Summer 2023

CEE 100

Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering

Topic: Different Segments of a Building

Section: 02

Group No:05

Submitted To:

Dr. Shoeb Reaz Alam (SRI)

Adjunct Faculty

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

North South University

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 Submitted By:

Serial No: Name ID

18 Shazid Yousuf Enan 2321915025

19 Tahmid Islam Rafid 2321946025

33 Md Nur Amin Bhuyan Johan 2323205625

Mohammad Mainul Alam

42 2323862025
Chowdhury

14 Md Shafi-ul-kafi 2321822625

24 Afnan Abedine 2322504625

08 Khairul Islam Raz 2321443625

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Serial Content Page No.
No.

1 Shuttering or Formwork 4

2 Foundation 7

3 Footing 8

4 Pile 10

5 Beam 11

6 Column 12

7 Finding 13

8 Reference 14

9 Credits 15

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 Shuttering or Formwork:

Using shuttering, a temporary vertical structure, concrete is delivered in the appropriate size and
shape. Shuttering ensures the stability of the vertical surface. Column, footing, and retaining wall
formwork arrangement is referred to as "shuttering". Before compacting brand-new concrete,
shuttering is carried out in both temporary and permanent molds. Shuttering needs to be sturdy
enough to support the concrete casting's weight. A few of the materials utilized in shuttering
processes are wood, steel, wood, and polymers. Every shutter plan is developed with the building
in mind. Wood, steel, plywood, aluminum, fabric, plastic, and various types of insulation are the
main materials used in the manufacture of shutters. When using concrete to construct something,
forms must be used. It needs to be sturdy enough to withstand any strains associated with casting
and maintain its shape once the concrete has dried and set. To install formworks on the proper
elevations on a construction site, surveying is required. In this report, we'll examine the various
shuttering scenarios.

1. Plywood Shuttering

Formworks made of plywood have a smooth film on both sides of their face and are shuttering
types that have been severely densified. Hanging ceilings and maintaining cement are its principal
uses in building. At least nine separate layers of core veneers comprise densified plywood, which
was crushed at a high pressure and high temperature.

2. Steel Shuttering

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Steel formworks are a subset of shuttering that are used as temporary building materials to hold
concrete as it hardens. Because it will never bend or warp when concrete is poured, steel is the
perfect material for formwork. Concrete can be stored in large quantities using steel shuttering.
Steel is fragile and therefore not a good material to bond with concrete. Steel plates can be piled
to create taller structures.

3. Plastic Shuttering

Plastic formworks are lightweight, interlocking shuttering that can be utilized over a hundred
times. It might be applied to traditional concrete construction. This type of shuttering is being used
more frequently in similar designs and substantial housing constructions.

4. Fabric Shuttering

Fabric formwork, also referred to as flexible formwork, is a particular kind of cloth-based

shuttering. In this technique, thin fabric sheets with high tensile strength are utilized to arrange
themselves to mimic the fluidity of concrete to produce innovative architectural patterns.

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5. Aluminium Shuttering

Shuttering, a construction method for cast-in-place concrete buildings, comprises aluminum

formwork. Other construction jobs including the installation of concrete, mechanical and electrical
conduits, and steel reinforcement are also scheduled and managed using this system.

Work of the highest caliber is produced. Such formwork technologies produce concrete that is
more resistant to damage. Such formwork systems can be used to provide a tailored solution for
any kind of building, such as a box-shaped structure with slab-and-wall construction or a framed
structure with column-and-beam slab parts. This system's formwork components are assembled
by hand, negating the need for mechanical handling and erection equipment.

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What is foundation?

Any structure's lowest point is its foundation. It is the portion of a house or building that securely
transfers the load of the structure to the earth below, tying the structure to the ground. While
selecting the proper foundation is a highly technical choice, architects, engineers, and building
specialists should make it

Types of foundation:

1. Shallow Foundations:

These foundations are built by excavating the soil to the footing's base and then building the
footing itself. They are known as "open footings" because the entire footing is visible in the early
phases of construction.

2. Deep Foundations

A deep foundation requires more intricate and costly construction than a shallow foundation.
However, when dealing with poor soil conditions at shallow depths, significant design loads, and
site limitations, a deep foundation is probably the best option.

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What Is a Footing?

The footing refers to the lowest portion of a foundation. Construction footings are essential
because they equally distribute the weight of the building so that it doesn't sink into the ground.

The 4 Different Types of Footings

1. Individual Footings
The most typical sort of footing is an individual footing. Smaller constructions like sheds or
porches typically employ them. If the soil is exceptionally soft or there is a high water table,
individual footings are also required for the building's four walls.

2. Combined Footings
When there are several foundation walls adjacent to one another, it is best to utilize combined
footings so that the load is distributed evenly. Additionally, when one of the foundation walls is
significantly longer or taller than the others, combined footings are used.

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3. Strip Footings
For a lengthy foundation wall, like the side of a house, strip footings are employed. Furthermore,
they are employed to support parallel load-bearing walls.

4. Raft or Mat Foundation

One large concrete slab serves as the entire building's foundation, raft, or mat. When the soil is too
fragile to sustain individual footings or the building is very massive, raft foundations are used.

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Pile:

A pile is a foundation that is driven or bored into the earth beneath a building that is being
constructed. These piles help to support the structure by transferring loads from it to the earth. If
the soil's surface is too fragile, piling is done.

Piled Foundation: Pile foundations are lengthy, cylindrical columns made of steel or materials that
resemble concrete. At increasing depths, they shift the strain from the weak, compressible material
to the more compact, less compressible tougher soil or rock.

Types of Piling:

End bearing Piles: Transfer weight from a weaker soil layer to a deeper, stronger soil layer.

Friction Piles: Through friction between the pile's surface and the surrounding earth, the load is
transferred. A pile's length directly correlates to the amount of weight it can support.

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Beam: A beam is a structural component that is intended to withstand loads that are applied
perpendicular to its length. Columns, walls, or other structural elements support beams at their
ends. In a construction, beams carry the bulk of the weight. A beam's load-bearing capability and
behavior under various loads are affected by how it is supported. They distribute weight from the
structure above to the supporting walls or columns below. In the structure, beams are subject to
tensile and compression forces.

Beam types include the following:

1. I-beam
2. H-beam
3. Rectangular beam
4. Circular beam
5. Box beam
6. T-beam
7. L-beam
8. Composite beam
9. Cantilever beam
10. Truss beam
11. Continuous beam
12. Curved beam
13. Built-up beam

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Column:

The column is a structural component that, by compression, distributes the weight of the structure
above to other structural components below. Or, to put it another way, a column is a compression
member. It supports the beam, arch, upper part of the walls, slab, lintel, and ceiling rests.
Additionally, columns are used as decorative accents, non-structural components, or to increase
structural visibility.

Typically, there are four sorts of columns:

● Based on the shape

● Based on the type of Reinforcement
● Based on the type of loading
● Based on the slenderness ratio

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Findings: The Public Library Dhaka will have a 10-story residential structure and a 9-story office
building with two basement. There will be a combination of RCC and steel in the structure. It
features a total of 7 lifts, 2 of which are fire exit lifts. Substation, Generator, Book Sales
Distribution, Book Display, Meeting Room, City Library, Office Space, Restroom Zone, and
Kitchen will all be located on the ground level of the office building. The meeting room, NBC and
DPL offices, cafeteria, computer lab, training center, gift store, and dining will be located on the
first and second floors. A general reading room, a prayer room, a police department office, office
space, and an archive are all located on the third to sixth floors. An art gallery, a science reading
room, and an electronic library will be on the seventh and eighth floors, respectively. There will
be parking and a lift on the ground floor of the residential structure. For residential use, the first
through ninth floors will be utilized. This structure will have a foundation or raft as its base. The
slabs will either be rib or waffle slabs.

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Reference:

1. Housing.com (https://housing.com/news/shuttering/)
2. Techyildiz (https://www.techyildiz.com/types-of-shuttering-used-in-construction/)
3. 123 Helpme (https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Advantages-Of-Formwork-
PJ9JMLUDN6)
4. Stronghold Engineering (https://www.strongholdengineering.com)
5. Geoengineer(https://www.geoengineer.org/education/foundation-design-
construction/deep-foundations)
6. Government Website (www.mohpw.gov.bd)
7. AARSELFF (https://aarsleff.co.uk/company-news/what-is-piling/)
8. Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure))

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Credits:

Name Contribution

Shazid Yousuf Enan Title Page, Table of Contents, Shuttering or Formwork,

Findings, Reference, Pics, Credits

Tahmid Islam Footings, Reference, Pics

Rafid

Md Nur Amin Foundation, Reference, Pics

Bhuyan Johan

Mohammad Pile, Reference, Pics

Mainul Alam
Chowdhury

Md. Shafi-ul-kafi Column, Reference, Pics

Afnan Abedine Beam, Reference, Pics

Khairul Islam Raz Did not Contribute at all

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