Scribd
Upload
9 views39 pages

AL3 - Histology of Lymphatic System

lymphatic system preclinical

Uploaded by

Ace Lines
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views39 pages

AL3 - Histology of Lymphatic System

lymphatic system preclinical

Uploaded by

Ace Lines
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

HISTOLOGY OF Dr.

Pradeep Palanisamy
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this session, you would be able to

Describe the forms and distribution of lymphoid tissue

Describe the salient microscopic features of primary and


secondary lymphoid organs
INTRODUCTION
The immune system –

- Differentiates between self (own) and foreign structures


specificity

- Immune response - fights against pathogens

- Remember antigens over long period of time

Cells of the immune system:


– Lymphocytes :T, B
– Antigen presenting cells (APC): Dendritic cells, macrophages
LYMPHOCYTES

T cells B cells

•Thymus-processed •Function of B cells is


lymphocytes production of antigen-specific
antibody (immunoglobulin).
•2 subdivisions based on
expression of specific surface •Once activated B cells
markers. terminally differentiate into
plasma cells
CD4 - Helper T cells

CD8 - Cytotoxic T cells


LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Includes lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes & lymph.

 Lymph capillaries – Thin walled, collect lymph. Absent in cornea, hair,


nail & bone marrow.

 Lymph – transudate from blood, contains same proteins as in plasma,


in smaller amounts.

 Lymphocytes are suspended in lymph.

 Lymphoid tissues & organs

 Lymph capillaries unite to form larger lymph vessels which drain into
veins.
LYMPHOID TISSUE

Two types of lymphoid tissues:

Encapsulated: connective tissue capsule

spleen, thymus, lymph nodes

Unencapsulated (or partly encapsulated)

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, lymphoid nodules in GI tract,


Respiratory tract, Urinary & Reproductive tracts
LYMPHOID ORGANS
Central (primary)
lymphoid organ: where
lymphoid precursor cells
undergo antigen
independent proliferation
and differentiation
– T cells in thymus

– B cells in bone marrow


LYMPHOID ORGANS
Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organ: where functional
lymphocytes go - including lymph nodes, spleen, MALT
(mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) - lymphoid nodules of
Gastro intestinal (Peyer’s patches),Respiratory & Urogenital
systems

• Lymphocytes contact antigens and divide and differentiate into


effector B cells and T cells

• Memory cells form & circulate for years to provide extended


immunity
MUCOSA ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID
TISSUE (MALT)

Gut associated lymphoid tissue.

Tonsils – Palatine tonsil, Pharyngeal tonsil, Lingual tonsil & Tubal


tonsil.

In GIT – Solitary lymphoid follicles & Aggregated lymphoid follicles


(Peyer’s patches) seen.

‘B’ lymphocytes present in GIT, mature into plasma cells &


produce IgA antibodies
TONSIL
PALATINE TONSIL
Lymphoid tissue associted with
oropharyngeal mucosa

Supported internally by reticulin


fibres

Lymphoid follicles

Mucosa are invaginated into crypts


which are covered by Stratified
squamous non-keratinised
epithelium(oral cavity)
PALATINE TONSIL

Mucous acini open into


the crypts.

Desquamated epithelial
cells & bacteria seen in
the lumen of crypts.

Reticulated epithelium , basal lamina discontinuous

Interdigitating dendritic cells - APCs


PALATINE TONSIL

 Lymphoid tissue
 Germinal centers
 Mantle zones
 Reticulated Crypt epithelium – IgG - & IgA – producing B lymphocytes,
T cells & APCs
LYMPH NODES

Lymph nodes are small


encapsulated organs located
along the pathway of lymphatic
vessels

Serve as filters through which


lymph percolates on its way to
the blood vascular system
LYMPH NODES
Two types of lymphatic vessels serve the lymph node:
Afferent lymphatic vessels
 convey lymph towards the node
 enter at various points on the convex surface
Efferent lymphatic vessels
 convey lymph away from the node
 leave at the hilum

Activated lymphocytes are carried to the node primarily by blood


vessels
LYMPH NODES
LYMPH NODE - STRUCTURE
Covered by capsule

The parenchyma is divided into a cortex and medulla

The cortex forms the outer portion of the node


except at the hilum.

It consists of a
 dense mass of lymphatic tissue

 lymphatic sinuses (subcapsular & trabecular)

The medulla is the inner part of the lymph node.


CORTEX
CORTEX

Outer part of the cortex is called the superficial (nodular) cortex


Contains lymphatic nodules

In an active lymph node, nodules contain germinal center (Majority of


cells within germinal center are B-lymphocytes)

Inner portion of the cortex is called the deep cortex (paracortex).


is free of nodules

This region contains most of the T cells in the lymph node

Most of the lymphocytes (about 90%) enter the node through the walls
of postcapillary venules (High Endothelial Venules)
LYMPH NODE - STRUCTURE
MEDULLA

Consists of cords of lymphatic tissue (Medullary cords)


separated by lymphatic sinuses called medullary sinuses

The medullary cords contain reticular cells, lymphocytes


(mostly B lymphocytes), macrophages, dendritic, and
plasma cells

The medullary sinuses converge near the hilum, where they


drain into efferent lymphatic vessels
FILTRATION OF LYMPH

Subcapsular sinus and


trabecular lymphatic sinuses

Communicate with the


medullary sinuses
LYMPH NODE - FUNCTIONS

Phagocytosis of particulate material by phagocytotic cells

All antigens have the opportunity to be presented to B


lymphocytes, to T helper cells, and to T cytotoxic lymphocytes
for these cells to initiate an immune response.

An important site of lymphocyte proliferation (especially of B


cells in the germinal centers) as well as of transformation of B
lymphocytes into plasma cells
SPLEEN
Largest lymphatic organ

The spleen filters blood and reacts immunologically to


blood-borne antigens

The spleen is enclosed by a dense connective tissue capsule


from which trabeculae extend into the parenchyma of the organ

No afferent lymphatics

The substance of the spleen is divided into white pulp and red
pulp
SPLEEN
SPLEEN – WHITE PULP
Consists of lymphatic tissue, mostly lymphocytes

Within white pulp, there is presence of central artery

Lymphocytes that aggregate around the central artery constitute


the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

In cross sections, the PALS appears circular and may resemble
a lymphatic nodule

The presence of the central artery (occupies an eccentric


rather than a central position) however, distinguishes the
PALS from typical lymphatic nodules
SPLEEN – WHITE PULP
SPLEEN – WHITE PULP

The lymphocytes of the PALS (similar to deep cortex of lymph


nodes) are chiefly T lymphocytes

The nodules usually contain germinal centers, which, as in


other lymphatic tissues, develop as B cells proliferate after
their activation

Enlarged nodules are called splenic nodules or Malpighian


corpuscles
SPLEEN – RED PULP

Appears red because it contains large numbers of red blood


cells

Consists of splenic sinuses separated by splenic cords


(cords of Billroth)

Splenic cords contain a meshwork of reticular cells and reticular


fibers

The highly permeable splenic sinuses are special sinusoidal


vessels lined by rod-shaped endothelial cells
SPLENIC MICROCIRCULATION

Splenic artery

Trabecular artery

Central artery

Penicillar arteriole

Sheathed capillaries

Sheathed capillaries then empty directly into the reticular


meshwork of the splenic cords – Open circulation
SPLEEN - FUNCTIONS
The spleen performs both immune and hemopoietic functions

Activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes;

Production of antibodies against antigen present in circulating


blood

Removal and destruction of senescent, damaged, and abnormal


erythrocytes and platelets

Retrieval of iron from erythrocyte hemoglobin

Formation of erythrocytes during early fetal life


LYMPH NODE VS SPLEEN

Lymph node Spleen

Subcapsular and Trabecular Subcapsular and Trabecular


lymphatic sinuses – present lymphatic sinuses – Absent

Afferent lymphatics – Present Afferent lymphatics – Absent

Parenchyma – Cortex and Parenchyma – Red pulp and


medulla White pulp
No artery in lymphatic nodules
Central artery present in
in cortex
PALS
THYMUS

Present in thorax

2 lobes connected by fibrous tissue.

Fully formed & Functional at birth

After puberty, mostly replaced by


adipose tissue

Lymphoepithelial Organ
THYMUS - FEATURES

Capsule- which sends septa


that divide the lobes into Thymic
lobules.

Cortex – High concentration of


lymphocytes, Basophilic, Small
lymphocytes
THYMUS - FEATURES

Medulla- Lymphocytes are less in


number and larger, stains lightly

Hassall’s corpuscles in medulla.

Trabeculae does not form true


lobules

Cortical caps over portions of


continuous medullary tissue
THYMUS
HASSALL’S CORPUSCLES

Small, round structures in


medulla

Central core- epithelial cells &


macrophages that have
degenerated-form a pink staining
hyaline mass.

Around this mass epithelial cells


arranged concentrically
THYMUS - FUNCTION

• Immature lymphocytes from bone marrow reach Thymus

• Undergoes antigen independent proliferation and differentiation

• Forms T-lymphocytes

• Enters circulation and occupy the thymus dependent areas of


secondary lymphoid organs

• Confers Cell mediated Immunity


REFERENCES

Wojciech Pawlina, Michael H. Ross, Histology: A text and


atlas, 7th Edition, 2016, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Anthony L. Mescher, Junqueira’s Basic Histology: Text And


Atlas, 14th Edition, 2016, McGraw-Hill Education

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy