Solution Class 10th Solution
Solution Class 10th Solution
Solution Class 10th Solution
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. c
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. C
20. D
Ans 3.
1. The residuary subjects are those subjects that are not included in
any list.
2. The Union Government has the power to legislate on ‘residuary’
subjects.
(i) The print culture spread the ideas of the great thinkers like
Voltaire and Rousseau. They criticized tradition, custom,
superstition, despotism and the authority of church. They wanted
rule of reason, questioning and rationality
(ii) Debate and dialogue started due to the coming of the print
culture which resulted in the re-evaluation of the values, norms and
the institutions. This had brought the idea of social revolution.
(iii) The morality pf the royal powers were criticized and the social
order was questioned. The cartoons and the caricatures revealed
the sensual pleasures of the monarchs and the hardship of the
common people. Hence, the people stood against the monarchy.
(iv). during the 19th century, people debated, interpreted and
criticized the different religious beliefs like widow immolation,
monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. Some people
campaigned for the reform whereas others countered the arguments
of the reformers.
(v). The printed materials and the newspapers spread the new ideas
and also shaped the nature of debate which gave opportunity to the
people to participate in the public debates .
OR
Different forms of power sharing are given below :
(1) Power sharing among different organs of government :
The power is shared by three organs of government i.e., legislature,
executive and judiciary.
Generally, legislature enacts laws, executive executes the laws,
makes policies and takes decisions,
Judiciary interprets the law and protects the rights of the people,
It is called horizontal distribution of power’because it allows different
organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different
powers,
Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise
unlimited power.
Each organ checks the others and a balance of power is maintained.
For example in India, executive i.e., Council of Ministers is
responsible to Lok Sabha. The Council of Ministers must enjoy the
support of the majority in the Lok Sabha. If they loose confidence of
the Lok Sabha, they have to
resign. Similarly judges are appointed by the executive, but they
check the function of executive or laws made by the legislatures.
(2) Power sharing among governments at different levels :
There are governments at the National, State and Local levels.
Powers are divided among these governments. For example in India,
there is a division of powers between Center and the States. There
are three lists i.e., Union list, State list and Concurrent list. The
residuary powers which have not been included in the three lists are
with the Central Government,Some powers have been given to local
governments under the Panchayati Raj system,Such a system is
followed in countries where there federal form of government as in
the USA and Belgium,Such division of powers involving higher and
lower levels of government is called vertical division of power.
However, in countries where there is unitary form of government as
in the Great Britain, there is no division of powers. All the powers are
vested in the central or national government.
(3) Power sharing among different social groups :
Sometimes religious and linguistic groups too share power as is the
case in Belgium where there is a “community government” which is
elected by people belonging to one language community no matter
where they live.
Such government enjoys power regarding cultural, educational and
language related issues,
In India, seats are reserved for SCs and STs in assemblies and
parliament. Such a system is adopted to give minority communities
a fair share in power so that they are not alienated from the
government as has happened in Sri Lanka.
(4) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and
movements :
When no party gets an absolute majority in legislature, different
parties come together and form a coalition government and share
power in a democracy. For example, the present NDA (National
Democrative Alliance) government headed by Shri Narendra Modi is
a coalition government in which power is shared by different
political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.
In addition to this, different pressure groups, interest groups and
movements also directly or indirectly influence the decision making
process of the government. Thus there is power sharing among
political parties, pressure groups and movements..
Ans 3.
(1) Achievements : It is the largest experiment in a democracy
conducted anywhere in the world. Its main achievements are as
follows :
1. There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the
panchayats and municipalities etc. all over the country.
2. Constitutional status for local government has helped to
strengthen democracy in the country.
3. There is now uniformity in local bodies across the country.
4. There is a significant number of women in the local bodies.
OR
1. Urban planning including town planning.
2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
3. Planning for economic and social development.
4. Roads and bridges.
5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.