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    Solutions1 HW

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    Solutions1 HW

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    MS-C1342 Linear algebra, V/2023 Noferini / Puska

    Linear algebra
    Exercise sheet 1 / Model solutions

    1. Consider the vectors x = [2, 3, 4]T , y = [1, 0, 2]T and z = [0, 1, 0]T in R3 .

    (a) Are the vectors x, y and z linearly dependent?


    (b) Find a vector w ∈ R3 such that x, y and w are linearly independent.
    (c) Find a vector v ∈ R3 such that x, z and v are linearly independent.

    Solution.

    (a) Yes, the three vectors are linearly dependent. To see this, let A = [y, z, x] and let us
    find a nonzero coefficient vector α ∈ R3 such that Aα = 0. Gaussian elimination
    yields that this linear system is equivalent to
    (
    α1 + 2α3 = 0
    α2 + 3α3 = 0

    which has solution α = [−2t, −3t, t]T where t ∈ R. So we can find a nonzero α and
    the three vectors are linearly dependent.
     
    2 1 w1
    (b) One way to achieve this is to impose that the determinant of 3 0 w2  is nonzero.
    4 2 w3
    This yields 2w1 6= w3 , so for example we can pick w = [1, 0, 1]T .
    (c) This part can be solved with the same method as part (b). We obtain the condition
    v3 − 2v1 6= 0; one possible solution is v = [1, 0, 1]T .

    2. Let x = [1, 2, 3]T . Represent x as a linear combination of the basis vectors

    (a) e1 = [1, 0, 0]T , e2 = [0, 1, 0]T and e3 = [0, 0, 1]T (so-called cartesian basis vectors),
    (b) q 1 = [1, 1, 0]T , q 2 = [1, 0, 1]T and q 3 = [1, 1, 1]T ,
    (c) v 1 = [−1, 1, −1]T , v 2 = [1, 2, 2]T and v 3 = [1, −2, 1]T .

    Solution.

    (a) Clearly x = e1 + 2e2 + 3e3 .


    (b) If Q = [q 1 q 2 q 3 ], we must solve the linear system Qα = x. Any method (for instance
    Gaussian Elimination) yields as solution α = [−2, −1, 4]T , so x = −2q 1 − q 2 + 4q 3 .
    (c) This question can be solved similarly to part (b). The solution is x = 4v 1 + 2v 2 + 3v 3 .

    1/1
    MS-C1342 Linear algebra, V/2023 Noferini / Puska

    3. Let    
    1 −1 0 1
    A = 1 0 −1 and b = −3 .
    0 −2 2 8
    Compute a basis for the nullspace N (A) by hand and find all solutions to the equation
    Ax = b.
    Solution. The set N (A) is defined as
    N (A) := {x ∈ R3 | Ax = 0}.

    Hence, a basis for N (A) can be found by solving the linear system Ax = 0 by Gaussian
    elimination:
         
    1 −1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1 0 0
     1 0 −1 0  →  0 1 −1 0  →  0 1 −1 0 
    0 −2 2 0 0 −2 2 0 0 0 0 0
    Back substitution gives
       
    1 1
    x = t 1
     and N (A) = span  1 .
    1 1
    Gaussian elimination is used to find the solutions to Ax = b:
         
    1 −1 0 1 1 −1 0 1 1 −1 0 1
     1 0 −1 −3  →  0 1 −1 −4  →  0 1 −1 −4  .
    0 −2 2 8 0 −2 2 8 0 0 0 0
    Back substitution gives    
    −3 1
    x = −4 + t 1 .
      
    0 1
    4. Let 0 6= b, c ∈ Rn and define A = bcT ∈ Rn×n . Show that

    (a) R(A) = span{b},


    
    (b) N (A) = x ∈ Rn | cT x = 0 .

    Solution. To prove that two sets V and W are equal, first pick v ∈ V and show that v ∈ W .
    Then pick w ∈ W and show that w ∈ V .
    (a) Let x ∈ R(A). Then there exists z ∈ Rn such that x = bcT z. Denote α = cT z so
    that x = αb ∈ span{b}.
    c T
    Let x ∈ span{b}. Choose z = kck 2 , so that bc z = b. Hence x ∈ R(A).
    2

    (b) Let v ∈ N (A). This means that bcT v = 0. Because b 6= 0, we have that cT v = 0 and
    v ∈ {x ∈ Rn | cT x = 0}.
    Let v ∈ {x ∈ Rn | cT x = 0}. Then bcT v = 0. Hence, v ∈ N (A).

    2/1

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