In Defense of Filipino Values and Norms

“IN DEFENSE OF FILIPINO VALUES AND NORMS:
DEBUNKING THE AMBIVALENCE THEORY”
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the subject
Readings in Philippine History
By
Ryann T. Lavapie
1EDMATH2A – Group 1
April 2024
Topic: Filipino Traits and Values
Title of the Article: In Defense of Filipino Values and Norms: Debunking the Ambivalence
Theory
Author of the Article: Benitez Luzano Jiolito
URL: https://journalofscience.ou.edu.vn/index.php/soci-en/article/view/2215
Citation: Benitez, L. J. (2022). In defense of Filipino values and norms: Debunking the
ambivalence theory. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of Science – Social Sciences,
12(1), 130-143. doi:10.46223/HCMCOUJS.soci.en.12.1.2215.2022
Introduction
The introduction provides an overview of the ambivalence theory regarding Filipino values
and norms, which suggests that Filipino cultural values are contradictory or incoherent. It
introduces the central argument of the article, which aims to challenge this theory by demonstrating
the coherence and pragmatism inherent in Filipino cultural values. The introduction also outlines
the structure of the article, which will include discussions on the historical roots of Filipino values,
the debunking of ambivalence, case studies illustrating Filipino values in practice, critiques of
stereotypes, and policy implications.
Historical Roots of Filipino Values:

This section delves into the historical origins of Filipino values, tracing them back to pre-
colonial indigenous cultures and examining how they have evolved over centuries of colonial rule
and cultural exchange. It explores the influences of Malay, Spanish, American, and other cultures
on Filipino values, highlighting the adaptive nature of Filipino cultural identity (Guerrero, 1998).
By examining historical texts, archaeological evidence, and anthropological studies, this section
provides insights into the continuity and resilience of Filipino cultural values amid changing
historical contexts.
Debunking Ambivalence:
The central argument of this section is to debunk the ambivalence theory regarding Filipino
values by demonstrating their underlying coherence and pragmatism. It examines key Filipino
values such as pakikisama (harmony), utang na loob (debt of gratitude), and bayanihan
(community spirit), illustrating how these values contribute to social cohesion, resilience, and
adaptability (Garcia, 1992). Drawing on sociological research and psychological studies, this
section refutes the notion that Filipino values are inherently contradictory, arguing instead that they
reflect complex socio-cultural dynamics shaped by historical experiences and contemporary
realities.
Cultural Assets:
This section emphasizes the importance of recognizing Filipino values as cultural assets
that contribute to the well-being and resilience of Filipino society. It explores how Filipino values
facilitate cooperation, innovation, and collective action in various domains such as family, work,
and community life (Enriquez, 1994). Through case studies and anecdotes, this section highlights
instances where Filipino values have enabled individuals and communities to overcome challenges
and achieve shared goals. By reframing Filipino values as strengths rather than weaknesses, this
section advocates for a more positive and empowering narrative of Filipino culture.
Critique of Stereotypes:
This section critiques stereotypes and misconceptions about Filipino values that are often
perpetuated in Western media and colonial narratives. It examines how these stereotypes distort
and oversimplify the complexity of Filipino culture, reinforcing negative perceptions and
undermining the agency of Filipino individuals and communities (San Juan, 2008). By
deconstructing common stereotypes such as the "lazy Filipino" or the "submissive Filipina," this
section challenges the dominant narratives that marginalize and exoticize Filipino culture. It calls
for a more nuanced and respectful portrayal of Filipino identity that acknowledges its diversity,
resilience, and agency.
Findings
Analyzing the main points of the ambivalence theory about Filipino values, norms, and
traits by Quito, Gorospe, and Licuanan reveals five key findings that challenge the idea of
ambivalence.
• Arbitrary Descriptions: The theory describes Filipino values in a simplistic way, ignoring
existing research and relying on a black-and-white view of good versus bad to support the idea of
ambivalence.
• Misunderstanding of Values: There's a mix-up between Filipino values and norms,
portraying negative attitudes and behaviors as inherent to Filipino culture rather than deviations
from it.
• Blaming Values for Societal Issues: Filipino values are wrongly blamed for societal
problems, even used to justify moral decay.
• Inconsistent Conception: Ironically, the theory's view of Filipino values is unclear and
negative.
• Lack of Support: The theory doesn't align with sociological and psychological ideas of
ambivalence, and the concept of virtue contradicts it.
Conclusion
The ambivalence theory about Filipino values and norms is strongly disproven by the
evidence, collapsing into absurdity. It lacks support from sociological and psychological
principles, and Aristotle's idea of virtue contradicts it. This perspective is not just flawed but also
harmful to Filipino moral ideals and unfair to the Filipino people. It fosters defeatism, undermining
Filipino pride and belief in themselves as a nation.
Moving forward, it's crucial to challenge the belief in ambivalence. We must explore
problems related to Filipino values and norms without relying on this flawed perspective.
Rejecting ambivalence could lead to a deeper, more genuine understanding of Filipino ideals and
acknowledgment of the moral and spiritual issues facing the nation. Additionally, we need to
address the moral decline affecting social institutions, with education playing a vital role. These
tasks require the active involvement of Filipino scholars.
It's important to note that this study focuses specifically on the ambivalence theory as
presented by its proponents and doesn't encompass other interpretations of ambivalence regarding
Filipino values and norms.

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“IN DEFENSE OF FILIPINO VALUES AND NORMS:

DEBUNKING THE AMBIVALENCE THEORY”

Historical Roots of Filipino Values:

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