LA Battery Sizing

B.
Tech – Open Elective

Course : RET659 Energy Storage
Lead acid Battery sizing
Kapil Pareek, PhD

Centre for Energy and Environment
Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
Email: kapil.cee@mnit.ac.in
1
Centre for Energy and Environment, MNIT Jaipur
Battery Sizing Calculation
Battery sizing is very important to supply power

to the connected loads for the time period it is
designed.
Unsuitable sizing of the battery can pose many

serious problems such as permanent battery
damage because of over-discharge, low voltages
to the load, insufficient backup times.
2
The calculations performed
are based on
“Recommended Practice for
Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries
for Stationary Applications”
(485-2020 - IEEE)
3
Methodology
Step 1: Collect the total connected loads that the battery requires to supply
Step 2: Develop a load profile and further compute design energy
Step 3: Choose the type of battery and determine the cell characteristics
Step 4: Choose the battery cells required to be linked in series fashion
Step 5: On the basis of design loads, compute the desired Ampere-hour (Ah)
battery capacity
4
Step 1: Collect the Total Connected Loads
The first step is the determination of the total connected loads that the battery needs to supply
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Step 2: Develop the Load Profile
Two approaches for load profiles:
(1) 24 Hour Method

This method exhibits the average instantaneous loads over a
period of 24 hours. This particular method is primarily utilized
in solar PV system applications.
(2) Autonomy Method: This method is primarily utilized in

backup power applications such as battery systems in UPS.
This method exhibits the average instantaneous loads over an
autonomy (backup) time, which is the time period in which the
loads need to be supplied by a backup system such as batteries.
6
Computing the Consumed Load ( VA ) can be calculated using following formula
Let’s assume the loads given in the following table are

based on the Autonomy (Backup) Method:
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8
Design Load
The design load is the one for which all the system devices should be rated such as fuses, breakers, cables,
inverters, rectifiers. The design load can be computed using the following equation:
It is normal to take into account future load growth in the

calculations which generally ranges between 5 % and 20
% (typically somewhere between 5 and 20%). A design
margin is taken into account for any inaccuracies in the
load’s estimation. Generally, a design margin ranges
between 10% and 15% is suggested.
9
Example
Let’s assume that the peak load apparent power is 640 VA. Considering a future growth of 10 % and a design
margin 10%, the total design load is:
Energy Demand
The design energy requirement (VAh) is utilized for energy storage devices sizing. The total design energy can
be calculated by computing the area under the load profile curve. The total design energy requirement can be
computed using the following equation:
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Example: From table 1 above, the total load energy is 2,680VAh. Considering a future growth of 10 % and
a design margin 10%, the total design energy required is:
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Step 3: Choose the type of battery and determine the cell characteristic
The following step is the selection of the type of battery (e.g. Lead-acid or nickel-cadmium). While choosing the
battery type, the following elements should be considered as per IEEE guidance.
Ambient temperature threshold

Charging & discharging characteristics
Maintenance & Ventilation requisites
Cell orientation essentials
Shock and vibration factors
Anticipated cell life
Physical properties like dimensions, weight, and battery terminals
Next step is to determine the battery cell characteristics which are generally provided in manufacturer’s data
sheet. The primary cell characteristics that should be considered are:
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• Ampere-Hour capacities of battery cell
• Temperature of battery cell
• Electrolyte density in case of lead-acid batteries at a full charge
• Cell float voltage of cell
• Cell end-of-discharge voltage (EODV) of cell
Battery’s Ampere-Hour capacities are provided by the battery manufacturer on the basis of various EODVs.
Step 4: Choose the Battery Cells Required To Be Linked In Series Fashion
The number of cells required can be determined more precisely in order to match with the load tolerance more
accurately. The number of battery cells expected to be linked in series fashion must fall between the two limits
which are given below:
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Choose the required number of cells within these
two limits (although choosing cell numbers in the
middle of minimum and maximum values would be
most suited).
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Step 5: Compute the Desired Ampere-Hour (Ah) Battery Capacity
The battery capacity desired to accommodate the total designed load over the determined back up (autonomy)
time can be computed using the following equation:
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Aging Factor:
It actually captures the reduction in battery performance because of the age factor.
The lead-acid battery performance is comparatively stable but reduces with the passage of time.
Temperature correction factor:

The battery cells capacity is generally provided for a standardized temperature which is 25oC and if it varies
somewhere with the installation temperature, a correction factor is needed to implement.
Capacity rating factor

This particular factor accounts for voltage reduction during the discharge of the battery. In Lead-acid batteries, a
voltage dip occurs in the early phases of battery discharge followed by certain recovery.
System efficiency
It accounts for battery losses (coulombic efficiency) as well as power electronics losses (such as charger and
inverter).
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Exercise : For the given load data, make a load profile, calculate minimum and maximum number of cells, desired Ah
capacity of battery. Also, draw a pictorial prestation of the battery stack.
Assume Vdc= 120V, Vloadmin = 10, Vload max = 20, Veodv = 1.80V/cell, Vcharging= 2.25 V/cell, kaf = 0.3, ktch =0.96, kcrt =
0.12, kmdod = 0.75, ksc= 100%.
12 V , 7Ah LA battery (120V, 42 Ah): S and P
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Thank you
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B.

Tech – Open Elective

Kapil Pareek, PhD

Battery sizing is very important to supply power

Unsuitable sizing of the battery can pose many

Step 2: Develop a load profile and further compute design energy

Step 4: Choose the battery cells required to be linked in series fashion

(1) 24 Hour Method

(2) Autonomy Method: This method is primarily utilized in

Let’s assume the loads given in the following table are

It is normal to take into account future load growth in the

Ambient temperature threshold

Step 4: Choose the Battery Cells Required To Be Linked In Series Fashion

Temperature correction factor:

Capacity rating factor

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