CN Module 5 Part 1 2024
CN Module 5 Part 1 2024
CN Module 5 Part 1 2024
Dr. Jagadamba G
Dept. of ISE, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru
Contents
● IPv6 ADDRESSING
- Representation
- Address Space
- Address Space Allocation
- Autoconfiguration
-Renumbering
● THE IPv6 PROTOCOL
- Packet Format
-Extension Header
● TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6
- Strategies
- Use of IP Addresses
Introduction
● The address depletion of IPv4 and other shortcomings of this
protocol prompted a new version of IP in the early 1990s.
● The new version, which is called Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6) or IP new generation (IPng) was a proposal to augment the
address space of IPv4 and at the same time redesign the format of
the IP packet and revise some auxiliary protocols such as ICMP.
● Changes in IPV6
- larger address space
- better header format
- new options
- allowance for extension
- support for resource allocation
- support for more security.
3
IPV6
Here we discuss the addressing mechanism in the new generation
of the Internet.
Here we describe the representation and address space.
Then we show the allocation in the address space.
Finally we explain autoconfiguration and renumbering, which
makes it easy for a host to move from one network to another.
Next we show transition can be made from the current version to the new
one smoothly.
The section explains three strategies that need to be followed for
this smooth transition.
4
IPv6 ADDRESSING
● The main reason for migration from IPv4 to IPv6 is the small size of
the address space in IPv4.
● The huge address space of IPv6 prevents address depletion in the
future.
● An IPv6 address is 128 bits or 16 bytes (octets) long, four times the
address length in IPv4 (32bit).
● Representation
- Binary notation is used when the addresses are stored in a
computer.
- The colon hexadecimal notation (or colon hex for short) divides
the address into eight sections, each made of four hexadecimal
digits separated by colons.
5
IPv6
IPv6ADDRESSING
ADDRESSING
• We can remove all the zeros and replace them with a double
semicolon.
• FDEC:0:0:0:0:BBFF:0:FFFF to FDEC :: BBFF:0:FFFF
6
Mixed Notation
● Sometimes we see a mixed representation of an IPv6 address:
colon hex and dotted-decimal notation.
● This is appropriate during the transition period in which an
IPv4 address is embedded in an IPv6 address
● We can use the colon hex notation for the leftmost six
sections and four-byte dotted-decimal notation instead of the
rightmost two sections.
● This happens when all or most of the leftmost sections of the
IPv6 address are 0s.
7
CIDR Notation
FDEC::BBFF:0:FFFF /60
8
Example
Show the unabbreviated colon hex notation for the following IPv6 addresses:
a. An address with 64 0s followed by 64 1s.
Solution
a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
c. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
d. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
9
Example
Obtain the Zero Compression version of the previous IPV6
addresses
a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
::FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
::
c. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
d. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
10
Example
Show abbreviations for the following addresses:
a)0000:0000:FFFF:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
b)1234:2346:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:1111
c) 0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:1200:1000
d)0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:24.123.12.6
Solution
● 0:0:FFFF::
● 1234:2346::1111
●
0:1::1200:1000
● ::FFFF:24.123.12.6
11
Example
Decompress the following addresses and show the complete
unabbreviated IPv6 address:
a. 1111::2222
b. ::
c. 0:1::
d. AAAA:A:AA::1234
Solution
a. 1111:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:2222
b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
c. 0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
d. AAAA:000A:00AA:0000:0000:0000:0000:1234
12
Address Space
13
Types of Address
Unicast Address: Single interface and Unicast address.
Multicast Address :
- Defines a group of computers.
14
Address Space Allocation
15
Address Space Allocation
16
17
1. Global Unicast Addresses
● It used for Unicast (one-to-one) communication between two
hosts called global Unicast address block.
● CIDR for the block is 2000::/3.
● Block Prefix is 001.
● Size of the block is 2^125.
● Address Block divided three parts:
- global routing prefix (n bits).
- subnet identifier (m bits) and
- interface identifier (q bits)
18
Global Unicast Addresses
19
• The first three bits in this part are fixed (001)
• Defined for up to 2^45 sites (a private organization or an ISP).
An organization can have up to 2^16 = 65,536 subnets.
• The last q bits (64 bits based on recommendation) define the
interface identifier. (not the host-id)
Among 2^48 bit global routing, 3 bits are used for block prefix,
as available are 2^45.
20
Relation between hostid and link-layer address
• A link-layer address whose length is less than 64 bits can be
embedded as the whole or part of the interface identifier,
eliminating the mapping process.
21
Mapping EUI-64
22
Mapping Ethernet MAC Address
Mapping a 48-bit Ethernet address into a 64-bit interface
identifier is more involved.
We need to change the local/global bit to 1 and insert
an additional 16 bits.
The additional 16 bits are defined as 15 ones followed by
one zero, or FFFE 16
23
Tutorial
An organization is assigned the block 2000:1456:2474/48. What is
the CIDR notation for the blocks in the first and second subnets in
this organization?
Solution
Theoretically, the first and second subnets should use the blocks
with subnet identifier 000016 and 000116.
This means that the blocks are 2000:1456:2474:0000/64 and
2000:1456:2474:0001/64.
24
Tutorial
Using the format we defined for Ethernet addresses, find
the interface identifier if the physical address in the EUI is
(F5-A9- 23-EF-07-14-7A-D2)16
Solution
We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0
to 1 and change the format to colon hex notation.
The result is F7A9:23EF:0714:7AD2
.
25
Tutorial
Using the format we defined for Ethernet addresses, find the
interface identifier if the Ethernet physical address is
(F5-A9-23-14-7A-D2) 16 .
Solution
• We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0
to 1, insert two octets FFFE16. change the format to colon hex
notation.
• The result is F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2 in colon hex.
26
Tutorial
An organization is assigned the block 2000:1456:2474/48.
What is the IPV6 address of an interface in the third subnet if
the IEEE physical address of the computer is (F5-A9-23-14-7A-
D2)16 .
Solution
• We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0 to 1
insert two octets FFFE 16
• Change the format to colon hex notation.
• The resultant address is F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2 in colon hex.
Subnet id of 16 bits is 000316
• Global prefix - subnet id - interface id
2000:1456:2474:0003:F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2/128
26
2. Special Addresses
● Addresses that use the prefix (0000::/8) are reserved, but
part of this block is used to define some special addresses.
27
Special Addresses
● Unspecified address: Used during bootstrap.
- 0000::/128
● Loopback address: Only one address.
- 0000::1/128
• Used During Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 we use Compatible
address and Mapped address
• A Compatible address is an address of 96 bits of zero
followed by 32 bits of IPv4 address. It is used when a
computer using IPv6 wants to send a message to another
computer using IPv6.
• Ex: The IPv4 address 2.13.17.14 (in dotted decimal format)
becomes 0::2.13.17.14 (in mixed format). The IPv4 address
is prepended with 96 zeros to create a 128-bit IPv6 address
28
Special Addresses
29
Other Assigned Blocks
30
Other Assigned Blocks
• IPv6 uses two large blocks for private addressing and one large block for
multicasting
• A subblock in a unique local unicast block can be privately created and used by
a site.
• The packet carrying this type of address as the destination address is not
expected to be routed.
• This type of address has the identifier 1111 110.
• The next bit can be 0 or 1 to define how the address is selected. The next 40 bits
are. selected by the site using a randomly generated number of length 40 bits
• The second block, designed for private addresses, is the link local block.
• A subblock in this block can be used as a private address in a network. It has the
block identifier 1111111010. The next 54 bits are set to zero. The last 64 bits can
be changed to define the interface for each computer
28
Multicast Addresses
• Multicast addresses are used to define a group of hosts instead of just one.
• The second field is a flag that defines the group address as either permanent or transient.
• A permanent group address is defined by the Internet authorities and can be accessed at
all times.
• Systems engaged in a teleconference, for example, can use a transient group address.
31
Auto configuration
2
A host in IPv6 joins a network
Solution
The host first creates its interface identifier as F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2 using the
Ethernet address read from its card. The host then creates its link local address as:
FE80::F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2
The host sends a router solicitation message and receives the router advertisement
message that announces the combination of global unicast prefix and the subnet
identifier as 3A21:1216:2165:A245:1232. The host then appends its interface
identifier to this prefix to find and store its global unicast address as:
3A21:1216:2165:A245:1232:F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2
Renumberin
g
• To migrate to a new address
Change of provider
Change in network architecture
• Methods :
router adds a new prefix in RA, and informs that the old prefix is no
longer valid.
DHCP lease runs out, assign a new address to node.
DHCPng can ask nodes to release their addresses.
• Requires DNS update. DHCPng can update DNS for clients.
THE IPv6 PROTOCOL
3. Source Routing : The concepts of the strict source route and the
loose source route options of IPv4
2. Using the CIDR notation, show the IPv6 address compatible to the IPv4
address 129.6.12.34.
Solution : The address is ::129.6.12.34/128