Chapter Definition: Estimation is the method of forecasting the probable cost of a project (construction) in order to complete the project in predefined boundaries of time & cost. Purpose: Estimation serves many purposes; some of them are 1. Ithelps in planning & scheduling of project & resources. 2. Ithelps the owner to take financial decisions. 3. For valuating & insuring of properties estimation is useful. 4, To get bank loans for the project & tax fixation by the local bodies on properties estimation is must. 5. Foradministrative approval & invitation for the tenders estimation is necessary. 6. Indesign of structures to take financial decisions for fixed budget estimation is must. Types of Estimation Estimation is of several types some of them are 1, Approximate/preliminary/Abstract/Rough Estimate: In this method of estimation rough calculating of project cost is done and this method takes less cost & time. => This is sub divided into several methods which are explained below. Plinth Area Method: In this method the plinth area rate of existing building in the same locality is found. out and the cost of proposed building in that area is found from the known rate. A = External dimensions at floor level are taken. Introduction & Types of Estimation cca) Calculate the approximate cost of a building having the plinth area of 150 m? in a locality; a similar kind of ‘building with plinth area 200 m? with cost 10,00,000 in the same locality. Sol: ‘Approximate cost of proposed = Plinth area of proposed i = = costof existing _ Plinth area rate = = finth area of existing 10,00,000) ‘Approximate cost = 150 (12900 Approximate cost = 750x10° = 7,50,000/-. Plinth area (approximate) may be calculated by adding 30 to 40% of the already calculated area for walls, circulation and waste etc. © For multi storey buildings plinth area for each storey is determined separately. Courtyard and other open area should not be included & plinth area is a built up covered area of building measured at the floor level or any storey level. Cube Rate Estimate: In this method cubical content of the building is determined by multiplying length, breadth & height of the building.ACE Extemal length and breadth atthe floor level are caleulated for the purpose. © Height should be taken from the floor level to the top of roof, ‘+ For multi storey building height is taken from floor level of one storey to top of next higher floor. ©The cubie volume of the work is calculating, and it is multiplied with the cubic rate of the existing building in the same locality. Same type recently. Calculate the approximate cost of a building by cubic rate method for a proposed building have plinth area 150 m? with a height of 3 m, Similar king of building plinth area 200 m? and height 3.5 m cost 10,00,000/- Sol: Approx cost of proposed cost ) isting volume Approx cost =(150%3)%( Super) = Proposed volume >| Approx cost = 6,42,857/-. C. Bay Method: This method is used to find out the approximate cost ofa framed structured, * Finding cost per each bay of existing building in the same locality multiplying this with no. of bays present in a proposed building. D. Service Rate/Unit Rate Method: This method is used to find out approximate cost when there are no, of similar service units in a Project. ) PED Example: For hospital, cost per bed For restaurant: cost per table ete. Approximate Rate Method/Quantity Method, In this method the structure is divided into two j) Foundation including plinth fi) Superstructure =Total length of walls is found out => To find running meter, rate of foundatio s of various items approximate quanti calculating per running meter. => Similarly for super structure approximat quantities of brickwork, roof flooring etc ar calculating per running meter = By dealing separately the sub structure super structure the approximate quantities found separately. Detailed Estimation: Itis the accurate estimation prepared by working © ‘quantities of each item of work. Its prepared in two stages i) Details of measurement & calculating quantities fi) Abstract of estimation cost 3% to 5% of estimated cost is added to cover miscellaneo ‘expenditure in abstract of estimation iii) Detailed estimation is prepared work wise Detailed Estimation Consist of Reports General specifications Retailed specifications Drawings Calculation & designs ‘Analysis of rates = Detailed estimation is prepared for technical sanction forarranging contract and of project. forexccution Scanned with CamScanner[ACE Procedure of Estimatio imation involves the following procedure 1. Preparing detailed estimate 2, Calculating the rate of each unit of work 3. Preparing abstract of estimate Centage Charges or Departmental Charges: Also known as supervision charges for works. To meet the expenses of establishment designing, planning, supervision ete. (10% to 15% of the ‘estimated cost). When engineering department takes up work of other department. Cost Comparison Method: This method is used to find out the approximate cost of the project when the project produces similar kind of things repeatedly. Ex. LIG (Low income group houses) MIG, housing boards etc... CBRI Method: ‘This method is based on empirical formula proposed by CBRI institute. => This formula are functions of material, manpower equipment etc. Revised Estimate: Revised estimate is prepared when original sanctioned estimate is likely to exceed more than 5% & when expenditure on work is likely to exceed amount of administrative sanction by more than 10%. => When there are material deviations from original proposal even though cost may be met from sanctioned cost. => It is accompanied by comparative statement showing variation in each item of works & reason for the same. SI ‘Supplementary Estimat It is the fresh detailed estimation of the additional ‘works in additional to the original estimation, => It is required when further development is required during the progress of work. => Abstract should show the amount of original estimate and total amount including supplementary amount. ‘Supplementary & Revised Estimation: When the work is partially abandoned and estimated cost of remaining work is less than 95% of the original sanctioned estimate. => When there are material deviation and change in the design => Ifany time before or during the execution of the project, it is found that the original estimation is, excessive then divisional officer may sanction a revised estimate of reduced amount. Annual Repair (or) Maintenance Estimate (A-R/ AM Estimate): It is prepared to maintain structure (or) work in proper order and state condition, => Forbuilding works like white washing, painting, minor repairs ete. = Forroad works A.R estimate provides for patch repairing, repairs of bridges & culverts etc. Other Definitions: Contingencies: They indicate the miscellaneous nature incidental expenses of => They cannot be predicted at the time of estimation, => Aprovision of 3 - 5% of total cost of work is given, = Incase of approximate estimate as high as 10% Scanned with CamScanneron 02. 03. SB ACE @) Worked Charged Establishment: 04, Work charged employees are temporarily staff whose services are terminated at the expiry of sanctioned period but usually one month notice to 2% of the estimate cost is added). Tools and Pl 05. Normally contractor has to arrange tools and plants (1% to 1.5% of estimated cost is provided). Abstract of Estimation: In Abstract of estimation the cost of each item is | 06. found by using the data of quantities from detailed estimation and rate from SSR. ‘Some Items of Work Approximate Cost: o7. = Sanitation > 5% of building cost = Electrification 8% of building cost = Water supply 95% of building cost 08, Classroom Practice Questions Which estimation is more accurate (a) Plinth area (b) cubie rate method (©) Bay method (a) None of these When estimation should be done for better results (a) Before construction (b) After construction 10, (c) During construction (@) Any time Estimation is useful in i (a) Financial calculation (b) Loan application (©) Valuation (@ Al of the above SET] Unit rate method is a type of (a) Approximate estimation (b) Detailed estimation (©) Supplementary estimation i (@) Revised estimation | Approximate quantity method in water tank sin the units of estima (a) Running metre (©) km (b) Gallons (or) Litres (d) Tonnes To get administrative approval which method is best (0) Detailed (©) Approximate (©) Revised (@) Supplementary Which is quick method of estimation (@) Detailed (©) Approximate (AMM (@)Ace Approximate rate method; the measuring unit for substructure” (@) Running metre (©) Both above (b) Metres (d)km Calculate the cost of the building by plinth method ‘existing building area = 100 m? Cost building area = 12,00,000 Propared building = 150 m? (@) 18,00,000 (©) 19,00,000 (&) 18,50,000 (@) 17,00,000 Electrification cost out of total cost of building (@) 1% (0) 5% (©) 10% (@) 12% If the quantity of the project is increased the estimation used (2) Revised (©) Detailed (b) Supplementary (@) None of the above Scanned with CamScanner12, 14, 19, ACE For tools and plants the provision allotted is (a) 5% (b) 12% (0) 0.5% (W)1 4% While preparing a detailed estimate (@) all (b) Area should be measured correct to 0.01 sqm (©) Volume should be measured correct to 0.01 cum (d)_ Dimension should be measured correct to 0.01 Pick up the item of work not include the plinth area estimate (a) we. area (b) verandah area (b) room area (@ court yard area ‘The order of booking dimension is = (a) Height, breadth, length (b) Breadth, length, height (©) length, breadth, height (d) None of these Brick walls are measured in sq.m if the thickness of the wall is < (@) 15 em (©)20em (b) 10 em (@ None of these From percentage charges the percentage allotted of the estimated cost (@) 10% (©) (10-15)% (0) 15% (d) (9-12)% For work charged establishment the cost added to the estimated cost is @2% (©) (9-10)% 15% 05.29% For contingencies the provision allotted is. ()3-5% ()2-5% (©) 10-15% 45% @ 20. 21. 24, 25. [Proce ere esos In case of approximate estimates the contingencies are high as (9% &) 15% (©) 10% 6) 6% ‘When original sanctioned estimate is likely to exceed more than 5% (a) Revised (b) Supplementary (©) Preliminary (@) detailed Estimate based on empirical formula (0) supplementary (b) Retailed (©) Revised (© CBRI method ‘The approximate method suitable for MIG & LIG is (@) cost comparison method (©) CBRI method (©) Revised estimate (@) derailed Drawings, designs are a part of (a) Detailed estimation (b) Approximate estimation (©) Supplementary (@) None of the above Pick up the incorrect statement from the following (a) the built covered area at the floor level of any storey of a building is called plinth area the usable covered area of the rooms of any storey of a building is called carpet area the carpet area of a building along with area of its kitchen, pantry, store, lavatory, bathroom and glazed verandah is called floor area None of these ) © @ CED Scanned with CamScanner@ACE 26. Carpet area does not included the area of (a)_ the walls along with doors and other openings (©) verandah, corridor and passage (©) bathroom and lavatory (@) all the above 27. Pick up the correct statement from the following (@) Pointing is measured in sq.m (b) Plastering is measured in sq.m (©) Glazing is measured in sq.m (@ Striking is measured in sq.m (©)all the above 28. Duc to change in price level, a revised estimate is prepared fi the sanctioned estimate exceeds (0) 2.0% (2.5% (40% 5.0% 29. Pick up the correct statement from the following (a) the incidental expenses of a miscellaneous character which could not be predicted during preparation of the estimate is called contingencies (b) Additional supervising staff engaged at work site is called work charged establishment (©) Detailed specifications specify qualities, quantities and the proportions of materials to be used fora particular item (@) the cost per unit at which the article can be procured from the open market at a given time, is called ‘market rate” (e) All the above 30. Plinth area is equal to C Butut- Up ALLA) (a) Floor area + wall area (b) Floor area + corridor area (©) carpet area + wall area (@ common area + floor area 31. 32, 33. 35. 36. a Floor area is equal to / (8) common area + floor area | (8) Floor area + wall area (©) corridor area + floor area j (@ carpet area + common area i ‘When material deviations and changes in the desi, ‘the method of estimation used is (@) Supplementary () Revised (© Both (d) None of the above For building works like white washing painting, estimation used is (@) Detailed (b) Abstract (© Both (@ Annual maintenance repair estimate Purpose of approximate estimate is (@) Feasibility study (b) To conduct cost benefit analysis, (©) Alternative study @Allof the above To cover miscellaneous expenditure the percentage added to the abstract of estimated cost in detailed estimation (@@-5)% 61% mH G-5)% )B-I% Pick up the item of work not included in plinth method (a) wall thickness (b) room area (©) WCarea (@) courtyard area Scanned with CamScanner[ACE ) KEY for CRPQ O1.(b) — 02.(a) 03.(d) 04.(a)_——05. (b) 06.(a) 07.(b)08.(a)09.(a)_—— 10.0) | 1.) 12.@) 13.) 14.) 15. (c) 16.6) 17.) 18.(@)_—19.()_—— 20. (6) 2i(a) 22.) -23.(a) 24.) -25.@) 26.(c) 27.(e) -28.(d)--29.(e) 30. (a) 31.) 32.) 33.@) 34.) 35-00) 36. (@) e vageancranine sen EPG aun res Bus top RALA SE ( Ce aerator Fir Reps Coa Vee Vg Tie ay] Scanned with CamScannerEarth Work in Excavation: Quantity is measured in cubic metres cumees (I) = LxB xD Length L-> Plan, B, D -» Scetio I details Lime Concrete/Cement Conerete in Foundation: ‘Quantity is measured in cubie metre cum (any =LxBxD (length) L Plan, B Width of trench, h- section (height) “4 pe | fy B Brick/Stone Masonry Work in Foundation & Plinth: Quantity is measured in cubic metre but the quantities are taken separately at different stages of foundation a finaly all the quantities are summed up (added up) to arrive at final quantities. = Thisis taken up separately because the quality/ quantity of construction in foundation is different from quantity of masonry work else any where, = Nodeductions are required for masonry work in foundation. DPC (Damp Proof Coarse): ‘Quantity is measured in square metres (6q.-m) (mi? = Lx B) B= Width of plinth = DPC is generally provided between plinth and super structure wall|to prevent entry of dampness into super structure work. ‘=7 mentioned in descriptive column. B= Width ofplinth B= structure Generally the width of DPC work is equal to with of super structure wall it The length is estimated as if there is no openings 1% ‘building and deductions are made for door openings Where DPC layer isnot provided. Gross quantity =LxB Deductions (Doors) ‘Net Quantity, sen Thickness of DPC layer should be clearly 5. Masonry Work in Super Structure: (Either in Brick Masonry/Stone Masonry) Quantity is measured in cubic metre cum (m?= Lx Bx H) ‘Assuming as if there are no openings in the building this will give grossiquantity | => To arrive at net quantity deductions for doors, windows and ventilators all kinds of openings shall be made. 6. RCC Work in Lintel/Chajja/Sunshade: ' Quantity is measured in cubic metre Scanned with CamScanner[me ACE Lintel: {/= length of the opening + bearing on cither side] = Generally bearing is taken between 10 em - 15 om = Band lintel: Lintel is provided throughout the building we do not required bearing = Isolated Lintel: Lintel is provided in openings 1= length of opening + bearing on either side Chajj ‘Sunshade provided in varandah, Chajja is nothing but cantilever projection provided in varandah. : => Quantity is calculated in’ cubic metre (cum) (@) Length is measured from the plan and height is taken as average thickness. ‘Sunshade: Quantity is estimated in similar way like as ehaj but length of sunshade = length of lintel 7. R.C.C Work in Roof: => . The quantity of RCC work is estimated in cubic metre Quantity = plan area of building x thickness of roof slab "+ => Steel quiintty in R.C.C work for Beams = 0.8 - 1% of total value F.C For roof slab = 1% to 2% of total value of R.C For columns = 2% to 5% of otal value of RC For foundation = 0:5% to 5% of total value of RC For foundat n it is very low becaus compressive forces. takes only ©) 10. nL. 12. Plastering: ‘The quantity of plastering work is carried in square meter by mentioning thickness in description column => While calculating the quantity of plasterin, super structure we assume as if there are no openings in a super structure wall, No deductions are made when plastering is done only for inside walls When the walls are plastered inside and outside walls (1) deduction is made. (actually 2 deductions are there) This deduction is made only when the size of the open is more than 0.3 m*. ‘White Washing: Quantity is measured in square metre (sq.m) by ‘mentioning n coats in description column. => The quantity is same as that of quantity calculated for plastering. Distempering: Quantity is measured in square metre. Quantity is same as that of quantity in white washing. ‘Wood Work: Wood work in door frames & window frames is measured in cubic metre (cum) Wood work in door shutters & window shutters is measured in square metre (sq.m) by mentioning thickness in descriptive column. Brick Walls whose thickness is less than 20 cm is measured in sq. m (m*) greater than 20 cm ~ cubic. m(m) => ‘Stone masonry whose thickness is less than 15 im is measured in sq.m => Greater than 15 em - cubic method ES =F: Panes enna Chay Wyvade Wg Tapa aaoay Ras | Scanned with CamScannerCa) SREESG| EBACE 14. nth Figs ‘They empty space between plinth walls inside the 13, Flooring: 7 Base coarse building filled with any type of cheap material such 1s moorum/sand/soil 5 of two layer = Mconsst of 0 RY “Top coarse = Its quantity is measured in cubic metre (cum) by multiplying plan area to plinth level wit e laid one above the other ly level with ‘They are none nth. height of filling. ed between plinth topli ise is measured in square thickness in description => The height of plinth filling = plinth level ~ ground level — thickness of base coarse in flooring. = = Base coarse is pro Quantity of base cot metre mentioning its umn m= LX oer ranidedbeveen SS allio SS remetre(s4-m) wall, Quantityismeasured in squarem ts thicknessindescriptioncolumn INDIAN STANDARD CODE iced in which various measurements of buildings & civil engineering works are present. 15 1200 is the code book ws for dfferent items of works. 15 1200 consists of various parts 1S 1200 PART. Details present according to various items of works ol ‘Method of measurement of building & civil engineering works ~ earthwork. 10 Ceiling & lining Paving, floor finishes, Dado & skirting 13 White washing, colour washing, distempering and painting of building surface 4 Glazing 15 Painting, polishing, varnishing 16 Laying of water & sewer lines including appurtenant items 7 Road works including air field pavements 18 Demolition & dismantling @ Conerete works 20 Laying of gas & oil pipelines a Wood work & joinery 2 Materials B Piling 1 24 Well foundation Scanned with CamScanner(mace inne Ls Classroom Practice Questions ‘the expected out tum of 2.5 em cement concrete ot floor per mason per day. (a) 5.0 sam (6) 75 sqm ()25sam (@ 10sqm 2. As per Indian standard specifications, the peak discharge for domestic purposes per capita per minute is taken (a) 1.35 for 20 users (b) 1.80 liters for 5 to 10 users (6) 1.20 liters for 15 users (A all of the above 03, Brick walls are measured insq, m ifthe thickness of the wall is (a) 10 em (ce) 15 em (0) 20 cm (@ None of these 04. The brick work is measured in sq metre incase of (@) Half brick walls or the partition (b) Brick flat soling (©) Honey comb brick work (@) All of the above 05. In case of laying gullies, siphons, intercepting traps the cost includes (a) setting and laying (b) bed concreting (©) connection to drains (@) all of the above 06. The expected out turn of cement concrete 1:2:4 per mason per day is (a) 1.5m? )3.5m (2.5m @50m 07. 08, 10. 12, REAIENSTANT| The height of the sink of wash basin above floor level is kept (a) 70cm (©) 60cm (b) 75 cm to 80 em (d) 80cm ick up the excavation where measurement are made in square metres for pavements (@) ordinary cutting upto 1 m (b) surface dressing upto 15 cm depth (©) surface dressing upto 30 em depth (2) both (a) and (b) The concrete work for the following part of the building of specified thickness is measured in square metres @)all (©) floors (b) DPC (4) wall panels ‘The minimum width of a septic tank is taken (@) 90cm (b) 70 em (©) 15¢m (@) 80cm For the construction of buildings, the subheads of the estimates are (0) Earthwork, concrete work, brick work (&) Brickwork, flooring, wood work, roofing (©) Brickwork flooring, woodwork, steelwork (@ Plastering or pointing, finishing, water supply and sanitary work (©) Allthe above ‘The measurement is made for stone work in square metres in case of (@) wall facing (©) columns, lintels, copings (©) Building work (@) Dressed, stones in chajjas (€) (a) and (4) of the above Scanned with CamScanner13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. ACE The expected out turn of half brick partition wall per ‘mason per day is (a) 1.5m’ (©)4.0 m* (b) 2.0m’ (@) 5.0 m* ‘According to Indian standards institute, the actual size of modular brick is (a) 23 em « 11.5 emx 7.5 em. (b) 25 em x 13 em x 7.5 em (©) 19. em x9 em x9 em (20 em x 10 em x 10cm White estimating the qualities for the construction of | ‘a building, the correct metric unit is (a) metre for length (b) cubic metre for ares (©) square metres for volume (4) kilogram or weight (€) litres for capacity Due to change in pricise level, a revised estimate is prepared if the sanctioned estimate exceeds (a) 24 (4.0% The code useful for measuring civil works (a) IS 456:2000 (6) 1S 800 (IS 1200 (4) 1072 Pick up the correct statement from the following (a) Bricks are paid per thousand (b) Cement is paid per 50 kg bag (©) Lime is paid for quintal (@ Brick aggregates is paid per cum (©) all the above ‘The weight of an item is measured correct to nearest (@) 0.25 kg (b) 0.50 kg (©)0.75 kg (@) 1.00 kg (©) Skg 20. 25. ‘The measurement is made in square metre (2) cement conerete in founds @)R.CC structure (6) Hollow conerete block wall (@) Conerete fencing posts (©) None of these case of |. The Brick work is not measured in cum in case of (@) one or more than one brick wall (b) bri (©) Reinforced brick work (@) half brick wall work in arches ‘The rate of an item of work depends on (a) specification of works (©) specifications of materials (©) proportion of mortar s (@ method of constr (©)all the above Pickup the correct statement from the following (a) all pipes and fittings are classified accordin their diameters the diameter of the pipes isthe nominal of internal bore all pipes are measured along the centre Ii the pipes in meters Jead caulked joints are enumerated separate all the above ) © @ © The item of stel work which is measured in 5q (2) Ventilators and glazing (b) Rolling shutters (6) Steel doors (an § ‘The volume is measured correct to the nearest (a) 0.03 cum (b)0.02 cum (6)0.01 cum (6) 0.04 cum Scanned with CamScanner20. 28. 29. 30. 31 The expected out tum of 12 im cement mortar is Plastering with (a) 2.5.sqm~4.0 sqm (b) 4.0 sq.m (c) 6.0 sq.m (6) 8.0 sq.m Pick up the item whose weightis added to. of respective item is (a) Brackets (b) Bolts (©) Distance separators (d) All of the above the weight ‘The damp proof course (D-PC) is measured in. (@) cub.m sqm (c) Metres @) None of the above For 12 mm thick cement plastering 1:6 on 100 sq.m new brick work, the quantity of cement required is (a) 0.295 m?> (b) 0.274 m* (©) 0.200m? (4) 0.247 m While estimating & reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed (@) in this slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar which ever is more for reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more ” at the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar all of the above © @ Cost of fittings and their fixing is specified for the following sanitary fittings (all (©) laboratory basins (b) flushing pipes @) sinks x i * a The inspection pit or chamber is manhole provided ina base drainage system () at every 30 m intervals (0) at every change of gradient (6) at the point where vertical soil pipe joins the house drain (d) All the above KEY for CRPQ 01.) 02. (4) 03.(d) 04.(¢) 05. (4) 06.(d) 07. (b) 08.(d) 09.(a) 10. (c) Me) 12.(e) 13.(6) 14.) 15.) 16. @ 17.© 18.() 19.@) 20.) 21.4) 22.) 23.(¢) 24.(@) 26.(d) 27.(d) 28.06) 29.(b) 30. (d) 31.(@) 32.(4) Scanned with CamScannerChapter Centerline Method: Centerline method of estimation is a method which can be comfortably used for any type of buildings (buildings with linear & non-linear walls) This method is very quick and accurate. In this method center-line length of all walls of similar type are calculated by summing up center to center length of all walls of similar type. Total center line length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a time. When cross walls/Partition/Varandha wall join with main walls, the center line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction, Such junctions Joints are studied carefully while calculating total centreline length. ‘As at the junction points it over estimates the quantities; to arrive atthe true length junetion correction must be applied at each level of a structure to this, breadth & height is added to arrive at quantities, In centreline method proper care must be taken at 3 wall & 4 wall meeting point. Three wall meeting point is taken as Junction & four wall meeting point is taken as double junction 4 = ceatreline —— Tength [Number of Junction x Centerline & Long Wall-Short Wall Methods ‘True length at any level= Total centreline length ~ Junction correctio Procedure to estimate quantities by center line method 01. From the given plan calculate center to center Tengths ofall walls 02. Find out total centre line length of similar type of walls by adding all lengths of walls. 03. Identify different types of junctions (30-30 {junction 30-20 junction (20-20 junction, ...etc) 04. Find out true length at each level by applying. junction correction to the total center Tine length 05. Calculate quantities by multiplying true tength ‘with corresponding width a height at each level, Long wall-short wall method/In to In & out to ou method/PWD method: (Public work department) In this method of building estimate some of the walls are identified as Long. walls & other perpendicular walls are identified as (treated) as short walls. * In this method longer walls are measured out to out ‘Shorter walls are measured in to in w= SW—short wall LW-Long wall [sw] LW ‘+ Measuring the lengths at different level of building is difficult task, to over come this difficulty calculate the center to center Tength of long walls and ¢-c length of short walls from the given pl Scanned with CamScanner¢ length of the walls remain ; 8 : on jevel of the building, Sonstant ap acl on™, arrives telnet of ong vat, + jaded 10th eo ene length at ar ue leet of Lng Wall = Cenetine + povall + ball thickness of perpendion connecting the thickness of ‘perpendicular wal} wall on other side, ‘prot lengl=L*t/2 +1/2 (Long watt Width is sHt0RT we atte length ofshor wal hat js deducted from the centerline at each end, ‘True length of short wall = Centerline length of wall -half thickness of perpendicular wall connecting the wall n one side ~half thickness of perpendicular wall connecting the wall on other side. ‘True length = Lob (hort wall) QUANTITIES: ‘To find out the quantities multiply the true length of the wall with width & depth at corresponding level of a building, - Qty = True length x width under consideration height of the wall. ‘+ This method is used to find out quantities few items of work such as 01, Earth work in excavation 02, Line concrete or cement concrete in foundation 03. Brick work in foundation a plinth 04, Brick work in super structure 05. DPC 06. RCC work in band lintel Sriseonal, curved et. ii 1S method is time taking tis very lengthy tis Tedious ss PARTLY CENTER LINE AND PARTLY eno WALL METHOD: je od This method is adopted when the extemal OF ye ound the building) walls of one thickness ° internal walls having different thickness. ed 1° In such eases center line method is 840PI ig external walls a long wall-short wall ™ used to Intemal walls This method suits for different thie and different level of foundation all * As this method is having advantages | engineering departments are practicing o method jness WOE ‘CENTER LINE METHOD Fig. shows the plan and section of walls for a single roomed building with Verand Estimate the quantities of the following items: (1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation (2) Li—conerete in foundation (3) First class brickwork in cement mortar (1:4) in foundation and plinth, First class brickwork in cement mortar (1:6) in superstructure. Neglect step: a Scanned with CamScannerw w = 30 30] ‘sm 2° bs ROOM | smxdm | 2 LE C1 Bt =o i t t MP Ez w ‘2 VERANDAH a2 x200m = PILLAR | 0 < Main Wall PLAN All Dimensions in cms. L.Con c. of Verandah joins sn) with 60¢m Main Schedule 30cm of Verandah (H=10em) Door: =D=1.1mx2.1m ‘with 60cm. Main Wall. SSINDOWEW=1.0'xit.5m SECTION ON AB (Enlarged) *)) Breadth (B,) = 0.9 m (30 em wall) Sol: ‘© Breadth (B,) = 0.46 cm (20 cm wall) (A) Earth work in excavation in foundation - © Depth (D,)=1 m Total center line length of 30cm wall © Depth (D,)= 0.7m =2(93.45493) 42/93 44403) Quantity= Q:+0, 2(9%3+5+93)+2( 9 44 #0, ( 2 8) (9 2 ) =LBD LBD, =192m = 17.28+1.868 = 19.148m © Total center line length of 20em wall =2(98+15+92)+(2r4+ =6.70m © Number of 30-20 junetions =2 ‘Number of 20-20 junctions * True Length (L,) = 19.2-0; © True Length (L,) LONG WALL-SHOT WALL METHOD: (D Find earth work in excavation for figure 1 Sol: Long wall Foundation + Number of long walls = 2 True Length = 5.3422 + © Breadth =0.9m Dept Quantity (A,) = 11.16m* 9.2 (30¢.m wall) = 67~2%(4%0.9) = 5.8(20 em wall ES = Scanned with CamScannerort wall Foundation © Number of short walls = 2 + Lengh= 3.4[(43-92-%P =3.4 n)] + Breadth =0.9 m + Height = Im Qty Q, = 6.12m? Long wall (Varandha) No=I La 3.2+(2964046 B=0.46m H= 0.7m Qty Q, = 1.17m* = Q,40;4Q,+Q, = 19.1480? Classroom Practice Questions O1. In long & short wall method of éstimate, the length of long wall is the center to center distance between the walls and (@) Breadth of the wall (b) Half breadth of wall on each side (©) One fourth breadth of wall on each side (@None ‘The method which can be used for any type of struts (@) centreline method (b) .cubie rate method (©) eross wall method (@) None “The method which quik and acurys 0s. 06. 07. (4) Cross-wall method (Plinth area method (Long wall method (@ Centreline method “Thee wall meeting pants known ag (@) Jun ()2Junction (©) 3 Junction (4 Junction FourwallmesingpeiniSk9O¥naS double yy (resto) mtion (ay Yes = Sunetion conection emul ote length (> (@) (Number of fneton (hick wall breadiny (&) QNumber of Junetion)« + (thick wath breaathy (©) (Number of Junction): 5 (thick wall breadtts (@ None True length is found at (@) Every level (© Every stair case (b) Every room (@) None Longer walls are measured out to out (Yes/No) (a) Yes (b) No (© cannot say (@None Shorter walls are measured from @IntoIn (b) Out to out (© Both (@None Center-center length of wall are measure at (@) Every level (©) Any where (©) Every building @ None Scanned with CamScanner@ACE LL. To arrive at true length of long wall 18, The method stale for diferent thickness way > (a) One width is added (b) One width is subtracted (© Mliplied (@) Divided 12. To arrive at true length of short wall (a) One width is added (b) One width is subtracted (©) Multiplied (d) divided 13. Long wall method can be applied (@) Non. (b) Linear wall (©) Both, @ None incar walls. Long wall short wall method (a) time taking (b) very lengthy (©) Tedious jan 15, ‘The method applied when the extemal (ic all round the building) wall is at one thickness and the internal walls is at one thickness (@) Party center line party cross wall (b) Center line (©) Long short wall OT 16, In the above case the method adopted extemal walls is (a) centreline method (©) long wall short wall method (©) Both (A) None 17. In the above case the method adopted intemal walls is (a) centreline jan (b) long wall short wall (a) None 19. 20. 2k. () centretine method () Jong wall short wall method (6) partially long wall method (@ None The method used by most of the engines departments. (@) long wall () center fine method () partially centreline and partly cross wall meth For the figure Ia find first class brick work in ¢ ‘mortar (1:4) in foundation plinth (a) 1.5m (b) 2.232 m? (1m (@None For the figure I find first class brick work in mortar (1:6) in super structure neglect steps (a)3.5 m (b) 7m (©)2.89m” (@) None KEY for CRPQ O1.(6) 02.(¢) 03.) 04.(@) 05. (a) 06.(0) 07.(2) 08.(2) 09.) 10. (@) 1.@ 12.0) 13.) 14.4 15.¢) 16.6) 17-(@) 18) 19.) 20.(@) 21. (@) Scanned with CamScannerDEF: Aschedulc of rates canbethe Bill of Quantities (BOQ), where it based on the design issued by on or on behalf of the employer/contracting authority, a list with the items included, together with their rates, The items will be used when measuring and yaluating the works «| The BOQ consist of a list with there items | described above, the quantity of each item, as estimated by or on behalf of the employer/ contractor and the rates included by each bidder at the bidding time, © The quantities and the rates allows the bidder to calculate this bid value and the employer! contracting authority to award the contract based (also) on the value of the bid. + The BOQ is used in construction contracts where there is a design issued by or behalf at the contractor. Which allows the estimation the quantity for each item of work. «This allow the payment of the actual work done by the contractor, at the rates included by the contractor, in the BOQ, at the bidding time, and the lowest contract prices possible. Analysis of Rates (or) Rate Analysis, ‘The basis of arriving correet and reasonable rates of a unit of work following its specifications, detailed survey of materials, man power (labour force) ‘equipment ete., as required to complete the work may be known as Rate Analysis (or) Analysis of Rates. Purpose of Rate Analysis: * To fix up the rates of various works To verify the rates offered by the contractor To find out the material required to complete the job. Schedule of Rates & Lead-Lift + To find out the various categories of work force required. + To fix up the labour contract rate analysis performed. How to fix up the rates of the Work: To fix up the following standard scheduled rates is required: 1. Material cost 2. Labour cost 3. Equipment cost (hiring) 4, Water charges and other establishment charges 5. Profit Procedure to analyse Rate Analys! Rates are generally worked for unit quantities such ‘as 10m? & 100m ete. For completing the unit quantity of work the ‘material required are calculated, Material requirement is generally worked out in dry form using the dry densities material requirement in the dry form are worked out. + Labour forees requirement are fixed up taking, the help of standard schedule of rates (s.s.r) their corresponding wages. + Equipment and other tools and plants needed to accessed (or) otherwise 1% of material and labour cost is counted towards equipment and other tools and plants. + Find out the total cost aterial cost + labour cost + equipment cost add 1% of total cost extra towards water charges. Allow 10% of towards profit final cost is workout. Analysis of Rate: Labour output constant in days (8 working hours) following all India Schedule of Rate, This is helpful to fix up labour contract rates. debe Das Rpls Pent» Ribas Lchnow ah» Beaglra «Chess Vipyoadh «ig Trept Rapall» Rata | Scanned with CamScannerEn = ds arren i os TIO HSy | ——) Earthwork | 1 _ | Excavation in trenches for foundation [| ie exceeding 1.5 m in width, lift up to Sm a ‘and lead up to 30m roam | Mazdoor “3-5 (a) In ordi : i a ee Mazdoor -73 ling excavated earth in trenches Mazdoor -2 2 | lint, sides of foundation in layers not | 10 cum 3 [| exceeding 20 em in depth 1 5 Head mason “j Mason -1 Lime conerete in foundation JOeum | sazdoor- 18; Bhistim~2 | }__| (B) Concrete work 4 | Cement concrete (hand mixed i9| ig ¢eum Mazdoor-10; Bhistim -2 foundation prop. 1:5:10; 1:4:8: 1:3:6 1, ‘ 5 | Cement concrete (machine mixed) in Head Mason 3 Mason 25 foundation Mazdoor—12;__ Bhisti~2 10. cu.m 1 Head mason ; -;Mason -3 6 | Cement concrete for RCC work 10. cum ‘Mazdoor -1 7 Bhisti-4 7 | Centering and shutting for fiat surface | 10sqm | Carpenter-3; Mandoor—4 $ - Mason-cum-blacksmit-1 Reinforcement work for RCC Per Qu Mazdoor-1 Head mason-1; Mason -10; 7 Mazdoor-16; — Bhisti-4; RB Work 10cum Black-smit-5 Mazdoor for M.S work~6 10 losemmn Head mason 0.015; Mason -0.8 ‘om thick cement concrete DPC 10sam | sferdoor-08, _ Bhisti -0.01 (©) Brick work 1, 11 | Brick work in foundation and plinth 1ocum | Head Mason -7; Mason -8 Mazdoor -14; Bhisti -2 eas Bopons Gran Vids Taal aah Scanned with CamScanner[SAGE 12__| First class brickwork in superstructure Jocum | Head Mazon -+-; Mason —g Sround floor Mazdoor-IS; _Bhisti-2 First class brickwork for 1* floor (The 1 13° |rate of ground floor + 1% for each} cum | Head Mazon! Mason ~9 addition floor av. 3m ht as extra over) Mazdoor-18 Bhisti ~2 14 | Half brick wall (without hoop iron| 4.0, | Mason=12; Mazdooraa0 reinforcement) ” Bhisti -0,3 . ‘Mason —14; Mazdoor — 15 D 5 . 4 a loor —1.8 }o-do-with HB wire netting 10sq.m Bhisti-0.37 Random rubble stone masonry in Head Mason-+ ; Ma 16 | foundation and plinth in lime or cement | 10 cu.m ao mortar Mazdoor-17 5; Bhisti—1 4 Ls | 17 _ | Coursed rubble stone masonry in lime| 1 .,_, | Head Mason-4 ; Mason —15 or cement mortar in superst Mazdoor-224 ; Bhisti-1 4 1 1g | Ashlar masonry in lime or cement] 19 .,.,, | Head Mason—}; Mason -25 [ mortar in superstructure Mazdoor-33 5 Bhisti-1 4. @) Flooring 4, 4 19 | 7.5 om thick terraced (lime concrete) | 9 .4,, | Head Mason ~; Mason —3 Fllor Mazdoor-34 ; Bhisti -0,3 Head Mason- 5 ; Mason —1 20 | 7.5 cm thick cement concrete floor 10sqm ‘ati! Mazdoor—1.8; Bhisti—1 21 |25_ mm thick cement concrete or} 19,4, | HesdMason-25 ; Mason -0.8 artificial stone flooring Mazdoor -1.2; Bhisti -0.2 Head Mason -7g-; Mason-2 + 22 | Terrazo skirting or Dado 10sqm | Mazdoor-4; —Bhisti—; Polisher -8; Scanned with CamScanner[RACE S| Head Mason 4g Mason -2 | 23 | Precast terrazzo tiles to floor 10 sqm Mazdoor-2; Bhisti-0.1 isher 6 (F) Roofing ‘ick Ti ‘ Head Mason-3y ~i Mason —1 24 | 10 em (av) thick time teracing at 1") Jo sqm | Mazdoor-I.9; Bhisti-0.3) Mazdoor (Female) ~6-4 Lot i naar Carpenter-+; Tile layer 5 25 | Mangalore tile roofing with pattems | 10 sq.m "ewe Mazdoor -3-4 Blacksmit -4— 2 vi iron ing m 3 6 | Corrugated Galvanized iron roofing. 10 sq. Mindoor 2 (G) Plastering and Pointing nl » [Sinecusremmn | eon stor 2 we [emernneroco t+) sor ruuafs wma of Painting {wo coats with a primer 32 | coat with ready mixed paint to new] 100sq.m | Pinter (1*class)-8; Helper—8 woodwork Gnas nate ig Tvapa Papa fcr Engincering Pabiation [aceasta opal Pane « Ribnenew = aches «Fn «Bees Scanned with CamScanner,-————— [ASE ; items of Works: EE S.No ‘Name of Work Units Materials Quant Bricks 20 em x 10 em = 10.em oo . Bricks 25.4 cm x 12.7 em | 3000 no-s 1 | Brick work ks 25.4 em x 12.76 | 4190 no.s locum — | * 7.6em ate Bricks 22.9 em x 114.4| 3000.n05 emx 7.6m ae Dry cement mortar scum Dry lime morta Bricks 20 em x 106m > 10.em 5000 no.s 2 | Half Brick work 100 sqm | Bricks 25.4em> 12.7em | 4100 nos x 7.6m 3000 no.s Bricks 22.9 em x 11.4 em | 3.15 cum x 7.6 em Dry mortar 3 | Random Rubble _ Stone oe an ccs, 10cum —_| Dry lime mortar 4.4 cum Dry cement mortar 42 cum Stone 12.50 cu.m 4 | Ashlar Masonry locum —_| Dry cement mortar 25cum Dry lime mortar 3.0 cum ‘Stone 12.5 cum 5 [Coursed Rubble stone | eum | Dry cement mortar 40 cum masonry Dry lime mortar 42 cum Bricks 20 em = 10 em = 10 em 425 no: Bricks 25.4em = 12.7em | $25 noe 6 _| Single brick flat soling 10.sq.m x 76cm ose Bricks 22.9 em x 11.4.em x 7.6.em Bricks 20 em = 10 em = 10cm 00 ni Bricks 25.4em x 12.7em| 500 nos ah Brick on edge floor with | iosqm | x 7.6.em 500 nos 7 ‘cement mortar Bricks 22.9em* 11.4¢M| 3 5 cum x 760m Dry mortar Taher Po Taran Gana iperns iag opal Ra Scanned with CamScanner[RACE GOES] Cement 27 bags 8 20 mm thick DPC with 100 Sand 1,8 cum, cement mortar sqm Water-proofing 27 kg / compound de 4,500 nos, 9 | Reinforced Brickwork Wcum | cement mortar 48.cu.m Tiles 110 sq.m Pr a iles TO ich canta 7 | 100sq.m | Coment 13 bags mm thick cement plaster Pigment 46 ke Lime 2.1.cu.m Lu : Surki 2.1 eum ime terracing on roof 2:2: " 75 cum a Brick ballast - 11 | @) For 7.5 em thick 1o0sqm | Peo 29 cum (b) For 10 em thick a 29 cu.m Brick ballast 10.2 cum an : Ranigunj Tiles 124 nos 12, | Rarigun) THe roms 9] osm | Drytimemonar ‘| 01Scum onan Cement mortar 0.14 cum 13 | CGA sheet roofing 10sqm | Gi sheet 12.8 sqm A 14 [AC Comugated sheet! 19 4m | A.C sheet 12.8 sqm roofing 15 | 12mm thick cement plaster | 100sq.m_ | Dry mortar 1.92 cum Neat cement punning (about 16 1.5 mm) 100 sq.m ‘Cement 5.5 bags Flush pointing in cement 7 ee 100sq.m | Dry mortar 0.7 cum Single coat white-washing "i 18 to old work 100 sq.m Stone line (unslaked) 10kg ‘Two coats white-washing on 7 19 uotprmer iene ean | 100sa.m | Stone lime (unsaked) | 30 kg temper Tropic dry distemper 20 | Distempering two c02t5 10] 169 54m | income 12 kg new cement plaster 2 coat 15 kg Scanned with CamScannerACE wy 21 | Lime punning over plastered surface Taked stone Time | 10 sq.m Shell lime I8ke a | Stow-cem — washing on 8kg | 7? | plastered surface 100 sqm | Meoat 30 ke - 2 coat 20kg. 93._| Primer coat on steel work with ready mixed primer | !00sq.m_—_| Primer 5stties | | : a4 | Primer coat on wood work with ready mixed primer | !008q.m_—_| Primer 7.5 litres a5 _| Painting two coats on new work with ready mixed paint | P° Ready mixed paint 12.5 litres Water-proofing cement 26 | painting two coats to new| 10sq.m —_| Mixed cement paint 2 litres plaster to exterior walls, Spray painting with 7 - ; 27 | wall paints on new work | 100 sq.m Fam coat Primer ie including under coat ‘Wall paint Painting with synthetic 28 | enamel paint on new work | 100sq.m | Enamel paint 11.6 litres. (excluding primer coat) Varnishing with Copal ‘Under coat varnishing | 7.0 litres 29 | vanish on mew work |1008am | Copal varnish 11.6 litres including under coat Wax polishing, on new 30 | woodwork with ready made polish 100sqm | Ready-made wax plish | 5.0 kg 2.2kg ‘Sqm Cement 31 Floating coat of cement Tanager me nora a Tsp aay ah Scanned with CamScannerRACE Find out thecostofbrick work with em 1:2in foundation for standard unit by performing rate analysis. Sol: ‘Material requirement for 10 m? brick work with CM (1:2) Bricks > 5000, Sand > 2.33 m? Cement —> 35 bags Po = M40 kg/m? per I bag = 1489 = 28,8 = 30 | bag = 50 kg Dry cement motar for 10 m’ BW =35 no of bags 3.5 ~ 3 Sand = P55 x2-2.33 m Note: ‘Cement bag is 250/- per bag ‘Sand per m’ = 600/- m? For 10 m? brick work with 1:2 —— Particulars [Qty [Rate ‘Amount (@) Material cost Brick 5000 nos | Rs. 4/1 no |20000.00 Cement 35 bags _| Rs.250/1 No| 8750.00 Sand 2.33m | Rs.600/m? | 1398.00 Labour Cost Head mason |1/2no | Rs. S00/- | 250.00 Mason Snos | Rs.400/- _|3200.00 Mazdoor | 14 nos | Rs.250/- | 3500.00 Bhisti 2 Rs. 150/- | 300.00. Material + labour cost Rs, 3739809 a Tools and plants and 1% of TC Rs.373.98 Total cost Rs. 37,771.98). Water charges @ 377.11 1% of .C Profit @ 10% of total cost 3777.1 Final rate Analysis of Rate for C.C Works: For every 10cum of finished C.C work dry volum of C.Cis taken 15.5 - 15.6 cum the best value is dry volume of C.C is 15.4 m? Find out the rates per unit m? of concrete with ballast (C.A) 1:2:4. Rate for 40 mm stone ballast (C.A\ = 500 m?. Sol: Material required (40 mm ballast) Scanned with CamScannerGo) econ jeulars [Quantity [Ran ‘rare Ce er Fixerial Cost mount & Rate of steel 40,000 per | ton 66 bags }2so%ae | reso). Binding wire = 10 perks 600/m> | 5050 S00rm'(or | 4840) Particulars [Quantity [Rate [Amount @ ae Material cost Binding 785 kg [10mg | 78.5/- : aoe, 125 Cement 66 bags | 2s0%bag | 16500/- 1000 Sand 44 600m" | 2640/- Mazdoor [Pi 0 3000 2ommca las Sso%m' | asdo hist EY 300, Steet 745 ke [400% | 314000/- Labour + Material cost 28225 Labour cost For paT@™% ana RCC. work otal cost _ eae Head Mason Water charges @ 1% of LC 285.07 Mazdoor 3: 00 | 1200 Profit @ 10% of LE 285 Bhist 8 230 | 4s00 Te 31643.08 4 150 __| 600 2 Reinforcement _ The total cost of concrete work for In? of work | [Wot for RCC is 3164.30 Rs. motwork | | Mason 8 400 |3200 Mazdoor 8 250 _|2000 ens eens ET&P@I% 3498.085 “Analyse the rate for 10:m? for R.C.C work used into the 353306.58 casting of a slab with 1:2:4 proportion and 1% steel. Tih of water charges of TC 3533.06 356839.645 10% of EE 35683.96 Sol: Material required : 392523.67- 15.4 - coment = [;2§4g]>1 x30 = estas Lead: + Leadis the average horizontal distance between Sand = [ 44m te of earthwork and the area of disposal the lead is generally measured in terms of 50 m cas [pStg]x4-20m" dinunces «The distance for removal shall be measured : steel @ 196 10% qf = 0m? ver the shonest practicable route and mot necessarily the route actually taken. Distance =7850x0.1 not exceeding 250 m 500 m shall be measured =785 ke fas a separate item. Leads beyond 500 m shall a 788 quintals be measured in units of 500 m there will be Binding wire @ 1 kg/quantity of steel = 7.85 ke one item for used exceeding 500 m and not ED exceeding 1000 m. Scanned with CamScannerAnother item for lead exceeding 1000 m and not exceeding 1500 m and so on up to § km. © Where the lead exceeds $ km it will be measured in units of 1 km, half km and above be as one and less than half kilometre shall be ignored. © The description of items shall include loading and unloading. © It spoil heaps requiring re-bandling have become consolidated due to passage of time or any other reason, it shall be so stated and such lead shall be measured separately © For the purpose of measurements of lead, the area excavated shall be divided into suitable blocks and for each block the distance from the centre of the block to centre of placed earth pertaining to this block shall be taken as lead. List is the average vertical distance between level of excavation and the to the place of spreading or heaping the unit of lift is 2.00 m for first lift and one extra lift for every 1.0 m. © Lift shall be measured from ground level excavation upto 1.5 m depth below ground level and depositing. + Excavated material on the ground shall be ‘measured in the item of earthwork for various kinds of soil. ‘+ Extra lift shall be measured in unit of 1.5 m or part there of obvious lifts shall only be measured © That is lifts inherent in the lead due to ground slope shall not be measured (expect for up to 250 m) when earth has to be carried over a bbank/obstruction and dumped beyond it © The lift shall be the difference in level between the centre of gravity of the excavated earth and the top of bank/Construction. ipod a Ppa Poe a ACE ) SEER, Lead, Lift, Loading and Unloading el Materials: + Fortotal lead upto 150m (including init dead changes by head load only stall be adopted irrespective of mode of conveyance. For the total lead exceeding 150m conveyance by mechanical means only shall be adopted irrespective of made of conveyance ‘+The rates for loading at quarry including idle hire charges of trucks and hire charges per for cach kilometre and upto Skm are cumulative and inclusive of total charges for preceding lead Unless otherwise specified lead charges for carth/sand/graveVarrange gates and stones are for loose volume and not for compacted or in- site volume. ‘+The rates for lift charges, lead charges, hire charge and cumulative and inclusive of rates for preceding dif, lead and hire charges. + Lift charges are not payable where conveyance Is is by mechanical means to final placing paint. ‘+ Loading and unloading charges are not payabl for conveyance by head load. © Loading charges are not payable for conveyan by mechanical means for disposal of exca ‘materials beyond initial lead of 50m wherever specified. ‘+ Loading and unloading charges are not pone of mat km wherever specified. ‘materials except sand, gravel, coarse aggregate, rubble size st ‘and cut stone are inclusive of stack in a Hire charges per | km for tippers and trucks transport of materials from work si area and other places are cumulative a incl previous km upto 5 kms Scanned with CamScanner(mace The lead a lift charges are inclusive of contractor profit and overhead charges of Classroom Practice Questions 1, For brick work per 10 cu.m the no of bricks present are (20 emx10 em x 10 em) (a) 5000 (b) 10,000 (©) 2000 (@ none 02. For Reinforced brick work per 10 cu.m the number of bricks present are (a) 5000 (b) 4000 (©) 4500 (@) 2000 (03. for coursed rubble stone masonry per 10 cum the stones are required are ; (@ 125cum ©9cum © 10cum (@8cum 04. Masons are required for 10 eum of Brick work in foundation of printh for 1 day are (a) 8to9 ©8..©7 @9 05. The average horizontal distance between the site of earthwork and the area of disposal (a) Lift (b) Lead (©) None (@ Botha, b 06, The loading (or) unloading charges are admissible for conveyance by (a) head load (©) middle load () tal load @None 07. When lead exceeds 5 km it will measured in units of (@) km (©3km © 2km @4km com 08, 10. 12, 13. Ol. (@) 06.(a) 1.@) Loree recor Loading charges are not payable for conveyance by mechanical means for disposal at excavated materials beyond initial lead of (@) 50m (b) 100 m (©) 150m (6) None For total lead upto 150 m (including initial tead) lead charges by head load only shall be adopted irrespective of mode of conveyance. (@) 300m (b) 450 m (250m (6) 150m Unless otherwise specified lead charges for carth and stones for loose volume of not for (@) compacted (b) Dense (©) loose Loading of unloading charges are not payable for conveyance by lead load (a) True (©) Can't say (b) False Lead & Lift charges are inclusive of contractors profit & overload charges @True (b) False The lead charges arc inclusive at % of contraction profit of over lead charges (@) 13.615% (b) 10% ON% (@) 12.5% KEY for CRPQ 02.() 03.(a) 04.(@) 05. (b) 07.(@) 08.(a) 09.(d) —10.(@) 12.(a) 13.(a) Ee === Scanned with CamScannerEarth work calculations are very important in road ‘and canal projects because earth work is major item ‘and hence care should be taken to arrive at right In the ease of road works the formation level (Fd) of the road is generally fixed above the highest flood level in that area. = Some times (GL) may be less than (FL) and (GL) is above the (FL). IfGL< FL It requires banking IfGL> FL + It requires cutting ©The banking and cutting are made up of sloped surfaces to prevent the sliding of the soil. = The c/s of banking and cutting in the form of a perfect trapezium. | Earthwork calculation are measured by the following method, i, Method of cross section: Universally accepted and most used method. fi, Spot Level Expensive method, used for very large works Contours: Approximate method Volume calculation of Earth work: Computation of Earth Work L ‘Area of trapezium 1 sa sa? = bast Ant Obl # a) x But throughout total length (J), the depth would be never constant. It changes throughout the length, = When ground is plan and there is transverse slope as well as there is gradient of formation level, then Volume of earthwork = Area of trapezoidal prism = length ‘+The above condition seldom found in practice since the found out volume of earth work in the plane ground without any transverse slope and. formation level has same gradients. In such ease the following 3 methods are use to workout volume of earth work. ‘Mid sectional area method: Mean depth (d,) = 2-5-4 Volume = (bd, sd, jx L Between any two sections mean depth is taken and the mean depth is used in the area calculation between two sections. :- Area of trapezoidal prism = [bd, + sd,3] dtd, z ‘Where 4, Procedure to Estimate Volume of Earth work: Using mid-section area meth 1. Find out the formation level of different chainage 2. Workout the depth at each chainage Scanned with CamScanner[ACE Ty Depth or Height at each chainage ‘Ay " Mean cross section Area = FL-GL. Gia vet [ASAt ei Iryou get positive answer ~> Banking Ifyou get negative answer Cutting 243A, nL [2542]x7 3, Workout average of the depths at each change determine be mean depth (d,) @n-1&nr,xt~ [Arg Ander iw EE 5 dy a SEM, g dtd |. Ty Gnd out volume of earth work among ‘n” no of stations area @ average area between two successive 4, Measure the area against each mean depth stations are worked out. ie A=bd,tsd? « Letvalue of earth work between 1 & 2 look above. 5. Volume of earthwork can be calculated by Total volume multiplying areax length = [4542 ]+| [23%]xx+. Anat Aad 1 Method II: Y ag? "Total volume of earth between station “1” & “ n™ ‘Trapezoidal (or) mean sectional area methiod: + This method is based om assumption that area of ABA Ast Art Ast on ta] the mid section of the trapezoidal prism is equal to average of the areas at the end sections. = prt area + tastarea + 2 remaining areas] :. Volume of earth work between any two successive stations = mean section area x length Estimate the quantity of earth work for an embankment 120 m long, 8 m wide at crest and side slopes is 2:1 one central height from (0 to 30) m intervals are 0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.6, 2 m, 1.3 muse the mid sectional area method. Sol: i. Mid Sectional area Method: fainage | Depth of | Mean height —ex 2-243, | *=P4e* | Lv | Volume Chainage | neight (m) @) bd,=8xdm | s.dh=2d2 sa ° 0.6m : 30 12m [26¢12-99| 720° 1.62 m? 882m? | 30 | 264.6 m? 60 16m n2m 392m? | 15.10m? | 30 | 453 m* 90 2.0m 144m 648m | 20.88m* | 30 | 626.4 m 120 13m 132° s44sm | 18.645 m? | 30] 559.35 Scanned with CamScanner[SAGE TT 100) i Tapezoidal method. 7 ‘Mean = = Mean A xL, Station | Depth ee sa |Aqpasse] asa, — |b | Volume ; > : o [06 072m | 552m : ; 1 12 288m [| 1248 mt om 30 - i 2 16 5.12 m [17.92 m? 15.2 30 eRe 3 2 Sm 24m? 20.96 30 otET = 18.89 30 : 4 [13 [104 13.38 m [13.78 ae (or) Volume = 3P{5.52-+ 13.78 +2(12.48 + 19.72+24)] = 19215 Method 11: (Prismodal Formula) = of al prisms ‘This formula is applied when the trapezoidal prism Lfavtasta(Aadt Ast As hhaving only three sections 7 ee ee de: + LevA, & A, separated by the distance tee . termeani(t) ith Ait Ant ACA AGE AG eat An | et (A,) area of a section between " + Ant (An-2))) then prismodial formula as per to calculate walla Ay 1 volume of prism= East Ast 4(An)] + To apply prismoidal formula between no of successive stations such as (Ay Ay. Ay Ag Ay “Ac AeA) 1. Benween Ay AA, va bait as t4(an)] Between Ay Ay Ay v= blast Act 4(Ad] Between Ay Ay, VeVv= Efa-at Aa t4(An-)] © Then total volume of prisms = sum of volume =x number of areas. ‘This method can be used only when there are odd Chan Wee Vin TapasRaapalsatne FDA FA,tA,t on HALDT Volume= [1 area + last area + A(even area) +2 (odd area)] Estimate the quantity of an earth work for an ‘embankment 120 m Jong 8 m wide at crest whose side slope is 2:1 the crest height from 0 to Bllery 30 m 0.6, 1.2, 1.6, 2m & 1.3 using prismoidal formula. Scanned with CamScanner Ezg Xi irregular ground is measured by talking the = 345.52 + 12.48 + 4(12.48)+24+2119.92)] difference in levels before and after completion | of work =2010.6 mw (© The earth work in tenches or borrow pits, where a neither nor bis feasible, are measured from the fillings (® Allthe above Ba | sa x (03. Ifthe formation level ofa highway has a uniform gradient for a particular length, and the ground is 48 |0.72| ss2m=a, also having a longitudinal slope, the earth work may be calculated by 30 12 | 9.6 | 2.88 | 12.48 m=, (a)Mid-section formula 60 1.6 | 12.8 | 5.12] 17.92 m=a, Gy Tiepenoidel foomsle _ 2 (©)Prismodial formula 2 | 16 | 8 | 24m=a, (@AI of the above [120 13] 104 1338. As | | 04, Pickup the correct statement from the following, (@) The earth work of cutting in trenches or borrow Volume of earth work pits in fairly uniform ground is measured with the help of average depths of the dead men | = HAF Ast (Art AD +2(A3)] (®) The earth work in trenches or borrow pits it Classroom Practice Questions Ol. The expected out come/turn of cement 05. The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width a 10 sq.m concrete 1 : 2: 4 per mason per day is in plan area with a depth not exceeding 30 cm, is @)1.5 m (b)2.5 m itemed as (3.5m @50m @Excavation _(b) Surface dressing (Cutting (@) Surface excavation 02, In the mid-section formula (@) the mean depth i the average depth of two | 06. The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula consecutive sections for volume is based is (b) the area of mid-sections is calculated by using | (a) The end sections are parallel planes mean depth (©) The mid area of a pyramid is half the (©) The volume of the earth work is caleuiated by average area of the ends multiplying the mid-section areaby thedistance | (€)_ The volume of the prismodial is over- between the two sections estimated and hence a prismoidal correction is (@)_ The volume of the earth work is calculated by applied ‘multiplying the mid-section areaby the distance | __(@)_Alll of the above between the two original sections (©) (@),(b) and (©) SI (ipsenbed bes Roopa oars Banners Eecknew + Pmn = Papunss sais Viernes Wing Tepes aay Ra | Scanned with CamScanner@ACE 07. The cross-sections for a highway is taken at (a) _ Fight angle to the center Tine (b) 30 meters apart (©) imermediate points having abrupt change is gradient the starting end points of the curves all the above @ © 08. Pickup the excavation where measurements are made in square meters for payment (@) ordinary cuttings up to Tm (b) surface dressing up to 15 em depths (©) surface excavation up to 30 em depths (@) both (b) & (©) 09. Inthe mid-section formula (a) the mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections the area of mid sections is calculate by using mean depth the volume of the earth work is calculated by ‘multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two sections (A) (@), (b) and (©) of the above (b) © 10. If the formation level of a highway has a uniformly gradient for a particular length, and the ground is ‘also having a longitudinal slope, the earthwork may bbe calculated by (@)mid-seetion formula (b)Trapezoidal formula (OPrismoidal formula @AI the above 11. The volume is measured correct to the nearest (@)0.01 cum ——_(b) 0.02 cum (©)0.03 cum (4). 0.04 cum (€)0.05 cum SEE 12. Pick up the correct statement from the following (a) the earth work of cutting in trenches or borrow pits in fairly uniform ground is measured with the help of average depths of the dead men (©) The earth work in trenches or borrow pits in imegular ground is measured by taking the difference in levels before and after completion of work (©) The earth work in trenches or borrow pits, where neither a nor b is feasible, are measured from the fillings after deduction of voids (@ Allthe above 13, The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width a 10 sq-m. in plan area with a depth not exceeding 30 cm is termed as, (@Excavation _(b) Surface dressing (©)Cutting (@) Surface excavation 14. The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volume is based, is (@) the end sections are parallel planes (b)_ the mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends (©) the volume of the prismoidal is over estima ‘and hence a prismoidal correction is applied, (@) all of the above 15, The cross-sections for a highway is taken at (2) right angle to the centerline () 30 meters apart (©) intermediate points having abrupt change gradient (@)_ the starting end points of the curves (©) all the above 16, IfGLS¥ 2. Constant Percentage Method: In this method the property falls its percentage at a constant percentage rs q + Value of property at the enid of I year c-PxC . =C[1-P] 7 Value of property at the end of Il year =C(l-P)-PC (-P)) (1 -PyI- PF CU -PP Value of property at the end of ‘n' years =Cf{l -P} su-pyr= St =0-n-(BF ; p=1-(3 Value of property at the end of ‘m' years =cii-Py der Depreciation after ‘m’ years = Cost — value of property after m years wed" Depreciation = ci -(& 3. Sinking Fund Method: Jn sinking fund method amount depreciated is equal toa amount accumulated in the bank by depositing sinking fund installments at regular intervals. Purchased tool at 225000 assuming its salvage value at the end of 5 years be 74000. Determine the amount of depreciation for each year and also the book value of the machine by 1. Straight line method 2. Constant percentage method 3, Sinking Fund method @ interest 6% Sol: 1. Straight Line Method: Book value = Original cost — depreciation c-sv Rate of depreciation = “—F, = 24000 = 4000, = t4000/year Scanned with CamScannerRACE | Book Value Total Book Age Age | Depreciation | pepreciation| Value " 0 7 - 24,000 7 @ 1 4000 4000 20000) rf 2 4000, ‘8000 16000, i 2aoo: -( 000] 16771.85, 3 4000) 12000 12000 = 7228.55 4 4000 16000) $000 Tass 5 0 s [009 ono [00 > | el -(886)] | rane 2. Constant Percentage Method: = 122794 4000, p=i[ef 3 vod] -( 292 0) | | sis067 = 158093 [4 15809. : 000 4000 a acon -(20,)] 5723.37 =0301 = 1827612 4000 5 eo ~(24800) ] 4000 = 20000 3. Sinking Fund Method: OFT 6 x (24000 - 4000) “(1 +0.06) = 3547,928 =3547.93 Total Age] SFI |Interest| Depreciation] 5, 704, | Book Value of - E - 24,000 1 [354793] 3547.93 [3547.93 20457.0 2 [354793 | 212.08 | 3760.80 | 7360.73 1691.26 : 3 [3547.93 | 43852 | 398645 | 1295.18 1270481 4 |3sa793| orn | 422564 | _ 1552088 8479.18 [3547.93 | 931.25 [4479.97 720000 4000 Scanned with CamScannerCapitalized Value: ot Iisa value of a property which when ee Highest prevaiting rate of inierest would same amount of net returns. A property is said to have capitalized val het income from the property is more 'N eared by the amount when it is deposites bank, jue when the than interest id in the Years Purchase: It is @ mathematical number known as MT which when multiplied with net income 8ives 95° capitalized value. Capitalized value (CV) = NI x YP = Years purchase * multiplier yet income a 1, = 1, (Single rate years purchase) 1, # 1, = (Dual rate years purchase) \ where i = rate of interest on S.F If], =i then itis single rate years purchase 1,,# i dual rate year purchase Capitalized value of the property = NI x YP and the NI= Gross income ~ net goings Gross Income: It is the amount receivable from a property every year is known as G.l Outgoings: It is the expenditure to maintain the income from the property. Maintenance and Repair: (10 to 15%) of GI Management Charges: (2 to 3%) of Gl 5 of valuation the bull, tt ad of vain 4. Rental wi i ts ent x 12 = srt = Gt ~ ougoies ty =NixYP gross income 1 ae de by knowing t! bythe eis out um = 00” Mpeg Wo, Brass ncorelanU = ron % 12 y Req Cleats 3 FONE cusangs income from te propery = Gy SER yy Multiply the net income with y, peeing. Dee ized val Ure arrive at capital Of the pr PeTeh: Proper te cone rind the capsized a0 0f2Buing ig F5o00 for month: US SORE ACOT ine MELEE fg cutgoings at 30% of 05 en! including ay ang ture life of the buildings 50 years Axes, Sol: Rent = 3000 i=7% G.1 = 3000 « 12 = 36000 Net income = 3600075 *316000 = 36000 - 10800= 25200 = 007, l= TeN=T” TaOONP=T ~ 8.00245 1-4 Yo™ Tel ~ 007+ 010005 ~ 13.889 CVENIxy, = 25200 x 13.889 = 3,50,002 HE (a | Scanned with CamScanner‘Valuation based on the cost: Depreciation after'm’ years ~ Original cost ~ depreciation after‘m’ years * In this mettiod values of the properties are worked out at future rate deducing the depreciation from the original c0st- + The method do not consider any of the facts (02) indications. ical than * This method is more of theoreti practical, + Value of the property aftr ‘mn years cost of the property — depreciation after ™ years * Depreciation can be calculated by any method. EEE A building is situated abutting an important state highway ofa town on a land measuring 600 m* the area of built-up portion is 20 x 15 m. The building is very sound in construction with all amenities. Life = 100 years, Age =30 years, Cost of construction = 1000/m", Cost of land = 200/m?. Find the value of the property. = original Sol: Cost of building = (15 x 20) x 2000 = 6,00,000 100 years, Age of building = m= 30 years Depreciation after 30 years [ert 3. 4 Depreciation after 30 years eases 2800124 ‘Value =" Original cost - depreciation = 6,00,000 - 24,647, = 5,75,8291- Total cost =" value of bt oft after 30 years + value = 5,75,529 + 600 x 200 = 6,95,5291- ‘Valuation based on the profit: ‘This method is exclusively used to value the ‘commercial establishment such 2s hotels, restaurants, cinemas, theaters, shopping malls ete, ‘This method is very much similar to rental method of valuation. Gross income from the commercial establishments ‘are worked out and the possible outgoings are deducted to arive at net profit when the net profit is multiplied with years purchase gives rise to capitalized value ofthe property. ‘Valuation based on Renovation: This method is mainly used to value the old property such that decision can be taken whether to renovate (or) not. ‘Old properties after renovations some times they fetch more income to the owner and sometimes ipa Rapala Scanned with CamScanner(e ACE pACe ess no much improvement inthe income We find out the value of the property before and after renovation, ‘Based on the difference in value to renovate (01) not to renovate, pireet Comparison Method: ‘This method of valuation is used to ascertain te value of the property by comparing the value of few adjacent properties which are sold very recently. ‘This method is used when such information available connected to business translation of the properties in the same neighborhood. ‘The property which is in question should be ‘compared with similar type of property in the same locality. — Classroom Practice Questions o 03. Sinking fund is {0} The fund for rebuilding @ structure when its economic life is over. {b) Raised to meet maintenance costs. [c}_ The total sum to be paid to the municipal authorities by the tenants. (d)_A port of the money kept in reserve for providing additional structures and structural modifications. Sinking fund factoris given by {fo} (14° (yi 7 (C14 -1) tena (a) isp 7 (141) The original cost of an equipment is Rs. 10,000/- Its salvage valve at the end of its total useful Ife of five year's Rs.1,000/-. ts book valve at the end of two years of its usefullife (as per straight line method of evaluation of depreciation) wit) be (0) Rs. 8,800/- (b) Rs. 7,600/- (c} Rs.6,400/- (a) Rs.5,000/- KEY for CRPQ O1.fo} 02(b) 03. (c) Scanned with CamScanner