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Ratio, Proportion and Variation

Ratio, proportion and variation aktu final year

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27 views7 pages

Ratio, Proportion and Variation

Ratio, proportion and variation aktu final year

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universalbhaiya
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Chapter RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION The concepts of ratio and proportion are fundamental to the stud ing numbers, geometry speed, distance and work concepts, Moree of ratios opis in the quanttasve ably sections ind rover, these concepts are simple and easy to understand. RATIO Ratio is defined as the comparison of two or more similar var more similar variables. Icis dimensionless and has no units. nthe ratio 1: Speettribe are called the clemenes. The frse element is cled the aneecdentaaithe ee aera quent. A ratio can also have more than two elements as 1:3 7, ete Adding/Subtracting a Quantity to Each Element of a Ratio Consider the ratio a : 6, Let x be a positive number. 1. Ifa> 6, then the ratio (a +x): (b+x) a:6 3. Ifa=6, then the ratio (a+.x): (b+x)=a:6 =1 Iisa negative number, then the above inequalities get reversed. Concept 1: Duplicate and Triplicate Ratios The ratio a2 : is called the duplicate ratio of a: 6, and the ratio a? : 6 is called triplicate ratio ofa: b. Also, Ja:Vb and Ya: Yb are called the sub-duplicate and sub-triplicate ratios of a = & fone ed ecco Tf the ratio of the two numbers is a: 6, the numbers can be assumed to be ak and Of, where kis 3 vonatant. When all che elements ofa ratio ae multiplied or divided by the same number, the result ing ratio is equal to the original ratio. Ifa > b, a: bis greater than unity Ifa< b, a: bis less than unity. Ifa = b, a: bis equal to unity. PROPORTION +b, cand d are in proportion. This is also written as ed, Ifaz b= 01d then & When wo ratios are equal a proportion js fog ue if “ch prpdurof extremes sequal co the produc of means) 4; bis: d. This is equivalent to saying 7 = "7 Continued Proportion h al of aand & Three quantities a, b and c are said to be in continued proportion ifa:b: bee. biscalled che mean proportional of a andl « cis called the third proportional of a and 6. ——————— i SECTION A: QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE Concept 3: Componendo and Perr Cnr Consider a: b:: ¢: d. Then, the following results apply: ‘Add 1 to both the sides: +8) _(e+d) ‘Componen Arias te ) eat Subtract 1 from both the sides: é (a-6) _(c-d) econerae enc Dividendo: 4— b Doe! ; (a+b) _(c+d) Componendo and dividends >= (jy VARIATION ‘Variation implies that two quantities are related in such a manner that as one quantity changes in value, the other also changes in value depending on the change in the value of the first quantity. SUIYPES OF VARIATIONS Direct Variation Letxbe the number of pens bought and y be the amount paid. If 2x pens are bought, the new amount to be paid becomes ‘Thus, y is directly proportional to x, or y x . Also, y= kx, where h is the constant of proportionality. Inverse Variation Leta bus cover a distance of 120 km in‘? hours ata speed‘? kin/h, Ifthe bus covers the same distance at a speed 2s kml will take only 1/2 hours. Thus, ris inversely proportional to or # & ~. Also, ¢= k/s, where his the constant of proportional Joint Vari tion The curved surface area of a cylinder is given by S=2rerh, where ris the radius and his the height. IFboth rand h are Sis said to vary jointly with / and r, or Su h r: (Sis proportional to the product of h and 7) Also, S= kbr, where kis the constant of proportionality. PARTNERSHIP When two or more people come together to start a business, then it is called a partnership. The money invested by called capital invested and typically partners share thei profits/losses in the ratio of the capital invested, Managing Partners Sometimes, ifone or more partners are looking after the day-to-day activities of the business and others are restiet making investments, then the active partners are called managing partners or workin, n peiislonene, ee ing partners or working partners and partners who ate Sharing of Profits in a Partnership Mos ofthe problems involving profi sharing can be fited into one ofthe following cases CASE 1: All partners are working partners (unless stated otherwise, ala their capital for an equal time period in the business, In this case, profi, Tree sume that all partners are working) and invest PS Sal Bot ccample, cus esume thar A Bund Gta ie or losses will be shared in the same ratio of their €2 and C3, respectively, when they started the business, Now, profits willbe shared in the ratio CL : cogether to form a partnership, and they had invested C1, meh when the business makes a profit during its operations, the ‘Note: The time period for the investment is the same in this case, CASE 2: Partners invest capital for different periods of time and all partners ate working, In this case, it is not fair to share the profits in the ratio of their invested capital because the person who has locked his funds in a business for a longer period of time is bound to get more compensation for the opportunity he lost, Hence, the profits will be divided in the ratios of the products of theit capital invested and the time period for each partner. For example, let us assume that A, B and C come together to form a partnership and they had invested C1, C2 and C3, respectively for a time period of T1, T2 and’T3. Now, ‘when the business makes profits during its operations, the profits will be shared in the ratio C1 T1 : C2 T2: C3 13. ‘CASE 3: The partnership firm has a mix of working partners and sleeping partners. There are two ways in which this problem can be handled: XSI a Ss . There are some apples and oranges in the ratio 3: 14. If five ap . Working partners can be previously treated as regular employees of the company. In that case, they will draw a previously agreed upon salary depending on their contribution to the firm. The contribution of the working partners can be translated to share of profits. In that case, they will command an addi- tional share of profits apart from the original share which they are entitled to, based on their share of capital invested. For example, A and B come together to start a business. They invest equal capital to start with for equal periods of time. A js the managing partner and B is the sleeping partner. In this case, going by the ratio of their investments, their share of profits should be 50 : 50. But, if they decide to compensate As additional ffore by giving him an additional share of, say, 110% (which is to be mutually agreed upon) in profits, then the new profit share ratio will be 60 : 40. ‘ }OLVED EXAMPLES Ha:b=7:9,b:c=3:5,¢:d=3:7 and dis 25% more than ¢, find the ratio between a and e. 4 e als coe Dee pe BG 3 5 Solution: As d is 25% more than ¢, if = 100, then d= 125, Therefore The answer is option (B). ples are eaten the ratio will become 1 : 8. Find the number of oranges. A.56 B.48 c.52 D.46 Solution: Le the number of apples and oranges be Bx and 14x respectively jy —5:14x=1:89 24x 40a 14x x= 4 ‘Therefore, the number of oranges = 14 4=56 The answer is option (A). took two each. Indian Army stored guns at an Arsenal A. Every month 40 new recruit net sever se oe kay pa ‘fier 5 monthe, che number of new recruits per month decreased by 10. The guns in al B. of guns in Arsenal A to Arsenal B is 7 : 10, find the number of guns in Arsené a A. 4000 B. 3600 C, 4200 . ———————— yes a QUANTITA Solution: The number of guns for the first 5 mon ‘The number of guns for the remaining 40 months = Total number of guns = 2400 + 400 = 2800. Guns in Arsenal A to Arsenal B is 7 : 10. Now, 2800: B=7: 10. If 7k = 2800, then k= 400, and so 10k = 4000. The answer is option (A). 4A. The ratio of ages of Akshat, Prateek, Sandeep and Anton is 7 : 9:10 13. The eldest is 12 years 0 ‘youngest. What is the age of Sandeep 5 years from now? A.30 B.35 €.25 D.20 : Solution: Let the age of Akshat, Prateek, Sandeep and Anton be 7k, 9%, 1Okand 154 respectively. Given that 13k-7k=12 6k=12 k=2 ths = 5* 40° 2= 400. 40 * 30 * 2 = 2400. ‘Age of Sandeep = 10 2= 20 After 5 years = 20 + 5 = 25 years The answer is option (C): 5. Rs. 11566 is divided among A, B and C in such a way that if Rs, 56, 74 and 36 be deducted from their : shares, they have money in the ratio 8 : 12 : 18. Find A’s share. ARs. 3458 B. Rs. 2543 CRs. 2456 D.Rs. 3578 Solution: Let the reduced shares be 8, 124 and 184, Then Bk 564744 12K +364 18k =11566-— 38k +166 =11566 = k=” = 300, A's share =8 300 + 56=Rs. 2456 The answer is option (C). 6. When 3 is added to the numerator and denominator of a fraction P/Q, it becomes equal to 4/5. If Q— P=2,fi the sum of Pand Q A10 B12 cu D.16 Solution: The ratio can be represented as P/(P+ 2) After 1 is added to the numerator and denominator three ti fraction is Teo eS ps P+5 5 Thus the ratio is 5/7. So P+ Q= 12. The answer is option (B). 7. Two distinct numbers are in the ratio X: Y. When 3 is added to the numerator and 1 is added to the d the ratio gets changed to 2: 1. The sum of X and Y could be. A4 B.S C.6 D.7 Solution: It is given that X+ 22> errata Y+1 2 Now, we can begin to substitute values for X, X=1, Y=1,X+ ¥=2. Rejected as X and ¥ should be distinct. X=2, Y=1.5, Rejected as the X+ ¥ must be integer, Y=2, This is accepted as 3 + 2 = 5 is option (B). ema Teh NTR EL lai, = ‘A faster approach to find the URLs GRU oe to stich problems is to begin solving ftom the options, TE (A) is the correct option, the val #544, Phe ls abe coyusiel hoa weaenen ae = ele “np | If (B) is the cotrect option, the values of X: Ycould bel :4, | 3: 2 satisfies the condition. Therefore, X+ Y= 3:2 and option “7 Be “The answer is option (B). 10 friends eat 10 chocolates in 1 tas. eames lates in 10 parties in 5 days, in how many days will cight friends eat eight chocolates in AS B.10 a5) D.20 Solution: Each chocolate is eaten by one friend in 5 days. Eight chocolates will be eaten by cight friends in 5 days as well. Tn problems such as thes, itis advisable to imagine a teal-case scenario, The answer is option (A). 9, The ratio of water and milk in a 27-litre mixture is 5 : 4. Find the quantity of water to be added to the mixture in ‘order to make the ratio 3 AAT B.21 c.19 D.23 Solution: The amount of water in 27 litres of mixcure = a 27 =15 litres. * ‘Amount of milk = 12 litres “The amount of mill: remains constant in the second mixture and the ratio changes to 3:1. “The amount of water is three times the amount of milk, 12 3 = 36 litres. Therefore, the amount of water added, 36 — 15 = 21 litres The answer is option (B). 10. Thice containers contain mixtures of alcohol and apple juice in the ratio 51'11,3:2 and 7 +17. [fall chree of them die mised topcther in the ratio 4:5 : 6 find the ratio of alcoho o apple jue inthe nal mixture s 2 ce D.z 3. m3 “4 5 Solution: Assume that there are 400, 500 and 600 lites, respectively in the containers. The amount of alcohol in the mixture is 2400 B00 +2» con =125 +900 #175 = 600 lass ofaleoho! in 1500 litres of mixture 24 The answer is option (B) e i ‘stress: 11. In the above problem, how much pure alcohol (in ml) must be added to 1 litre of th final mixture to get @ relieving medicine which has 60% pure alcohol im it. D, 600 A450 B. 500 C550 lution: 6 ol t “of alcohol to juice in the mixture iS 5 i Yop the ratio of alcohol t0 } 5 0% ion means n che mixture As calculated in the previous problem, the ratio of alcohol to juice in he mixture is 5 : — ll TITATIVE APTITUDE 2 te = 400 ml. “Therefore, the amount of alcohol i 5 ecthe amount of pur leohol added 0 the mists bex. Then “4400 _ 60-3, 54-42000=3x+ 3000 2 5 ¥41000 = 1000 => x= 500 the stress relieving medicine. “Therefore 500 ml of pure alcohol is needed make “The answer is option (B). : ee proportional to D, find the change in B when A, C and) 12 wraisdirecly proportional to Band Cand inversely S vie ‘After variation 14 6 fois eae XD. Big 2k ~C 3 Therefore variation in B st The answer is option (B). 13, Divide Rs. 1020 amongst three friends A, B and C. C received two-third of what B received, which is one-fo ‘what A receives. How much does C receive? ‘A100 B.120 C.140 D.160 Solution: The sum of all amounts is A +B + C. But B= A/4. Also W2A43A+42A _ , _1020%12 1020 = _1020x12 2 7 =720 Hence C = 120, ‘The answer is option (B). TAA eambes Pis such ther 27° > Wecoe Pee 2! Find Q, if Q =8, Ao at Solution: Solving for P we have 2P+12=5P-30 = P= RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION Solving for Q we have 14+0 =8570=1450=2 Prof X. Mad-a-matics Using ‘componendo-dividendo’, (P+6)+(P=6) _54+2 (Pa0 (P26) Sa ‘Similarly, using ‘reverse-componendo' (subtracting 1 to either side) Ee Q 0 Cs Q== Mugegee pias Manali ORNL Ae eee “The answer is option (C). 15. Three friends A, B and C invested a total of Rs. 500000 in the shares of FACE. FACE shares compounded by 20% for3 years. Ifthe profits received by A and B are Rs. 91000 and Rs. 113750, calculate the amount invested by A. ‘A. 128950 B. 120000 C. 125000 D. 150000 Solution: 100+ 20 Total profits = 500000%| | — 100 + ) - 1] -str00x 2 -1)=364000 Profits received by C = 364000 ~ (91000 + 113750) = 159250 11375 15925 _ 4.5.7 Ratio of profits=——~— 2 aoe 364 364 Ratio of profits is equal to ratio on investment. Therefore As investment is s00000% = Rs. 125000 The answer is option (C).

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