Unit fla Present continuous (1 am doing) ea Study this example situation: Sarahis in hercar. Sheis on herway to work She's driving to work. (= Sheis driving...) This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking, Theaction isnot finished. amfis/are + -ing is the present continuous: | am (=?'m) driving he/shesit is (=he’sete) — working wefyou/they are (=we'reetc) doing etc. an 11am doing something=I started doing t and haver'tfinished; Im in the middle of doingit Please don't make so much noise. i'm trying to work. (not try) ‘Where's Mark?” “He's having a shower’ (not He has a shower) Lets go out now. itisn’t raining any more. (not it doesn't rain) How'syour new job? Are you enjoying it? \What'sallthat noise? What’s going on? or What's happening? ‘Sometimes the action is nothappeningat the time of speaking. For example: Steveis talking to a friend on the phone, He says: Vm reading really good book at the moment. W's about aman who Steve says'I'm reading .. buthe snot reading the book at the time of speaking He means that he has started reading the book, but has not finished it yet. Hels in the middle of readingiit. Some more examples: © Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning italian (but perhaps she isnt learning italian atthe time of spea! Some friends of mine are building theirown house. They hope to finish it next summer. You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now): You're working hard today. (not You work hard today) B: Yes, [havea lot to do, (The company Iwork for isn’t doing so well this year. We use the present continuous when we talk about a change that has started to happen. We often use these verbs in this way: getting, becoming changing, improving starting, beginning increasing, rising, falling, growing Isyour English getting better? (not Does your English get better) ‘The population of the world is increasing very fast. (not increases) At first | didn't like my job, but tm starting to enjoy it now. (not start)Exercises i [EEE what's happening in the pictures? Choose from these verbs: cross hide scratch take tie. wave 1. She's. taking ..a picture. 4s his head. 2 He ashoelace. 5 behind a tree. 3 theroad. © to somebody. ‘The sentences on the right follow those on the left. Which sentence goes with which? 1 Please don't make so much noise. a I'm getting hungry. nth, ‘We need to leave soon, |b They're lying. 2 2 Idontt have anywhere toliverightnow. | ¢_Itsstarting torain 3 & I need to eat something soon. They're trying to sell it 4 5 They don't need their car any more. “ec It’s getting late. 5 & Things are not so good at work. £ Pmtryingtowork- 6 7 Itisn't true what they say. = 'mstaying with friends. T 8 We're going to get wet. The companyislosingmoney. | 8 . Write questions. Use the present continuous. 1 What'sall that noise? What's happening? (what / happen?) 2 What's the matter? (why you / cry?) 3 Where's your mother? .. (she / work / today?) 4 Ihaven’t seen you for ages. (what / you / do / these days?) 5 Amyisa student (what / she / study?) © Who are those people? (what / they /do?) 7 Iheard you started a new job. {you / enjoy /it?) 8 We're not ina hurry. (why / you / walk /s0 fast?) [EID put the verb into the correct form, positive (\'m doing ete.) or negative (\'m not doing ete.). 1 Please don't make so much noise. .'m trying .(1/ ty] to work 2 Let's go outnow. . It isn't. raining... (it/ rain) any more. 3 You can turn off the radio. (I /listen) to it. 4 Kate phoned last night. She's on holiday with friends. (She / have) a great time and doesn't want to come back. 5 Andrew started evening classes recently. (He / lear) Japanese. 6 Paul and Sarah have had an argument and now. (they /speak) to oneanather, 7 The situation is already very bad and now. (it/ get) worse, 8 Tim (work) today. He’s taken the day off. 9 (I / look) for Sophie. Do you know where she is? 10 The washing machine has been repaired. (it/ work) now. lu. (They / build) a new hospital. It will be finished next year. 12 Ben isa student, but he’s not very happy. (He / enjoy) his course. 13 . (The weather / change). Look at those clouds. I think it's going to rain. 14 Dan has been in the same job for a long time. (He / start) to get bored withitea =a Y= = = Present simple (I do) ‘Study this example situation: ‘Alexis a bus driver, but now he isin bed asleep. : He is notdriving a bus. (Heis asleep) but Hedrives a bus. He isa bus driver. drive(s), work(s), dojes) etc. is the pre ent simple: \jwe/you/they drive/work/do etc. he/she/it drives/works/does otc We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happensall the time or repeatedly, or that somethings true in general Nurses look after patientsin hospitals. usually go away at weekends, © The earth goes round the sun The cafe opens at 7.20 in the moming, Wesay: | work but he works youge but it goes theyteach but _mysisterteaches ihave but hehas For spelling (-s or-es), see Appendix 6, We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: do \\we/you/they Werk? Wwefyousthey don’t | work does hejshe/t OM he/she/t doesn't 9H come from Canada. Where do you come from? Idon’t go away very often What does this word mean? (not What means this word?) Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates. In the following examples, dois also the main verb (do you do / doesn't do etc} ‘What do youdo?” “Iworkina shop!’ He's alwayssso lazy. He doesn't do anythingto help. \We use the present simple to say how cften we do things: I get up at8 oclock every morning. How often do you go to the dentist? Julie doesn’t drink tea very often. Robert usually goes aveay two or three times a year. I promise /1 apologise etc. ‘Sometimes we da things by saying something. For example, when you promiseto do something, you can say I promise ...'; when you suggest something, you can say'I suggest... I promise |won'tbelate. (not! promising) (— ‘Whatdo you suggest ido? I suggest that you Inthesame way wesay:| apologise ../ladvise insist ../lagree ../Irefuse etc.Exercises F TEBE complete the sentences using the folowing verbs: cause(s) close(s) connect(s) goes) live(s) speak(s) take(s) 1 Tanya... speaks. German very well. 5 My parents ina very small 2. Ben and Jack tothe same flat. school, 6 The Olympic Games. place 3. Bad driving many accidents. every four years 4 Themuseum at 4 otlockon 7 ThePanama Canal the Sundays. Atlantic and Pacific oceans. [EB put the verb into the correct form. 1 Julia..doesn’t drink _ (not / drink) tea very often. 2 What time {the banks / close) here? 3 havea car, but | (not / use) it much. 4 Where (Maria / come) from? Is she Spanish? 5 ‘What. (you /do}?" ‘I'm an electrician’ 5 Lookat this sentence, What {this word / mean)? 7 Davidisn'tvery fit. He (not do) any sport ait (take) mean hour to get to work in the morning. How long, (it/ take) you? ‘Complete the sentences using these verbs. Sometimes you need the negative. believe eat flow go grow make rise tell_—_ translate ‘The earth ..goes._..round the sun. 7 An interpreter. 2 Rice. dvesn’t grows..in cold climates, from one language into another. 3 Thesun -in the east 8 Liarsare people who 4 Bees honey. the truth 5 Vegetarians meat » The River Amazon 6 Anatheist inGod. into the Atlantic Ocean [EB You ask Lisa questions about herself and her family. Write the questions. 1 You know that Lisa plays tennis, You want to know how often, Ask her. Howoften. do you play tennis? 2. Perhaps Lisa's sister plays tennis too, You want to know, Ask Lisa yoursister ? 3 You know that Lisa goes to the cinema alot. You want to know how often, Ask her. 4 You know that Lisa's brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Lisa, You're not sure whether Lisa speaks Spanish. You want to know. Ask her. You don’t know where Lisa's grandparents live, You want to know. Ask Lisa. (EE) comptete using the following: Jagree apologise insist I promise recommend —_I suggest 1 Mr Evans is not in the office today. ...|_ suggest. .you try calling him tomorrow, 2 Iwor't tell anybody what you said, . 3 (ina restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. 4. for what | said, I shouldn't have said it 5 Thenew restaurant in Baker Street is very good, it 5 [think you're absolutely right with you(Lam doing and I do) =a Compare: present continuous (Lam doing) We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. Theaction is not complete. past now future (© Thewateris boiling. Be carefull Listen to those people, What language are they speaking? Let's go out. Itisn’t raining now. ‘’mbusy! Whatare you doing” iim getting hungry. Let's go and eat. ©. Kate wants to workin Italy, so she's learning lialian © The population of the world is increasing very fast We use the continuous for temporary situations {things that continue fora short time): V?m living with some friends until find a place of my own, & You're working hard today. 8: Yes, havea lotto do. ‘See Unit 1 for more information, en | always do and I'm always doing | always do something = | do it every time: Present continuous and present simple 1 present simple (1 do) We use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly. = Ido past now future Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius © Bxcuse me, do you speak English? (© tedoesn't rain very much insummer (O Whatde you usually do at weekends? © Lalways get hungryin the afternoon, C Most peaple learn to swim when they arechildren (©. Every day the population of the world increases by about 200,000 people. We use the simple for permanentsituations (things that continue fora long time): My parents ive in London, They have lived there al their lives. (O Joeisn'tlazy. He works hard most of thetime. See Unit2 for more information. — Lalways go to work by car. (not m always going) I?m always doing something = | do ittoo often or more often than normal For example: ae [esos ny ke oan, Palen elegtbem) I'm always losing tiem = | lose them too often, or more often than normal. Paul is never satisfied. He's always complaining. (=he complains too much) You're always looking at your phone. Don't you have anything else to do?Exercises [EB Are the underlined verbs OK? Correct them where necessary. 1 Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. ok 2 How oten re yougoingto the cinema? 0, You. ge 3. Ben tries ta find a job, but he hasn't had any luck yet. 4 Martina is phoning her mother every day. 5. The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days. : 6 Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? 7 What do you do in your spare time? 8 Sarah isa vegetarian, She doesn’t eat meat 9 Imust go now. It gets late 10 ‘Come on! t'stimeto leave! ‘OK, Icome’ 11 Pauls never late: He's always starting work on time 12 Theydon't get on well. They're always arguing [EB ut the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 a | usually, get (| / usually / get) hungry in the afternoon. b lm. getting (1 / get) hungry. Let's go and eat something. zat (you /listen) to the radio? ‘No, you can turn it off? bt (you /listen) to the radio alot?" ‘No, not very often’ 3 a TheRiver Nile (fiow) into the Mediterranean. b The river. (flow) very fast today — much faster than usual. 4-2 Fmnotvery active. . (/ not / do) any sport. b What (you / usually /do) at weekends? 5 a Rachel is in New York right now. (She / stay) at the Park Hotel. b (She / always / stay) there when she's in New York [EB put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Whyareall these people here? What's happening .. (What / happen)? 2. Juliais good at languages. (She / speak) four languages very well 3 Areyou ready yet? (Everybody / wait) for you. 4 'venever heard this word. How {you / pronounce) it? 5 Kate (not / work) this week. She's on holiday. 6 I think my English. = (improve) slowly. it’s better than it was. 7 Nicola {live) in Manchester. She has never lived anywhere else. 8 Can we stop walking soon? (1/start) to get tired 9. Sam and Tina are in Madrid right now. (They / visit) a friend of theirs. 10 ‘What (yourfather /do)?” ‘He's an architect! 11 Ittook me an hour to get to work this morning. Most days (it/not /take) so long. wi. {1/leam) to drive. My driving testis next month. My father - (teach) me. ish Bs sentences. Use always -ing. I've lost my keys again, Not again! ...You're,.alisays Losing. your. keus The car has broken dawn again. : That caris useless. tt Look! You've made the same mistake again. : Oh no, not again! | : Oh, I've left my phone at home again. Typical! LA &: x B: & 5 ® BPresent continuous and present simple 2 1am doing and I do) We use continuous forms ('m waiting, it’s raining etc) for actions and happenings that havestarted but not finished. Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this way. We don't say'lam knowing, ‘they are liking! We say'l know; ‘they like’ 1 The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous: like want need _ prefer know realise understand —_ recognise believe suppose remember mean belong fit contain consist. seem Fim hungry. I want something to eat. (not im wanting) Do you understand what | mean? ‘Anna doesn’t seem very happy right now. = aa When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion; we do not use the continuous: I think Mary is Canadian, butl'm not sure, (not mm thinking) What do you think of myidea? (= what's your opinion?) When think means ‘consider, the continuous is possible: {fm thinking about what happened. | often think aboutit Nickyis thinking of giving up herjob. (=she is consideringit) og « hear smell taste look —_feel We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with see/hear/smell/taste: Do you see that man over there? (not are you seeing) The room smells. Let's open 2 window. This soup doesn’t taste very good. You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: You look well today. or You're looking well today. Howdo you feelnow? or Howare you feeling now? but J usually feel tired in the morning, (not m usually feeling) =a am/is/are being You can say he's being .... you're being... etc. to say how somebody is behaving now: I can't understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn't usually lke that. (being selfish = behaving selfishly now) “The pathisicy. Don'tslip’ “Don'tworry. I'm being very careful’ Compare: ~ Henever thinks about other people. tHe’s very selfish. heis selfish generally, not only now) I don't like to take risks. ’m avery careful person. We use am/is/are being to say how a person is behaving (= doing something they can control) now. Itis not usually possible in other situations: © Samisill, (notis beingill) ‘Areyyou tired? (not areyou being tired)Exercises [EE put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Are you hungry? ...Do you. want... you /want) something to eat? 2. Alan says he's 90 years old, but nobody. (believe) him. 3 Shetold me her name, but (1 /not / remember it now. 4 Dor't put the dictionary away. - (fuse) it 5 Don't put the dictionary away. (/ need) it Air. (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. 7 Who is that man? What. (he / want)? ® Who isthat man? Why (he /look) at us? Who is that man? (you / recognise) him? u -(l/ think) of selling my car. Would you be interested in buying it? 12 I an't makeup my mind. What.. (you / think) | should do? 12 Gary wasn't well earlier, but (he / seem) OK now, TEER s+ the words in brackets to make sentences. ‘are you OK? You look worried. You. don't. seem. very happy today, (who / this umbrella belong to?) (these gloves /not/ft/me) Excuse me. (anybody/sit/there?) They're too small [EB re the undertined verbs OK? Correct them where necessary. 1 Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. OK, 2 ItSnot true, im not believing it. I don’t believe. ib. 3 I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat? 4 've never eaten that fruit. What ist tasting like? 5 I'm not sure what she does. | think she works in a shop. Look overthere. What are you seeing? You're very quiet. What are you thinking about? [EID comptete the sentences. Use is/are being (continuous) or is/are (simple). Ican't understand why... he’s being _.so selfish. He isn't usually like that. 2 Youll ike Sophie when you meet her. She very nice 3 Sarah very nice to meat the moment, wonder why. 4 They very happy. They/ve just got married, You're normally very patient, so why so unreasonable about waiting ten moreminutes? Would you like something to eat? hungry?ei ye Past simple (I did) ea Study this eample: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791, Hestarted composingat the age of five anilwrote more then 60 plecosof music Cae He was only 35 years ald when hedied. lived started/wrote/was/died are all past simple : ay Very often the past simple ends in ed (regular verbs} work in a travel agency now. Before that | worked in a department store. They invited us to their party, but we decided not to go. The police stopped me on my way home last night. Laura passed her exam because she studied very hard, For spelling (stopped, studied etc), see Anpendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write > wrote O Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see > saw O Wesaw Alicein town a few days ago. go > went © went to the cinema three times last week. shut — shut: CO twas cold, so1 shut the window. Fora list of irregular verbs, see Appendix. a= iin questions and negative se | enjoyed \ces we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.) you enjoy? 1 enjoy she saw did she see? she didn’t see they went. they | go? they g0 > Lenjoyed the party lot. Did you enjoy it? How many people did they invite to the wedding? I didn’t buy anything because | didn’t have any money. "Did you goout? ‘No, Ididn't” Sometimes do is the main verb in the sentence (did you do?, I didn’t do) ~) What did you do atthe weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?) Ididn’t do anything. (not! didn't anything) = ‘The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were: Vhe/she/it was/wasn't was _\/he/she/it? “we/you/they were/weren’t were we/you/they? Iwas annoyed because they were late — Was the weather good when you were on holiday? They weren't able to come because they were so busy. Iwasn't hungry, so | didn't eat anything. Did you go out last night or were you too tired?Exercises [PRB read what Laura says about a typical working day: usually getup at 7 o'clock and have abig breakfast. | walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. Istart work at 8.45. [never have lunch. 1 finish work at § o'clock. I'm always tired when | get home. 1 usually cooka meat inthe evening. | don’t usually go out. | go to bed at about 11 o'clock, and | always sleep well, Lak Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday. 1 ~5he.. gok. up. at 7 o'clock. at § o'clock. 2 She. abigbreakfast. & tired when home. 2 She 9 a meal yesterday evening. 4 tt togettowork, 10 out yesterday evening. 5 ate4s. 12 at 11 o'clock. 6 lunch. 12 ‘well last night. [P23] comptete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form: buy catch cost fall ~shurt—sell_ «spend teach throw write 1 Mozart...wrobe__ more than 600 pieces of music. 2 ‘How did you learn to drive?” “My father. me! 3. We couldn't afford to keep ourcar, so we it 4 Dave down the stairs this morning and his leg. 5 Joe.. the ball to Sue, who . it. kate. alot of money yesterday. She adress which £100, [ESE vou ask James about his holiday in the US. Write your questions. 1 you: Where,.did you go. Jawes: To the US. Wewent on a trip from San Francisco to Denver. 2 you: How 2 By car? JAMES: Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco. 3 you: It'salongwayto drive. How long 2 JAMES: Two weeks. We stopped ata ict of places along the way. 4 You: Where ? Inhotels? Jaws: Yes, small hotels or motels, 5 you: good? JAMES: Yes, butt was very hot - sometimes too hot: 6 vou: the Grand Canyon? JAMES: Of course. It was wonderful [PBDI] complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 1ewas warm, so |. 490k ..off my coat. (take) 2 The film wasn't very good, |...didn’t enjoy it much. (enjoy) 3. Iknew Sarah was busy, 50. her. (disturb) 4 We were very tired, so we the party early. (leave) 5 Itwas hard carrying the bags. They really heavy, (be) 6 The bed was very uncomfortable. | well. (sleep) This watch wasn't expensive. It much. (cost) 8 The window was open and a bird into theroom. (fly) 9 Iwas in ahurry, sol time to call you. (have) 10 Ididr't like the hotel. The room veryclean. (be) aPast continuous (I was doing) aan Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Joe played tennis. They started at Aotlock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis they were playing = they were in the middle of playing, they had not finished was/were + -ing is the past continuous: playing doing we/you/they were working etc was doing something =I wasin the middle of doingit at certain time. The action or situation started before this time, but had not finished: I started doing Iwas doing I finished doing Y oe ' | past post ow This time last year | was living in Hong Kong, ) What were you doing at 10 o¢lock last night? — Iwaved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking, a= Compare | was doing (past continuous) and I did (cost simple): was doing (- in the middle of an action) Idid (= complete action) ©) Wewere walking home when | met ©) Wewalked home after the party last Dan. (in the middle of walking home) night. (=all the way, completely) © Kate was watching TV when we ©) Kate watched TV/a lot when she was il arrived lastyear, = You can say that something happened (past simple) in the middle of something else (past continuous): Matt phoned while we were having dinner. © [twas raining when | got up. ©) Isaw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book — hurt my back while Iwas working in the gerden. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: —) Iwas walking along the road when | saw Dan. Sol stopped, and we talked for a while. Compare: (©. When Karen arrived, we were having When Karen arrived, we had dinner. dinner. (=we had already started before (Karen arrived, and then we had she arrived) dinner) Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in continuous forms (is +-ing, ‘was +-ing etc), See Unit 4A fora list of these verbs. ) Wewere good friends. We knew each other well. (not we were knowing) Iwas enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)Exercises [E21 complete the sentences. Choose from: was looking was snowing was wearing was working ‘What did he say?” 3 We: 4 This time last year Steve. 5 They didn'tseeme. They: ‘Idon't know. |. wasn’t listening were sitting Today Helen is wearing a skirt. Yesterday she... was. wearing weren't looking were you going trousers, at the back of the theatre. We couldn't hear very well ona farm. in my direction, 6 Theweather was bad. It was very cold and it. T |sawyou in your car. Where 3 | saw Kate a few minutes ago. She.. [EM which goes with which? foryou. 1 When | got to the cafe We fell asleep Amy learnt italian Tom didn’t come out with us The car began to make a strange noise The TVwas on 7 When | first met Jessica @ when she was living in Rome, b she was working in a clothes shop. © when | was driving home. but nobody was watching it while we were watchinga film. {my friends were waiting for me. g because he wasn't feeling well 1 [EB put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. sa she. She. (see) Suen town yesterday, but {not/see) me (look) the other way. \ (cycle) home yesterday when a man. road in frontof me. (step) out into the I (26) quite fas, but luckily I (manage) to stop in time, and! [EBD put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. Jenny...was. waiting ...(wait) forme when | ‘What 3! (you / go) out last night?” 4 How fast 5 Sam 6 Wewere in a very difficult position. We... (do) nothing, [haven't seen Alan forages. When | last (try) to find a job. al something behind me. Somebody - (start) torun. 9. When Iwas young, | (change) my mind. 10 Lastnight |. Fortunately it. (you / do) at this time yesterday?” arrived, (arrive). ‘No, Iwas too tired (you / drive) when the accident (take) a picture of me while | (not/hit) him. ‘Iwas asleep! (happen)? (nat / look). (not / know) what to do, so we (see) him, he - (walk) along the street when suddenly | (hear) (follow) me. Iwas scared and! (want) to bea pilot. Later |. -(drop) a plate when | (not / break). -(do) the washing up.Unit vam Present perfect 1 (I have done) on Study this example situation: ‘Tom can'tfind his key. i) He’s lost his key. (= He has lost...) hehas lost his key = helostitand he doesn't have it now have lost /has lost is the present perfect simple: Vwerheyyou have (-lvectc) | Raised done hehbel: haa Eheweey | 220% ‘The present perfect simple is have/has + past particicle. The past participle often ends in-ed (finished (decided etc.) but many verbs are irregular (lost/done/written etc Fora list of imegular verbs, see Appendix 1 When we say ‘something has happened; this is usually new information: | Ow! Pve cut my finger. The road isclosed. There’s been an accident. (- There has been ...) Police have arrested two men in connection with the rabbery. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the pasthasa result now: Tom has lost hiskey. (he doesn’t haveit now) He told me his name, but 've forgotten it. (=I can't remember itnow) Sally js stil here. She hasn’t gone out. (=sheis here now) © Ican'tfind my bag. Have you seen it? (=do you know where itis now?) Compare gone (to) and been (to): Jamesis on holiday. He has gone to italy. (=heis there now ar an his way there) ‘Amy is backhome now. She has been tolltaly. (= she has now come back) =a You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet Just =a short time ago: -) 'Areyou hungry?" ‘No, "ve just had lunch” Hello. Have you just arrived? ‘Already = sooner than expected "Dor't forget to pay the bill! ‘ve already paid it’ “What time is Mark leaving?’ ‘He's already left! Yet = until now. We use yet to show that we are expecting something to happen. We use yet in questions and negative sentences: Has it stopped rainingyet? I've written the email, but | haven't sent it yet You can also use the past simple (did, went, had etc) in the examples on this page. So you can say: ~ Benisn'there. He’s gone out. or Hewent out. © ‘Areyouhungry?’ ‘No, ’ve just had lunch’ or ‘No, |justhad lunch’Exercises Read the situations and complete the sentences using the present perfect. Choose from these verbs: break disappear goup grow improve lose shrink stop. 1 Tomis looking for his key, He can't find it Tom... has, lost. his, key, 2 Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better. Her English .. - 3. My bag was here, but it isn't here any more. My bag. 4 Lisa can't walk and her legis in plaster. Lisa 5 Last week the bus fare was £1.80, Now itis £2. The bus fare © Dan didn’t havea beard before. Nowhehasa beard. Dan T Itwas raining ten minutes ago. It isn't raining now. Ite as : a 8 | washed my sweater, and nowit's too small for me. My sweater - Putin been er gone. My parents are on holiday. They've..gone...to Italy. Hello! I've just -to the shops. |'ve bought lots of things Tom has just. out. He'll be back in about an hour. Alice isn't here at the moment. | don’t know where she’s . You're very late. Where have you 2 wawNe [E21 compiete the sentences using the present perfect. 1 Sallyisstill here, .. She hasn't gone....(she / not / go) out. 2 Ican't find my bag. (you / see /it) anywhere? 3 I can’t log on to the website. (\/ forget) my password. 4 {sent Joe an email this morning, but (he / not / reply). 5 Is the meeting stil going on, or {it/ finish)? 6 (the weather / change). It's colder now. 7 (you / not / sign) the form. Could you sign it now, please? 8 Are your friends still here, or (they / go) home? © Paul doesn't know what he’s going ta do. (he / not / decide / yet). 10 ‘Doyou know where Juliais?’ "Yes, (I /just/see/ her)! LL ‘When is David going away?” * (he / already / go)! Re (your course / start / yet)? B: Not yet. It starts next week. [PE Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?" You say: No thankyou. .. !'ve just. had. lunch ... (have lunch) 2 Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can | speak to Joe?” You say: I'm afraid (goout) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! (not / finish) 4 You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phone to reservea table. Later your friend says, ‘Shall | phone to reserve a table?’ You say: No, = (doit) 5 You know that Lisa is looking fora place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. You ask her: - 2 (find) 6 Youare still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you going foryourholiday? You say... (not / decide) Laura went out, uta few minutes ago she returned. Somebady asks, ‘Is Laura still out?” You say: No, (come back)Uni fam Present perfect 2 (I have done) =a Study this example conversation: bave: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, P've been to lots of places. DavE: Really? Have you ever been to China? JANE: Yes, P've been to China twice, pave: What about india? pot SS~*~CS JANE: No,| haven't been to India. When we talk about a period of time that continues fram the past until naw, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her lfe, which isa period that continues until now. Inthe same way we say: —) Have you ever eaten caviar? We've never had a car Idon'tknow what the film is about. Ihaven’t seen it ‘Susan really loves that book. She's read itthree times. (She’s=Shehas) Its really boringmovie. tts the most boringmoviel've ever seen. been (to) =visited: ve never been to Canada, Have you been there? Inthe following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently, in the last few days, so far, since | arrived etc. Have you heard anything from Ben recently? ~ Pye met a lot of people in the last few days. ‘hs oe 4 Everythings going well. There haven’t been any Se sincelarrived — problems so far. ‘The weatheris bad here, It's (ithas) rained every we a day since | arrived. (=from when | arrived until now) IS good to see you again. We haven't seen each ottier for a tong time. Inthe sameway we use the present perfect with teday, this evening, this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking: ve drunk four cups of coffee today. today i Have you had 2 holiday this year? haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? Past now ea Wesay ‘ts the (list) time something has happened’. For example: Don ishaving a driving lesson. It's his first lesson, x Weceitsey Thisis the fist time "ve driven a car. Iesthe first time he has driven a.car. (nat drives) “ie or Hehasn’t driven acar before. or Hehas never driven a.car before. Inthe sameway we say: Sarah has lost her passport again. Thisis the second time thishas happened. (/10¢happens) )_ Andy is phoning his girlfriend again. Its the third time he’s phoned her this evening.Exercises [EBB] vou ask people about things they have done. Write questions with ever. 1 (ride / horse?) 2 (be / California?) Have 3 (run / marathon?) 4. (speak / famous person?) 5 (most beautiful place / visit?) What's Have, you ever ridden a.,horse? [EE] complete B’s answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use these verbs: be 8 10 nu Ea be eat happen have have meet play read see try A 8 What's Mark’ssisterlike? | | Iveno idea. ..'ve never. met. her, Is everything going well? Yes, we haven't had. any problems so far. Are you hungry? Yes. | much today. Canyou playchess? || Yes, but. forages Are youenjoyingyourholiday? Yes, it's the best holiday. foralongtime. What's that book about? I don’t know. it, Is Brussels an interesting place? "eno idea there I hear your car broke down again Yes, i's the second time. yesterday. thismonth, Do you like caviar? Idon't know. it Mike was late for work again today. Again? He_ late every day this week. Who's that woman by the door? \ Idon’t know. -her before. four sentences about yourself. Use | haven't and choose from the boxes. used a computer travelled bybus eaten any fruit beentothecinema _ read a book lost anything today , this week I haven't used a computer today recently for ages since... this year 4 [ED Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 Jackis driving a car for the first time, He's very nervous and not sure what to do. es the first time he’s. driven. a car. 2 Some children at thez00 are locking.at a giraffe. They've never seen one before. Its the first time. She. 4 Joe and Lisa are on holiday in Japan. They've been to Japan once before This is the second time. 5. Emilyis staying at the Prince Hotel. She stayed there a few years ago. It's not the first. a giraffe Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. before, this hotel Ben is playing tennis for the first time. He's a complete beginner. before.“Are you going to eat anything?” ‘No, mnothunery’ x: [hearSarah won the lottery. Whatis she going to do with the money? 8: She’s going to buy anew car. F’m just going to make a quick phone call, Can you wait for me? This cheese smells horrible. I’m not going to eat it Unit . I’m going to (do) a \g to do something = | have already decided to do it, | intend to do it: ea 1am doing and | am going to do 1am doing =itis already fixed or arranged. For example, you have arranged to go somewhere ‘or meet somebody: Pm leaving next week. I've booked my flight. What time are you meeting Emily this evening? lam going to do something= I've decided to do it. Maybe I've arranged to do it, maybe not. “| a: Your shoes are dirty. bs: Yes, |know. I’m going to clean them. (I've decided'to clean them, but | haven't arranged this with anybody) I don't want to stay here, Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to stay. Compare: Idon't know what Pm doing tomorrow. (=Idon't know my schedule or plans) I don't know what itm going to do about the problem. (=! haven't decided what to do) Often the difference is small and either form is possible ea You can also say that'‘somethingis going to happen’ in thefuture. Forexample: ‘i The man isn't looking where he is going. Hels going to walk into the wall When we say that ‘somethingis going to happen; the situation now makes this clear. The man is walking towards the wall now, so we can see that he is going to walk into it Some more examples: Look at thase black clouds! It’s going to rain. {wecan see the clouds now) I feel terrible. | thinki'm going to be sick. (I feel terriblenow) ‘The economic situation isbad now and things are going to get worse. Iwas going to do something =| intended to do it, but didn't doit: < Wewere going to travel by train, butthen we decided to drive instead. Iwas just going to cross the road when somebody shouted ‘Stop! You can say that ‘something was going to happen’ (but didr't happen): | thought it was going to rain, butit didn't.ie Exercises 20 Write questions with going to. 1 Your friend has won some money. You ask (what /do2) .. What: are you. going to. do. with ib? 2. Your friend is going to a wedding next week. You ask (what / wear?) 3 Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask: (where / put?) 4 Your friend has decided to havea party. You ask: (who / invite?) Your friend has bought some fish fordinner. You ask: (how / cook?) EEE complete the sentences using |'m going to ... /’m not going to .... Choose from: complain lear run say_— trys wash_~—not/accept_- © not/eat_—notitell 1 This cheese smells horrible. ..'m.nok.going te_eat...it. 2 I haven't been trying hard enough. From now on. harder. 3 [have to makea Speech tamorrow, but | don't know what 4 ‘Theearisvery dirty’ ‘I know. .. iv? 5 I've been offered a job, but.. it. The payis too low. 6 a language, but | haven't decided yet which one. T Oneday. ina marathon. It's my ambition. 8 The food inthis restaurant is awful. — 9. Ben doesn't need to know what happened, so him, [EQE]] whatis going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets. 1 Thereare a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) e's. going to vain. 2 Itis 8.30. Tomislleaving home. He has ta be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30 minutes. (late) He. 3. Theresa hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole. {sink) The boat 4 Amyand Ben are driving, The tankis nearly emply. It's long way to the nearest pettol station, (runout) They. Sarah's car was badly damaged in an accident. Now it has to be repaired, (costa lot) tt to repair the car [EQR] complete the sentences with was/were going to, Choose from: be buy giveup_— phone play say_travel 1 We. Were, going, te, travel... by train, but then we decided to go by car instead. ae some new clothes yesterday, but I didn't have time to go to the shops, 3 Tomand tennis last week, but he'd hurt his knee and had to cancel 41 Jane, but | senther an email instead. 5 |thought the exam hard, butit was easier than | expected. © Peter. his job, butin the end he decided to stay where hewas. 'm sorry | interrupted you. What you1 1 1 will and shall 1 Wesel... Lwill) when we've just decided to do something, When we say Pll do something, we announce our decision: ‘Oh, |left the door open. Pll go and shutit ‘What would you like to drink?’ ‘ll have orange juice, please’ 2) ‘Did you call Max?’ ‘Ohno, | forgot. FU call him now: We do not use the present simple (I do /1 go etc) in these sentences: VU phone him now. (not! phone him naw) We often use! think PIL... /Idon’t think P'll._.: ma litte hungry. I think I'll have something to eat. Idon’t think P'll go out tonight. |'m too tired In spoken English will not is usually won't: “| Lean see you're busy, sa won't stay long, (will not stay long) We often use "lin these situations: Offering to do something Cu reves) That baglooks heavy. help you with it. (not! help) Agreeing to do something a: Canyou give Tom this book? B: Sure, PU give it to him when Isee him this afternoon. Promising to do something ‘Thanks forlending me the money. Pll pay you back on Friday. Iwon’t tell anyone what happened. | promise. I've tried to give her advice, but she won't listen The carwon't start. ( the car'refuses'to start) Will you (do something)?= please do it ) Will you pleasetum the musicdown? it’stoo loud. We do not use will to talk about what has been decided or arranged before: >) F'm going on holiday next Saturday. (not"'ll go) Compare: ~) Pm meeting Kate tomorrow morning. (decided before) A: Pll meet you at halfpastten, OK? Bs Fine. See you then, (decided now) We use shall mostly in the questions shalll|...2/shall we ...? We use shalll |... 2/shall we ... ?to askifit’s OK to do something orto ask fora suggestion: Shall | open the window? (= do you want me to open it?) Ive gotno money. What shall I do? (=what do you suggest?) ‘Shall we go? “Justa minute. 'mnotready yet! ‘Where shall we have lunch?’ ‘Let’ go to Marino's, Compareshall l...?andwill you ...? Shall I shut the door? (=do you want me to shutit?) Will you shut the door? (=1 wantyou to shut it)Exercises 21 =) complete the sentences with |'|\ + a suitable verb. “How are you going to gethome?’ ‘I think..." take. a taxi 1 2 ‘It's cold in this taom. ‘Isit? on the heating then 3 ‘Areyou free nent Friday? ‘Letmesee. . my diary.) 4 ‘Shall ido the washing-up? ‘No, itsall right itlater! 5 ‘Idon't know how to use this phone’ ‘OK, you! 6 ‘Would you like tea or coffee?” * coffee, please” 7 ‘Are you coming with us?" ‘No, | think here’ 8 ‘Can you finish this report today?’ ‘Well, ., but! can't promise’ [EEE] read the situations and write sentences with | think \'ll... or! don’t think 1 Isabit cold, The window is open and you decide to close it. You say: It's cold with the window open. ...|. think, I'll close, it... 2 Youare feeling tired and it’s getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say: I'mtired, so - . Goodnight! 3. The weather is nice and you need some exercise. You decide to go for a walk. You say! ita lovely morning. Do you want to come too? 4 You were going to have lunch, Now you decide you don't want to eat anything. You say: I don't feel hungry any more. lunch, 5 You planned to go swimming today. Now you decide not to go. You say: I've got.a lat to do, so .. today. Which is correct? 1 ‘Did you call Max?" “Oh no, | forgot. Healt rica him now! (Ctl call is correct) 2 Ican't meet you tomarrow morning. 'm playing /44-play- tennis. ('m playing is correct) 3 ‘Lmeet / ll meet you outside the hotel at 10.30,0?" “Yes, that's fine’ 4 Please don't goyet’ ‘OK, 'm staying I'l stay a little longer, but | have to go soon! 5 I'm having / ll have a party next Saturday. | hope you can come. 5 ‘Remember to lock the door when you go out’ ‘OK. Ldon't forget /| won't forget.” 7 ‘Do you have any plans for the weekend?” ‘Yes, we're going / welll go to a wedding’ 8 ‘Areyou doing/ Will you do anything tomorrow evening?” ‘No, 'mfree. Why?” 9 ‘Do you do/ Will yau dosomething forme?’ ‘it depends. What do you want me to do” 10 ‘Doyou go /Will you go to work by car?’ ‘Notusually. | prefer to walk” 11 Tasked Sue what happened, but she doesn't tell / wor't tell me. 12 I don’t know if can win the race tomorrow, but I'm doing /I'l do my best. [EE@] what do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall |... ? or shall we « 1 You anda friend want to do something this evening, but you don’t know what. You say: .. What shall we, do this evening? Do you want to go somewhere? 2 You and a friend are going on holiday together, but you have to decide where. You ask your friend 2 3 You try ona jacket ina shop. You are not sure whether to buy/t or not. You ask a friend for advice: - 2 Whatdo you think? 4 You and a friend are going out. You have to decide whether to get a taxi or to walk You ask your friend: .. or. 5 It's Helen's birthday soon. You want to give her a present, but what? You ask a friend: What ? Any ideas? 6 You're meeting a friend tomorrow, but you have to decide what time. You say 2 1s 10.30 OK for you?