Audio Engineering 104 Paper

Della Hukill
AUDIO_ENGINEERING
AUDIO_ENGINEERING_104_PAPER
Cambodia has 612 km (380 mi) of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge rail network,
consisting of two lines: one from the capital, Phnom Penh, to Sihanoukville, and another
from Phnom Penh to Poipet, on the Thai border.The lines were originally constructed
during the time when the country was part of French Indochina, but due to neglect and
damage from civil war during the latter half of the 20th century, the railways were in a
dilapidated state, and all services had been suspended by 2009.Through rehabilitation
efforts by the government of Cambodia, with funding from the Asian Development Bank,
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), and the Australian company
Toll Holdings, freight and limited passenger service returned between Phnom Penh and
Sihanoukville by 2016, and passenger service between Phnom Penh and Poipet was fully
restored in 2019.== History ==
=== French colonial era ===
Before the Phnom Penh – Poipet railway was built in the 1930s, a 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)
railway line connecting Phnom Krom with Siem Reap was originally built by the French in
the 1890s.The French colonial government built the first line, running from Phnom Penh to
Poipet on the Thai border, between 1930 and 1940, with Phnom Penh Railway Station
opening in 1932.The final connection with Thailand was completed by Royal State Railways
in 1942.However, the service from Bangkok to Battambang was suspended when the
French Indochinese Government resumed sovereignty over Battambang and the Sisophon
area from Thailand on 17 December 1946, as Thailand was seen as a supporter of Khmer
Issarak, the anti-French, Khmer nationalist political movement.Route
Phnom Penh – Pursat – Moung Ruessei – Battambang – Sisophon – Poipet
=== Late 20th century ===
In 1955 Australia donated rolling stock, described as "railway wagons of various types",
worth at the time AUS£441,000 and "needed for new rail links."Assistance from France,
West Germany, and the United Kingdom between 1960 and 1969 supported the
construction of the second line, which runs from Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville on the
southern coast to cut down the reliance on Saigon Port of Vietnam and Khlong Toei Port of
Thailand.In 1960, Australia provided four third-class passenger carriages under the
Colombo Plan.Rail service ceased during the war but resumed in the early 1980s.Guerrilla
activities, however, continued to disrupt service.=== 21st century ===
By 2008 the service between Phnom Penh and Battambang had been reduced from daily to
weekly service due to the lack of funds to maintain the tracks and rolling stock.Even the
new diesel-electric locomotives from China could not run on the tracks due to the
dilapidated condition.Derailing of trains in operation was not infrequent.As reported by the
Phnom Penh Post in October 2008, the national railway earned merely $2 million per year;
the annual freight amount stood at 350,000, and the passenger count at 500,000.The last
regular rail service in Cambodia between Phnom Penh and Battambang was suspended
entirely in early 2009.In June 2009, Australian business Toll Holdings was awarded the
contract to begin reconstruction of Cambodia's rail network and to operate it once
complete.It is envisioned that this line would reopen by mid-2013, together with the track
further west to the Thai border, allowing for direct rail services into Cambodia from
Bangkok for the first time in over 60 years.The Australian government and the Asian
Development Bank was said to spend $26 million to help rebuild Cambodia's rail system,
the majority of the Northern and Southern lines in Cambodia.The project, if all up, would
cost $143 million, with the disruption exposed in a report by the international consortium
funding the $143 million project – Australia's international aid agency AusAID and the Asian
Development Bank.641 kilometers of track will be rehabilitated with the aim of integrating
Cambodia with the regional network such as Vietnam and Thailand; however, about 1,400
families who are living in shanty towns, have been affected and 1050 families have had to
move.The report which was prepared by AusAID and Asian Development Bank experts in
April 2012 pointed out poor construction and botched surveys leading to evictions of
families, infighting between contractors, delays and cost overruns.In March 2012, Toll said
that it would suspend its involvement in the railway project due to delays, caused by lack of
equipment, 2011's flood rains, and the resettlement of thousands of Cambodians.The line
from Phnom Penh to the deep water port at Sihanoukville was also scheduled to be
reopened in 2011.However, the company came back in late July and said it will start
transporting construction materials needed to build the southern line from 1 August.Toll
Holdings sold its 55% stake in 2014 to Royal Group, with the company renamed Royal
Railway Cambodia.In June 2012, Cambodia discussed with China on funding for a 250-
kilometre stretch of rail line between Cambodia and Vietnam.Var Sim Sorya, director
general of Ministry of Public Works and Transportation said: "China doesn’t have so many
conditions, but Chinese technicians are still well-studied," he said yesterday at a workshop
on infrastructure, although he did not specify which conditions were undesirable.In 2013,
China Railway Group planned to build a 405 km (252 mi) north–south railway across
Cambodia, which would support planned expansion of the steel industry in Cambodia.The
line between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville opened to travellers on 9 April 2016, after
having been suspended for 14 years.

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Della Hukill

restored in 2019.== History ==

=== French colonial era ===

Issarak, the anti-French, Khmer nationalist political movement.Route

Phnom Penh – Pursat – Moung Ruessei – Battambang – Sisophon – Poipet

=== Late 20th century ===

activities, however, continued to disrupt service.=== 21st century ===

dilapidated condition.Derailing of trains in operation was not infrequent.As reported by the

having been suspended for 14 years.

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