Reading Section DISCURSIVE PASSAGE- 1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial Intelligence (Al) has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century, revolutionizing various aspects of our lives from healthcare to transportation, finance to entertainment. At its core, Al refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, encompassing activities such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving, One of the most significant impacts of Al lies in its ability to augment human capabilities across diverse domains. In healthcare, Al-powered diagnostic tools can analyze medical images with remarkable accuracy, aiding Ginicians in early disease detection and treatment planning. Similarly, in finance, Al algorithms analyze vast amounts of data to identify trends and patterns, informing investment decisions and risk management strategies. Moreover, in education, personalized learning platforms leverage Al to tailor educational content to individual students’ needs, enhancing learning outcomes. However, alongside its transformative potential, Al also raises ethical and societal concerns. One pressing issue is job displacement due to automation. As Al technologies automate routine tasks, there's a growing concern about the future of work and the potential widening of socioeconomic inequalities. Addressing these challenges requires proactive efforts to retrain and upskill the workforce, ensuring that individuals can adapt to the changing labor market dynamics, Furthermore, the ethical implications of Al extend beyond employment to issues such as bias and privacy. Al systems are only as unbiased as the data they're trained on, raising concerns about algorithmic fairness and discrimination. Moreover, the widespread collection and analysis of personal data by Al systems raise privacy concerns, necessitating robust regulations and frameworks to safeguard individuals’ rights. In addition to ethical considerations, the rapid advancement of Al also poses existential risks. As Al systems become increasingly sophisticated, questions about control and autonomy arise. Ensuring that Al remains aligned with human values and goals is crucial to prevent unintended consequences or the emergence of super intelligent systems beyond human control Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of Al are vast, provided that it's developed and deployed responsibly. Collaborative efforts between policymakers, technologists, and ethicists are essential to establish guidelines and regulations that promote the ethical and responsible development of Al In conclusion, Artificial Intelligence holds immense promise to transform society positively, empowering individuals and organizations to tackle complex challenges. However, realizing this potential requires navigating ethical dilemmas, addressing societal concerns, and ensuring that Al remains aligned with human values. By fostering collaboration and innovation, we can harness the power of Al to create a more prosperous and equitable future for all.1. Whats the primary definition of Artificial Intelligence (Al) in the passage? a) The simulation of human emotions by machines b) The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines ) The creation of robots that can think for themselves d) The development of advanced computer hardware 2. Describe the use of Al in various domains, 3. Which ethical concern is NOT mentioned in the passage regarding Al? a) Job displacement b) Bias in algorithms c) Data privacy d) Climate change 4, What is one suggested solution to address job displacement due to Al? a) Implementing stricter regulations on Al development b) Ignoring the issue and letting the market adjust naturally ©) Retraining and upskilling the workforce dj Banning Al technology altogether 5. How can society proactively address job displacement caused by Al automation to prevent widening socioeconomic inequalities, and what role do retraining and upskilling play in this process? 6. Which term best describes the overall tone of the passage towards Al? a) Optimistic b} Pessimistic Neutral 4d) Critical 7. What does the passage suggest is necessary to prevent unintended consequences of Al? a) Halting all Al research and development »b) Establishing guidelines and regulations ¢) Promoting Al without considering ethical implications d) Outsourcing Al development to other countries 8. Which statement best summarizes the passage's stance on the potential benefits of Al? a) Al has no potential benefits and should be avoided. 8) The potential benefits of Al are vast, but they come with significant risks. ¢) Alhas the potential to solve all societal problems effortlessly. 4) Al benefits are limited and not worth pursuing, 9. What does the passage suggest about the role of collaboration in Al development? a) Collaboration is unnecessary and hinders progress. 0) Collaboration is essential for responsible Al development.c) Collaboration only benefits large corporations. d) Collaboration is too complex to achieve effectively. 10. What is the main message conveyed by the passage? a) Al is perfect and has no flaws. b) Alis a threat to humanity and should be stopped. c) Al has the potential for significant benefits but requires ethical and responsible development. d) Al development should be left entirely to technologists without any regulation or oversight.DISCURSIVE PASSAGE -2 Read the following passage carefully: 10M In general, relatives are best avoided; especially those who knew you as a child and then lost touch before reconnecting some three or four decades later. Somehow, such people are shocked that you have grown taller since you were five years old, have more hair and surprise, surprise, even a moustache. Change confuses them. They hold it against you for growing up; it is as if you must apologise for becoming an adult and having a family and children of your own. | wonder how Nelson Mandela or Gandhi reacted when they were reminded of their childhood catastrophises. There is always some ancient aunt or friend of the family around for whom a fall from a bicycle at seven or eight is more real than winning independence for your country. “Remember when we went on a picnic, and you threw up all over the dog?” In my case, someone is bound to bring up that stunning, unique, never-before-or-since-experienced- by-anyone-else family story. You can’t nod weakly and hope the conversation will move on, nor get defensive for then they will tell you everything in pitiless detail, adding bits that never actually happened but have clung to the story over the years like barnacles under a ship. “And what about the time you hated milk and poured it out into the potted plants when you thought no one was looking?” Exciting stuff this. Has nothing else happened in the lives of these people that they have to live vicariously through my childhood mishaps? This is why grandmothers are so popular. They tell children stories about the childhood of their aunts and uncles to be weaponized later in family gatherings. “Don't talk about my throwing up. Tell me auntie, about the time you got lost in a grocery store and ate up their apples in sheer panic?” That usually changes the topic, moving it into the present and such things as your enviable job and brilliant academic record. Euripides, the Greek playwright got it right centuries ago: one loyal friend, he said, is worth ten thousand relatives. In fact, distant relatives are the best, and the farther away the better. Part of the problem we have with relatives, | suspect, is that we think they might be a version of ourselves, but more grotesque, more crass, less sensitive, which means some of those qualities could be within us. Will | be reminding my young nephews and nieces of their silly deeds in childhood? Is that a way of bringing the bigshots, the CEOs, the PhD’s and the professionals down to earth? “You might be a star today, but don’t forget | know ‘you wet your bed as a child”! George Bernard Shaw summed up best the relations with relatives: When our relatives are at home, we have to think of all their good points, or it would be impossible to endure them. But when they are away, we console ourselves in their absence by dwelling on their vices 10Answer the following questions, based on the passage above The writer says that relatives are best avoided. Which is the least effective argument put forward by him? 1M They are surprised by the changes that they find in you Something embarrassing that you did years ago is much more interesting than what you have achieved now. Relatives are better if they do not remain in contact. We have to try hard enough to make them likeable to endure them. What according to the writer is a problem that we have with relatives? 1M We are similar to them but less harsh and insensitive when compared with them. We do not know much about them so we cannot make any comment. They love to indulge in talking about what happened unintentionally We miss their presence and their interest in talking about it Complete the sentence appropriately The author's mentioning of Euripedes refers to. 1M The passage includes some words that are opposite to each other. From the sets below, identify two sets of antonyms. 1M Dwell and change Console and upset Sheer and surprise Vice and grotesque Complete the sentence appropriately The central idea of the passage according to the writer is. 1M Which among the following do the relatives least prefer to do? 1M Take pride about the achievements of the kids. Consoling the kids when they are in trouble. Talk about all the embarrassing moments. Using these maments as weapons to be used in the futureG. | Select option that correctly displays the emotion that the writer is going 1M through A B c D blew e@ H. | Which of the following arguments could completely change the thinking 1M of the author? i Relatives are sometimes mean with their words but not all can be categorised the same. ii. | In today’s world, you would rely on someone whom you know is a part of family rather than some unknown iii. | During bad times, our family members are the ones who are beside us. iv. | Providing a generalised view shows that you are judging everyone and this also shows that you are also trying to do the same as them. |. | Fill in the blank with suitable word/ words 1M ‘Grandmothers are popular’ as used above refers to... How does the writer decide to tackle the problem that he faces? 1M By looking at the problems that the relatives also have By enduring the things that they say Looking at the brighter side of the conversations. Ignoring everyone and staying away from themCLASS 10 CASE BASED PASSAGE READ THE PASSAGE CAREFULLY 10 Call it a blessing or curse of Mother Nature, we have to breathe in over 10,000 litres of air in a day (more than four million litres in a year) to remain alive. By making it essential for life, God has wished that we try to keep the air we breathe clean. Everyone can see the food that is not clean and perhaps, refrain from eating it but one cannot stop breathing even if one can feel the air to be polluted. Several harmful and noxious substances can contaminate the air we breathe. Generally, much is said and written about outdoor air pollution, most of which is due to vehicular and industrial exhausts. Given the fact that most of us spend aver 90% of our time indoors, it is most important to recognise that the air we breathe in at home or in offices can be polluted. It can be a cause of ill health. Air pollutants that are generally present in very low concentrations can assume significance in closed ill-ventilated places. The indoor air pollution can lead to allergic reactions and cause irritation to the skin, the eyes and the nose. But as is logical to assume, the brunt of insult by pollutants is borne by the lungs. It can lead to development of fresh breathing problems, especially in those who have allergic tendencies, or it can worsen the existing respiratory illnesses like asthma and bronchitis. There can be several sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke is one of the most important air pollutants in closed places. “Passive smoking” or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can lead to all harmful effects of tobacco smoking seen in smokers in their non-smoking companions. €T5 as a health hazard has been unequivocally proven and is also getting social recognition now. One can occasionally see signs displaying the all-important message: “Your smoking is injurious to my health” in offices and homes. The children of smoking parents are among the worst affected persons. The exposure of young children to ETS leads to increased respiratory problems and hospital admissions as compared to non-exposed children, several studies, including those done at the PGI, have shown an increased risk of lung cancer among women exposed to passive smoking. ETS also worsens existing lung diseases like asthma and bronchitis, it may be reaped later in the development of asthma in children. The next most important source of indoor air pollution is allergens. House dust mites (HDM) are very small insects not visible to the naked eye and are the commonest source of allergy in the house. They are ubiquitous and thrive in a warm and moist atmosphere. They spread very fast and are very difficult to eradicate. Modern houses present ample breeding spaces for them in the form of carpet, curtains, mattresses, pillows, etc. Exposure to HDM can be prevented by the frequent washing of linen and by encasing the mattresses and pillows in a non-permeable cover. Pets form an important part of life for some of us. But they can add plenty of allergens to our indoor atmosphere. Cats are notorious for doing this. Fine particles from feline fur can remain stuck to the upholstery and carpets for a long time even after the removal of the animal and lead to the worsening of asthma and skin allergies. Fortunately, owing to religious and social customs, cats are not very popular pets in India. Dogs, however, are quite popular and can be as troublesome. Pets should be kept out of the bedrooms and washed frequently. To remove the fur particles, one has to use vacuum cleaners as the ordinary broom and mop are not effective. B7] Moulds, fungi and several other microorganisms thrive in damp conditions and can lead to allergies as well as infections. Humidifiers in the air-conditioning plants provide an ideal environment for certain types of bacteria and have led to major outbreaks of pneumonia. It is important to clean regulariy the coolers, air conditioners and damp areas of the house regularly, such as cupboards, lofts, etc, to minimize this risk. B _ | Toxic gases can also pollute the indoor environment. Biomass fuels (wood, cow dung, dried plants) and coal, if burned inside, can lead to severe contamination by carbon monoxide (CO) ‘The poor quality of stoves and other cooking or heating appliances that cause incomplete combustion of LPG can also lead to the emission of CO or nitrogen dioxide. Formaldehyde (a 'g85) can be released from adhesives that are used for fixing carpets, upholstery and also in making plywood and particle board. ‘9 | The gases are very toxic in high concentrations as may be encountered during industrial accidents, but even in very minimal amounts as may be prevalent in homes and offices can cause irritation to the skin or the eyes, rashes, headache, dizziness and nausea. Improving ventilation is an important preventive measure besides trying to eliminate the source that may not be always feasible. 10 | Other indoor pollutants are toxic chemicals ike cleansing agents, pesticides, paints, solvents and inferior quality personal care products, especially aerosols. Very old crumbling pipes, boilers, insulation or false roofing can also be important sources. Asbestos is a hazardous product that can cause cancer in humans. Thus, it is important to realise that the air we breathe at home may not be clean always and we must try to eliminate the source of pollution. We should give due consideration to ventilation. Now based on the understanding of above passage, answer the following (i) | God wished to keep the air we breathe clean because: (a) we breathe 10,000 litres of air every year (6) we breathe four million litres of airin a day (c) we breathe 10,000 litres of air per day (d) one cannot stop breathing even ifthe air is polluted (Gii)_| The airin offices and indoors can be polluted because (iii) | Allergy is caused by: (a) dust mites (b) modern houses (c) mattresses (4) pillows iv) | FtSrefersto (v)_[ Pets should be kept out of bedrooms because (vi) | Moulds, fungi and bacteria (a) thrive in damp conditions (b) can be controlled by using air conditioners (6) do not cause pneumonia (d) thrive in dry conditions (vii) | Burning of biomass fuel inside homes pollutes the indoor environment (a) because of the emission of toxic gases (b) because of incomplete combustion (c) because of the emission of formaldehyde 4 (d) none of these (viii) Cancer can be caused in humans due to: (a) old crumbling pipes (b) old boilers (c) insulation and false roofing, (d) asbestos sheet (ix) The antonym of ‘safe’ as used in para 10 is ©) The synonym of ‘omnipresent’ as used in para SisAnalytical Paragraphs i The gaph given show mated Gaon of Uday nempapes. Wt an analytical paragraph describing the line graph in around 150 words Total estimated circulation of U.S. daily newspapers zom \ — Weekday Sunday — Weekday (estimated) 5 | ia slaw sows ow 2, cosinor peng on Se pee | ‘toed odor obcolsur sped twee sng eet food types. Write an analytical paragraph on the given chart in 100-120 wor ( | me, eat. sn, cops 7] ao sei ae a Foods & drinksGrammar Section Grammar Practice- 1 1. Choose the correct option to complete the given sentence. Can you give me — - book please? a) Some b)a c)the — d)An 2. Find the error in the given sentence and choose the correct option- The team’s ebullient spirit were evident in their enthusiastic performance. OPTION ERROR CORRECTION A were Was B were are ¢ their his D the a 3. Change the following sentence into indirect speech "will help you with your homework," she said to me. a) She said to me that | will help her with her homework. ») She said that she would help me with my homework. c} She told me that she will help me with my homework. d) She told me that | would he would help her with my homework 4, Find the error in the given sentence She can sings beautifully in a choir OPTION ERROR CORRECTION A can could B sings sing c a the D in with 5.Complete the given narrative by filling in the blank with the correct option. We-— ~ going to this club every week since it started. a) have been b) has been c) had been d) was been 6. Rita and Rohan had a conversation about how they spent their summer vacation. Report Rohan’s question. Did you visit any new place? a) Rohan asked Rita if they had visited any new place ») Rohan asked Rita if they have visited any new place ° Rohan asked Rita if she had visited any new place. d) Rohan asked Rita if she has visited any new place.Grammar Practice- 2 ai ‘Complete the given narrative by filing in the blank with the correet option: Allsorts of cruelties. ‘upon them but the farmers remained united. (2) Are being inflicted (b) Had inflicted (0) Were inflicted {] Might be inflict. im a2 ‘Select the correct option to complete the narration of the dialogue between brother and sister yan: I have invited four of my friends for dinner today, Renee: Then Iwill invite my friends also. ‘When Ryan told Renee that he Renee remarked that___also. four ofhis friends for dinner that day. {2) Had invited, would invite her friends {o} Has invited, wil invite her friends (9) Was inviting, would invite her friends. {d) Will be inviting, she will invite my friends, iM a3 ‘Select the correct option to fil in the blank for the given line from a health magazine ‘on mental health. Even highways have lines, which provide safety and if we go over one side, we will go, into the ditch and if we cross over the line in the middle, we _get killed, (a) Should (o) Must (9 Could (d) Need not iM 28 ae Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the coreetion for the iM following line itis quite clear that those students who are research forthe PH. Dread more articles than either junior lecturers or other students ‘Option Ne [Error Correction (a) quite ‘Ouiet ) those: These (c} research Researching (a) ‘than then as Fillin the blanks choosing the correct option to complete an online update iM Forests remove carbon from the atmosphere ___ thats roughly 13% of our total carbon, {a} At arate {b) At the rate {) Ona rate (A) On the rateGrammar Practice- 3 in the blanks by choosing the correct option to complete the following: (1 mark each) 1. The advertisement read, ‘If you smoke, statistically your story end 15% before it should.’ a) must b) should ©) will d) ought to 2. My work requires me to spread awareness about the kinds of bullying prevalent in a student's life. Did you know that one OUt Of wr. five students is bullied by another youth? .. students are scared of opening up to others about instances of bullying ............ may be happening to or around them. a) each, few, that b) every, many, that c)every, few, those d) each, many, those 3. Given below is a statement made by a politician Jason Bailey: “"| don’t believe in giving second chances to these so-called allies who went behind my back.” Imagine you are a newspaper reporter. While reporting this statement, you will NOT. a) change ‘my’ to ‘his’ b) change ‘went’ to ‘gone’ c) change ‘don’t’ to ‘didn’t’ d) change ‘these’ to ‘those! 29 4, Bread and butter cnn what the poor wants. a) are b) has dis d) has been 5. "By the time Sarah arrived, the party for an hour." a) had been going b) has been going c) was going ) had gone 6. Choose the correct reported speech form for the sentence: Direct speech: "I will finish the project by Friday." a) He said that he will finish the project by Friday. 4) He said that he would finish the project by Friday. c) He said that he finishes the project by Friday. d) He said that he finishing the project by Friday.Grammar Practice- {Fil in the blanks in the paragraph given below by choosing the most appropriate options from the ones that flow Television (3). become very popularin our Country. People spend alot of time watching a variety of programmes. Some of the programs (b) are telecast these days are of a very poor quality. We should remomber that television i (6). effective in educating (8) nation, (a (iis (iwas i has (iv) had (6) (9) those idwhen (ii) here (iv) that (ali so (i) many (i) very (ivjsome ia (il) an (i) the (iv) some 2. Complete the paragraph given below by filingin the blanks with the help of options that follow | met a smart young person (a. wanted a ‘Selfie’ with me. So we (b). ‘on top of (a, ‘boundary wall (a) which (who (iiwhose——_(Iv)what (o}Esit ists (a sat (i) siting (aia (ian (ii) the (iv) any 3. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives glen below He asked me “What time will the sun set tomorrow?” (a) He asked me what time does the sun set the next day (b] He asked me what time the sun would set tomorrow (c} He asked me what time the sun would set the next day (a) He asked me what time would the sunset the next day 4.Find the error in each of the lines and write the corrected word against the space provided. Passage Error | Correction Airs Indian woman physician 0 ‘Anandiba Josh graduated at 1886. a Aout 125 years later, Indian wornen had start to outnumbermen in| (i ‘admissions of medical colleges (w) elect the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the following line: I don't think there willbe a severe shortage of usable water because there was some rainfall yesterday, ‘Option No. Error Correction a) some. Alot of () will should (o think thinks a) was, were 6. Select the correct option to complete the narration of the dialogue between Garima and Karan Garima: So, after a decade in the industry ate you truly ‘satisfied’ Karan: Hove the film industry. tt hasits laws though. GGarima asked Karan if after a decade in the industry he was truly satisfied” Karan told her that _-although it had is laws. (a) he loved the film industry (b) Nloved the film industry (Hove the film industry {(d) he loves the film industry