Seminar Report

On

Smart Sensor
as
part of B.tech Curriculum

Submitted BY
S S Aryan Raj
6th Semester
Roll No:2521AD12
BPUT Regd. No.:2221201057
Under The Guidance of
Mrs. Kalpana. Bhuyan

Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

 SEEMANTA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An ISO Certified Institution, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi ,

DTET and Affiliated by BPUT and SCTE & VT ,Odisha)
Mayurvihar, Jharpokharia ,
Mayurbhanj, Odisha ,India ,
757086
2023-2024
SEEMANTA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Mayurvihar ,Jharpokharia, Mayurbhanj ,
Odisha
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mrs. SS Aryan Raj of
B.TECH. Electronics and Communicatiomn
Engineering, bearing Reign. No. 2221201057
has delivered seminar on the topic Smart
Sensor.
His/her seminar presentation and report during
the academic year 2023-2024 as the part of
B.Tech Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering curriculum excellent.

(seminar coordinator)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep thanks to my seminar
guide Mrs. Kalpana Bhuyan of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering who has
been instrumented in giving guidance and
focused to the seminar, his contribution was
insightful and helped me to prepare my
seminar.
I would like to thank Mrs. Sarojini Sethi
Assoc. Prof. & HOD) and all staff members
Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering for their guidance and source of
inspiration for preparing this seminar report.
I would to like acknowledge that his seminar
was completed entirely by me and not by
someone else.
CONTENTS
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Properties
 Developments of sensor
technology
 Sensor design
 Sensor structure
 Types of sensors
 Advanced Sensor technology
 Conclusion
 References

ABSTRACT ON SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

The sensor technology plays a key role in the design of advanced
electronic equipments and many other emerging fields. Without
sensors most electronic applications would not exist. They perform a
vital function, namely providing an interface to the real world. They
determine the quality of the information that is acquired from real life
and are used for production control and decision making. The global
market for sensors is
fast growing and the innovation rate is extremely high.
The importance of sensors,
however, contrasts with the limited information available on them.
Today's smart
sensors, wireless sensors, and micro technologies are revolutionizing
sensor design and
applications. This paper includes basic information about sensor, its
types and its
applications in advanced technology.

 The need for new types of sensors is more critical than ever. This is
due to the emergence
 of increasingly complex technologies, health and security concerns
of increasing world .
 A Sensor(also called detectors) is a device that measures a
measurable attribute and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instruments.
 Properties
 Developments of sensor technology
 Sensor design
 Sensor structure
 Types of sensor
 Advanced sensor technology
 Conclusion
 References
INTRODUCTION
 A Sensor(also called detectors)is a device that
measures a measurable attribute and converts it
into a signal which can be read by an observer
or by an instrument.
 The need for new types of sensors is more
critical than ever. This is due to the emergence
of increasingly complex technologies, health
and Security concerns of increasing world
population, and the emergence Of terrorist
activities, among other factors. Sensors are the
most Important component in any system and
engineers in any field need to Understand the
fundamentals of how these components work,
how to Select them properly and how to
integrate them into an overall system
Examines the theoretical foundations and practical
applications of various types of sensors.

PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR A GOOD SENSOR

 ACCURACY-The statistical variance about the extact reading.
 Calibration- Required for most measuring systems since their
readings will drift over time.
 Enviromental - Sensors typically have temperature and/or
humidity limits.
 Range – Limits of measurements of the sensor.
 Repeatability – the variance in a sensor’s reading when a single
condition is repeatedly measured.
 Resoltution – The smallest increment the sensor can detect.
 TYPES OF SENSORS:
 Thermal Sensors:
 This device collects information for the temperature
measurement. The
 position of the mercury is observed by the viewer to measure the
temperature.
 There are two basic types of temperature sensors:
 Contact Sensors:
 This type of sensor requires direct physical contact with the
object or media
 that is being sensed. They supervise the temperature of solids,
liquids and
 gases over a wide range of temperatures.
Non contact Sensors:
 This type of sensor does not require any physical contact with the object
or
 media that is being sensed. They supervise non
 reflective solids and liquids but
 are not useful for gases due to natural transparency. These sensors use
Plank’s
 Law to measure temperature
 About temperature from a source and converts
 into a form that is understandable by other device or person. The best
 Illustration of a temperature sensor is mercury in glass thermometer. The
 mercury in the glass expands and contracts depending on the alterations in
 temperature. The outside temperature is the source

ADVANTAGES:
 Has no effect on the medium it measures.
 Is precisely accurate.
 Responds instantly.
 Has an easily conditioned output.
 Accuracy.
 No Self
 heat
 Self
 Powered.
 Overall Cost is low.
 Ease of Use.
 DISADVANTAGES:
 No Linearity.
 Moisture failures.
 Limited applications
 RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR
 A resistance temperature detector is a
temperature sensor based on the principle
metal resistance increases with t
 It has a time response of 0.5 to 5 sec generally
 Poor thermal contact has slow
response ,whereas good thermal contact has
fast response.
 PHOTO

CONSTRUCTION
 An RTD is Simply a length of wire whose resistance is to be
monitor as a function of temperature.
 The Wire is wound to form coil.
 The Coil is protected from environment by protective shreath.
LVDT
 LVDT(Linear Variable differential transformer).
  It is an important for displacement measurement in industrial
environment.
 It consist of three coils of wires wound on hollow form.
 The inner coil is primarily which is excited by some ac source.
 A core of permeable material can slide freely through the centre
 Flux form by primary is linked by two secondary coil

WORKING
When the core is centrally the voltage in each coil is equal.
If the core moves to one side or the other a larger ac voltage will be
induced.
This is due to change in flux associated with the core.
Hence by chance in voltage motion of core is measured.
MERITS OF LVDT
 Linearity is good.
 Sensitivity is high.
 Low power and hysterisisloss.
 Low cost
DEMERITS OF LVDT
 Ac input generates noise.
 Sensitivity is low at high temp.
Affected by electromagnetic field.

BASICS ON SMART SENSOR

Complete sensor systems have been realized on a single chip where
traditional functions,suchas signal conditioning, data-communication,
A/D conversion and the generation of reference and compensating
signals are no longer performed by separate components, but are all
integrated on the same IC.
 EVOLUTION OF SMART SENSORS
Sensors have progressed through following
stages
 First Generation devices
 Second Generation devices
 Third Generation devices
 Fourth Generation devices
 Fifth Generation devices
 In fifth generation, data conversion is
accomplished on the same sensor chip.

TECHNOLOGY OF SMART SENSORS

A modern microprocessor -cum-micro sensor is composed of
I. the sensing element
II. a signal processing part
III. the microprocessor
Parts (i) and (ii) are fabricated on a single chip to form a smart sensor
SOME EXAMPLES OF SMART SENSORS
Different smart sensors are given below:
1. Hall Sensors
2. THREE -DIMENSIONAL EYE MOVEMENT
MEASUREMENT USING SMART VISION SENSORS
3.SMART ACCELEROMETER SYSTEM
4.SMART AUDIO SENSOR FOR TELEMEDICINE
SMART VISION SENSORS

State-of-the-art imaging technology permits accurate three-

dimensional measurement of eye movement (horizontal, vertical,
torsional). 3D eye measurement is done using this sensor

SMART
VISION SENSOR AND HOST INTERFACE
SMARTVISION SENSOR AND HOST INTERFACE
SMARTVISION SENSOR AND HOST INTERFACE

IMPLEMENTATION AND FUTURE USE

There are many applications of smart sensors of which some practical
uses are realized as
1. Electric compass for measurement of directions with greater
accuracy.
2. Hydraulic cylinder height application for measurement of
height.
 IR SENSOR
 This device emits and/ or detects infrared radiation to sense a
particular phase in the environment. Generally, thermal radiation
is emitted by all the objects in the infrared spectrum. The
infrared sensor detects this type of radiation which is not visible
to human eye. According to the black body radiation law, it is
possible to view the environment with or without visible
illumination using thermography.it is disturbed by noises in the
surrounding such as radiations, ambient light etc.
 
 2.2ADVANTAGES
 Easy for interfacing
 Readily available in market.

UV SENSOR:
 These sensors measure the intensity or power of the incident
ultraviolet radiation. This form of electromagnetic radiation has
wavelengths longer than x-rays but is still shorter than visible
radiation. An active material known as polycrystalline diamond
is being used for reliable ultraviolet sensing. UV sensors can
discover the exposure of environment ultraviolet radiation.
Criteria to select a UV Sensor
 Wavelength ranges in nanometer(nm)that can be detected by the
UV sensors.
  Operating temperature.
 Accuracy.
 Weight
 Power Range
3.4) APPLICATIONS
 Measures the portion of the UV spectrum which sunburns human
skin.
 Pharmacy.
 Automobiles.
 Robotics.
 Printing industry for solvent handling and dyeing process.
 Chemical industry for the production, storage, and transportation
of chemicals.

TOUCH SENSOR
 A touch sensor acts as a variable resistor as per the location
where it is touched.
 The Figure is as shown below
 A touch sensor is made of:
 Fully conductive substance such as copper.
 Insulated spacing material such as foam or plastic.
 Partially conductive material.