Mid 1

Mid Term
Assignment 01:
1) Write four most popular uses of semiconductors.
4 most popular uses of semiconductors are given below:
i. Computers
ii. Cell Phones
iii. TV Remotes
iv. Traffic Signals
2) Why is silicon the best semiconductor?

The pure form of silicon has an atomic structure that makes it highly effective as a semiconductor.
Semiconductor has the conductive properties of metal as well as being an insulator. So, silicon can
conduct and block electricity. Besides, silicon is cheap, ultra-high purity and oxide is amazingly perfect
for IC applications. Considering above quality of silicon we can say, Silicone is the best semiconductor.
3) Explain following terms for semiconductor materials

(i) Extrinsic Material:
(ii) The Fermi level:
Assignment 02 Elasticity
(a) Explain following terms: -
i) Plastic Deformation:
Ans: It is a permanent deformation that occurs when a material is subjected to a stress that exceeds its yield
strength. The material does not return to its original shape after the applied force is removed.
ii) Modulus of elasticity:

Stress and strain are proportional to each other. The constant of proportionality is called a modulus of elasticity.
So that, Stress = modulus x strain
iii) Hooke's Law:
Ans: If deformation is small, the stress in a body is proportional to the corresponding strain; this fact is
known as Hooke’s law.
Hooke’s law states that for small deformities, the stress and train are proportional to each other.
Thus, Stress ∝ Strain
Or, Stress = K x Strain , where k is the constant of proportionality and is the Modulus of Elasticity.
σ=Eε Where, σ is the stress
E is the modulus of elasticity, also known as Young’s modulus of elasticity
ε is the strain
(b) Sketch stress- strain curve for a steel test specimen.
A stress strain curve for a steel test specimen such as that of figure 1.
The specimen deforms permanently when the stress is equal to the yield strength of the specimen’s material. It
ruptures when the stress is equal to the ultimate strength of the material.
(c) One end of a steel rod of radius R=9.5 mm and length L=81 cm is held in a vise.
A force of magnitude F=62 kN is then applied perpendicularly to the end face (uniformly across the area) at
the other end, pulling directly away from the vise. What are the stress?
We know,
. ×
Stress= = = = 2.2 × 10 N/m2
( . × )
8
The yield strength for structural steel is 2.5 × 10 N/m2, so this rod is dangerously close to its yield
strength.
Assignment 03
(a) Briefly Explain following terms:

i) Electromagnetic Wave
An electromagnetic wave is a type of wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate
outward from the source at the speed of light.
ii) Coherent Source:

Two sources are said to be coherent if they emit light waves of the same frequency, nearly the same
amplitude and are always in phase with each other. It means that the two sources must emit radiations
of the same color (wavelength)
(b) Explain analytical treatment of interference.
(c) A Bi-prism is placed at a distance of 5 cm in front of a narrow slit, illuminated by

Sodium light (λ= 5890xl0^-8 cm) and the distance between the virtual sources is found to be 0.05 cm.
Find the width of the fringes observed in an eyepiece placed at a distance of 75 cm from the Bi-prism.
Book Reference :
A Textbook Of Optics, By N.Subrahmanyam Brij Lal
Page No:-281, 282, 298
Assignment 04
(1) Define following terms: -
(a) Unit Cell: It is convenient to divide the crystal into small entities such small group of atoms or
molecules are a well-defined arrangement. These small cells are called unit cells. The unit cells
are building blocks for construction of crystal structure.
(b) Lattice: Defined as a regular periodic array of point in space. Each point in a lattice has
identical surrounding everywhere. Lattice is basically imaginary points on space with a periodic
manner.
(c) Basis: Atoms or molecules which are constituents of a crystal material. For example, in NaCl
crystal, NaCl molecule, group of one Na and one Cl atoms form basis.
(d) Crystal Structure: Crystal structure refers to the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or
molecules in a crystalline material.
(e) Crystalline: A crystalline solid is formed by regular repetition of its building blocks (atoms or
molecule) in a three-dimensional periodic array. The examples of crystals are table salt (NaCl),
diamond, snowflakes, metals, ice, ceramics.
(f) Amorphous: Materials in which constituents (atoms or molecule) are not arranged in a
regular manner over a long range. There is no periodicity in structure, if periodicity occurs, it must
be over a short distance. The examples of crystalline solid are glass, plastic, rubber etc.
(g) Draw SC, BCC, FCC, Crystal Systems:
(2) Show that Packing Fraction (PF) of Simple Cubic (SC) Crystal is 0.52.
(3) Show the classification of Crystal Structure,

(4) Draw NaCl Crystal.
(5) What is LCD? write down three uses of LCD

When solids are heated up it changes it liquid state. But there are some solids when they are
heated, not directly change into liquid state but it goes through intermediate state and state is
called liquid solid.
Uses:
i. Used in display of electrical device known as LCD.
ii. Used as temperature sensor in thermometers.
iii. Used in medical science for locating vine, arteries, infection and tumors by skin
thermograph.

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Mid Term

2) Why is silicon the best semiconductor?

3) Explain following terms for semiconductor materials

(a) Explain following terms: -

ii) Modulus of elasticity:

So that, Stress = modulus x strain

iii) Hooke's Law:

Thus, Stress ∝ Strain

σ=Eε Where, σ is the stress

E is the modulus of elasticity, also known as Young’s modulus of elasticity

(b) Sketch stress- strain curve for a steel test specimen.

(a) Briefly Explain following terms:

ii) Coherent Source:

(b) Explain analytical treatment of interference.

(c) A Bi-prism is placed at a distance of 5 cm in front of a narrow slit, illuminated by

(3) Show the classification of Crystal Structure,

(5) What is LCD? write down three uses of LCD

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