TTH Module 1

MODULE 1 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Subject: MATH101 (Mathematics in the Modern World)

Lesson Title: History of Mathematics (3 hours)
Lesson Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to

1. Discuss the development of mathematics from ancient times to present
2. Develop an appreciation for modern mathematics as a product of the contribution of
different ages, cultures, and individual mathematicians.
Overview/Introduction:
The Mathematics that we know in the modern world has its roots in ancient Mesopotamia.
Egypt and Babylonia Then it was developed in Greece and simultaneously in China and in
India. This ancient Greek mathematics, along with some influence of Hindu Mathematics
spread to the neighboring countries in the Middle East. It was translated intoArabic and Latin
and was adopted by Western Europe. Western education was spread throughout the world
by colonization and trade. Today's Mathematics has been enriched by the contributions of
different civilizations and individual mathematicians who unselfishly passed on their
discoveries and knowledge to us. It is therefore fitting for us to look back and appreciate how
Mathematics have developed and who made these developments possible
Abstraction:
Development of Mathematics from ancient times to the present:
4000-3000 B.C.E.
Sumerians (from Sumer, a region of Mesopotamia) were the first people to assign symbols
to group of objects to represent numbers. They developed the earliest known writing system,
a pictographic writing system known as cuneiform script.
3000 B.C.E.
The Egyptians were the first people to develop a numerical system that was based on the
number 10. HieroglyphicNumerals developed in Egypt.
2400 B.C.E.
Babylonians in Mesopotamia used the Sexagesimal System (base 60).
300 B.C.E
The major Greek progress in mathematics was from 300 BC to 200
AD. During this era, Euclid wrote the Elements, a compilation of theorems,axioms in Algebra
and postulates and theorems inGeometry.With this, he gained the title, “Father of
Geometry".
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1st semester AY 2024-2025 | Math101
200 B.C.E.
Archimedes of Syracuse, a Greek mathematician, physicist,inventor and astronomer derived
a range of formulas inGeometry including the
area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere andthe areaunder a parabola.
140 B.C.E.
Trigonometry of Hipparchus developed. Hipparchus of Nicaeawas a Greek astronomer,
geographer, and mathematician considered as the founder of trigonometry.
775 C.E.
Hindu mathematical works were translated into Arabic.
830 C.E.
Arabic Algebra and Indian numerals came to Western Europe Through the writings of
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi.Other Arabic scholars also cultivated Greek
mathematics translating the writings of Apollonius, Archimedes, Euclid,Ptolemy,etc. into
Arabic.
1202 C.E.
Leonardo of Pisa, also. called Fibonacci, wrote Liber Abaci, a book filled with arithmetical
and algebraic information which he had collected during his travels. This was one of the
means by which the Hindu-Arabic System of Numeration was introduced into Western
Europe. The best known contribution of Hindu Mathematics to modern mathematics was the
decimal position system. They also introduced the number zero in mathematics.For the first
time in human history, the concept of "nothing” was symbolized by a number.
1489 C.E.
Johannes Widmann was a German mathematician. The + and - symbols first appeared in
print in his book MercantileArithmetic published in Leipzig in 1489 in reference to surpluses
and deficits in business problems.
17th Century
The 17th Century saw John Napier, and others greatly extend the power of mathematics as
a calculatory science with his discovery of logarithms.
1629 C.E.
Pierre de Fermat was a French lawyer and a mathematician who is given credit for early
developments that led to infinitesimal calculus. Fermat, together with Pascal, began the
mathematical study of probability.
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Blaise Pascal laid the foundations of the Probability Theorytogether with Fermat. He
invented the Pascaline,an early mechanical calculator, He is also known for the
Pascal'sTriangle, a tool for expanding a binomial (a+b)n.
Rene Descartes was another notable mathematician of the 17thcentury. He invented the
Cartesian coordinate system,developed analytic geometry and laid the foundation for the
development of calculus.
1684 C.E.
Leibniz' first paper on the calculus was published. GottfriedLeibniz,discovered infinitesimal
calculus, along with Sir IsaacNewton. However, each one made this discovery alone, not
while working together.
18th-19th Century
The most important mathematician of the 18th Centurywas beonhard Euler who, in addition
to work in a wide range of mathematical areas,started Graph Theory, the Calculus of
Variations andDifferential Geometry.
Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, generally regarded as one of the greatest
mathematicians of all time for his contributions to number theory, geometry, probability
theory,planetary,and the theory of functions. In 1799, he proved the FundamentalTheorem
of Algebra.
Toward the end of the 18th Century, an Italian mathematician,Joseph Louie Lagrange began
a rigorous theory of functions and of mechanics. He also played a key role in the creation of
the Metric system of weights and measures.
John Venn Introduced Venn Diagram in 1874. This became auseful tool in Set Theory.
20th Century
1975 C.E.
Benoit Mandelbrot introduced the theory of fractals. Hepublished The Fractal Geometry of
Nature in 1982.
1994 C.E.
Andrew Wiles proved Fermat's Last Theorem.
2000 C.E.
Mathematical challenges of the 21st Century announced.
Application:
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Identify seven works of mathematicians which we use in the present time. (Discuss this with
your group)
Assessment: Quiz
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MODULE 1 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Subject: MATH101 (Mathematics in the Modern World)

Lesson Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to

Development of Mathematics from ancient times to the present:

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