jailers and warders were strictly ordered not to
misbehave with prisoner. Prisoners were given monthly allowances,
clothing and education inorder to make them useful people in the society.
x. Expended the empire through peaceful on quest, stopped all military
expeditions there was no rebellion or war during his rule, the Shia and
Kharijites were happy with his rule.
xi. Improvement in education where a number of books were translated into
Arabic e.g. Masal ju..ari who was a Jew from Hasrah translated medical
Syrian books into Arabic.
xii. Eradicated poverty within two years and three months of his rule such that
people would walk around with their zakat looking for people to give.
xiii. He took legal measures to check the tendency of purchasing land in cities,
he restored land which was grabbed to its original owners.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
b) Reason that contributed to the fall of the Ummayad dynasty.

i. Succession disputes which led to fights and also unqualified rulers
contributed to the fall of the Ummayads.
ii. Vastness of the empire made some governors autonomous and they created
their own governments and disregarded the central government, this brought
about divisions which led to their fall.
iii. Over taxation of the people made them lose confidence in the Ummayad
rule.
iv. There was no standing army to defend the state this led to the weakening of
the state.
v. Harsh rule of the Ummayads led to revolts.
57
vi. They lost many battles leading to the weakening of the empire.
vii. The underprivileged group which consisted of the dhims, mawalii alids,
Kharijities felt oppressed and rebelled against the Ummayads.
viii. Secularization of the state where the state was no longer rules according to
the teachings of Quran and Hadith and immorality was condoned.
ix. Ummayads believed in the exclusiveness of the Arab race and excluded
other races who rebelled and fought against them.
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
c) Challenges faced by Muslims in the spread of Islam in East Africa in the

period between 1700 and 1900 A.D
i. The Arab Muslims came to East Africa specifically to trade they were not
missionaries; hence it was difficult for them to preach Islam.
ii. Islam was associated with slavery since the Arabs who were Muslims were
slave trades hence it was difficult to convince the locals to convert to Islam.
iii. The colonialists supported the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity
but did not support the Muslims.
iv. Muslims lacked funds and resources to assist them in the spread of Islam
unlike the Christian missionaries who were funded from their home
countries.
v. Christian missionaries offered incentives to people who converted to
Christianity and the Arab Muslims offered none, hence it was difficult to
spread Islam.
vi. Tropical diseases, hostile tribes and difficult terrain of the interior
discouraged the Muslims from venturing into the interior to spread Islam.
vii. Some traditions belief and practices of the local people contradicted Islamic
teachings e.g. circumcision, polygamy hence discouraged them from
embracing Islam.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
6.a) Contributions made by Imam Al-Ghazali to the development of Islam.

i. He was a distinguish teacher whose lecture attracted a large number of
students and scholars.
ii. He removed irreligious doctrines, he was the first one to strike against
Greek philosophy which was undermining the foundation of Islam.
iii. He wrote numerous books e.g.Ihya-ulum –ul-diin (the revival of religious
science), Makasid-al-falasafa, Tahafut-al-falasafa.
iv. He awakened spirit of Islam by carrying out a detailed analysis of the moral
and spiritual life of Muslims.
58
v. Credited for laying foundation of scientific scholarship in Asharite School

of theology.
vi. He wrote commentary on the Holy Quran knownas….
vii. Formulated the ten rulers of conduct.
viii. Taught that the best guidance for man is revealed knowledge.
ix. Suggested for the reformation of the society, he critised the ulam for
wasting time debating insignificant issues instead of devoting their energies
in doing their essential duties.
x. He is recognized as Mujadid (reviver of Islam) in the Muslim work.
xi. Stressed on the study of the traditions and biography of the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
andmodelingofone’slifeaccordingtoit.)
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Ibn Khaldun’sviewoneducation.
i. Quran is the basis of Islam and source of Islamic knowledge hence should
be studied with understanding.
ii. Aim of education is to develop firm religious belief and good morals in
children.
iii. Teachers should acquire knowledge and master the art of teaching.
iv. Teachers should know the psychology of pupils and their levels of ability.
v. Memorisation without understanding as a form of teaching should be
discouraged.
vi. Students should be encourages to engage in debate and arguments ina
scientific way.
vii. Teachers should make necessary preparations for the lesson.
viii. Education of youngsters should be based on generalization of knowledge at
the beginning andspecification should come later.
ix. Secular education is important.
x. Recommended continuity in learning.
xi. Quran should only be taught when the child acquires a certain degree of
intelligence, other religious subjects should be taught early.
xii. Punishments as an incentive to learning should be a last resort to the
teacher.
xiii. Teaching in the earlier stages should be in mother tongue.
xiv. Arts and craft should be included in the curriculum and should be perfected.
xv. Advocated for teaching of languages which are found in modern education.
xvi. Advocated for progressive and modern system of education.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
59
Marking scheme
2012
1. a) Ways through which Muslims can discourage gambling in the society.
i. Guidance and counseling should be undertaken in madrassas, school and
mosques, to enlighten the Muslims on the evils of gambling.
ii. Creating employment opportunities for the youth to act as a substitute for
the vice especially for those who are unemployed and are out to make quick
money.
iii. Appealing to the authorities to ban gambling and the venues where it takes
place, this will discourage many people from engaging in the vice.
iv. Establishing recreational facilities e. g play grounds gym facilities,
swimming pools, IT centres etc. especially for the youth who are more
vulnerable and can fall into the vice.
v. Parents to ensure that the youth are occupied in meaning activities while at
home so as to avoid idling and thus engaging in the vice.
vi. Muslims individual/organizations to offer loans to other Muslims to start
income generating projects and small businesses which will go a long way
in discourage the vice.
vii. Gambling as a vice is taught in the IRE syllabus and also in madrassas and
this equips the youth with the relevant knowledge to avoid the vice.
viii. Creating awareness on the evils of gambling through the mass media e.g.
radio, television, internet.
ix. Organizing workshops and seminars for experts to strategize on the best
way forward of containing/ fighting gambling.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
b) Rationale for the prohibition of homosexuality in Islam.

Homosexuality is prohibited in Islam because:-
i. It can lead to the extinction of mankind because it prevents human beings

from fulfilling the reproductive function.
ii. It is against the natural way of reproduction which Allah has prescribed for
human survival on earth and which was advocated by all prophets of Allah.
iii. It destructs natural life as people become slaves of their lusts.
iv. Leads to moral degradation and lack of respect to those who practice it.
v. Leads to life threatening diseases, some of which are unknown and have no
cure e.g. HIV/AIDs.
vi. It is unhygienic and disgusting way of fulfilling human natural desires.
vii. Can lead to permanent body injury which brings about constant ailments to
the person practicing it.
viii. Leads to degradation of moral standards in the society, a society that
practices homosexuality has no morals.
60
ix. Threatens the basic fabric of family life and values, an ideal family should
consist of a husband, wife and possibly children.
x. It will lead to punishment from Allah. All those who engage in this
unnatural act will be punished severely by Allah.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
c) Why Muslims should exercise self-control in their daily lives.
i. Enhances peace and unity in the society.
ii. Strengthens the concept of brotherhood among Muslims.
iii. Reduces instances of fighting/quarrelling and possibly killing in the society.
iv. Those who exercise self control earn respect and admiration and service as
role models in the society.
v. It was advocated for by the Prophet (p.b.u.h) through his saying that the
strong among you is one who is able to control himself in anger.
vi. To emulated the Prophet (p.b.u.h) who was an example in exercising self-
control and hidden anger.
vii. Allah has promised reward to those who exercise self-control (Q3:134)
viii. Self control to human beings is like brakes to a vehicle because it stops
them from committing bad deeds.
ix. To enables Muslims develop tranquility, composure and calmness during
hardships e.g. death, natural calamities etc.
x. Those who exercise self control find it easy to forgive their adversaries.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
2.a) Ways through which a Muslim nation can co-exist peacefully with people
of different nations.
i. Through appreciating the unity of the creator i.e. one God who created all
living beings. This will enable Muslims to co-exist peacefully with people
of other nations.
ii. Through appreciating unity of mankind, who originated from the same
father and mother, Muslims develop a sense of belonging hence, unity and
brotherhood is enhanced.
iii. Through respect of other nations interests and right to life and property i.e.
should not destroy their properties, should deal justly and kindly with them
(Q 60:8)
iv. Concentrating on common /mutual interests e.g. education, security,
economic/ social/ political development and avoiding divisive/ controversial
issues such as a tribalism, racism etc.
v. Forming joint committees and councils to resolve conflicts whenever they
arise between the nations.
vi. By attending and participating in conferences and seminars to discuss
matters on peaceful co-existence whenever invited.
vii. Organizing/forming joint political /social forums to share ideas and other
concerns.
61
viii. Appreciating other nation’slaws,traditions andcustom

s through exercising
tolerance.
ix. Educating the youth and other members of the society about the Islamic
teachings in relating with other nations.
x. Drawing agreements and accords (treaties) with other nations which should
be legally binding and strictly adhered to, to ensure peaceful co-existence
and mutual respect.
xi. Emulating the Prophet (p.b.u.h) in his excellent relations with friendly
nations.
xii. Joining hands with other nations in fighting aggression and tyranny.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Importance of Wasiya to Muslims

i. Muslims fulfill a commandment of Allah through the writing of a will hence
are rewarded by Allah.
ii. Declaration of Wasiya prevents injustice in ensuring that no undeserving
people inherit from the deceased.
iii. Wasiya reduces conflicts among the heirs because the deceased will have
clearly stated how he wants his wealth to be distributed to each of his heirs.
iv. Family members are able to refer to the wasiya and know the debtors of the
deceased before the distribution of the estate.
v. Wasiya allows a Muslim to will his property in favour of anyone he likes
besides his legal heirs or for any charitable purpose.
vi. Wasiya enables a Muslims to contribute to charitable purpose e.g.
construction of roads, hospitals, mosques thus enabling him to gain rewards
(sadaqatul jariya)
vii. Enables poor relatives of the deceased who are excluded from the
inheritance to attain in share of his property hence they will be able to cater
for themselves.
viii. Muslims are able to improve the social amenities within the community can
be of benefit to less fortunate member of the community e.g. a Muslims can
will out his property for the construction of hospitals, schools, bore holes
etc.
ix. In a situation where the law of mirath is not enforced by the Government, a
Muslims can write a Wasiya stating how he would like his property to be
inherited according to Shariah.
x. Through writing of Wasiya, a Muslim can pay his religious debts e.g. zakat
or if he had pledged gifts or money for Islamic cause.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
3.a Importance of marriage in Islam.

i. It safeguards Muslims against adultery and fornications by satisfying the
sexual urge in both males and females.
62
ii. It keeps the human race and Muslim population from extinction through
procreation and reproduction.
iii. It lays down the family institution through uniting the spouses and children
if any, in one entity.
iv. It creates and strengthens relationships between people who had no formal
relationships before e.g. in-laws.
v. It enables one to perfect half of his/her religion as said by the Prophet
p.b.u.h.
vi. It creates love and affection between the couple.
vii. It provides security to both the spouses and children if any. This includes
physical, financial, psychological, medical and education securities.
viii. It services as an act of worship since it is a Sunnah of the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
which is highly recommended.
ix. As an act of worship, it earns one rewards in the hereafter.
x. A married person earns the respect of those who surround him/her and the
society at large.
xi. One is blessed by Allah after marriage financially and otherwise as per the
teachings of Quran (Q 24:32).
xii. It creates a sense of belonging in both the couple and their children if any
hence increasing loyalty among them.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Effects of domestic violence on the family

i. Violence can lead to the break up of marriage.
ii. Can lead to severe injuries death of either parties involved.
iii. It can affect children negatively by making them violent.
iv. Domestic violence threatens peace in the society through the reaction of the
in-laws
v. Leads to loss of love between the couple.
vi. It perpetuates injuries of the society.
vii. It burdens the courts of justices through the numerous case that are reported
on daily basis. Currently it represents the highest percentages of cases in
Kenyan courts of law (almost 30%)
viii. It leads to psychological problems e.g. inability to trust, inability to
concentrated, sleep disturbance etc.
ix. It creates fear of intimacy in the victim by losing the appetite for sex and
any form of intimacy.
x. It develops low self esteem in the victim and eventually experiences
inferiority complex.
(6 x 1 = 6 marks)
c) Legitimate sources of earning

i. Earning through trading in a lawful way.
ii. Earning from agricultural products obtained from farming.
63
iii. Getting employed lawful.

iv. Through inheritance from a close relative.
v. Through manufacturing and industrialization.
vi. Through charitable ways such as zakat, Sadaqa, gifts etc.
vii. Through social securities and pensions for the retired and the unemployed.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
4.a) Influence of Islam along the coast of East Africa in the nineteenth
century.
i. Introduction of Islam to the people/inhabitants of the coast of East Africa
who embraced it wholeheartedly.
ii. Establishment of education institutions such as madrassas which served as
learning centres where Muslims were taught/learnt Islamic religion.
iii. Muslims intermarriages with the people along the coast of East Africa led to
the birth of Swahili people and culture.
iv. Introduction of Islam along the East African coast led to the establishment
of mosques and other places of worship. (mowdha).
v. Introduction of Islamic architecture and new ways of constructing buildings,
which is evident to date and serves as a tourist attraction.
vi. Introduction of a new ways of writing to the coastal people i.e. use of
Arabic calligraphy in writing.
vii. Absorption of Arabic vocabulary into bantu language which led to the birth
of Kiswahili language.
viii. Arab Muslims contributed to the flourishing of the trade along the coast of
Eat Africa as majority of them were traders.
ix. Introduction of new crops to the people of East Africa coast e.g. cloves.
x. Introduction of new mannerisms and etiquettes to the locals of East African
coast e.g. way of greeting, eating mannerisms etc.
xi. Introduction of new mode of dress e.g. wearing kanzu and buibui.
xii. Arab Muslims who were traders assisted in the opening up of the East
African coast, hence enabled over people to visit/come to the coast of East
Africa e.g. Portuguese.
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
b) Challenges faced by Sayyidan Uthman Ibn Affan during his caliphate.

i. Accusation of administrative malpractices, most of these accusations were
trivial and based on misunderstanding e.g. he was accused of nepotism,
misappropriation of funds, disregarding the Quran and Hadith etc.
ii. Discontent in provinces against some governors and officials Khalifa
Uthman Ibn Affan had to deal with problems that came up as a result of
dissatisfaction with some governors, and it was not easy to satisfy all the
people.
64
iii. The soft nature of Uthman couple with his old age made people take
advantage of him because he was not used to taking strong action against
offenders hence overlooked the witnesses and faults of others.
iv. Vastness of the caliphate/ empire which required extra effort to monitor and
supervise. It was not easy to supervise all the governors in the provinces
and also get to know the problems facing the people.
v. External threats/ danger posed by the roman and Persians who were in
constant wars with Muslims. Uthman had a challenged of looking for a way
of quelling these wars.
vi. The internal threat posed by hypocrites who were fighting Islam from within
e.g. Abdullah Ibn Sabah who created fitna among the Muslims which
eventually led to the assassination of Khalifa Uthman.
vii. Dealing with pre-Islamic tribal rivalries which threatened to create disunity
among the Muslims e.g. the rivalry between Banu Hashim and Banu
Ummayad.
viii. Eliminating differences and disputes in the pronunciation of Quran which
emerged as result of territorial expansion of Islam.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
c) Contributions made by the Abbasids towards the development of

Education
i. The Abbasids encouraged Education by Establishing madrassas, schools,
colleges and other institutions of learning in the empire; they ensured that a
library was attached to every mosque where they learn Quran and other
elements of religion.
ii. They established schools in private houses where the rich had private tutors
in their houses.
iii. Education system was well organized into lower level/primary where pupils
learnt how to read the Quran, middle level/ secondary where students learnt
meaning and interpretation of Quran, Hadith, literature, fiqh and logic,
advance level /college where students learnt Maths, Geography, philosophy,
Geometry and Music.
iv. Khalifa Maamum established Bait-ul-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) which
was an important learning centre.
v. Works of scholars such as Plato Aristotle and Galileo were translated into
Arabic.
vi. Islamic fiqh development based on the Quran and Hadith, the four schools
of thought evolved during this time.
vii. Encourage and financed research and writing of books in logic, astronomy,
maths, Chemistry, history and literature.
viii. Improved art of creative writing and books were availed to the public at
affordable prices.
65
ix. Improved science of medicine and surgery e.g. Ali Ibn Rabaan wrote the
book“Paradiseofmedicine”whichcontributed field ofalotinthe
medicine, there were also great physicians such as Al-majlus and Ibn Sina.
x. Abbasids encourage women to seek for knowledge.
xi. Abbasids era produced great philosophies such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn
Sina.
xii. Improvement in the field of mathematics e.g. Musa Ibn Khawarizin
compiled the first book of algebra.
xiii. Khalifa Mamun encouraged astronomy by constructing two observatories.
xiv. Produced famous geographers at the time. E.g. Al-Yakuq wrote a book
Kitab-al-Buldan the book of the country which contained information on
different counties features and economic background.
xv. Sahihul Sitta was compiled during the Abbasid era.
xvi. Level of literacy was improved.
(8 x 1 = 8 marks)
5. a) Lessons Muslims learn from the conquest of Makka in 630 A.D

i. Muslims should honor agreements and treaties. As a result of Quraish going
the treaty of Hudaibiya, the prophet invaded them and Allah gave him
victory over them.
ii. Good and proper planning in any task which one does. The Prophet
(p.b.u.h) planned in details for the conquest of Makka.
iii. Muslims should exercise forgiveness. The Prophets (s.a.w) forgave /
pardoned all those who had wronged him during the conquest of Makka, the
Prophet (s.a.w) not force anyone to convert to Islam.
iv. All Muslims are equal regardless of race or background. Bilal was allowed
to climb over the Kaaba and say the adhan in the presence of the notable
Quraish.
v. Muslims should exercise humility. The prophet (p.b.u.h) humbled himself
by thanking Allah through prayers attributed the victory to Allah.
vi. Muslims should exercise patience because patience pays. The prophet
(s.a.w) waited for 21 years to conquer Makka.
vii. Virtues of honesty, trustworthiness and openness are encouraged in Islam
because the Prophet (s.a.w) borrowed the keys to the Kaaba from Uthman
Ibn Abi Talha and returned them after performing prayers in the Kaaba yet
he cloud have kept them since he was the prophet.
viii. Muslims should stand firm and defend their faith whenever their rights are
violated.
ix. Victory from Allah is for believers and it can come in different ways.
x. Muslims should always avail themselves when called upon on matters
concerning Islam.
xi. Spread of Islam should be through peaceful means e.g. violence was not a
way of spreading Islam during the prophet’s time, there was no bloodshed
during the conquest of Makka.
66
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
b) Importance of treaty of Hudaibiya

i. Established the Prophet (p.b.u.h) as a great leader, always ready to reach
compromise, patiently and in the name of Allah.
ii. The treaty was a victory for the Muslims Q 48: 1-3.
iii. Muslims experienced peace which had not been there for a long time as a
result of the treaty.
iv. Many people converted to Islam including Khalid Ibn Walid who had been
a great enemy of Islam.
v. The treaty assured Muslims access to their holy city of Makka.
vi. With the assurance of peace, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) was able to concentrate
on his mission and was able to send out messages inviting people to Islam.
vii. As a result of this treaty, Muslims were able to conquer Makka.
viii. It was a milestone in the history of Islam.
ix. It acted as an official recognition of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and Islam by the
Quraish who all along had refused to recognize him.
x. Proved the prophet (p.b.u.h) as a good negotiator, commander and
counselor.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
6.a) Contribution of Muslims Scholars to Science.------------

i. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) laid the foundation to the development of science by
encouraging Muslims to learn e.g. he taught Muslims on facts about science
e.g.hesaid“theabdom en is the source ofallailments”
ii. Muslims scholars excelled in chemistry and laid foundations e.g. Jabir Ibn
Hayyan (803 CE) is regarded as the father of Chemistry.
iii. Ibn Sina wrote 246 books in different science e.g. Canons of medicine
which was a chief guide for medical colleges in the west from the 12th to
17th century, he discovered TB, meningitis and close to 760 drugs.
iv. In ophthalmology, Hunain Ibn Ishaq, the head of the famous school of
translator founded by Khalif Maamum wrote the first systematic book on
ophthalmology.
v. In the filed of medicine Al-Razi wrote over 200 books on medicine. He was
a physician and a scientist.
vi. Al-Zahrawi was a famous surgeon who treated patients and taught students
fromtheMuslimsworldandEurope.Hisbook‘medicalencyclopedia
contained 30 sections of surgical knowledge and illustration of 200 surgical
instruments; the encyclopedia was used as a standard textbook on surgery in
Europe; he was the first to use silk thread in stitching wounds.
vii. In pharmacy al-Idrisi collected plants and data not reported before him from
which a large number of drugs became available to medical practitioners.
67
viii. Ibn Al-Baitar was one of the greatest scientists and botanist, he went on
mainly expeditions to African and Asia to collect plants, and his book is one
of the greatest botanical compilations dealing with medical plant.
ix. Al-Khuwarizmi was the first great Muslim mathematician who invented
algebra which was further developed by other Muslim scholars like Umar-
al-Hayyam.
x. Al-Batani is considered one of the greatest astronomers of Islam; he
discovered the accurate determination of the solar year as 365 days, 5 hours
46 minutes and 24 second as which is very close to modern estimates.
xi. In the field of philosophy al-kindi is considered as the first philosopher in
Islam.
xii. In geography Ibn Majid invented the compass to determine directions which
is in use up to now.
xiii. In geology Al-Bairuni was the first known writer t identify the formation of
sedimentary rocks and the great geological changes that happened in the
past.
(5 x 2 = 10 marks)
b) Contributions of Hassan al-banna to the growth and development of

Islam in the 20th Century.
i. Contribution to the development of Sufism by becoming a Sufi himself.
ii. He was constantly opposed to the Muhtazilities and Shia belief as they were
misleading.
iii. Encouraged Muslims to follow the Islamic culture.
iv. He was a scholar of fiqh, philosophy, science and logic and was a professor
of Islamic theology.
v. People sought for his advice on matters of religion because of his vast
knowledge.
vi. Through his views and reforms he tried to change the bad conditions of the
society through Islam.
vii. He strongly discouraged Muslims from imitating the west with its materials
ideology which separates religion from the state.
viii. Encourages Muslims brotherhood and following of the Quran and hadith so
as to establish an Islamic system of government.
ix. Advocated for total rejections of the west and denounced Muslim
intellectuals of the government for their dependence on the west.
x. Advocated for reform and modernization through Islamic principles and
values.
xi. Emphasized on unity of Muslims.
xii. Produced manypublications on social, religious and political issues affecting
Muslims e.g. a daily paperknownasIkhwan ‘ -ul-Muslimun’abooklet
“whatisourmessage?”
68
xiii. Dedicated himself to being a counselor and teachers to adults and children
to teach them the objectives of religion and sources of their well being and
happiness in life.
xiv. Used the mass media to serve Islam and created awareness among Muslims.
(10 x 1 = 10mks)
2014
1a.
i.promotes peace and harmony in the society.
ii.enables youth to contribute positively to the ummah.
iii.enables the youth to be responsible members of society.
iv.pervasive behavior and sins will be minimal.
v.enhances good relations with Allah,self and other members of the society.
vi.fosters respect between different members of the society.
vii.makes one to grow both soiritually and socially.
viii.eliminates delinquency or anti-social behavior.
ix.morally upright youth are successful members of the society as they contribute
to the social,political and economic development of the society.
x.morally upright youth serve as role models and can serve as agents for social
change.
xi.upholding good morals may be a basis for attracting other people to islam.
b.rationale for the prohibition o fabortion in islam .

i.denies the child to life which is a fundamental purpose of shariah.
ii.it takes away the right of Allah who is the absolute giver of life.
iii.goes aginst laws of Allah and Sunnah of the Prophet(s.a.w)
iv.threatens the survival of human race. it is a great crime that is punishable under
the laws of Allah.v.can lead to the death of the mother.
v.causes health complications and trauma to the mother.
vi.can lead to social stigmafization.
vii.discourages responisible intimacy within marriage.
causesdepression and a sense of guilt for killing an innocent life.
69
IRE 2013 Paper 2

IRE 2014 Paper 2


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EASY ARABIC

IRE KCSE PAPERS &

Prepared by: AHMED A. ABUBAKAR

For More Info : Visit : eazyarabic.com

I.R.E K.C.S.E. PAPER 1

27.KCSE 2014 paper 2 ………………………. ……….………………………. 52

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Answer any five Questions

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Answer five questions only.

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Answer any five Questions

b) Explain the importance of the Qur’an to a Muslim. (10mks)

2. a) Identify the themes emphasized in the Makkan Surahs. (8mks)

b) Discuss the importance of Surah Fatihah. (12mks)

3. a) Give the conditions that Hadith should fulfill before it is accepted as

b) Explain conditions under which life may be taken as punishment

c) What are the conditions for Tawba? (6mks)

5. a) Give the features of Jumu’a Prayer. (8mks)

b) Explain the significance of Jumu’a prayer. (12mks)

6. a) Define the term Ijtihad. (5mks)

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

1. a) what are the four modes of Wahyi? (4mks)

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

1. a) Give five reasons for the revelation of the Quran. (5mks)

b) State the different manifestations of Shirk-al-Akbar. (5mks)

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

1 a) Explain ways through which Muslims preserve the Quran today.

b) Give five reasons why Quran is considered a guide to mankind. (5marks)

c) State the teachings of surah An-Nasr. (7marks)

3 a) Explain the differences between Hadithul Qudsi and Hadithul Nabawi

c) Give the qualities of a Muhadith. (7marks)

4 a) Give an account of the day of resurrection. (8marks)

b) Describe the relevance of Tahweed in the life of a Muslim. (5marks)

c) What are the characteristics of the prophets of Allah? (7marks)

5 a) Discuss how the performance of Hajj creates unity among Muslims.

b) State the Sunnah rites of Hajj. (5marks)

6 a) what are the differences between zakat and Sadaqa? (10marks)

b) Give the benefits of fasting during the month of Ramadhan. (10marks).

KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

1 a. state six characteristics of the language of the Quran. (6mks)

2 a. state four differences between the compilation and the standardization of

b. Why is the Quran considered a miracle by Muslims? (7mks)

3 a. Describe the criteria used by Muhaddithin to determine the authenticity of

c. Give six reasons why people invented false Hadith. (6mks)

4. ( a) Differentiate between Jumu’a and Jamaa. (10mks)

c. Outline the recommended steps in the performance of ghusl. (5mks)

5 a. Discuss four conditions of tawba. (8mks)

b. state seven rights that a Muslim should accord him/herself. (7mks)

c. Give five reasons why Qiyas is an important source of Shariah to

6 a. In what ways does shirk affect Muslims. (10mks)

b. State five similarities between prophet Musa and Isa. (5mks)

KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

1. a. Discuss the challenges encountered in translating the Quran into other

b. Describe the background to the revelation of Surah Al-Fiil. (5mks)

2. a. State the moral teachings of Surah An-Nur. (10mks)

b. Why is the Quran considered a perfect revelation? (5mks)

c. State the importance of Surah Al-Fatiha. (5mks)

3. a. Give five reasons that necessitated the collection and compilation of