FME Unit1.1 24-25
FME Unit1.1 24-25
FME Unit1.1 24-25
Unit -1: Introduction to Mechanics: Force, moment and couple, Principle of transmissibility,
Varignon's theorem, Resultant of force system- concurrent and non-concurrent coplanar forces,
Types of supports (Hinge, Roller) and loads (Point, UDL, UVL), Free body diagram, equilibrium
equations and Support Reactions
Force
• A force is defined as the action of one body on another. Tries to change the physical state.
• A force has magnitude, direction and a point of application.
• Magnitude of force is expressed in Newtons (N).
• Force units are defined in terms of mass multiplied by the acceleration
produced by gravity (9.8m/s2 )
Moment
• The moment of a force about a point is a measure of the tendency of rotation
that force about that point. The moment of a force is the product of the force
and a perpendicular distance from the point of rotation.
• Moment = Force × ⊥ Distance M = F × ⊥ d
• A moment has both magnitude and direction. The measurement unit of a
moment is the Newton metre (Nm).
Couple
Two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and separated by a
definite distance are said to form a couple. The sum of the forces forming a couple
is zero, since they are equal and opposite, which means the translatory effect of the
couple is zero.
An interesting property can be observed if we consider rotational effect of a couple
about any point. Let the magnitude of the forces forming the couple be F and the
perpendicular distance between the two forces be d. Consider the moment of the
two forces constituting a couple about point 1 as shown in Fig. (a).
Torque: The rotational force that causes an object to rotate about its axis is known
as torque, whereas moment is the tendency of a body to rotate about a specific axis.
The principle of transmissibility of forces will be only applicable for rigid bodies.
It will not be applicable for deformable bodies.
Forces Systems
When a mechanics problem or system has more than one force acting, it is known
as a ‘force system’ or ‘system of force’.
Resultant Force
A resultant force is a single force, which produce the same affect so that of number
of forces can produce is called resultant force.
Parallelogram Law
When two forces are acting at a point such that they can by represented by the
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their resultant will be equal to that diagonal
of the parallelogram which passed through the same point.
The magnitude and the direction of the resultant can be determined either graphically
or analytically as explained below.
Analytical method
In the parallelogram OABC, from point C drop a perpendicular CD to meet OA at
D as shown in fig.
The following points associated with the analytical method of finding rectangular
components may be noted:
(i) Imagine that the arrow drawn to show force represents it to some scale
(ii) Travel from tail to head of the arrow in the directions of coordinates
(iii) The direction of the travel gives the direction of component forces
(iv) From the triangle law of forces, the magnitude of the components can be
calculated.
After finding the components of all the forces in the system in the two mutually
perpendicular directions, the component in each direction are algebraically added to
get the two components. These two components, which are mutually perpendicular,
are combined to get the resultant.
Let F1, F2, F3 and F4 shown in Fig. be the system of four forces the resultant of
which is required.
The procedure to get the resultant is given below:
Step 1: Find the components of all the forces in X and Y directions. Thus, F1x,
F2x, F3x, F4x, F1y, F2y, F3y, and F4y, are obtained.
Step 2: Find the algebraic sum of the component forces in X and Y directions.
Σ Fx = F1x + F2x + F3x + F4x
Σ Fy = F1y + F2y + F3y + F4y
(Note: In the above case F2x, F3x, F3Y and F4Y have negative values.)
Step 3: Now the system of forces is equal to two mutually perpendicular forces,
namely, ΣFx and ΣFy as shown in Fig. Since these two forces are perpendicular, the
parallelogram of forces becomes a rectangle. Hence the resultant R is given by:
R2= ΣFx 2+ ΣFy 2
and its inclination to x axis is given by: tanα= ΣFy / ΣFx
Note: R cos α = ΣFx = Rx and R sin α = ΣFy = Ry i.e., ΣFx and ΣFy are the x and
y components of the resultant.
Now it can be shown that F at A may be resolved into force F at B and a couple of
magnitude M = F × d, where d is the perpendicular distance of B from the line of
action of F through A.
By applying equal and opposite forces F at B the system of forces is not disturbed.
Hence the system of forces in fig (b) is the same as the system given in Fig. (a). Now
the original force F at A and the opposite force F at B form a couple of magnitude
Fd. The system in fig (b) can be replaced by the system shown in fig (c). Thus, the
given force F at A is replaced by a force F at B and a moment F.d.
Principle of moment/ Varignon’s theorem
The moment of a force about any point is equal to the algebraic sum of the
moments of its components about that same point.
Principal of moments states that the moment of the resultant of a number of forces
about any point is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces of the
system about the same point.
Mathematically R x AD = P x AB + Q x AC
Taking components of forces
R sin θ = P sin θ1 + Q sin θ2........................................... (i)
Multiplying both side by OA
R (OA sin θ) = P (OA sin θ1) + Q (OA sin θ2) ................ (ii)
R x AD = P x AB + Q x AC ........................................... (iii)
There are three equilibrium conditions that can be used for non-concurrent, non-
parallel force system.
Beam
A beam is a structural member which spans horizontally between supports
and carries loads which act at right angles to the length of the beam. Furthermore,
the width and depth of the beam are "small" compared with the span.
A beam is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The
bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external
loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment.
Types of support
Supports are used to provide suitable reactions (Resistive force) to beam or any
body. Following types of supports are used.
Types of beam
Cantilever beam: A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at other end.
Simply supported beam: A simply supported beam is a type of beam that has
pinned support at one end and roller or simple support at the other end. Depending
on the shearing and bending. It is the one of the simplest structural elements in
existence.
Overhanging beam: A overhanging beam is a beam that has one or both end
portions extending beyond its supports.
Continuous beam: A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed
throughout its length.
Fixed beam: As the name suggests, fixed beam is a type of beam whose both ends
are fixed.
Types of load
Numericals
P-1 An object is in equilibrium under four concurrent forces in the directions shown
in figure. Find the magnitude of F1 and F2.
P-2 The five forces shown in Fig. are in equilibrium. Compute the values of P and
F. [Ans: F=−12.63 kN, P=−5.31 kN]
P-3 Completely determines the resultant with respect to point O of the force system
shown in Fig.
Fig. 5
Q-5 A roller of weight 10 kN rests on a smooth horizontal floor and is connected to the floor by
the bar AC as shown in Fig. 5. Determine the force in the bar AC and reaction from floor, if the
roller is subjected to a horizontal force of 5 kN and an inclined force of 7 kN as shown in the
figure. [AC= - 0.058 kN, R = 14.979 kN]
Q-6 A roller of radius r = 300 mm and weight 2000 N is to be pulled over a curb of height 150
mm [Fig. 6] by a horizontal force P applied to the end of a string wound tightly around the
circumference of the roller. Find the magnitude of P required to start the roller move over the curb.
What is the least pull P through the centre of the wheel to just turn the roller over the curb? [P =
1154.70 N, Pleast = 1732.05 N]
Q-7 Fig-7 shows a sphere resting in a smooth V shaped groove and subjected to a spring force.
The spring is compressed to a length of 100 mm from its free length of 150 mm. if the stiffness of
spring is 2N/mm, determine the contact reactions at A and B. [ RA = 121.24 N, RB = 70 N]
P- Find the reactions at supports A and B of the loaded beam shown in fig.
Q: The forces 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, 50 N and 60 N are acting at one of the angular points of a regular
hexagon, towards the other five angular points, taken in order. Find the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force. (2022-23 Even_AKTU)
Q: A beam 8 m long is hinged at A and supported on roller over a smooth surface inclined at an angle
30 o to the horizontal at B. The beam is loaded as shown in fig. Determine the support reactions. (2023-
24 Odd AKTU)