Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
CAPACITIES
@
CBU SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
THE LUNG VOLUMES
Their values normally vary with age and sex, being 20 -25 %
less in females, and even more in old age except the residual
volume
This is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after the end
of a maximal expiration . Its average value is 1200 ml, and it can
be expelled out of the lungs only after their collapse (e.g. after
opening of the chest)
The minimal air (or volume) and its clinical importance
1-INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
This is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after the end
of a normal resting expiration. lt equals the ERV + R V = about
2200 ml.
4. VITAL CAPACITY
This is the volume of air that the lungs contain after a maximal
inspiration. lt includes all lung volumes (TV + 1RV + ERV + RV) or,
in other words, it equals the VC + RV= about 5700 ml.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
lt can also be measured by using the dilution principle but in this
case the subject starts breathing in the spirometer after a normal
expiration.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALVEOLAR AND EXPIRED AIR
The alveolar air is that air that undergoes gas exchange with
blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Its volume is about 2000 ml
after a quiet expiration.
However during the next expiration, this air is exhaled first and
is followed by alveolar air (which fills the anatomical dead space
after expiration).
This is the volume of air that actually ventilates the alveoli per
minute Since about 150 ml of the inspired TV normally remain in
the anatomical dead space, then during rest only about 350 ml of
the TV reach the alveoli each breath and the resting alveolar
ventilation = 350 x 12 =4200 ml (4. 2 litres) per minute.