Unit – 3 Logarithms

Need of Scientific Notation (K.B) Note (U.B+K.B)

There are so many numbers that we use in Steps to change an ordinary number into
science and technical work that are either scientific notation:
very small or large. (i) Place the decimal point after the first
While writing these numbers in ordinary non-zero digit of given number.
(ii) We multiply the number obtained in
notation (Standard notation) there is always step (i), by 10n if we shifted the
chance of making an error by omitting a decimal points n places to the left
zero or writing more than actual number of (iii) We multiply the number obtained in
zeros. To overcome this problem, scientists step (i) by 10 n if we shifted the
have developed a concise, precise and decimal points n places to the right.
convenient method to write very small or On the other hand, if we want to change a
very large numbers, that is called scientific number from scientific notation to ordinary
notation of expressing an ordinary number. (standard) notation, we simply reverse the
process.
Scientific Notation (K.B)
Example # 2 (A.B)
(LHR 2018, SGD 2017, RWP 2017)
Change each of the following numbers from
A number written in the form a 10n , where scientific notation to ordinary notation.
1  a  10 and n is an integer, is called the (i) 6.35 106 (ii) 7.61104
scientific notation. Solution
For example: (i) 6.35 106  6350000
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is (Move the decimal point six places to the right)
150,000,000 Km approximately. (ii) 7.61104  0.000761
In scientific notation 150,000,000 km = (GRW 2018, SGD 2019, D.G.K 2017)
1.5 108 km. (Move the decimal point four places to the left).

Example # 1 (A.B) Exercise 3.1

Write each of the following ordinary Q.1 Express each of the following numbers
numbers in scientific notation in scientific notations.
(i) 30600 (ii) 0.000058 (i) 5700 (MTN 2017, FSD 2018) (A.B)
Solution:  5.7 103
(i) 30600  3.06 104 (ii) 49,800,000 (A.B)
(move decimal point four places to the left)  4.98 10 7

(ii) 0.000058  5.8 105 (iii) 96000000 (MTN 2017) (A.B)

(move decimal point five places to the right)  9.6 10 7

MATHEMATICS-9 91
Unit – 3 Logarithms

(iv) 416.9 (A.B) Note (U.B+K.B)

 4.169 102
 a n  y and log a y  x are respectively
(v) 83000 (A.B)
 8.3 104 exponential and logarithmic forms of
the same solution.
(vi) 0.00643 (A.B)
(LHR 2017, FSD 2017, BWP 2017, D.G.K 2017) 32 = 9 is equivalent to log 3 9  2 and
 6.43 103 1 1
(vii) 0.0074 (A.B) 21  is equivalent to log 2    1
2 2
 7.4 103
 Logarithm of a negative number is not
(viii) 60,000,000 (A.B) defined at this stage.
 6 107  Idea of logarithm was given by a
(ix) 0.00000000395 (A.B) Muslim mathematician Abu
(SWL 2019, D.G.K 2013)
Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi.
 3.95 109
 Logarithmic table with base e was
275000
(x) (LHR 2013) (A.B) prepared was John Napier.
0.0025  Logarithmic table with base 10 was
2.75 105
 prepared was Professor Henry Briggs.
2.5 103  Anti-logarithm table was prepared by
Q.2 Express the following number in Jobst Burgi in 1620 A.D.
ordinary notation.
(LHR 2017, GRW 2017, 19, 21, SWL 2019,  Napier’s logarithm is also known as
FSD 2017, BWP 2019) Natural logarithm.
(i) 6 104 (A.B)  e is an irrational number whose approx
 0.0006 value is 2.718.
(ii) 5.06×1010 (A.B) Example # 3 (A.B)
= 50600000000
(iii) 9.018×10-6 (A.B) Find log 4 2, i.e., find log of 2 to the base 4
 0.000009018 Solution:
(iv) 7.865×108 (A.B)
 786500000 Let log 42  x
Logarithm (K.B) Then its exponential form is 4x  2
(LHR 2018, RWP 2014, D.G.K 2017) i.e. 22 x  21
Logarithm are useful tools for accurate and
rapid computations. Logarithms base 10 are 2x  1 bases are same
known as common logarithms and those 1
with base e are known as natural logarithm. x
2
Logarithm of a Real Number 1
(K.B+U.B)  log 4 2 
2
If a  y they x is called the logarithm of
x

y to the base ‘a’ and is written as Deductions from Definition of

log a y  x , where a  0, a  1 and y  0 logarithm (K.B)
The relation a x  y andlog a y  x are (i) Since a 1  log a1  0
0

equivalent. Logarithm of unity to any base is 0.

Thus (ii) Since a1  a  log a a  1
a  y  log a y  x
x
Logarithm of a number with itself as
base is 1.
MATHEMATICS-9 92
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Common Logarithm (K.B)  Instead of –3 or –1 characteristic is

In daily life we use decimal system (means written as 3, 2 or1 ( 3 is read as bar 3) to
system of base 10) so in numerical avoid the mantissa becoming negative.
calculations, the base of logarithm is taken i.e. 2 .3748 does not mean -2.3748. In
as 10. This logarithm is called common 2 .3748,2 is negative but .3748 is
logarithm or Briggesian logarithm in honour positive where as in -2.3748 both 2 and
of Henry Briggs, an English mathematician .3748 are negative.
and astronomer, who developed them.
Mantissa (K.B)
Characteristic (K.B)
Fractional part of the logarithm of a number
Integral part of the logarithm of a number is
is called mantissa. It may be positive or
called characteristic. It may be positive or
negative. negative.
For example: For example:
Characteristic of 99.6 is 1.
If log x  2.3451 , then mantissa is 0.3451
How to find Characteristic (U.B)
Finding the Mantissa of the
It is always one less than the number of
digits in the integral part of the number. Logarithm of a Number (K.B)
Or Mantissa is found by making use of
When a number b is written in the scientific logarithm tables. These tables have been
notation, i.e. in the form b  a 10n where constructed to obtain the logarithms up to 7
1  a  10 , the power of 10 i.e. n will give decimal places. A four-figure logarithmic
the characteristic of log b. table provides sufficient accuracy.
A logarithmic table is divided into 3 parts.
Examples:
(a) The first part of the table is the
Scientific Characteristic extreme left column headed b7 blank
Number square. This column Contain numbers
Notation of the logarithm
from 10 to 99 corresponding to the
1.02 1.02  10o 0 first two digits of the number whose
logarithm is required.
(b) The second part of the table consists of
1662.4 1.6624 103 3
10 columns headed by 0,1,2,…..,9;
These headings correspond to third
0.872 8.72  10-1 –1
from the left of the number. The
numbers under these columns record
0.00345 3.45 10-3 –3
mantissa of the logarithms with
decimal point omitted for simplicity.
Note (K.B+U.B)
(c) The third part of the table further
 Characteristic of the logarithm of a consists of small columns known as
number less then 1, is always negative mean differences columns heard by
and one more then the number of zeros 1,2,3…..9 these heading correspond to
immediately after the decimal paint of the fourth digit from the left of the
the number. number. The readings of these
columns are added to the mantissa
recorded in second part (b) above.
MATHEMATICS-9 93
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Example # 1 (A.B) Example # 3 (A.B)

Find the mantissa of the logarithms of Find (i) log 278.23 (ii) log 0.07058
43.254. Solution:
Solutions: (i) 278.23 can be round off as 278.2
The characteristic is 2
Rounding off 43.254 we consider
The mantissa using log tables, is
only the four significant digits 4325. 0.4443
(i) We first locate the row corresponding Thus, Log 278.23 = 2.4443
to 43 in the log tables and
(ii) The characteristic of log 0.07058 is 2
(ii) Proceed horizontally tell we reach Using log tables the mantissa is 0.8487
the column corresponding to 2. The So that
number at the intersection is 6355. log 0.07058 = 2 .8487
(iii) Again proceeding horizontally till
the mean difference column Antilogarithm (K.B)
corresponding to 5 intersects this (GRW 2018, MTN 2015)
row, we get the number 5 at the The number whose logarithm is given is
intersection. called antilogarithm.
(iv) Adding the two numbers 6355 and 5 If log a y  x , then y is the antilogarithm
we get. 0.6360 as the mantissa of the of x, or y = antilog x.
logarithm of 43.25.
Example (A.B)
Example # 2 (A.B) Find the number whose logarithms are
Find the mantissa of the logarithm of (i) 1.3247 (ii) 2 .1324
0.002347 Solution:
Solution: (i) 1.32147
Here, we consider only the four Reading along the row corresponding to
significant digits 2347 .32 (as mantissa = 0.3247), we get 2109
at the intersection of this row with the
We first locate the row column correspond to 4. The number at
corresponding to 23 in the logarithm the intersection of this row and the mean
tables and along the same row to its difference column corresponding to 7 is
intersection with the column 3 adding 2109 and 3 we get 2112.
corresponding to 4 the resulting Since the characteristic is 1 (it is
increased by 1), there for the decimal
number is 3692. The number at the point is fixed after two digits from left to
intersection of this row and the mean right in 2112.
difference column corresponding to Hence
7 is 13. Hence the sum of 3692 and antilog of 1.3247 = 21.12
13 gives the mantissa of the (ii) 2.1324
logarithm of 0.002347 as 0.3705. Proceeding as in (i) the significant figures
corresponding to the mantissa 0.1324 are
Note (K.B+U.B)
1356. Since the characteristics is 2 , its
The logarithms of number having the numerical value 2 is decreased by 1.
same sequence of significant digits Hence there will be one zero after the
have the same mantissa e.g., the decimal point
mantissa of log of number 0.002347 Hence
and 0.2347 is 0.3705. antilog of 2 .1324 = 0.01356
MATHEMATICS-9 94
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Exercise 3.2 (iii) log0.003109

Q.1 Find the common logarithms of Characteristics = 3
Mantissa = 0.4926
each of the following numbers.
log0.003109  3.4926
(i) log 232.92 (K.B)
(iv) log 0.3109
Solution:
Ch  2 Characteristics = 1
Mantissa = 0.3672 Mantissa = 0.4926
log 232.92  2.3672 log 0.3109  1.4926
(ii) log 29.326 (K.B) Q.3 Find the numbers whose common
Solution: logarithms are (K.B)
Ch  1 (i) 3.5621
Mantissa = 0.4672 Solution:
 log 29.326  1.4672 Let required number = x
Then, log x  3.5621
(iii) log 0.00032 (K.B)
Taking antilog on both sides
Solution: antilog log x  antilog3.5621
Ch  4  x  3649.0
Mantissa = 0.5051 Hence, required number = 3649
 log 0.00032  4.5051 (ii) 1.7427
(iv) log 0.3206 (K.B) Solution:
Solution: Let required number = x
Ch  1 Then, log x  1.7427
Mantissa = 0.5059 Taking antilog on both sides
 log 0.3206  1.5059 antilog log x  antilog1.7427
Q.2 If log 31.09  1.4926, find the  x  0.5530
Hence, required number = 0.5530
value of the following. (K.B) Q.4 What replacement for the
(i) log 3.109 unknown in each of the following
(ii) log 310.9 will make the true statements?
(iii) log 0.003109 (U.B+K.B+A.B)
(iv) log 0.3109 (i) log3 81  L
Solution: Solution:
If log 31.09  1.4926 log3 81  L
Then, mantissa = 0.4926 Writing in exponential form.
(i) log3.109 3L  81
Characteristics = 0 3L  34
Mantissa = 0.4926 Bases are equal so
log3.109  0.4926 L4
(ii) log310.9 (ii) log a 6  0.5 (GRW 2017)
Characteristics = 2 Solution:
Mantissa =0.4926 log a 6  0.5
log310.9  2.4926
In exponential form
MATHEMATICS-9 95
Unit – 3 Logarithms

a0.5  6  1 12 
x

 2 .2   2
9
1
a2  6  
a 6  32 
x

2   2
9
Taking square on both sides
 
a   6
2 2
3
x

a  36 2 2  29
(iii) log5 n  2 Bases are equal so
3
Write in exponential form x9
52  n 2
25  n 9 2
x
Or n  25 3
(iv) 10P  40 18
6

Solution: x
3
10P  40
x6
Changing into logarithmic form
Q.6 Find the value of x from the
P  log10 40
following statements.
 log 40
(i) log 2 x  5 (A.B)
 P  1.6021
Q.5 Evaluate. (GRW 2021, MTN 2018, 21, BWP 2019,
SGD 2021)
1
(i) log 2 (U.B) Solution:
128
(LHR 2017, MTN 2017, SWL 2019) log 2 x  5
Solution: Write in exponential form.
1 25  x
Suppose log 2 x
128 32  x
Writing in exponential form. x  32
1
2x  (ii) log81 9  x (A.B)
128
(LHR 2016, GRW 2013, FSD 2015, 17,
1
2x  7 SWL 2017, MTM 2013, D.G.K 2017 )
2 Solution:
2  27
x
log81 9  x
Bases are equal so
x  7 Writing in the exponential form.
(ii) log 512 to the base 2 2 (U.B) 81x  9
(GRW 2016, SWL 2013, MTN 2015, RWP
2016, D.G.K 2018)
9  2 x
9

Solution: 92 x  9
log 2 2 512  x Bases are equal so
2x  1
Writing in exponential form
1
2 2  x
x
 512 2

MATHEMATICS-9 96
Unit – 3 Logarithms

x First Law of Logarithm (K.B+U.B)

(iii) log 64 8  (A.B)
2 log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
(LHR 2013, GRW 2013, 17, SWL 2016,
BWP 2018, SGD 2013, 14, 21, MTN 2019, Proof:
FSD 2015, RWP 2013, 16) Let
Solution: log a m  x and log a n  y
x Writing in exponential form
log 64 8 
2 a x  m  (i) and a y  n  (ii)
Writing in exponential form. Multiplying equation (i) and (ii)
a x  a y  mn
x
64  8
2

a x  y  mn
 
x

82 2
8 In logarithmic form
log a (mn)  x  y
8x  8
Bases are equal so Putting the values of x and y
x 1 log a (mn)  loga m  log a n
(iv) log x 64  2 (A.B) Hence proved
(LHR 2018, 21, FSD 2021, RWP 2019,
Note (K.B+U.B)
MTN 2018, 21, SWL 2021) (i) log a (mn)  log a m  log a n
Solution: (ii) log a m  log a n  log a (m  n)
log x 64  2 (iii) log a (mnp...)  log a m  log a n  log a p  ...
Writing in exponential form Example # 1 (A.B)
x 2  64 Evaluate: 291.3 42.36
x 2  82 Solution:
Exponents are equal so Let x = 291.3  42.36
x 8 Taking log on both sides
(v) log3 x  4 (A.B) log x = log (291.3  42.36)
Solution: log x  log 291.3  log 42.36
log3 x  4 log a mn  log a m  log a n
Writing in exponential form = 2.4643+ 1.6269
= 4.0912
34  x
Taking antilog on both sides
81  x
antilog x = antilog 4.0912
Or x  81 x = 12340
Laws of Logarithm (K.B+U.B) 291.3 42.36 = 12340
(MTN 2018, RWP 2017) Second Law of Logarithm
(i) log a  mn   log a m  log a n (U.B+K.B)
m
m log a    log a m  log a n
(ii) log a    log a m  log a n n
n
Proof:
(iii) log a mn  n log a m Let
(iv) log a n  logb n  log a b log a m  x and log a n  y
Writing in exponential form
MATHEMATICS-9 97
Unit – 3 Logarithms

a x  m  (i) and a y  n  (ii) Third law of logarithm (U.B+K.B)

log a  m   n log a m
n
Dividing equation (i) and (ii)
ax m
 Proof:
ay n Let log a m  x
m
 a x y  Writing in exponential form
n ax  m
In logarithmic form Taking nth power on both sides
m
log a    x  y a x n
 mn
n
Putting the values of x and y a nx  mn
m In logarithmic form
log a  log a m  log a n log a mn  nx
n
Note (U.B+K.B) Putting the value of x
log a mn  n log a m
 m  log a m Example # 1 (A.B)
(i) log a   
 n  log a n
 0.0163
3
4
(ii) log a m  log a n  log a (m  n) Evaluate:
1 Solution:
(iii) log a    log a 1  log a n   log a n
y  4  0.0163
3
n Let
 loga 1  0 1 3
  0.0163    0.0163 4
3 4
 
Taking log on both sides
Example # 1 (A.B) 3
log y  log  0.0163 4
291.3
Evaluate: 3
42.36 log y   log 0.0163
Solution: 4

Let x 
291.3
42.36
3

 2.2122
4

3
Taking log on both sides   2  0.2122 
291.3 4
log x  log
3
42.36   1.7878
log x  log 291.3  log 42.36 4
m  1.3408
log a    log a m  log a n  1.3408  2  2
n
 2.6592
= 2.4643 – 1.6269
Taking antilog on both sides
= 0.8374
Taking antilog on both sides antilog y  antilog 2.6592
antilog x = antilog 0.8374 y  0.04562
x = 6.877
 4  0.0163  0.04562
3
291.3
 = 6.877
42.36
MATHEMATICS-9 98
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Fourth law of logarithm / Change of  log 2 3  log3 8  3

Base Formula (U.B+K.B) Exercise 3.3
logb n
log a n  logb n  log a b or Q.1 Write the following into sum or
logb a difference log  A  B  (A.B)
Proof:
Let logb n = x. (i) log  A  B 
Writing in exponential form Solution: log  A  B 
n = bx log A  B  log A  log B
Taking log to the base a on both
sides log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
log a n  log a b x (ii) log
15.2
Applying 3rd law of logarithm 30.5
log a n  x log a b Solution:
Putting the value of x 15.2
log
Thus log a n  logb n  log a b 30.5
m
1 log a  log a m  log a n
log a n  logb n  n
logb a  log15.2  log30.5
logb n
log a n  21 5
logb a (iii) log
8
Note (K.B+U.B) Solution:
 log a n  logb n  log a b 21 5
log
Putting n = a in the above result, we 8
get m
log a a  logb a  log a b log a  log a m  log a n
n
1  logb a  log a b  log  21 5  log8
1 log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
Or log a b 
logb a  log 21 log5  log8
 log10 e  log 2.718  0.4343
7
1 1 (iv) log 3
 log e 10    2.3026 15
log10 e 0.4343 Solution:
Example: (A.B) 1

Calculate log 2 3  log3 8 7  7 3

log 3  log  
Solution: 15  15 
log 3 log8 1 7
log 2 3  log 2 8    log  
log 2 log 3 3  15 
log a  m   n log a m
n
logb n
log a n 
logb a 1
  log 7  log15
log8 log 23 3
 
log 2 log 2 m
log a  log a m  log a n
log a  m   n log a m
n
n
1 1
3log 2  log 7  log15
 3 3
log 2
MATHEMATICS-9 99
Unit – 3 Logarithms
1
 x  x  13 
 22  3  log  2 2 
(v) log
53  x  x  1 
 
Solution:
x  x  1  x  1
2
1
 22  1  log
x  x  x  1  x  1
3
log 3
 log 22  log 53
3
5
 x  1
2
m
log a  log a m  log a n  log
n x  x  1
1
 log 22  3log 5 Q.3 Write the following in the form of
3 a single logarithm. (A.B)
log a  m   n log a m log 21  log5
n
(i)
25  97 Solution:
(vi) log log 21  log5
29
Solution: log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
25  47  log  21 5
log  log  25  47   log 29
29 (ii) log 25  2log3
m Solution: log 25  2log3
log a  log a m  log a n
n  log 25  2log3
 log 25  log 47  log 29  log 25  log 32
log a  m   n log a m
n
log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
Q.2 Express 25 m
 log log a  log a m  log a n
log x  2log x  3log  x  1  log  x 2 1 as a
2
3 n
(iii) 2log x  3log y
single logarithm. (BWP 2017, SWL 2018, 19, MTN 2019,
Solution: D.G.K 2019)
Solution:
log x  2log x  3log  x  1  log  x 2 1 2log x  3log y
 log x  log x 2  log  x  1  log  x 2  1  log x2  log y3
3

x2 m
log a  m   n log a m  log log a  log a m  log a n
n
3
y n
 x  1 log5  log 6  log 2 (FSD 2018)
3
 x  (iv)
 log  2   log 2
x  x 1 Solution:
m log5  log 6  log 2
log a  log a m  log a n log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
n
 x  x  13   log  5  6   log 2
 log  2  2 
x x  1  m
 log a  log a m  log a n
log a (mn)  logb m  log a n n
5 6
 log Ans
2
MATHEMATICS-9 100
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Q.4 Calculate the following. Q.5 If log 2  0.3010,log3  0.4771 and

(i) log3 2  log 2 81 log5  0.6990, then find the values
(LHR 2019, FSD 2017, 19) of the following. (A.B)
Solution: (i) log32

log3 2  log 2 81  log 25

using 3rd law of logarithm

log 2

log 81  5log 2
log 3 log 2 By putting the value of log 2
log 81  5  0.3010 

log 3  1.5050 Ans
(ii) log 24
log 34
 Solution:
log 3 log 24
log a  m   n log a m
n
 log  23  3

4 log 3  log 23  log 3


log a  m   n log a m
n
log 3
 3log 2  log3
 4 Ans
By putting the value
(ii) log5 3  log3 25
 3  0.3010   0.4771
Solution:  0.9030  0.4771
log5 3  log3 25  1.3801

Applying 4th law of logarithm 1

(iii) log 3
3
log 3 log 25
  Solution:
log 5 log 3
1
log 25 log 3
 3
log 5 1
 10  2
log 52  log  
  3
log 5
log a  m   n log a m
n

log a  m   n log a m
n

1  25
 log 

2 log 5 2  3 
log 5 Using 1st and 2nd laws of logarithm
 2 Ans 1
  log 2  log 5  log 3
2
By putting the values
MATHEMATICS-9 101
Unit – 3 Logarithms

log a  m   n log a m
n
1
  0.3010  0.69900  0.4771
2  3log 2  log3
1
 1  0.4771 By putting the values
2  3  0.3010   0.4771
1
  0.5229   0.9030  0.4771
2  0.4259 Ans
 0.26145 (v) log 30
8
(iv) log Solution:
3 log 30
Solution:
8  log  5  2  3
log using first law of logarithm
3
 log5  log 2  log3
23
 log By putting the values
3
  0.6990    0.3010    0.4771
m
log a  log a m  log a n  1.4771 Ans
n
 log 23  log 3

Application of Laws of Logarithm in Numerical Calculations

So far we have applied laws of logarithm to simple type of products, quotients, powers or
roots of numbers. We now extend their application to more difficult examples to verify
their effectiveness in simplification.
Example 1: (A.B+K.B+U.B)
16 25 81
Show that 7 log  5log  3log  log 2
15 24 80
Solution:
16 25 81
L.H.S. = 7 log  5log  3log
15 24 80
m
log a  log a m  log a n
n
= 7 log16  log15  5 log 25  log 24   3 log81 log80 
= 7 log 24  log 3  5   5 log5 2  log 2 3 3   3 log3 4  log 2 4 5 
log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
= 7 4log 2  log3  log5   5 2log5  3log 2  log3  3 4log3  4log 2  log5
= 28log2 15log2 12log2  7log3 5log3 12log3 7log5 1 0log5  3log5
=  28 15 12  log 2   7  5 12  log3   7 10  3 log5
= 1 log 2   0  log3  0  log5
= log 2  0  0
= log 2  R.H.S
MATHEMATICS-9 102
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Example # 2 (A.B)
0.0792  18.99 
2

Evaluate: 3
 5.79   0.9474
4

Solution:
0.07921 18.99 
2

Let y  3
 5.79    0.9474 
4

1
 0.07921 18.99 2  3
 
  5.79   0.9474 
4

Taking log on both sides

1
 0.07921 18.99 2  3
log y  log  
  5.79   0.9474 
4

log a  m   n log a m
n

1  0.07921 18.99 2 
= log  
  5.79    0.9474  
4
3
m
log a  log a m  log a n
n
1
log 0.07921 18.99    log  5.79   0.9474
2 4
=
3    
log a (mn)  logb m  log a n
1
  log 0.07921  2log18.99    4log 5.79  log 0.9474 
3
1
= log 0.07921  2log18.99  4log 5.79  log 0.9474 
3
1
=  2.8988  2 1.2786   4 0.7627  1.9765 
3
1
=  2.8988  2.5572  3.0508 1.9765 
3
1
3
1
= 1.4660  3.0273  2.4287
3
 
1
= 3  1.4287 
3
= 1  0.4762  1.4762
Or y = antilog 1.4762
y = 0.2993
MATHEMATICS-9 103
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Example # 3 (A.B)
Ao
Given A  Aoe kd If k = 2 what be the value of d to make A  ?
2
A  Ao e  kd
Ao
 Ao e  kd
2
Ao
 e  kd
2 Ao
1
 e  kd
2
Substituting k = 2 and where e = 2.718
1
  2.718
2 d

2
Taking Common log on both sides
1
log10  log10  2.718
2 d

2
log10 1  log10 2  2d log10  2.718
0  0.3010  2d  0.4343
0.3010  0.8686  d 
0.3010
d
0.8686
d  0.3465

Exercise 3.4
1
(ii)  789.5 8
Q.1 Use log tables to find the value of Solution:
(i) 0.8176 13.64 (A.B) 1
Let x   789.5 8
Solution:
Suppose Taking log on both sides
1
x  0.8176 13.64 log x  log  789.5 8
Taking log on both sides
According to third law
log x  log  0.8176 13.64  1
According to first law of logarithm log x  log  789.5
8
log x  log0.8176  log13.64 1
log x   2.8974 
 1.9125  1.1348 8
log x  1  0.9125  1.1348 2.8974
=
log x  1.0473 8
Taking antilog on both sides log x  0.3622
x  antilog1.0473 Taking antilog on both sides
x  11.15 x = antilog 0.3622
x  2.302
MATHEMATICS-9 104
Unit – 3 Logarithms

0.678  9.01 Suppose

(iii)
0.0234 1.23  0.6975
x
Solution: 0.0075 1278
Suppose 1.23  0.6975
0.678  9.01 log x  log
x 0.0075 1278
0.0234  log 1.23  0.6975  log  0.0075 1278
Taking log on both sides
0.678  9.01  log1.23  log 0.6975 –  log 0.0075  log1278
log x  log  log1.23  log 0.6975 – log 0.0075  log1278
0.0234
According to 1st and 2nd law of log  0.0899  1.8435  3.8751  3.1065
log x  log 0.678  log9.01  log 0.0234  0.8999   1  0.8435   3  0.8751  3.1065
log x  1.8312  0.9547  2.3692  1.0482
 1  0.8312  0.9547   2  0.3692  log x  2  2  1.0482
 2.4167 log x  0.9518  2  0.9518
Taking antilog on both sides log x  2.9518
x = antilog 2.4167 Taking antilog on both sides
x  261.0 x = antilog 2.9518
(iv) 5
2.709  7 1.239  0.08950
Solution: 0.7214  20.37
Let x = 5 2.709  7 1.239 (vi) 3
60.8
1 1
=  2.709  5  1.239  7 Solution:
0.7214  20.37
Taking log on both sides Let x  3
 1 1
 60.8
log x  log  2.709  5  1.239  7  1
   0.7214  20.37  3
According to law of logarithm x 
1 1
 60.8
log x  log  2.709  5  log 1.239  7 Taking log on both sides
1
According to third law of logarithm  0.7214  20.37  3
1 1 log x  log  
log x  log  2.709   log 1.239   60.8 
5 7 rd
3 of logarithm
1 1  0.7214  20.37 
log x  log  2.709   log 1.239  1
log x  log 
5 7 3  60.8 
1 1 nd
 0.4328  0.0931 According to first and 2 law
5 7 1
= 0.0866  0.0133 log x  log 0.7214  log37  log 60.8
3
 0.0999
Taking antilog on both sides 1
log x  1.8582  1.3089  1.7839
x = antilog 0.999 3
x  1.259
1
(v)
1.23  0.6975 =  1  0.8582  1.3089 1.7839
0.0075 1278 3
Solution:
MATHEMATICS-9 105
Unit – 3 Logarithms

1  438 0.056
3
  0.6168 (viii)
3
 388
4
 0.2056
log x is in negative, so Solution:
log x  1  1  0.2056  438 0.056
3

Suppose: x 
 1  0.79144  388
4

 1.7944 1
 438  0.056  2
3
Taking antilog on both sides
x
 388
4
x = antilog 1.7944
= 0.6229 1
 438  0.056  2
3
(vii)
x
83  3 92  388
4
Solution:
127  5 246 Taking log on both sides
83  3 92  1

Suppose: x     
3
 438 0.056 2

127  5 246 log x  log
  388
4

 
1
83   92  3
x 1
st
According to 1 and 2 law nd

127   246  5 1
log x  log  438  log  0.056  2  log  388
3 4

Taking on both sides

1 According to third law
83   92  3 1
log x  log 1 log x  3log  438  log  0.056   4log  38
127   246  5 2
According to 1st and 2nd law of log
1 1
1
2
 
log x  3  2.6415  2.7482  4  2.5888
log x  log83  log  92   log127  log  246 
3 5 1
 7.9245   2  0.7482   10.3552
According to third law of log 2
1 1 1
log x  log83  log92  log 27  log 246  7.9245   1.2518  10.3552
3 5 2
1  7.9245  0.6259  10.3552
log x  1.9191  1.9638    2.1038   3.0566
3
1 log is in negative, so
  2.3909  log x  4  4  3.0566
5
= 1.9191 + 0.65460 – 2.1038 – 0.47818  4  0.9434 = 4.9434
 1.9191  0.6546  2.1038  0.47818 Taking antilog on both sides
 0.0083 x  antilog 4.9434
log x is in negative, so  0.0008778
log x  1  1  0.0083 Q.2 A gas is expanding according to
 1  0.9917 the law pv n  C .
 1.9917 Find C when p = 80, v = 3.1 and
Taking antilog log on both sides 5
n .
x  antilog 1.9917 4
x  0.9811 Solution:
MATHEMATICS-9 106
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Given pv n  C Hence 10 units will be demanded

22
Taking log on both sides Q.4 If A   r 2 , find A, when  
log  pv n  = log C 7
Applying laws of logarithm and r  15 . (A.B)
log C =log P + n log v Solution:
5 Given that A   r 2
Putting P=80, v=3.1 and n  Taking log on both sides
4
5 log A=log  r 2
log C = log 80+ log 3.1 22
4 Putting  = and r =15
5 7
=1.9031+ (0.4914) 22
log A  log 15
2
4
=1.9031+0.6143 7
log C = 2.5174 Applying laws of logarithm
Taking antilog both sides log A = log 22-log 7+2 log 15
C=Antilog (2.5174) = 1.3424-0.8451+2(1.1761)
C=329.2 = 0.4973+2.3522
Q.3 The formula p= 90 (5)-q/10 applies log A = 2.8495
to the demand of a product, where Taking antilog on both sides
q is the number of units and p is A = antilog 2.8495
the price of one unit. How many A = 707.1
units will be demanded if the price 1 22
Q.5 If V   r 2 h, find V, when   ,
is Rs 18.00? (A.B) 3 7
Solution: r  2.5 and h=4.2. (A.B)
q
Given that p  90  5 10 Solution:
1
Taking log on both sides Given that V   r 2 h
q 3
log p  log 90  5 10 Taking log on both sides
Applying laws of logarithm 1
log V  log  r 2 h
q 3
log P = log 90  log 5
10 Putting the values
1 22
log V  log   2.5  4.2 
Putting the value of P 2

q 3 7
log 18= log 90- log 5
10 Applying laws of logarithm
q  log1  log3  log 22 – log 7  2log 2.5  log 4.2
1.2553=1.9542- × 0.6990
10  0.4771  1.3424  0.8450  2  0.3979  0.6232
q
1.2553-1.9542 =  × 0.6990  0.4771  1.3424  0.8450  0.7959  0.6232
10 log V=1.4394
-0.6989 × 10 = - q × 0.6990 Taking antilog on both sides
-6.989=-q × 0.6996 V=antilog 1.4394
6.989 = q × 0.6996
V=27.50
6.989
=q
0.6990
q =10 approximately

MATHEMATICS-9 107
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Review Exercise 3

Q.1 Multiple choice Questions. Choose of the correct answer. (K.B)

(i) If a x  n , then…
(a) a  log x n (b) x  log n a
(c) x  log a n (d) a  log n x
(ii) The relation y=logzx implies…
(LHR 2017, GRW 2014, FSD 2015, 16, MTN 2014, 15, 17, BWP 2017)
(a) xy=z (b) zy=x
z
(c) x =y (d) yz=x
(iii) The logarithm of unity to any base is…
(a) 1 (b) 10
(c) e (d) 0
(iv) The logarithm of any number to itself as base is…
(LHR 2016, FSD 2014, 15, D.G.K 2014)
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) e (d) 10
(v) log e=…,where e  2.718
(a) 0 (b) 0.4343
(c)  (d) 1
 p
(vi) The value of log   is…
q
logp
(a) log p  log q (b)
log q
(c) log p  log q (d) log q  log p
(vii) log p-log q is same as …
q
(a) log   (b) log  p  q 
 p
log p
(c) (d) log q  log p
log q
(viii) log(mn) can be written as… (K.B+U.B)
(LHR 2013, 14, SWL 2013, 15, BWP 2013, 14, FSD 2013, 17, RWP 2016)
(a)  log m 
n
(b) m log n
(c) n log m (d) log  mn 
(ix) logb a  log c b can be written as… (K.B+U.B)
(a) logac (b) logca
(c) logab (d) logbc
(x) log y x will be equal to… (U.B)
log z x log x z
(a) (b)
log y z log y z
log z x log z y
(c) (d)
log z y log z x

MATHEMATICS-9 108
Unit – 3 Logarithms

ANSWER KEY
i ii iii iv v vi Vii viii ix x
c b d a b a D c b c
Q.2 Complete the following: (K.B)
(i) For common logarithm, the base is…
(ii) The integral part of the common logarithm of a number is called the …
(iii) The decimal part of the common logarithm of a number is called the …
(iv) If x = log y, then y is called the… of x.
(v) If the characteristic of the logarithm of a number have...zero(s) immediately after
the decimal point.
(vi) If the characteristic of the logarithm of a number is 1, that number will have digits
in its integral part.
ANSWER KEY
i ii iii iv v vi
10 Characteristic Mantissa Antilogarithm One 2
Q.3 Find the value of x in the following. x

(A.B) 5  4 4
5
(i) log3 x  5
5x  51
Solution:
log3 x  5 x 1 bases aresame
Write in exponential form.
2
35  x (iv) log 64 x  
243  x 3
Or x  243 Solution:
(ii) log 4 256  x (D.G.K 2014, SGD 2017)
Solution: 2
log 4 256  x log 64 x  
3
Write in exponential form
4 x  256 Write in exponential form
4 4
x 4
2

x4 bases are same  64  3 x

2

 43 
1 
(iii) log 625 5  x (LHR 2014) 3 x
4
Solution: 42  x
1
log 625 5  x 1
4 x
42
Write in exponential form
1
1
x
 625 5
x
4
16

MATHEMATICS-9 109
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Q.4 Find the value of x in the following. 16

(ii) log
(A.B) 15
(i) log x  2.4543 Solution:
Solution: 16 24
log x  2.4543 log  log
15 3 5
Taking antilog on both sides Applying laws of logarithm
x  antilog 2.4543
 log 24  log  3  5
x  284.6
(ii) log x  0.1821 (FSD 2014)  4log 2   log 3  log 5
Solution:  log 24  log 3  log 5
log x  0.1821
 4log 2  log3  log5
Taking antilog on both sides
Putting the values
x  antilog 0.1821
x  1.521  4  0.3010   0.4771  0.6990
(iii) log x  0.0044 (LHR 2016)  1.2040  0.4771  0.6990
Solution:  0.0279
log x  0.0044 (iii) log 0.048
Taking antilog on both sides Solution:
x  antilog 0.0044 48
x  1.010 log 0.048  log
1000
(iv) log x  1.6238 2 2 2 23
 log
Solution: 2 2 2 5 5 5
log x  1.6238 24  3
Taking antilog on both sides  log 3 3
2 5
x  antilog1.6333  log 24  log3  log 23  log53
x  0.4206 Applying 3rd law of logarithm
Q.5 If log 2  0.3010, log3  0.4771,  4log 2  log3  3log 2  3log5
and log5  0.6990 then find the
 4  0.3010  0.4771  3  0.3010  3  0.6990 
values of the following.
(A.B)  1.2040  0.4771  0.9030  2.0970
(i) log 45  1.3189
 2  2  1.3189
Solution:
 2  0.6811
log 45
 2.6811
 log  9  5
Q.6 Simplify the following. (A.B)
 log  32  5 3
(i) 25.47
Applying 1st law of logarithm Solution:
 log 32  log 5 1

Applying 3rd law of logarithm Let x  3 25.74   25.47  3

 2log3  log15 Taking log on both sides
1
Putting the values log x  log  25.47  3
 2  0.4771  0.6990
Applying 3rd law of logarithm
 0.9542  0.6990
 1.6532
MATHEMATICS-9 110
Unit – 3 Logarithms

1 8.97    3.95
3 2
 log 25.47 log x  log
3 3
15.37
1
 1.4060  1
 log 8.97   log  3.95  log 15.37  3
3 2
3
log x  0.4687
Taking antilog on both sides 1
x  antilog0.4687  3log8.97  2log 3.95  log15.37
3
x  2.943 1
5  3  0.9528  2  0.5966   1.1867 
(ii) 342.2 3
Solution:
Let x  5 342.2  2.8584  1.1932  0.3956
1 log x  3.656
x   242. 5 Taking antilog on both sides
Taking log on both sides
1 x  antilog3.656
log x  log  342.2  5
x  4529
Applying 3rd law of logarithm

1
log x  log342.2
5

1
  2.5343
5

log x  0.5069

Taking antilog on both sides

log x  antilog 0.5069

x  3.213

8.97    3.95
3 2

(iii) 3
15.37

Solution:

8.97    3.95
3 2

Let x 3
15.37

Taking log on both sides

MATHEMATICS-9 111
  Unit – 3 Logarithms
CUT HERE

SELF TEST
Time: 40 min Marks: 25
Q.1 Four possible answers (A), (B), (C) & (D) to each question are given, mark the
correct answer. (7×1=7)
1 Who prepared logarithim tables with base 10.
(A) John Napier (B) Henry Briggs
(C) Jobst Burgi (D) Musa Al Khwarizmi
2 A number written in the form a 10n , where _________ and n is an integer, is called
the scientific rotation
(A) 1 < a < 10 (B) 0 ≤ a < 10
(C) 1 ≤ a < 10 (D) 1 ≤ a ≤ 10
3 log 3
3 =?

(A) 1 (B) 3

(C) 3 (D) 6
4 log y x 

log z x log x z
(A) (B)
log y z log y z

log z x log z y
(C) (D)
log z y log z x
5 0.0073 write in scientific notation
(A) 7.3 103 (B) 7.3 10–3
(C) 0.73 10–3 (D) 7.3 104
6 log e  ______
(A) 0 (B) 0.4343
(C)  (D) 1
7 log p  log q is same as_________

q
(A) log   (B) log  p  q 
 p
log p  p
(C) (D) log  
log q q
KIPS NOTES SERIES MATHEMATICS-9 112
Unit – 3 Logarithms

Q.2 Give Short Answers to following Questions. (5×2=10)

1
(i) Evaluate: log
128
x
(ii) Find the value of x, when log 64 8 
2
275, 000
(iii) Express in scientific notation:
0.0025
1

(iv) Write into sum or difference of logarithms: log

 22  3
53
(v) Calculate: log 2 3  log3 8

Q.3 Answer the following Questions. (4+4=8)

(a) If log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771 and log 5 = 0.6990 then find the value of log 0.048
(b) A gas is expanding according to the law PV n  C find C when P = 89, V = 3.1 and
5
n .
4

NOTE: Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill
of students.

KIPS NOTES SERIES MATHEMATICS-9 113