pou" Lesson 2: Development of i Loouuwuvolutionary Thought Jumpstart A major obstacle in the acceptance of the idea that organisms change aver time was the belief of the general public in the doctrine of creationism. For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities. Have fun and good luck! Activity 1: Directions: Identify the people on the pictures below and their contributions in the development of evolutionary thought . Choose your answer from the box. Charles Darwin Principles of geology Charles Lyell Principle of use and disuse Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Essay on the Principle of Population James Hutton ‘Theory of Gradualism Thomas Malthus ‘The Origin of Species’Discover Core Concepts: + Early scientists who contributed in shaping and developing evolutionary thought Carolus Linnaeus + Swedish naturalist and explorer that was the first te frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and {o create @ uniform system lor naming them, known es binemial nomenclature sLinnacan System of Classification % ‘The most influential carly classification system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. In fact, all modern classification systems have their roots in Linnaeus’ system. Linnacus was a Swedish botanist whe lived during the 1700s. He is known as the “father of taxonamy.” Linnaeus tried to describe and classify the entice known, natural world, In 1735, he published his classification system in a work called Systema Naturac (‘System of Nature” & ‘The taxa are below: 2 Kingdom - This is the bighest taxon in Linnacan texonamy, representing major divisions of organisms. Kingdoms of organisms include the plant and animal kingdoms. 2 Phylum (plural, phyla) - This taxon is a division of a kingdom. Phyla in the animal kingdom include chordatcs animals with an internal skeleton) and arthropods (animals with an external skeleton). 2 Class - This taxon is a division of a phylum. Classes in the chordate phylum include mammals and birds, 0 Order - This taxon is a division of a class. Orders in the mammal class include radents and primates, 0 Family - This taxon is a division of an order. Families in the primate order include hominids (apes and humans) and hylebatids (gibbons) 2 Genus - This taxon is a division of a family. Genera in the hominid family include Homo (humans) end Pan (chimpanzees)Species - This taxon is below the genus and the lowest taxon in Linnaeus’ system. Species in the Pan genus include Pan troglodytes{common chimpanzees) and Pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzees). Thomas Malthus (Sour: hues fer svikinedin ora wikis Thome Rabwrt Malthus + An English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of political sconamy and demography. * Author of the 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population. + He observed that an increase in a nation’s food production impraved the well- being of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production level In other words, humans had 2 propensity to utilize abundance for population growth rather than for maintaining @ high standard of living, a view that has become known as the "Malthusian trap’ or the “Malthusian spectre”. Populations had @ tendency to grow until the lower class suffered hardship, want and greater susceptibility to famine and a view that is sometimes referred to a5 Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th- + Father of Paleontology + Theory of Catastrophism = boundaries represent floods, droughts, ete. that destroyed many species: living at that + According to cforms |, fossils arc remains of extinct Georges Cuvier (Source: Bales wus britannien.com/ biography’ Georges Cuvee}= Theory of Gradualism = Profound changes can result from cumulative effect of slow but continuous process + Proposed that the Earth was shaped by geological forces occurring over very long, periods of time, and is MILLIONS not THOUSANDS of years old. ‘Charles Lyell ' Principles of Geology ~ argued that the formation of Barth's crust took place through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural laws. His "anifermitarian” proposal was that the forces molding the planet today have operated continuously throughout its history. He also wrongly assumed that these causes must have acted only with the same intensities now observed, which would rule out asteroid impacts and the like al Jean Baptiste Lamarck+ One of first scientists to recognize that living things changed over time and that all specics were descended from other species. + Lamarekism ~ He proposed that the characteristics that an animal acquired during its Lifetime in response to hfe's struggles or felt needs could be passed on to its offspring ‘+ 1809- Published his idens about “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics” means its reappearance in one or more individuals in the next or in succeeding generations. An example would be found inthe supposed inheritance of a change brought about by the use and disuse of a ‘special organ. Evolution of Darwin's Theory “His voyage and his observations led him to write “The Origin of Species In 1831, 22-year old Charles Darwin left England as naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle for 5 year voyage around the world. His mission is to chart the South American coastline ‘He noticed plants and snimals were different from those he knew in Europe + He wrote thousands of pages of observations and collected vast number of Specimens, ‘He spent a month observing life om the Galapagos Islands and realized that cach island has different rainfall and vegetation and its own unique assortment of plant and animal species. ‘+ He collected 14 species of finches and hypothesized that the Galapagos had be colonized by orgenisms from the mainland thet had then diversified on the various. ‘= In 1859, his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was published. It presented evidence and proposed a mechanism for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION. ‘It took Darwin years to form his theory of evolution by natural selection. His reasoning went lilce thi L.Like Lamarek, Darwin assumed that species can change over time, The fossils he found helped convince him of that.2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that Earth and its life were very old. Thus, there had been enough time for evolution to produce the great diversity of life Darwin had observed. 3. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their resources. This “overproduction of offspring’ led to a “struggle for existence,” in. Darwin's words. 4, Prom artificial selection, Darwin knew that some offspring have variations that occur by chance, and that can be inherited. In nature, offspring with certain variations might be more likely to survive the “struggle for existence” and reproduce. If so, they would pass their favorable variations to their offspring. 5. Darwin coined the term fitness to refer to an organism's relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring, Nature selects the variations that are most. useful. Therefore, he called this type of selection natural selection. 6. Darwin knew artificial selection could change domestic species over ti He inferred that natural selection could also change species over time. In fact, hhe thought that if'a species changed enough, it might evolve into a new species. Here are some enrichment activities for you to work an to master andi strengthen the basie concepts you have leamed from this lessorCR) Explore Enrichment Activity 1 Directions: Complete the concept mEnrichment Activity 2 Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or PALSE if the statement js incorrect. 1. As recently #8 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth was ealy 6,000 years ald. 2. Arificial sclection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits, 3. The individual Galapagos Islands are all similar to each other. 4. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than their 5. Lamarck was onc of the first scientists to propose that species evolve by natural selection. 6. Lyell was one of the first to sny that Earth must be far older than most people believed. 7. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characicristics is has become a widely accepted scientific theory. 8. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve. 9. The term fitness to refer to.an organism's ability to outrun its hunters. 10. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England from. the voyage of the Beagle. © men Directions: Make a list of at least ten (10) seientists/ people who contributed to early evolutionary ideas and their contributions, BD ene Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers. Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item in a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? |A. Genetic variation among individuals . Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors C. Sexual reproduction D. Three of the responses are correct. 2. Which of the following does not contribute to the study of evolution? A. Population genetics B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics C. Fossil record D. Comparative embryology3. Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvicr's attempt to explain what existence? ‘A. Evolution. ©. Uniformitarianism. B. The fossil record. 1D. The origin of new species. 4. Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings, ‘of Thomas Malthus? ‘A. Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future. B, Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. C. Earth changed over the years through @ series of catastraphie upheavals. D. The environment is responsible for natural selection. 5. In the mid-1900s, the Soviet gencticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat, plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Ly ittempts in this regard were most in ‘agreement on which of the following scientist? A. Cuvier 1B. Hutton . Lamarek D. Darwin 6. Which of the following ideas is not included in Darwin's theory? “A. All organisms that have ever existed arose through evolutionary modifications of ancestral species. B, Natural selection drives some evalutionary change. C. Natural selection preserves favorable traits. D, Natural selection eliminates adaptive traits. 7. Which of the following statements is not compatible with Darwin's theory? “A. All organisms have arisen by descent with modification. B. Evolution has altered and diversified ancestral species. C. Evolution occurs in individuals rather than in groups. D. Natural selection eliminates unsuccessful variations. 8. Which of the following statements about biological species is(are) correct? 1. Biological species is 2 group of individuals whose members interbreed with one another. IL Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. IIL, Members of biological species produce viable, fertile offsprings. A. Lonly B. only C. Land UL D. Wand Ul 9, Which of the following is not an isolating mechanisms that prevent fertilization and formation of zygote? A. Temporal isolation 1B, Hybrid breakdown C. Gametic isolation D. Ecological isolation 10. Which of the following is the occurrence of abrupt genetic change cause reproductive isolation between groups of individuals? ‘A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation11, Which of the following speciation occurs when populations are separated by a geographic barrier? ‘A. Allopatric speciation 'B. Convergent speciation C. Divergent speciation D-Sympatrie speciation 12. Which of the following is the abrupt change in the environment over & geographic border and strong disruptive selection affects gene flow between, neighboring populations? ‘A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation €. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation 13, Which of the following statements about natural selection is CORRECT? |A, Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should gencrally be beneficial in all other habitats as well B. Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial during all other times as well . Different species that accupy the same habitat will adapt to that habitat by undergoing the same genetic changes. D, Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals. 14 Which of the following factors BEST explains why the human population hes ‘grown so rapidly over the last 1000 years? ‘A. Humans have decreased their reliance on natural resources By Himmans have increned the amount of resources available on Barth C. Humans have incressed the carrying capacity of the biosphere for the population. D. Humans have developed physical characteristics that increase their competitive advantage. 15. Which of the following branches of biology deals with naming and classifying organisms? ‘A. Binomial Nomenclature B. Evolution C. Genetics D. 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