SHASTRARTH ACADEMY

A learning centre for science – NEET, JEE-IIT

BIOLOGY NOTES – LIFE PROCESS

• NUTRITION

Nutrition- The compulsory biological process of living beings in which they receives food from
outer environment and obtain energy.

Modes of nutrition-

1. Autotrophic Nutrition: Autotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which an

organism prepares its own food.
Example- Blue-green algae and all Green plants follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.

2. Heterotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from
another organism is called heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Example-all the animals get food in the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

• Heterotrophic mode of nutrition divides into three category :-

a. Saprotrophic - Saprotrophic mode of nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which an

organism obtains its food from decaying organic matter of dead plants ,dead animals
and rotten breads.
Example- bacteria and fungi
b. Parasitic - Parasitic mode of nutrition- the parasitic nutrition is the mode of
nutrition in which an organism derives its food from the body of another living
organism(called host) without killing it.
Example- cuscuta ( amarbel ), plasmodium ,male mosquito and round warm.
c. Holozoic - the holozoic mode of nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which an
organism takes the complex organic food into its body by ingestion and digest then
absorbs into the body.
Example- amoeba, human beings, dog, cat etc.

• Difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition-

S.NO. AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC
1. organisms prepare their own food organisms depend on other for their
food.
2. chlorophyl is present in them. Chlorophyll is absent in them.
3. this nutrition is found in green plants This nutrition is found in animals,fungi,
and in Some bacteria. parasites and most of the organisms
4. food is generally prepared in day time. Food can be prepared at all time.
Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process in which solar energy is trapped by chlorophyll to

convert carbon dioxide and water to produce food in the form of glucose.
• It is produced in plants where chlorophyll is present inside the chloroplast as
trapping the solar energy initiates the process.
• The water comes from the root while the carbon dioxide enters through the
stomata.
• The end product is a glucose that is either used as food or stored in the cells.

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

Human digestive system-

1. The digestion starts in our mouth, where our teeth help in crushing the food. Saliva makes the
food wet and enzyme amylase present in the saliva break carbohydrate into glucose, for easy
movement through the alimentary canal.
2. From mouth, the food is taken to stomach through the oesophagus. Gastric glands present in
the walls of the stomach release HCl, pepsin and mucus.Pepsin activate in the presence of HCL
and break the protein.
3. From stomach, the food is released into the small intestine, where digestion of carbohydrates,
fats and proteins takes place with the help of pancreatic juice ( pancreatic amylase, trypsin
and lipase) and bile juice .
4. The digested food is taken up by the walls of the intestine, which contains numerous finger-
like projections called villi.
5. The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water and salt
from this material.
6. The rest of the material is removed from the body through the anus.

Nutrition in amoeba – The mode of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic . the process of

obtaining food by amoeba is phagocytosis.

1. Ingestion – amoeba ingest food by using temporary finger like projection called
pseudopodia.
The food engulfed in a food vacuole.
2. Digestion – food is digested in a food vacuole by digestive enzymes.Enzymes break the food
into small soluble substance.
3. Absorption- the digested food absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of amoeba cell by
diffusion.
4. Assimilation- the food absorbed in amoeba cell is used to obtain energy through respiration.
5. Egestion-undigested food is thrown out of the body of amoeba by rupture of its cell
membrane.
 • RESPIRATION

Respiration - The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration.

• respiration process involve taking oxygen through breathing into the cell,using it for releasing
energy by breaking glucose then eliminating the waste product (CO2 and H2O) from the body.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

• Respiration is just opposite to photosynthesis-

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Energy released during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
molecule in the cell of the body.
• Breathing- the process in which organism obtain oxygen from air and release CO2 is called
breathing but respiration is complex process it includes breathing and oxidation of food in the
cell.
• Breathing is a physical process where respiration is a biochemical process.

Note : Diffusion – the process of movement of molecules from the region of higher concentration to
the region of lower concentration is called diffusion.

Types of respiration:-

1. Aerobic respiration- in this respiration the oxidation of complex organic food materials in
the presence of oxygen is complete and water and co2 is produced, with the release of energy
is called aerobic respiration.

Example- in all green plants, human beings, animals show this type of respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (38 ATP).

2. Anaerobic respiration- the process of respiration in which food material like glucose are
oxidised in the absence of oxygen by the bacteria is called anaerobic respiration.
Example-micro-organism , yeast and bacteria show this type of respiration.

C6H12O6 ⟶ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy (2ATP)

• What is fermentation?
- fermentation is the process of anaerobic respiration, where breakdown of complex molecule
into simpler molecule in the absence of oxygen with the help of enzymes (biocatalyst).

• Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

S.NO. AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
1. this happen in the presence of oxygen. this happen in the absence of oxygen.
2. Occurs in mitochondria. Occurs in cytoplasm.
3. Complete breakdown of glucose. Incomplete breakdown of glucose.
4. End-products are carbon dioxide and End-products are ethanol and carbon
water. dioxide.
5. Large quantity of energy is liberated (38 Small quantity of energy is liberated
ATP) from one mole of glucose. (2 ATP) from one mole of glucose.

6. Normally occurs throughout life Normally occurs throughout life.

• Difference between respiration and breathing

S.NO. BREATHING RESPIRATION

1. Breathing involves the process of inhaling Respiration is the process of the breaking down
and exhaling the air in and out of lungs. the glucose to produce energy.
2. Breathing takes place in lungs. Respiration takes place in cells.
3. Breathing is a physical voluntary process. Respiration is a chemical involuntary process.
5. No energy is produced during the Energy is released in the form of ATP.
process.
6. No enzymes are used during the process. A large number of enzymes are used during the
process.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS –

• The air drawn in through nostril and then nasal passage.
• Pharynx- tha part of throat between mouth and wind pipe is called pharynx.
• Larynx- the upper end of wind pipe (trachea) has a voice box called larynx.
• Trachea- trachea is a wind pipe supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.
• Bronchi- the lower end of trachea divided into two branches called brochi (in singular
bronchus).
• Bronchioles- each bronchus divided in the lungs to form a large number of still smaller tubes
called bronchioles.
• Alveoli- bronchioles has have tiny air-sac pouch at their ends are called alveoli. exchange of
O2 and CO2 takes place through alveoli by the diffusion process.
• Diaphragm – lungs separated from abdominal cavity through muscular partition called
diaphragm.
 • TRANSPORT

Transport -The process of in which a substance absorbed in ope part of the body of an organism is
carried to other parts of the body is called transport.

Transport in plants:

• The plants have two transport system-

1. Xylem – water and minerals are carried by the conducting tissue called xylem.
2. Phloem- food and hormones are carried by phloem.

Transport in human beings-

Blood- blood is red coloured liquid connective tissue.the main components of blood are:

1. Plasma- the liquid part of the blood is called plasma.

• Plasma is 90% of water.plasma carries CO2 ,salts,proteins ,digested food ,etc.
2. Red blood cells-red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin.
• red blood cells carry O2 from the lungs to all the cells of the body.
• RBC do not have nuclei.
3. White blood cells- white blood cells fight infections and protect us from diseases.white blood
cells also called soldiers of our body.
4. Platelets- platelets helps in the clotting of blood in a cut or wound.

Function of blood-

• Blood carries oxygen from lungs to different parts of the body.

• Blood carries CO2 from the body cells to the lungs.
 • Blood regulates the body temperature.
• Blood carries hormones.
• Blood carries digested food.
• Blood carries waste product.

Difference between arteries and veins

S.NO. ARTERIES VEINS

1. The pure, oxygenated blood are carried by The impure deoxygenated blood with
the Arteries. waste materials is carried by the Veins.
Exception- pulmonary artery and renal Exception- pulmonary vein and renal vein.
artery
2. Wall of arteries are rigid,thick and Wall of veins are thin and collapsable.
muscular.
3. They are deeply situated within the body. They are superficial, peripherally located closer
to the skin.
4. Arteries are red in color. Veins are blue in color.
5. Blood pressure is high in the arteries Blood pressure is low in the veins.
6. Arteries carries blood from heart to Veins carries blood from various parts of the
various part of the body. body to the heart.

human circulatory system-

Working-

• Oxygenated blood enters from the lungs into the left atrium.
• When the left atrium contracts,the oxygenated blood is pushed into the left ventricle
through the mitral valve(bicuspid valve).bicuspid valve allows only one directional flow of
blood.
• When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is forced into the main artery
called orta.oarta then braches into samller arteries .
• Arteries carries oxygenated blood to all the organs of the body.it gives oxygen to the cell
and get deoxygenated.
• Deoxygented blood enters through vena –cava from right atrium in the heart.
• When right atrium contract deoxygenated blood pushed into the right ventricle through
tricuspid valve.
• When the right ventricle contact the deoxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs
through pulmonary artery. And the whole process repeated continously.

Double circulation - Double circulation means that the blood flows twice in the heart before it
completes one full round. In double circulation, there are two pathways in which blood flows-
1. Pulmonary pathway- The pulmonary circulation or pathway carries the deoxygenated blood
from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

2. Systemic pathway- oxygenated blood travels from the left side of the heart to
the other areas of the body and get deoxygenated. . This deoxygenated blood again goes back
to the right side of the heart.
 • EXCRETION

Excretion- the process of removal of toxic waste from the body of an organisms is called excretion.
Excretion in plants:

• The mian waste product in plants are- H2O,O2,CO2

• The gaseous watse during respiration and photosynthesis are removed through the stomata in
leaves and lenticels in the stem.
• The plant excrete CO2 as a waste during respiration in night time.
• The plant excrete O2 as a waste during photosynthesis in day time.
• The plants store some of the solid watse product in their body part and used it by shedding of
leaves , peeling of bark and felling of fruit,secreting gums and resins.

Excretion in animals:
• In amoeba- waste product CO2 is removed by diffusion.
• In earthworm watse is remove from skin and nephridia.

Excretion in human beings:

• Number of excretory organ in human beings – skin,liver ,large intestine,lungs and kidneys.
• The major waste product in human body are CO2 and urea.
• CO2 is ecreted by lungs and urea which is produced by liver during decomposition of unused
protein is excreted by kidneys.
• The main excretory organ in humans are kidneys and lungs.

The ecretory system in humans with labelled diagram:

The main excretory system in human consists- two kidneys, two yreters, bladder and urethra.
kidneys –

• Kidneys is beam shaped pair organ located in abdominal cavity on both side of the vertebral
column.
• Each kidney is made up of large number of coiled tubes called nephrons.
• One end of each nephron is cup shaped called bowman’scapsule.
• Bowmans capsule contains a group of capillaries inside it called glomarulus.
• Blood is filtered from the walls of glomerulus.

Ureter- ureter is a pair of tubes wich carries urine from kidney to bladder.
Urinary bladder- it is like a bag in which urine is collected.

Urethra- the urine is expel out of body from bladder through the tube called urethra.

Nephron – the filteration unit of kidney is nephron.

• The nephron has a cup shaped bag called bowman’s capsule.
• The bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries which is called glomerulus.
• The function of glomerulus is to filter the blood passing through it.
• Large molecules like protein, and RBC cannot passout through the glomerulus but small
molecules like glucose ,amino acid,urea,salt ,water can pass through the glomerulus.
• Glomerulus is connected to tubuls.the function of tubules and henle’s loop is to allow the
selective reabsorption of useful substance like glucose,water,amino acid.
• the waste is collected by collecting duct and stored in the bladder.