CN Module 5 Part 1 2024

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By

Dr. Jagadamba G
Dept. of ISE, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru
Contents
● IPv6 ADDRESSING
- Representation
- Address Space
- Address Space Allocation
- Autoconfiguration

-Renumbering
● THE IPv6 PROTOCOL
- Packet Format
-Extension Header
● TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6
- Strategies
- Use of IP Addresses
Introduction
● The address depletion of IPv4 and other shortcomings of this
protocol prompted a new version of IP in the early 1990s.
● The new version, which is called Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6) or IP new generation (IPng) was a proposal to augment the
address space of IPv4 and at the same time redesign the format of
the IP packet and revise some auxiliary protocols such as ICMP.
● Changes in IPV6
- larger address space
- better header format
- new options
- allowance for extension
- support for resource allocation
- support for more security.

3
IPV6
Here we discuss the addressing mechanism in the new generation
of the Internet.
 Here we describe the representation and address space.
 Then we show the allocation in the address space.
 Finally we explain autoconfiguration and renumbering, which
makes it easy for a host to move from one network to another.

Next we discuss IPv6 protocol.


 new packet format
 use of extension headers (options in IPV4)

Next we show transition can be made from the current version to the new
one smoothly.
 The section explains three strategies that need to be followed for
this smooth transition.

4
IPv6 ADDRESSING
● The main reason for migration from IPv4 to IPv6 is the small size of
the address space in IPv4.
● The huge address space of IPv6 prevents address depletion in the
future.
● An IPv6 address is 128 bits or 16 bytes (octets) long, four times the
address length in IPv4 (32bit).
● Representation
- Binary notation is used when the addresses are stored in a
computer.
- The colon hexadecimal notation (or colon hex for short) divides
the address into eight sections, each made of four hexadecimal
digits separated by colons.

5
IPv6
IPv6ADDRESSING
ADDRESSING

● An IPv6 address, even in hexadecimal format, is very long, many of


the digits are zeros.

• The- leading zeros of a section can be omitted.

• 0074 can be written as 74, 000F as F, and 0000 as 0.

• Zero compression abbreviation can be applied to colon hex


notation if there are consecutive sections consisting of zeros only.

• We can remove all the zeros and replace them with a double
semicolon.
• FDEC:0:0:0:0:BBFF:0:FFFF to FDEC :: BBFF:0:FFFF

• This type of abbreviation is allowed only once per address

6
Mixed Notation
● Sometimes we see a mixed representation of an IPv6 address:
colon hex and dotted-decimal notation.
● This is appropriate during the transition period in which an
IPv4 address is embedded in an IPv6 address
● We can use the colon hex notation for the leftmost six
sections and four-byte dotted-decimal notation instead of the
rightmost two sections.
● This happens when all or most of the leftmost sections of the
IPv6 address are 0s.

● For example, the address (::130.24.24.18) is a legitimate


address in IPv6, in which the zero compression shows that all
96 leftmost bits of the address are zeros.

7
CIDR Notation

● IPv6 uses hierarchical addressing.


● For this reason, IPv6 allows slash or CIDR notation.
● The following address has a 60 bit prefix using CIDR

FDEC::BBFF:0:FFFF /60

8
Example
Show the unabbreviated colon hex notation for the following IPv6 addresses:
a. An address with 64 0s followed by 64 1s.

b. An address with 128 0s.

c. An address with 128 1s.

d. An address with 128 alternative 1s and 0s.

Solution
a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF

b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

c. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF

d. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA

9
Example
Obtain the Zero Compression version of the previous IPV6
addresses
a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
::FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
::
c. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
d. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA

10
Example
Show abbreviations for the following addresses:
a)0000:0000:FFFF:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
b)1234:2346:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:1111
c) 0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:1200:1000
d)0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:24.123.12.6
Solution
● 0:0:FFFF::
● 1234:2346::1111

0:1::1200:1000
● ::FFFF:24.123.12.6

11
Example
Decompress the following addresses and show the complete
unabbreviated IPv6 address:
a. 1111::2222
b. ::
c. 0:1::
d. AAAA:A:AA::1234
Solution
a. 1111:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:2222
b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

c. 0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

d. AAAA:000A:00AA:0000:0000:0000:0000:1234

12
Address Space

● The address space of IPv6 contains 2123 addresses.


• This address space is 296 times the IPv4 address—definitely no
address depletion
340, 282, 366, 920, 938, 463, 374, 607, 431, 768, 211, 456.

● If suppose each person on the planet is assigned an IP address


only 2 percent of the address space is consumed.

● Global population is around 8.1 billion, if the addresses are


equally distributed each person will have 288 addresses.

13
Types of Address
Unicast Address: Single interface and Unicast address.

Anycast Address :Anycast, also known as IP Anycast, is an IP network


addressing scheme that allows for multiple servers to share the same IP
address.
- Group of computers that all share a single address.

- Delivered to only one member of the group (most reachable one)


- Example: If there are multiple Server that can handle same request.
- IPv6 does not designate a block. Allocated from unicast block.

Multicast Address :
- Defines a group of computers.

- Each member of the group receives a copy

- IPv6 has designated a block for multicasting.

14
Address Space Allocation

• The address space of IPv6 is divided into several blocks of


varying size and each block is allocated for a special purpose.
• Most of the blocks are still unassigned and have been set
aside for future use.

15
Address Space Allocation

16
17
1. Global Unicast Addresses
● It used for Unicast (one-to-one) communication between two
hosts called global Unicast address block.
● CIDR for the block is 2000::/3.
● Block Prefix is 001.
● Size of the block is 2^125.
● Address Block divided three parts:
- global routing prefix (n bits).
- subnet identifier (m bits) and
- interface identifier (q bits)

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Global Unicast Addresses

19
• The first three bits in this part are fixed (001)
• Defined for up to 2^45 sites (a private organization or an ISP).
An organization can have up to 2^16 = 65,536 subnets.
• The last q bits (64 bits based on recommendation) define the
interface identifier. (not the host-id)

Among 2^48 bit global routing, 3 bits are used for block prefix,
as available are 2^45.
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Relation between hostid and link-layer address
• A link-layer address whose length is less than 64 bits can be
embedded as the whole or part of the interface identifier,
eliminating the mapping process.

• We have two link layer addressing schemes


1. the 64-bit extended unique identifier (EUI-64) defined by
IEEE
2. the 48-bit link-layer address defined by Ethernet.

21
Mapping EUI-64

• To map 64 bit physical address, the global/local bit of this format


to be changed from 0 to 1 (local to global) to define an interface
address.

22
Mapping Ethernet MAC Address
Mapping a 48-bit Ethernet address into a 64-bit interface
identifier is more involved.
 We need to change the local/global bit to 1 and insert
an additional 16 bits.
 The additional 16 bits are defined as 15 ones followed by
one zero, or FFFE 16

23
Tutorial
An organization is assigned the block 2000:1456:2474/48. What is
the CIDR notation for the blocks in the first and second subnets in
this organization?

Solution
Theoretically, the first and second subnets should use the blocks
with subnet identifier 000016 and 000116.
This means that the blocks are 2000:1456:2474:0000/64 and
2000:1456:2474:0001/64.

24
Tutorial
Using the format we defined for Ethernet addresses, find
the interface identifier if the physical address in the EUI is
(F5-A9- 23-EF-07-14-7A-D2)16

Solution
We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0
to 1 and change the format to colon hex notation.
The result is F7A9:23EF:0714:7AD2
.

25
Tutorial
Using the format we defined for Ethernet addresses, find the
interface identifier if the Ethernet physical address is
(F5-A9-23-14-7A-D2) 16 .

Solution
• We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0
to 1, insert two octets FFFE16. change the format to colon hex
notation.
• The result is F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2 in colon hex.

26
Tutorial
An organization is assigned the block 2000:1456:2474/48.
What is the IPV6 address of an interface in the third subnet if
the IEEE physical address of the computer is (F5-A9-23-14-7A-
D2)16 .

Solution
• We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0 to 1
insert two octets FFFE 16
• Change the format to colon hex notation.
• The resultant address is F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2 in colon hex.
Subnet id of 16 bits is 000316
• Global prefix - subnet id - interface id
2000:1456:2474:0003:F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2/128

26
2. Special Addresses
● Addresses that use the prefix (0000::/8) are reserved, but
part of this block is used to define some special addresses.

27
Special Addresses
● Unspecified address: Used during bootstrap.
- 0000::/128
● Loopback address: Only one address.
- 0000::1/128
• Used During Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 we use Compatible
address and Mapped address
• A Compatible address is an address of 96 bits of zero
followed by 32 bits of IPv4 address. It is used when a
computer using IPv6 wants to send a message to another
computer using IPv6.
• Ex: The IPv4 address 2.13.17.14 (in dotted decimal format)
becomes 0::2.13.17.14 (in mixed format). The IPv4 address
is prepended with 96 zeros to create a 128-bit IPv6 address

28
Special Addresses

• A mapped address comprises 80 bits of zero, followed by 16 bits


of one, followed by the 32-bit IPv4 address.
• It is used when a computer that has migrated to IPv6 wants to
send a packet to a computer still using IPv4.
• The packet travels mostly through IPv6 networks but is finally
delivered to a host that uses IPv4.
• For example, the IPv4 address 2.13.17.14 (in dotted decimal
format) becomes 0::FFFF:2.13.17.14 (in hexadecimal colon
format).
• The IPv4 address is prepended with 16 ones and 80 zeros to

create a 128-bit IPv6 address.

29
Other Assigned Blocks

30
Other Assigned Blocks

• IPv6 uses two large blocks for private addressing and one large block for
multicasting
• A subblock in a unique local unicast block can be privately created and used by
a site.
• The packet carrying this type of address as the destination address is not
expected to be routed.
• This type of address has the identifier 1111 110.
• The next bit can be 0 or 1 to define how the address is selected. The next 40 bits
are. selected by the site using a randomly generated number of length 40 bits
• The second block, designed for private addresses, is the link local block.
• A subblock in this block can be used as a private address in a network. It has the
block identifier 1111111010. The next 54 bits are set to zero. The last 64 bits can
be changed to define the interface for each computer

28
Multicast Addresses
• Multicast addresses are used to define a group of hosts instead of just one.

• In IPv6 a large block of addresses are assigned for multicasting.

• All these addresses use the prefix 11111111.

• The second field is a flag that defines the group address as either permanent or transient.

• A permanent group address is defined by the Internet authorities and can be accessed at

all times.

• A transient group address, on the other hand, is used only temporarily.

• Systems engaged in a teleconference, for example, can use a transient group address.

• The third field defines the scope of the group address.

31
Auto configuration

• IPv6 addressing is the auto configuration of hosts.


• IP v4 , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
• In IPv6, DHCP protocol can still be used to allocate an IPv6 address to
a host.
• Also a host can also configure itself.
• When a host in IPv6 joins a network, it can configure itself using the
following process:

2
A host in IPv6 joins a network

1. The host first creates a link local address for itself.


2. The host then tests to see if this link local address is unique and not
used by other hosts. Interface identifier is supposed to be unique.
The host sends a neighbor solicitation message. If any one using,
process fail.
3. If the uniqueness of the link local address is passed, the host stores
this address as its link-local address (for private communication), but
it still needs a global Unicast address. The host then sends a router
solicitation message to a local router.
Tutorial
1. Assume a host with Ethernet address (F5-A9-23-11-9B-E2)16 has joined
the network. What would be its global Unicast address if the global
unicast prefix of the organization is 3A21:1216:2165 and the subnet
identifier is A245:1232?

Solution
The host first creates its interface identifier as F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2 using the
Ethernet address read from its card. The host then creates its link local address as:
FE80::F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2
The host sends a router solicitation message and receives the router advertisement
message that announces the combination of global unicast prefix and the subnet
identifier as 3A21:1216:2165:A245:1232. The host then appends its interface
identifier to this prefix to find and store its global unicast address as:
3A21:1216:2165:A245:1232:F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2
Renumberin
g
• To migrate to a new address
 Change of provider
 Change in network architecture
• Methods :
 router adds a new prefix in RA, and informs that the old prefix is no
longer valid.
 DHCP lease runs out, assign a new address to node.
 DHCPng can ask nodes to release their addresses.
• Requires DNS update. DHCPng can update DNS for clients.
THE IPv6 PROTOCOL

• IPv6 decided to implement remedies.


• Shows other changes implemented in the protocol.
 Better header format.
 New options.
 Allowance for extension.
 Support for resource allocation.
 Support for more security.
Packet Format
• Each packet is composed of a base header followed by the payload.
• Base header occupies 40 bytes.
• Payload can be up to 65,535 bytes of information.
IPv6 Header Fields

• Version: 4-bit version field and value is 6.


• Traffic class: 8-bit traffic class field.
 Used distinguish different payloads with different delivery requirements.
It replaces the type-of-service field in IPv4.
• Flow label: 20-bit field that is designed to provide special handling for a
particular flow of data.
• Payload length (16- bit field) : Length of the packet following the IPv6 header
in octets.
• Next header (8-bit field): The type of header immediately following the IPv6
header.
Payload: In IPv6 is different format and meaning

• Next header and length are the mandatory fields in IPv6


• Next header defines the type of next header
• Last header field defines the protocol that is carried by the datagram
Extension Header

Six types of extension headers have been defined.


1. hop-by-hop option is used by the source.
• Routers must be informed about certain management, debugging,
or control functions
• Only three hop-by- hop options have been defined.
 Pad1: 1 byte long and is designed for alignment purposes.
 PadN: PadN is similar in concept to Pad1.
 Jumbo payload: if for any reason a longer payload is
required.
2. Destination Option : It is used when the source needs to pass
information to the destination only.

3. Source Routing : The concepts of the strict source route and the
loose source route options of IPv4

4. Authentication : Dual purpose


• For Validation
• For Integrity of data

5. Encrypted Security Payload (ESP) : Provides confidentiality


• Guards against eavesdropping
6. Fragmentation and Reassembly

• IPv6 datagrams can be fragmented only by the source .


• Fragmentation of a packet in a router needs a lot of processing.
• All fields related to the fragmentation need to be recalculated.
• A source must use a Path MTU Discovery technique to find the
smallest MTU.
• Drop it if the size is larger, than allowed by the MTU of the network
ahead.
• Router then sends a packet-too-big ICMPv6 error message
IPv6 Header Fields

• Hop limit (8-bit field) : Decremented by 1 by each node that


forwards the packet.
• Source Address (128-bit field) : An address of the initial sender of
the packet.
• Destination Address (128-bit field): An address of the intended
recipient of the packet.
Concept of Flow and Priority in IPv6

• Flow label directly added, use IPv6 as a connection-oriented


protocol.
• In Simplest form, a flow label , processing packet.
• To a router, Flow is sequence of packets.
 Same Characteristics.
 Provided information about hop by hop and other protocol.
• Sophisticated form support transmission of real-time audio and
video. Also for reservation of resource.
Comparison of Options between IPv4 and IPv6

• The no-operation and end-of-option options in IPv4 are replaced by Pad1


and PadN options in IPv6.
• The record route option is not implemented in IPv6 because it was not used.
• The timestamp option is not implemented because it was not used.
• The source route option is called the source route extension header in IPv6.
• The fragmentation fields in the base header section of IPv4 have moved to
the fragmentation extension header in IPv6.
• The authentication extension header is new in IPv6.
• The encrypted security payload extension header is new in IPv6.
Comparison
of Options
between
IPv4 and
IPv6
TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6

• Not practically possible.


• Strategies
1. Dual stack
2. Tunneling
3. Header translation
• Use of IP Addresses
1. Dual Stack

• Dual stack of protocols.


• A station must run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously until all the Internet
uses IPv6.
• When sending a packet to a destination, the source host queries the
DNS.
2. Tunneling

• Two computers using IPv6 want to communicate.


• Packet must pass through a region that uses IPv4.
• IPv6 packet is encapsulated.
• IPv4 packet is carrying an IPv6 packet as Data Protocol value is set to
41.
3. Header Translation

• Header translation is necessary when the majority of the Internet


Sender wants to use IPv6, but IPv4 don’t understand it.
• The header format must be totally changed through header
translation.
Use of IP Addresses

• A host may need to use two addresses, IPv4 and IPv6.


• IPv4 addresses should disappear.
• IPv4 directory will appear
Problem

1. Show the original (unabbreviated) form of the following addresses:


a. 0::2
b. 0:23::0
c. 0:A::3
d. 123::12:23

2. Using the CIDR notation, show the IPv6 address compatible to the IPv4
address 129.6.12.34.
Solution : The address is ::129.6.12.34/128

3. Using the CIDR notation, show the IPv6 loopback address.


Solution :The address is ::01/128.

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