Prelim STS

STS Chapter 2 2nd sem
Social Science (Central Mindanao University)
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CHAPTER 2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND
SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Science and Technology in Different Periods
1. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
2. Medieval Period (ca. 500 - 1,500)
3. Renaissance Period (14th - 17th Century)
4. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
5. In 19th Century
6. In 20th Century Ancient Egyptian Architectural Technology.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+science/britanica
“Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done. One could write a history of

science in reverse by assembling the solemn pronouncements of highest authority
about what could not be done and could never happen.” – Robert Heinlein
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology;
2. analyse the difference between the different periods involved in the development
of Science and Technology; and
3. synthesize and create their own definition of Science and Technology based on
the discussion on this unit.
INTRODUCTION
Science and technology is evident since the beginning of time. New

knowledge made it possible to create new things that would help people improve
their everyday living. Development in the field of science has helped humans to have
a better life while advancement in technology made the lives of the people much
easier by developing new machines that helped their way of living effortless.
In combination, science and technology transforms the lives of humans. It helps

provide growth in the field of medicine, transportation, engineering and even
entertainment that until today people are benefiting from.
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The development of science and technology has gone so far, tracing how it all began
would give us a better idea on how it has developed since then and what are the
significant changes that has happened throughout time. By looking back at the
history of science and technology, we will be able to determine its progression
CONTENT
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS

The next discussions will reveal the different evidences on how the development of
science and technology has been part of the early days of humankind.
Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 B.C. - 500 A.D.)

Accumulation of knowledge and passing it from generation to generation has begun
when the modern humans evolved from their hominid ancestors. They used stones
as tools, and then learned how to shape stones to make more efficient tools. As the
tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and other
artifacts from bone, antler, and wood. They also learned how to capture fire from
natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using the
heat generated by friction or sparks from stones, or by concentrating the sun's heat.
Here are some of the development in science and technology during the ancient
period (Goddard, 2010):
EUROPE
ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus.
ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in Europe.
ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and Saharan Africa. People
in Southern Europe use sewing needles made from bone.
ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
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ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold.
THE AMERICAS
ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrowheads.
ca 8,000 The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Poe's Mountains develop
sophisticated tools.
ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flirt tools.
ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their cops.
ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds
ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads.
ASIA AND OCEANIA
ca 11,000 The earliest-known day pots are made in Japan.
ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia.
ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet.
ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark.
ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India.
ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

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ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.
ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begins chipping flakes of stones to sharpen for tools.
ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses antlers to create tools for cutting and drilling.
ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons (barbed spears) are used for fishing.
ca 10,000 people in Palestine build houses from sun-dried bricks.
ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia.
ca 6000 The world's first known city is built by the people of Catal Huyuk in Anatolia
(modern Turkey).
ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar.
ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.
ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.
ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day calendar.
ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Garawi River.
ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.
ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.
ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.
ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in Mesopotamia.
ca 2000 Babylonian mathematicians introduce a positional number system.
ca 2000 Medicine becomes an important science in Syria and Babylon.
ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the "Pythagorean Theorem".
ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars.
ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications.
ca 1350 The symptoms of leprosy are described in Egyptian text.
ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile River to the Red Sea.
ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop an alphabet.
ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation system to water crops.
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Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)
The Medieval Period also known as “Dark Ages” is considered to be one of the
creative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the first industrial
revolution. The term “Dark Ages” came up because there are few written records
remained from the said era. There are very little evidence that will support that there
was progress in the society during the periods 500 to 1500.
In the years immediately after the fall of Rome, there was a period of
readjustment, where medieval society was more concerned with keeping peace and
empire building than nurturing centers of learning. Despite this, Charlemagne (742-
814) a medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to establish a
scholastic tradition. The later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.) saw
advancements in the philosophy of science and the refinement of the scientific
method. Far from being a backwards-medieval society, overshadowed by Islam and
Byzantium, scholasticism acted as a nucleus for the Renaissance and the
Enlightenment.
This was the time for discovering great new inventions in science and
technology. There were greater advancement in technology and adaptation of
Eastern technologies in the West, including the invention of vertical windmills,
spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like
the Gothic style, and three-field crop rotation.
One of the greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the printing press
of Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in the 15th century. It was Gutenberg who
made printing mechanized. The invention of the printing press itself obviously, owed
much to the medieval paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive
press of the Mediterranean area. A long handle was used to turn a heavy wooden
screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper, which was laid over the type
mounted on a wooden platen. In its essentials, the wooden press reigned supreme
for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on
one side.
Note: A video clip on this topic (will serve as enrichment item) is available in
the Google classroom.
Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century)
The term Renaissance is used to refer to the period of rebirth as age of

preparation for the 17th century scientific development and achievements. One of the
greatest achievements in Western Europe during this period was the technology of
printing books and other documents which helped the rapid spread of knowledge and
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information as well as the preservation of culture. The technology of the Chinese in
preparing printed materials was followed and used by the Muslims and later
introduced in Europe.
Renaissance connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history. It is

closely connected with Italy, where it began in the 14th century, although some
European countries also went into same cultural changes and phenomena.
Many historians prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and

cultural movement rather than a historical period. Robert Wilde, U.K. based historian
born April 30, 1977 said that interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though
convenient for historians, “masks the long roots of the Renaissance (para.2)” .
According to Wilde in his interview with livescience.com, the demand for

perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger
one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable
type. It allowed Bibles, secular books, printed music and more to be made in larger
amounts and reach more people. On the other hand, people and a lot of steps were
involved. Wood printing first came to the West from China in 1250-1350,
papermaking originated from China has reached 12th century Spain, and the new
printers' ink originated from Flemish oil painting. In Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg
made final steps in wooden press by casting a metal type and locking into it. The
invention spread fast, reaching European countries from 1467-1483. By 1500,
Europe had already produced six million copies of books. Without the printing press,
communications revolution would not happen and it would not transform the condition
of life. The communications revolution greatly made an impact in human
opportunities for enlightenment and pleasure and created unimaginable possibilities
for manipulation and control on the other. The consideration of these contradictory
effects may shield us against a ready acceptance of triumphalist conceptions of the
Renaissance or historical change in general.
Also, Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

made one of science's greatest achievement. He presented the theory of heliocentric
where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of the earth. It
was a major breakthrough in the history of science, though the Catholic Church
banned Copernicus' book.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was also a major Renaissance scientist

persecuted for his scientific experiments. Galileo improved the telescope, discovered
new celestial bodies, and found support for a heliocentric solar system. He
conducted' motion experiments on pendulums and falling objects that paved the way
for Isaac Newton's (1643-1727) discoveries about gravity.
Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
People rely on their hands in doing labor works even before the machines
have emerged after a century that significantly increases of production output. The
phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the
use of machines was called The Industrial Revolution.
It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America, and even Asia
from 1760 to 1840. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced
and altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution was a time of scientific
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and technological advancement which spanned the period during late 19th century to
early 19th century. Partly through good fortune and partly through conscious effort,
Britain by the early 18th century came to possess the combination of social needs
and social resources that provided the necessary preconditions for a commercially
successful innovation and a social system capable of sustaining and institutionalizing
the processes of rapid technological change.
One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution was skilled workers
were set aside because operation of new machines were used. The companies also
hired women and children increasingly which cost lower than of the skilled workers.
Manual/physical labor was changed into machine operated devices, even
tradesperson replaced the craftsrmen and the applied scientists replaced the
amateur inventors.
Aside from these, three important technologies formed the foundations of the
first Industrial Revolution namely, iron production, steam engine, and textiles.
The steam engine has been around but later on improved by Scottish James
Watt (1736-1819) and other investors after 1778. It was used to run machines and
made a major contribution to the first Industrial Revolution. The steam-powered
machine was improved gradually and was adapted for many uses and the use of
more complex machinery was made possible. The development and refinement of
machine tools by British engineers Henry Maudslay (1771-1831) and Joseph
Whitworth (1803-1887) played a key and crucial part in the later phase of the first
Industrial Revolution as machine tool technology enabled standardized
manufacturing machines to be fabricated.
Some of the greatest inventions were introduced by American scientist, such

as during this period was Robert Fulton's (1765-1815) steamboat that used one of
Watt's engines. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) who invented the light bulb. Alexander
Graham Bell (1847-1922) who invented the telephone. English engineer George
Stephenson (1781-1848) developed the first steam-powered locomotive.
Note: A video clip on this topic (will serve as enrichment item) is also available
in the Google classroom.
In the 19th Century
In the 19th century, witnessed the rise of modern industry, from agriculture to
industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive services. An unending stream of
new products turned out by factories employing radically new technologies, skills,
and organization drove this emerging modern world.
Based on the Gregorian calendar, 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. The
invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products led into a second
Industrial Revolution during the 19th century. This century was considered to be the
age of machine tools. Tools were made for tools; machines were made for other parts
of another machine.
During the 19th century, science also made great progress.
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• John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803. Dalton also studied
color blindness.
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table.
• Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the law of the Conservation
of Energy in 1847. In 1851, he invented the ophthalmoscope. In the late 19th century,
physics made great strides.
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is an electromagnetic wave in

1873 and was later on proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888.
• Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in 1896.
• Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) discovered radium in 1898.
• Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.
In the 19th century, people mastered electricity.
• Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current is a wire

caused a nearby compass needle to move is 1819.
• Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity
and in 1831 he invented the dynamo.
• Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872) invested the electric telegraph is 1937.
In the 19th century, machines in factories were usually operated by steam engines.
At the end of the 19th century, they began to covert to electricity. In the mid-19*
century, railways revolutionized travelling and made travel much faster. Steam
locomotives pulled the carriages.
• Kari Benz (1844-1929) and Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) made the first cars in
1885 and 1836.
Meanwhile, the steamship revolutionized travelling a sea. At 1815, steamships were

crossing the English Channel. Furthermore took several weeks to cross the Atlantic.
Then in 1838, a steamship called the Sirius made the jobs across the Atlantic in 19
days. However steam did not completely replace sail until the end of the 19 century
when the steam turbine was used on ships
In the 20- Century
It is not skeptical that the 20 century is one of the most noticeable in the
history of humans for its incomparable technological advances and scientific
discoveries. There were a lot of new technologies made and science discoveries.
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Technology was rapidly developed in the 20 century. With the use of scientific
methods and funding for research, it helped achieve the advancement of modern
science and technology. With the ascension of new technology, it enhanced the
communication and transportation system of humans and brought it closer to people.
Military research and development brought about the rise of electronic computing
and jet engines. Radio and telephony enriched greatly and reached a wider
population of users, though near-universal access was impossible until mobile
phones became affordable for the people in the late 2000s and early 2010s.
The relationship between science and technology has become more

problematic on several levels in the 20 century. In the face of an ever-growing
complexity, technology has become more scientific and the natural sciences more
technological, as the social scientific concept of techno science indicates. At the
same time, many technological innovations since the 1970s have only slowly resulted
in job-creating new products.
Some of the greatest technological advancement during this period was the
creation of personal computer. In 1971, Intel developed a microprocessor that made
computer smaller, easier to use, and cheaper which replaced the early computers
that were bulky and had a tube-powered behemoths. Computer has become a
dominant tool in the global economy and as a necessity in many homes that until
today we greatly rely on them. Steve Jobs (1955-2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950)
have redefined the meaning of computer by introducing Apple in 1976. While in
connection with the invention of personal computers, the Internet was also created in
1969 for defense-related research known as ARPANet or Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network. It helped us in terms of global communication, gathering
information through searching, conducting business matters and on our everyday
affairs through the World Wide Web which was created in 1989.
Another one is the automobiles or cars, which were considered to be one of

the most revolutionary technological advancements in the century. Exploitation of the
said technology was made possible because of Henry Ford (1863-1947) by devising
a system of mass production for the Model T in 1908. It made cars affordable to
people and also made a dramatic change in the society. Using automobiles as a form
of transportation has connected people together including those in the rural areas to
urban centers.
One of the breakthroughs during the century was the invention of Artificial
Intelligence that has the capacity for a computer to perform humanlike intellectual
processes and it was later on developed during the 1940's. Modern A.I. features
specially designed computers that can think" similarly to humans. A.I. is also being
used to assist doctors in making medical diagnoses. While there are no any program
or computer existing today that can match the man's full intellectual capacity.
SUGGESTED READINGS / WEBSITE/ VIDEOS/ FILM CLIPS
i. Bautista, D.H., N.S. Burce, J.M. Dungo, C.S. Garcia, J.B. Imson, R.A.
Labog, F.J.B. Salazar and J.L. Santos (2018). Science Technology and
Society. MaxCor Pub. House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
ii. Goddard, J. (2010). Concise history of science and inventions: An
illustrated Timeline. Washington, D.C., USA: National Geographic Society
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iii. 123 Help me. (n.d.). History of science and technology. Retrieved from
http://www.123helpme.com/history-of-science-and-technology-view.asp?
id=158842
iv. Moistero, A.P. (2006). Science, technology and society. Quezon City:
Educational Publishing House
v. The scientist-history of science.https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Cgp_Oh7eifA
vi. Progress in science and technology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ZlwwZZeiz5o
ACTIVITY
Class A and B: In a group of 2-3 (though you may also have it individually), make a
3 min. (at least 1 minute per question) video clip explaining your creative yet logical
ideas about the following problems.
1. In what period would you like to time travel to make your own invention? Why?
2. Do you think religion will play a big role in the progression of science and
technology? Why or Why not?
3. What do you think are the negative effects of science and technological
advancement?
Send your work to your respective STS Google classrooms. Deadlines will be
given by your instructors. For class B, inform your instructors if ever you still have to
make arrangements with regard to the internet connection which will affect the
deadline.
Rubric for rating your work on Video

Subject
• provides insight into topic (10 pts max.)
• is discussed thoroughly (15 pts max.)
Subject Score________out of 25
Content
• Presents interesting information (5 pts max.)
• Language is used properly, audible, clear and effectively (5 pts max.)
• Student(s) behave professionally on camera (5 pts max.)
• Student(s) demonstrate thoughtful approach to subject (5 pts max.)
Content Score________out of 20
Technical Aspects
• Camera is stable, smooth movements and pans (5 pts max.)
• Subject is lit and clearly visible (5 pts max.)
• Project was completed in a timely manner (5 pts max.)
Technical aspects Score________out of 15
Total Score__________out of 60
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Class C: Choose one of the topics listed below and make a poster (using any art
materials of your choice) in a long-sized bond paper showing the development of
Science and technology.
Topics:
i. Ancient ii. Medieval iii. Renaissance iv. Industrial Revolution
v. 19th Century vi. 2oth Century
Have your work be submitted during the schedule to be given by your STS instructor.
Rubric for rating your work on poster

Category 12-15 pts. 9-11 pts. 5-8 pts. 1-4 pts.
The poster All required All but 1 of the Several
includes all elements are required required
required included on the elements are elements were
Elements elements as poster. included on the missing.
well as poster.
additional
information.
All graphics are All graphics are All graphics Graphics do not
related to the related to the relate to the relate to the
Graphics topic and make topic and most topic. topic
it easier to make it easier
understand. to understand.
The poster is The poster is The poster is The poster is
exceptionally attractive in acceptably distractingly
attractive in terms of design, attractive messy or very
Attractiveness
terms of design, layout, and though it may poorly
layout, and neatness. be a bit messy. designed. It is
neatness. not attractive.
TOTAL SCORE_________out of 45
In another bond paper, write an explanation on the question “Do you think
religion will play a big role in the progression of science and technology?” (15 pts.)
GOD BLESS EVERYONE AND KEEP SAFE ALWAYS!
-GEC 17 Instructors
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Chapter 3 STS Reading materials 2nd sem

CHAPTER 3
Science, Technology, and Society:
Philippine History
Chapter Outline
Historical Background of Science and
Technology in the Philippines
• Pre Spanish Period
• Spanish Colonial Period
• American Period and Post
Commonwealth Era
• Marcos Era
• Fifth Republic
Source: https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-evolution-of-media-in-the-philippines-
2a6e8df1-0455-4873-b9ea-1da1a1b0ea56
“The growth and development of people is the highest calling of a leader”

- John Maxwell
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the historical timeline of science and technology in the Philippines;
2. Analyze the development of science and technology in the Philippines; and
3. Synthesize and create their own understanding on the different periods of the history of
science and technology in the Philippines.
Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Pre- Spanish Period

The Philippines has few written information with regards to its society, culture, and
technology before the Spanish arrived. We relied on archaeological findings to trace the
beginning of how the Filipinos lived with the use of science and technology.
These archaeological findings showed that modern man from Asian mainland first
came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about
48,000

B.C. They settled in different areas across the country and made simple tools and
weapons of stone flakes and later developed new skills like sawing and polishing stones.
During 3,000 B.C., they learned to produce adzes ornament of seashells and
pottery that prosper for 2,000 years until competition arrived with the Chinese porcelains.
Eventually they’ve learned how use metals as their tools and so-called Iron Age lasted
until the 3rd century B.C to the 11th century A.D. during this time, Filipinos were involved
in ore mining such as copper, gold, bronze, and iron.
Early Filipinos have also engaged themselves into weaving, shipbuilding, mining,
and faming that led them in creating the finest products of engineering which is the
Banaue Rice Terraces. Early Spanish chronicles also noted that early Filipinos build a
refined plank-built warship called caracoa that well suited for inter-island trade.
Locales from Butauan were trading with Chinampa (Vietnam) and those from MaI
(Mindoro) with China as seen on the Chinese records that contains several references to
the Philippines. These records indicate that trading relationship have existed and
established between the Philippines, China, and Vietnam.
Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos were already aware of activities and
practices related to science and technology. They have learned the curative values of
plants and able to extract the medicine out it. They had an alphabet, counting methods,
weights, and measurement system, and the calendar that they based on the period of
the moon.
Spanish Colonial Period

When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, it has contributed the growth of
science and technology in the country. They have introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution. Parish schools were established where they taught religion,
reading, writing, arithmetic, and music. Natives were taught a more advance methods in
agriculture. Later on, they have established colleges and universities around the country
including the oldest university in Asia, Which is the University of Sto. Tomas.
Medicine was prioritized during the Spanish colonization, especially in the later
years. Spaniards made contributions in the field of engineering by constructing
government establishments, churches, roads, bridges and forts. Biology was highlighted
during this period. Botanists, chemist, and medical scholars all gave contribution to the
field of science.
The galleon trade made a big impact in the economic growth of the Philippines.
Spaniards gave priority to the galleon trade sue to its potential to make huge profits. That
is why agriculture and industrial development were not given focus and were neglected
during this time. When Suez Canal was built, visiting each other countries for Europeans
and Filipinos was made possible and probably influenced by the rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era

The Americans replaced Spaniards after they ruled the country and the progress
of science and technology has continued under their rule. The establishment of Bureau
of Government laboratories was made in July 1, 1901 by the Philippine Commission,
which served a purpose to study the tropical disease and laboratory projects on the
country, and was later on replaced by the Bureau of Science in 1905 that became the

primary research center of the country. While on December 8, 1933, the National
Research Council of the Philippines was established.
It was during the American period when science was inclined towards agriculture,
food processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy, and not much focus were given on
the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States
that nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946. In 1950,
there were reports made by the US Economic Survey about the Philippines’ problem
with regards to science and technology such a lack of basic information, no support,
minimal budget, and low compensation. During the regimen of Carlos P. Garcia in the
1958, the Philippine Congress passed the bill entitled “The Science Act of 1958” which
goals is to establish the National Science Development Board.
Marcos Era
It was only during the Marcos Presidency where science was given importance. It
was clearly stated by the former President in the Philippine Constitution, amended in
1973, that in term of national development, priority shall be given in the advancement of
science and technology.
In his State of Nation Address, Marcos declared that there is a need for science in
public high school and with the help of Department of Education in partnership from the
National Science Development Board it aims to provide science-teaching equipment for
a period of 4 years.
In 1968, he also recognized that technology was the top reason in economic
development, and gave extra funds to support projects in applied science and science
education. While in 1969, he allotted large amount of war damage funds to private
universities to encourage them to courses that focus on science and technology and
research. In 1970, he emphasized that by upgrading the science curriculum and teaching
equipment is crucial to the science development program.
Furthermore, he declared Presidential Decree No.49, series of 1972 as a support
for promoting the scientific research and invention. Aside from that, one of his greatest
contributions is the establishment of PAGASA which function is to give environmental
protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the nation. He also
established the National Academy of Science and Technology in 1976 to have a scientist
whose experts in science and technology.
In 1986, he also established campuses of Philippine Science High School in the
Visayas and Mindanao. It encourages the youth in theses area to choose a career in
science and technology. It also aims to tap the potential students on the said regions.
Fifth Republic
After the term of President Marcos, Corazon Aquino replaced him in the
presidential seat and on her term in 1986, she replaced the National Science and
Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology (DOST), giving the
science and technology a seat in the government cabinet. It was during the Philippine
Development Plan for the years 1987-1992 where the role of science and technology in
the nature economy was highlighted. In 1990, Sate of Nation Address of President
Corazon Aquino said that science and technology development should be on the top
three priorities of the government to implement the development plan they have made.

In 1989, the budget allocation for science and technology was increased
amounting into 1.054 billion pesos. But due to Asian financial crisis between the years
1990-1991, it was cut down by 14% and in 1992, it was increased again by 50%. She
also encouraged Filipino scientists and inventors to put back Philippines and second in
Japan when it comes to the field of science and technology. It was one on of her goals to
make the country industrialized by the year 2000.
In July 1992, President Fidel V Ramos reported his State of the Nation Address
that there were improvements with regards to science and technology. In his third SONA
in 1994, he reported that there was a significant increase in people who specialize in the
field of science and technology. By the year 1998, it was an estimated that the
Philippines had 3,000competent scientists and engineers.
It was during the 5th Republic where the government provided 3,500 scholarships
for students who are interested in taking up courses related to science and technology.
Schools became modernized and updated by having additional high-tech equipment. It
was also during this time when science and technology personnel were given priority by
the government by approving the Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997 which entitled “Magna
Carta for science and technology Personnel”. Its purpose is to give incentives and
rewards to people who made an impact and influential in the field of Science and
Technology.
In 1998, during President Joseph Estrada’s term, the Internet age was pushed
for the advancement of schools and industry. Then it was under the term of Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo when science and technology reached its golden age.
Numerous laws and projects related to science were made to push technology
forward to increase the economic level of the country like R.A 9367 or the “biofuels” act
that promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country. In 2014,
President Benigno Aquino honors four scientist who gave huge contributions in the
scientific field that geared towards the advancement of science and technology of the
country.
SUUGESTED READINGS/WEBSITE/VIDEOS/FILM CLIPS
1. Moistero, A.P. (2006). Science, technology and society. Manila: Educational

Publishing House
2. Scribd. (2010). History of science and technology in the Philippines. Retrieved

from https://www.scribd.com/doc/36969608/4-7-B- History -of-Science-
andTechnology-in-the-Philippines
3. Scribd. (2009). Science, technology and society.

Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/23367406/LECTURE-
NOTES-ON-INTRODUCTIONTO-SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-AND-SOCEITY

Activity 1
Directions: Classes A and B will make a photo story showcasing the historical timeline
of scientific inventions in the Philippine history. You can work individually or with a
partner. (A photo story, is a means of visual storytelling. Photojournalists use photo
stories to narrate a series of images so that they give better insight into an event or
topic). On the other hand, class C will make a collage using ¼ cardboard depicting the
evolutions of technology in our country. You may submit your answer in your respective
GEC 17 Google classroom. (Please refer to the attached rubric below on how you will be
scored)
Rubric in Photo Story
Criteria 10-8 7-5 4-2 1-0
Content/ All content is clearly Almost all content is Only some of the content is Content is minimally
comprehensible comprehensible comprehensible comprehensible
Comprehensibility
Language Pronunciation Pronunciation and Pronunciation and Grammar Pronunciation and

and Grammar is good. is acceptable. Grammar is
Grammar is nonacceptable.
excellent.
Voice Quality Well-rehearsed with Rehearsed with a Delivery not smooth, but Delivery not smooth
smooth delivery fairly smooth delivery able to hold audience and audience
that holds that usually holds attention most of the time. attention lost.
audience audience attention.
attention.
Pictures Perfectly Aligns related Use of some Unrelated
aligns pictures well to pictures occasionally pictures
related pictures to enhance to often distract from the
enhance the presentation. distracts from presentation.
presentation. the presentation.
Music Perfectly correlates Does not quite Distracts form content; is too Entirely unrelated and
to and enhances correlate and/or is too overbearing completely
overall content noticeable overbearing
General Includes all required Includes almost all Lacks some required Lacks large amount
pictures as well as required pictures as pictures and or title and of required pictures
title and source well as title and source and title and/or
source source
Source: Joachim Körner, 8/26/2020

Collage Rubric
CATEGORY 10-8 7-5 5-2 1-0
Creativity All of the graphics or Most of the graphics or Only a few graphics or None of the graphics
objects used in the objects used in the objects reflect student or objects reflects
collage reflect a degree collage reflect student creativity, but the ideas student creativity.
of student creativity in creativity in their were typical rather
their display. display. than creative.
Design Graphics are cut to an 1-2 graphics are 3-4 graphics are Graphics are not an
appropriate size, lacking in design or lacking in design or appropriate size shape.
shape and are placement. There placement. Too much Glue marks evident.
arranged neatly. Care may be a few background is Most of the
has been taken to smudges or glue showing. There are background is
balance the pictures marks. noticeable smudges or showing. It appears
across the area. glue marks. little attention was
Items are glued neatly given to designing the
and securely. collage.
Time and Effort Much time and effort Class time was used Class time was not Class time was not
went into the planning wisely. Student could always used wisely. used wisely and the
and design of the have put in more time student put in no
collage. It is clear the and effort. additional effort.
student used class time
efficiently.
Attention to The student gives a The student gives a The student gives a The student's
Theme reasonable reasonable fairly reasonable explanations are weak
explanation of how explanation of how explanation of how and illustrate difficulty
every item in the most items in the most items in the understanding how to
collage is related to the collage are related to collage are related to relate items to the
assigned theme. For the assigned theme. the assigned theme. assigned theme.
most items, the For many of the items,
relationship is clear the relationship is clear
without explanation. without explanation.
Presentation The student speaks The student speaks The student somewhat The student does not
clearly, with confidence clearly, with confidence speaks clearly, with speak clearly, without
and poise. Completely and poise. Reasonably confidence and poise. confidence and poise.
conveys message of conveys message of Somewhat conveys Does not convey
collage as it relates to collage as it relates to message of collage as message of collage as
personal style choices. personal style choices. it relates to personal it relates to personal
style choices style choices
Source: Collage Rubricwww.neshaminy.org

Chapter 4 STS

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 17TH CENTURY
(Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society)
Chapter Outline:
1. The Age of Enlightenment
2. Copernican Revolution
3. Darwinian Revolution
4. Freudian Revolution
5. Information Age
6. Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. -3rd Century A.D.)
7. Middle East (17th Century)
8. African Revolution
Source: Hinweise zur lizenzgerechten Weiterverwendung

des Bildes/Wikimedia
“The most obvious characteristic of science is its application: the fact that, as a consequence of
science, one has a power to do things. And the effect this power has had need hardly be
mentioned. The whole industrial revolution would almost have been impossible without the
development of science.” -Richard P. Feynman

1. define paradigm shift;
2. articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology;
3. trace the history of science and technology in different eras and civilization; and
4. enumerate scientific and technological advancement made by people and some
civilization of the 17th century.
INTRODUCTION
The world is in constant flux. Everything, including all the material things and ideas, may change
accordingly based on the facts which are an output of human curiosity. Seeking answers to human
questions added scientific facts, evidence, and concepts in the network of knowledge understandable by
the man. It means that the more questions asked, the more knowledgeable humans become.
In order for us to enumerate and understand the major shifts in the history of science and
technology, we must be familiar with the most important scientific events that changed and shaped our
society during the time of Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. In addition, we
have to study the intellectual changes in Mesoamerica, Middle East, and Africa.
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (18TH CENTURY)

The Age of Enlightenment is a period in Europe in the 18th century when many writers and
thinkers began to question established beliefs. These beliefs include the authority of kings or the of the
Church, in favor of reason and scientific proof. The idea developed that everyone was of equal value and
had equal rights.

Copernican Revolution
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the
center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the
center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.)
The theories and ideas from ancient thinkers about the natural world and the universe laid a
foundation of how we understand astronomy today. Though there is only a small number of extraordinary
thinkers during the time of antiquity, there is always a divergence of theories and ideas of philosophers
during that time. The fact that the Earth is not the center of the solar system is only one of the results of
scientific revolution. Mathematics was the common tool used by ancient astronomers to explain the
motion of celestial bodies and on the latter combined with actual observations that provided enough
evidences proving that the Sun is the center of the solar system. The remarkable contributions of ancient
astronomers to the development from Geocentric to Heliocentric model of the Universe is listed in table
4.1.
Table 4.1 Notable contributions of ancient astronomers to the development of the universe
Aristotle (384-322 B.C., Greek) Proved that the Earth is spherical

Earth was at the center of the universe, i.e., sun, planets, and stars were located in
sphere that revolved around the Earth.
Aristarchus (310-230 B.C., Greek) The first to propose the idea that the Sun was the center of the universe.
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C., Greek) Considered to be the greatest astronomer of ancient times.
Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 A.D., Greek) Used Hipparchus observations to develop the Ptolemaic System which describes the
Earth as the center of the universe with sun, moon, planets, and stars revolving around
it in a circular orbit.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543,Polish) Concluded that the Sun, not the Earth is the center of the universe.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Italian) Supported Copernican model of the universe.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630, German) Formulated the three Laws of Planetary Motion.
Darwinian Revolution
This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This
revolution provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian
revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of
Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is a biologist who was famously known for his works on
evolution and the process of natural selection. He studied Divinity in Cambridge where he met Adam
Sedgwick (1785- 1873) and the naturalist John Henslow (1796-1861) who brought back his interest in
biology and geology.
With the teaching of the church and the influence of Henslow, Darwin also rejected the idea of
Lamarck that acquired characteristics are inheritable. His faith altered after five years mapping expedition
with the British Army in 1831 headed by Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865) of the ship named
H.M.S Beagle. He made observations on diversity of organisms in the Galapagos Islands and adaptation
which laid the foundation to develop his theory of evolution and natural selection.
Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs by means of natural selection, in addition, natural
selection might occur because of the following reasons:
a) Overproduction and variation-some species produce many offspring but not all of these will
survive. It means that not all of the offspring do not have the characteristics to survive in the
environment.

b) Competition and Selection- Competition may or may not be direct but the idea is always on the
survival of organism. The organisms that survived more likely reproduce which transfer their
characteristics to their offspring.
c) Environmental change- the environment will not adjust for the organism but rather it is always the
organism that will change to adapt to the environment.
Freudian Revolution
This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This
includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that
is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete
his/her developmental stage.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) explained how human mind works and cure its mild mental
illness. He calls this method psychoanalysis and its main goal is to make unconscious conscious.
He also developed topographical and structural model of the mind to basically explain the sources
of human behavior.
According to the topographical model of Freud, the mind is divided into three regions. These are
the subconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind.
a) Conscious mind- consists of thoughts

that focus on the present state of
mind.
b) Preconscious mind- consists of what
can be retrieved from the memory.
c) Subconscious mind- consists of the
primitive desires, wishes, or impulse,
which is mediated by the
preconscious mind.
The Structural Model of the Mind

The structural model of Freud elaborates his topographical model which preconscious mind is then
divided into superego, ego, id.
a) Ego-drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id as it operates the
conscious and unconscious mind
b) Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct of man and Thanatos the death or
destructive instinct of man.
c) Super ego- operates based on the principles of morality that drive man to become socially
responsible and behave in an acceptable manner. It basically means that super-ego drives
a man to follow rules and resolves the conflict between ego and the id.

INFORMATION AGE
This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also
known as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how
are we living today.
People view communication as one of the most important tools in understanding society,
Communication is defined as the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express
or exchange information or to express ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. It took a lot of
time for communication to prosper and develop to what is being used today. Along with the development
of technology, the develop to impacts of distance, location, and time were eradicated.
Most of us believe that the beginning of the Information Age is the time when computer was made
available to people since computer is the greatest tool used to access the world wide web. Information
Age, according to Alberts and Papp (1997) in their paper entitled The Information Age: An Anthology on Its
Impact and Consequences, is divided into three modern information revolution: First Modern Information
Revolution, Second Modern Information Revolution and Third Modern Information Revolution.
These are the most important events during the modern information revolution:
FIRST MODERN INFORMATION REVOLUTION (MID-19TH CENTURY)

• The invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse (1791–1872).
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) patented the first telephone.
• Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) proved the feasibility of radio communications,
i.e. sending and receiving of radio signals.
SECOND MODERN INFORMATION REVOLUTION (MID-20TH CENTURY)

 Lee DeForest (1873-1961) Early generation computers were made available to everyone.
 Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1926-1931) Television as one of the best communication tools.
 Sergci Korolev (1957) Artificial satellites were built and linked the world.
 Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001) quantified information and measured it in bits.
THIRD MODERN INFORMATION REVOLUTION (1980’S)

The third modern information is labeled as “knowledge revolution.” This period is only about the
development of communication-related technologies that improved society.
Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C.-3rd Century A.D.)
It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The temple and
pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study
more of it.
The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word mesos meaning "in the middle." This
period is characterized by the following civilizations:
Olmecs ((1500 B.C.-400 B.C.)
The top of the society are priests and nobles who lived in ceremonial centers.
 Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.
 Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as portraits of rulers.
 Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone.
 The mother culture of Mesoamerica.
Mayans (300 B.C.-900 A.D.)
Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed farming.
 Organized into city-state without political unity but bounded economy.
 Developed numbering system including place value and the concept of zero.

 Developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording astronomical
observations, rituals and religious matter but was burnt during the invasion of Spanish
conquerors.
 Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days.
Aztecs (12th-15th Century)
 Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops.

 Built empire which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priest, and military
leaders.
 Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar with 260 days.
 Believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but still uses herbs and medicine for
treatment
Middle East (17th Century)
The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and
growth of individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to western
and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power
of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
Middle east is a term used to describe a geographic location that extends from Egypt to
Afghanistan where Islam arose. Islam, however, is a religion of right actions, rules, and laws that
began in the 7th century and follows the teachings of Muhammad who was believed by Muslims as the
messenger of God. Islam is also an Arabic word meaning “submission to God”. Islamic rules are
symbolized by five obligatory acts or the five pillars of Islam: Witness(Shahada), worship (salat),
fasting (Sawm), Tithing (Zakat), and Pilgrimage (Hajj). If the Roman Catholic Church has the “Bible”
Islam, on the other hand, also has its holy book called Qur’an (Koran).
Seemingly different to other ancient civilizations like Europe, Isla as religion plays an important
role not only in Arab ways of living but also in the advancement of science. The pursuit of knowledge
is included in the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. This practicality of Islam and openness to
embracing knowledge resulted to some advancement in the field of geography, medicine, and
mathematics.
Contributions to Geography
 Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to know the direction of the Qublah, i.e., the
direction that should be faced when Muslims pray.
 In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps including a world map that has continents,
mountains, rivers, and famous cities.
 Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, also produced an accurate colored map.
 Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries. Ferdinand Magellan and
Christopher Columbus imported Muslim navigators.
Contributions to Mathematics
 Muslims invented symbols to express an unknown quantity.
 Made use of zero and decimal system.
 Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (early 9th century), one of the first directors of the house
of Wisdom, introduced algebra in solving equation.
Medical Contributions
 Arabs made use of human cadaver to study and understand its anatomy and physiology.
 Abū-‘Alī al-Husayn ibn-‘Abdallā Ibn-Sīnā or Avicenna (ca. 970-1037) wrote an encyclopedia
of medical knowledge. This work was translated into Latin and was used as a textbook in
Europe up to 17th century.
 Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi spearheaded the construction of the first Islamic
Bimaristans (hospital)

African Revolution
The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
Africans like other Eastern civilizations are pioneers of some advancement in science and
technology. They worked independently without any influence of European science. Some remarkable
works of Africans were in the field of mathematics, metallurgy, architecture and engineering,
astronomy, medicine, and navigation. The remarkable contributions of Africans are the following:
 Africans made use of the first method of counting.
 The modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and used
today in high schools was first developed in Africa.
 Used advanced techniques for furnace that made it fuel efficient which was 200 to 400°C
hotter compared to 1600°C-furnace used by the Romans.
 Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected rock-hewn churches of
Lalibela in Ethiopia which are considered as wonders of the world.
 Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.
 Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellations to calculate and
establish an accurate calendar.
 Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth, filling of dental cavities,
broken bone setting, bone traction, vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
 Made use of plants like the bark of Salix capensis as source of aspirin, kaopectate for
treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of reserpine for hypertension and
snakebite.
 Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80 tons.
References:
Bautista, D., N, Burce, J. Marasigan-Dungo, C. Garcia, J. Imson, R. Labog, F. Salazar and J. Lee-
Santos.2018. Science Technology and Society. Maxcor Publishing House, Inc.
https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-society?from_action=save

ACTIVITY 4, PICTURE ANALYSIS. (For All Classes). Study and analyze the picture below. Make a 1-page
analysis (Font and font size = Arial 12) based on your own understanding and include a prediction on
what the 5th Industrial Revolution will be in the future. Send your work to your respective GEC 17 Google
classrooms (Classes A and B) and in a short bond paper for Class C. Your instructor will set the deadline of
submission.
Criteria 7 5 3 1
Objectivity Makes a Makes a detailed Makes a detailed Descriptions are
complete and description of most description of not detailed
detailed of the subject matter some of the or complete.
description of and/or elements seen subject matter
the subject in the photograph. and/or elements
matter and/or seen in the
elements seen photograph.
in the photograph.
Knowledge Provides a Provides a Provides some Summary is not
complete somewhat summary about detailed or
summary of the complete the situation complete.
situation and summary of the and time period
time period situation and shown, and the
shown, and the time period people and
people and shown, and the objects that
objects that people and appear.
appear. objects that
appear.
Interpretation Forms a Forms a Relates how the Finds it
reasonable somewhat photograph difficult to
hypothesis reasonable makes him/her interpret the
about what is hypothesis feel personally. meaning of the
viewed in the about what is photograph.
photograph and viewed in the
is able to photograph and
support this is able to
with evidence support this
from the with some
photograph. evidence from
the photograph.

STS Chapter 5 2nd sem SY 2020-2021

CHAPTER 5
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
NATION BUILDING
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. The Concept of Nation Building
2. S & T in Nation Building (Philippines
and Global Perspective)
3. The Philippine Government S & T
agenda
4. Personalities in S & T in the Philippines
5. Science Education and Selected
Indigenous Science and Technologies
Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human
mind is our fundamental resource.
John F. Kennedy
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. discussed the concept of nation building and its importance;
2. explained the relationship between development and nation-building;
3. discussed the role of S & T in the Philippines Nation Building;
4. evaluated the government policies pertaining to S & T in terms of their
contributions to nation-building; and
5. identified actual S & T policies of the government and appraise their impact on
the development of the Filipino nation.
“What shapes the best in us dies when the best education dies! The best in us shall
always be undermined when they that are responsible for shaping the best in us are
always undermined!
I stand for a different education: a different education where students will not just
learn books but life!
learn moral principles, but they shall be living examples of moral principles.
I stand for a different education: a different education where students don’t just
understand what they learn, but practice what they learn with understanding!
learn about people of different beliefs, culture and backgrounds, but how to live with
people who don’t share common perspective with them and know how to show
their emotions of bitterness and misunderstanding rightly!

I stand for a different education: a different education where students will be perfect
ambassadors’ of God on earth and live their daily lives with all due diligence!
I stand for a different education: a different education where students will understand
why we all breathe the same air, sleep and wake up each day in the same manner to
continue the journey of life!
I stand for a different education: a different education where students will learn with
inspiration even in their desperations!
I stand for a different education: a different education where teachers are seen as
true epitome of education!
I stand for a different education: a different education in which the value of the
teacher is well understood and the teacher is well valued as a treasure!
learn, but they will reproduce great and noble things with what they learn!
I stand for a different education: a different education where students will understand
the real meaning of integrity and responsibility and with true courage and humility be
that as such!
I stand for a different education: a different education where education means

creativity!
Education is the spine of every nation! The better the education, the better the nation!
The mediocre the education, the mediocre the nation! A good nation is good because
of how education has shaped the perspective and understanding of the populace! A
nation that does not know where it is heading towards must ask the machine that
produces the populace who drive the nation: education! Until we fix our education,
we shall always have a wrong education and we shall always see a wrong nation!”
— Ernest Agyemang Yeboah
INTRODUCTION
Ratnasiri (2006) in her editorial stated “It is a well-established fact that science
and technology impacts all aspects of our lives as well as the planet we live on. The
science and technology induced changes have for the most part benefited mankind
although there is many a case where science and technology-based innovations have
been used for the detriment of mankind, pursued for either wealth and power or both.
It is the responsibility of all concerned to ensure that science and technology is used
wisely to benefit mankind.
Page 1 of 18

The reality today is that most benefits accrued from science and technologies
have not reached the majority of people, particularly the poor in the developing
countries.
Science and Technology has been one of the main driving forces of the
economic growth of nations. Most developed countries have generated new
technologies with potential to result in dynamic economic performance. This however
has not been the case with most of the developing countries and their developmental
plans have not given adequate emphasis and importance to science and technology
and in particular to research in the science and technology aspects. Countries like
India, South Korea and Taiwan in the region have achieved much through science
and technology and stand out as having demonstrated the absolute importance of
science and technology for economic growth. These countries are examples for the
developing counties. The impact of technology on society without doubt is going to be
even more marked in the future.
It is then of paramount importance to generate and develop new knowledge in
science and technology for application nationally through our own research capability.
It is also necessary to concentrate on the rapid transfer and exchange of proven
technologies from other nations to reap the benefits of the global trends to stimulate
our economic growth.
That science and technology plays a decisive role in the economic growth of
nations in a foregone conclusion. It is then pertinent to also consider and rethink
about the role of scientists and technologists in stimulating the economic wellbeing of
the country. It is well accepted that scientists and technologists must necessarily
generate new knowledge by engaging in meaningful and appropriate research and
developmental activities. A question needs to be posed to the researches as to
whether their role should be limited to only the narrow confines of creation of new
knowledge. If scientists and technologists are to contribute significantly to social and
economic changes resulting in the development of the country, their role should
expand beyond generation of new knowledge and assume the role of advising the
decision makers and finally making the decisions on the science and technology
prospects, choices and priorities for the country.
How can scientists and technologists contribute to achieving this multiple role
which is a dire necessity for the economic development of the country?
As creators of new knowledge, the researchers must focus their work on
nationally and globally important and competitive areas of research which are
multidisciplinary in nature. This means that the research must be goal and result
oriented. The results of course must be tangible and significant. The advice of
scientists and technologists whose findings are of national and global significance will
no doubt be much sought after by the authorities. In view of this it is important that the
scientists and technologists on their part make a total commitment to add and develop
significantly to the knowledge base in science and technology aspects which are of
economic importance to the nation.”
Thus, this chapter will recognize the importance of providing profound
understanding of science and technology in nation-building. Specifically, it aims to
discuss the impact of scientific knowledge, efforts and even other influences in the
context of Philippine nation-building.
CONTENT
THE CONCEPT OF NATION BUILDING
Understanding the concept of nation building requires a prior concept of the

term nation. Early conceptions of nation defined it as a group or race of people who
Page 2 of 18

shared history, traditions, and culture, sometimes religion, and usually language.
Generally, people of a specific nation share a common national identity. It may include
identity based on race or ethnicity, loyalty to a set of political ideas, and institutions,
and the linkage of citizenship to nationality.
Fagoyinbo (2013) explained that “the word nation is often used synonymously
with state, as in the United Nations. But a state is more properly the governmental
apparatus by which a nation rules itself” (p.411). in approaching the question of
nation- building, and its relationship to state-building, it is important to keep in mind
that this definition specifies the “legitimate use of force”. (Stephenson, 2005)
Many aspects shall be considered in achieving a strong nation. As Prof.
Gambari (2008) enumerated, these aspects include:
 building a political entity (territory, rules, norms, principles and common

citizenship);
 building institutions (symbolizes political entity – institutions such as a
bureaucracy, an economy, the judiciary, universities, a civil service, and
civil society organizations); and
 building a common sense of purpose, a sense of shared density, a
collective imagination of belonging. (para.1)
The impact of a welfare-centered developments aimed to address the basic needs

of the people to be free from poverty, inequality, unemployment, on the one hand,
or by desire to compete for resources and power either internally or in the
international system, is indeed necessary. Thus, it doesn’t only include
developments in terms of human rights but also most importantly, development of
education towards democratic state to promote welfare. (Barbanti, 2005)
Development in Relation to Nation Building
In the 19th century, development was philosophically understood as the

improvement of humankind. Likewise, it can be understood, an a more practical way,
by political elites as social engineering of emerging national societies. (McMichael,
2004)
Reisman (2008) distinguished development as “decision processes and

decision outcomes” which makes it effective in influencing in all ways the values and
culture of global communities. This makes changes and dynamism in the society as
important distinguishing feature of development. On the other hand, he further
explained that:
…development, implies specific scope values with respect to which

strategies for securing selective changes are invented and against which
change-flows in decision structures and in the production and distribution
of values are constantly evaluated. Thus, from a policy-oriented
perspective, not all change is development; changes incompatible with
human dignity can be characterized as retrogressions or as “dis
developmental” (para.1). (Reisman, 2008)
Key Drivers to Development
In the contemporary world, science and technology are key drivers to

development, since economic advances, improvements in key systems (health,
education and infrastructures) are being reinforced through technological and
scientific
Page 3 of 18

insurgencies. Basically, developments in science and technology greatly affects the
conditions of the people specifically in their way to live, connect, communicate and
transact, with profound effects on economic development. It is imperative that every
state should invest in equipping their people towards an emerging national society.
Promoting scientific and technological advances is seen essential as an

instrument for building a strong nation. On the other hand, the rise of science and
technology in this aspect could be the fall of other related aspects for it could be a
potential contributor to the dehumanization and the degradation of the environment.
Thus, Cowan and Shenton as cited in McMichael, (2004) elucidate that
development meant balancing the apparent inevitability of technological change with
social intervention (p.2). Idealistically, it means “assisting human society” in its
development and perhaps realistically as managing citizen-subjects experiencing
“wrenching social transformations (p.2).
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION BUILDING: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Science and technology has an overwhelming impact to rapid development.

Implementation of science and technology in every nation in every aspect of life is the
greatest evidence of modernization. Convenience, simplicity, and easiness in
everyday living has been offered by the introduction of modern gadgets. The absence
of modern equipment, in all sectors and or any other field, the advancement and
benefits that is being experienced today would have not been possible. (Pujari, 2016)
In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of modernity determines the
nation’s capability to sustain its people’s lives. Such is the influence of science and
technology for the development of a nation. The question now is how shall a nation be
assessed on its capability?
Countries are being categorized today based on economy and the application
of science and technology. It can be analyzed from various reports that countries
which have strong base in science and technology are the ones that developed faster.
Economic Situation
The development field has always been highly influenced by economic
thought, as exemplified by the fact that development has been primarily measured by
increases in Gross National Product (GNP) and or the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).
The global economic situation has become a basis for determining the
classification of countries. The united Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UN/DESA), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) and the five United Nations regional commissions, including Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the pacific (ESCAP) launched the World
Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) reports. This provides annual reports on
world economic trends in different dimensions. It also serves as basis for classifying
countries around the world as to developed economies, economies in transition and
developing economies. Many nations continuously strive to attain “developed”
category which motivates them to strengthen their own economic dimensions. The
WESP report 2018 stated that an “improved global economic situation” offers the best
chance for countries to address “long-term issues” which hinders development. The
said issues include low carbon economic growth, reducing inequalities, economic
diversification and eliminating deep-rooted barriers. (United Nations, 2018)
Take a look at the classification in Figure 1 below of the countries made by the
United nations.
Page 4 of 18

The major developed economies include Canada, Japan, France, Germany,
Italy, United Kingdom, and United States. Moreover, developing countries can be
found at the regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Conversely,
least developed countries can also be found in those regions.
Figure 1. Countries Grouped by United nations
Science and Technology for the Advancement of Developing Countries
In many developing countries, science and technology plays and important role
in social and economic progress. The importance of science and technology in
addressing the national and international issues necessitates the promotion of various
science and technology program throughout the developing countries.
Accordingly, developing countries realize the importance of benchmarking and

learning best practices from the developed nations to eventually produce a localized
science and technology programs. (National Academy of Sciences, 2006)
Ateneo de Manila University (2008) quoted former Senator Eduardo J. Angara

who stressed that “investments on research and development (R&D) and education”,
related to the “emerging trends” in various field of applied sciences, evidently
considers “Science and Technology Innovation (STI) as a driving force behind the
success of the Asian neighboring countries” (para.2). he further enumerated the
factors which contribute to the economic successes of these Asian countries:
 government investment in public goods and services such as roads, clean
water, health and education;
 support for small and medium-scale enterprises;
 support for higher education institutions, science and engineering sectors,
and industry and trade associations;
 inter-institutional linkages between universities, industries, government
agencies and non-government organizations; and
 good governance (para.3).
Page 5 of 18

Generally, it is recognized that nations and communities who aim for a good
standing in the world economy must either possess or seek to acquire a home-
grown, self-generating capability in science and technology. Citizens,
government and every individual effort in advancing the status of science and
technology in a nation are important towards promoting a nation to a amore
advanced level of competency, competitiveness and capability.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING
Philippines is one of the developing countries that is continuously addressing

the persistent problems of inequality and poverty. How the Philippines responds to
these challenges will determine whether the country will experience rapid, inclusive,
and sustained growth and development.
The Philippine government, as early as the 1980’s, prioritize the initiatives on
promoting the role of science and technology in the national development. The
declarations in the 1987 Constitution, Article XIV acknowledges the significant role of
science and technology.
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and
progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention,
innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education,
training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant
scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country's
productive systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions,
to encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific
research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be
provided to deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors,
technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of
technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the
widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-
based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and
technology.
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists,
inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be
provided by law.
This mandate necessitates the assurance of implementing the efforts in
utilizing science and technology as a tool for advancing the capability and capacity of
the nation for the welfare and condition of its people. Hence, the Philippine
government agencies play significant role in sustaining and promoting science and
technology for the progress of the country.
The Department of Science and Technology
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the primary science

and technology body in the country responsible for providing central direction,
leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological activities, and of
formulating policies, programs and projects to support national development.
The development of DOST can be traced to the national Science Development
Board, created on June 13, 1958, later reorganized on March 17, 1982 into the
Page 6 of 18

National Science and Technology Authority. NSTA was eventually elevated to cabinet
level based on Executive Order No. 128 signed by President Corazon Aquino on
January 30, 1987. This marked the mainstreaming of science and technology in the
governments’ policy making and service delivery processes.
DOST is composed of councils and agencies with specific scope and
responsibilities as well. The said councils and agencies are:
 sectoral planning councils
 research and development institutes
 S&T service institutes
 collegial bodies
 regional offices
 provincial S&T centers
Congressional Commission on Science, Technology, and Engineering
Jointly created by the Senate and the House of representatives, this

commission serves as an advisory and the policy making body that aims to strengthen
the linkage with all sectors related to science and technology in pursuit of its
objectives. (Sea-eu.net, 2017)
Department of Trade and Industry
It is responsible for implementing industry-focused policies and with DOST co-

funds programs (with DOST as the coordinating agent).
Commission on Higher Education
This agency is responsible for the formulation of policies, plans, and programs
for the development of higher education system in the country. It has been mandated
to promote quality education and ensures the implementation of educational policies
relevant to continuous advancement of learning.
The National Economic and Development Authority
The National Economic and Development Authority is a government agency

responsible to formulate development plans and ensure that the plan implementation
achieves the goals of national development. It is regarded as the country’s premier
socioeconomic planning body, an authority in macroeconomic forecasting and policy
analysis and research. It provides high-level advice to policymakers in Congress and
the Executive Branch.
Science and Technology Competitiveness of the Philippines
To determine the capability and competitiveness of a country, the World

Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report Indicators includes 12 pillars to
be considered which can be seen in Figure 2 below.
Figure 3. shows the status report prepared by the S&T Resource Assessment
and Evaluation Division (STRAED) Planning and Evaluation Service of DOST
regarding the Science and Technology Competitive Rankings of the Philippines from
2012-2018.
Page 7 of 18

Figure 2. 12 Pillars of Competitiveness
Adapted from The Global Competitiveness Report, 2014-2015 Methodology, Figure 1, p. 20

http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/methodology/?doing_wp_cron=1600353033.6471540927886962890625
Figure 3. Trend in Philippine Rankings in Global Competitiveness Factors, 2012-2018
Page 8 of 18

THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA
The National Development Agenda
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) serves as the blueprint of programs and

administration’s plans for progress. NEDA launched in 2016, the PDP 2017-2022
which is part of four medium-term plans anchored on the AmBisyon Natin 2040. It
aims to realize the collective vision of Filipinos over the next 25 years thus, articulating
that. By 2040, the Philippines is a prosperous middle-class society where no one is
poor. People live long, and healthy lives, and are smart, and innovative. The country
is a high-trust society where families thrive in vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient
communities (NEDA), 2016). To visualize such plan, Figure 4 presents the Overall
Strategic Framework of the PDP 2017-2022.
This long-term aim may be too ideal for many since this will not automatically
transform our country into becoming one of the so called “developed country”. In
reality, global transformation will require long time frame and more tedious process
and would, therefore, play a minimal effect in the national development. This is
because transformation is a gradual process undertaken through holistic strategies for
national development. (Borbon, V.; Dela Cruz, Ma.E., Flores, R.; Gerona-Medina, Z.
and Lee, A., 2000). Furthermore, these strategies shall be translated down to the local
efforts which have been realized to have greater effect on the country’s
socioeconomic progress. Hence, how relevant are the following pillars to the main aim
of the government’s plan?
Figure 4. PDP 2017-2022 Overall Strategic Framework
Page 9 of 18

Pillars of Development
1. Malasakit. Regain people’s trust in public institutions and cultivate trust

among fellow Filipinos.
2. Pagbabago. Inequality-reducing transformation through increasing
opportunities for growth of output and income.
3. Patuloy na Pag-unlad. Increasing potential growth through sustaining and
accelerating economic growth. (para.3.)
The Philippine Science and Technology Agenda
How should the S&T agenda be directed towards attaining national

development goals and objectives? Borbon, et al. (2000) declared that major efforts in
science and technology shall be pursued and firmly done to attain the transformation
aimed by the country. Sagasti (as cited in Borbon, et al., 2000) enumerated specific
peculiarities which shall be considered in generation and development of local
science and technology capabilities designed for particular national conditions
includes:
a. a well-defined national science and technology plan and its relation to
global socio-economic development strategies;
b. science and technology interaction with the nation’s sociopolitical,
economic, educational, and cultural aspects;
c. development of institutional science and technology infrastructure;
d. local generation of science and technology capacity; and
e. resource availability for science and technology.
In this connection, the DOSY ensures that policies, efforts and plans include in
the science and technology agenda is closely linked to the national development plan.
The DOST prepared the Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022 to
ensure that results of science and technology endeavors are geared towards and
utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefit for the people. Figure 5
presents the priority areas included in the S&T agenda 2017-2022.
Figure 5. Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) Framework
Page 10 of 18

The HNRDA is divided into five sectors. The agenda is founded on the
three pillars of development which is aligned with the AmBisyon Natin 2040 and each
sector has six issue-based National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA)
programs respectively.
Issue-Based NIBRA Programs
1. Water Security-TUBIG Program (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan)

2. Food and Nutrition Security-SAPAT Program (Saganang Pagkain Para sa
Lahat)
3. Health Sufficiency-LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman sa Kalusugan)
4. Clean Energy-ALERT Program (Alternative Energy Research Trends)
5. Sustainable Community-SAKLAW Program (Saklolo sa Lawa)
6. Inclusive Nation-building-ATIN program (And Tinig Natin)
MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2040 includes S&T related

enabling mechanisms toward achieving strong pillars for development. Considering
several fundamental weaknesses in terms of S&T competitiveness, the PDP 2017-
2040 emphasizes strategies that shall be pursued to help raise the S&T related pillars
of the country.
The DOST launched in its “8-point action agenda”, initially in 2006, to better
promote the support science, technology, and innovation. The strategy is relevant in
the Philippine’s policy system, and were hope to be sustained with commitment and
better integration into national policies. As generalized in the SEA-EU-NET (n.d.), this
includes:
1. Science-based know-how and tools that enable the agriculture sector to
raise productivity to world-class standards.
2. Innovative, cost-effective and appropriate technologies that enable MSMEs
to develop and produce competitive products that meet world-class
standards.
3. State-of-the-art facilities and capabilities that enable local industries to
move up the value chain and attain global competitiveness.
4. Idea of the Philippines as a global leader in Information Technology-
Business Process Management Services generating direct employment of
1.3 million (520,000 of which in the countryside).
5. ICT-based transformation of governance broadening access to government
services (i.e. health and education) for those in the countryside (to bring the
Philippines in the top 50 global ranking of e-government by 2016).
6. Improved quality healthcare and quality of life thru science, technology, and
innovation.
7. Highly skilled and globally competitive S&T human resources in support of
the national S&T programs.
8. Science-based weather information and climate change scenarios with
associated impact assessments that enable concerned agencies to develop
appropriate mitigation strategies for a disaster and climate change resilient
Philippines.
Page 11 of 18

A number of DOST programs are being enhanced and continued as mandated
by enabling laws and executive orders up to this time. Implementation of these
programs are being made possible programs in partnership with other related
government agencies. In summarized scope this includes programs in R&D, S&T,
human resource and development, agriculture development, health and nutrition,
environment sustainability, and disaster preparedness and hazard mitigation.
The Philippine’s Science and Technology Human Resources
One of the most promising strategy in breaking the barriers that hinder
Philippines progress, in terms of Science, technology, and Innovation (STI), is
enhancing the competitiveness of the country’s science and technology human
resources. This strategy recognizes the role of every individual inventor whose works
became the womb of new and innovated scientific knowledge honed towards
sustaining the advancements necessary for building the nation.
The National Scientists
DOST had launched programs to encourage Filipino scientists, technologists,

experts and professionals to continuously share their expertise towards accelerating
the STI development system and economic development of the country. Hence, S&T
personalities who contributed significantly in the development of the country, as well
as their works, deserved to be recognized.
The highest honor given by the President to an individual who had contributed
significantly to the fields of science and technology in the country is the order of the
National Scientists. A National Scientist receives an annual gratuity and other
privileges similar to those enjoyed by National Artists (Presidential Decree 1003-A).
Currently, there are 41 National Scientists, four of them were the most recently
conferred (2014) S&T personalities who were featured by Sabillo (2014) of Philippine
Daily Inquirer.
Angel C. Alcala, Ph.D.
“He was recognized for his research on the ecology and diversity of Philippine
amphibians and reptiles, as well as marine biodiversity and conservation of marine-
protected areas. His work has led to a national policy on marine no-take zones or
protective areas, which has become a model of coastal resource management that
has been adopted by other countries”. (para. 8)
Ramon C. Barba, Ph.D.
“He was recognized for his achievements in the field of plant physiology,
especially the induction of flowering of mango and micro propagation or the rapid
multiplying of stock plant of important crop species”. (para. 14)
Edgardo D. Gomez, Ph.D.
“He is known for his research and conservation efforts in invertebrate biology
and ecology. He was pivotal in the world’s first national-scale assessment of damage
to coral reefs, resulting in international conservation initiatives such as the Global
reefs and Risk Analysis, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and the International
Coral Reef Action”. (para. 20)
Page 12 of 18

Gavino C. Trano Jr., Ph.D.
“He was cited for his outstanding contributions in the field of tropical marine
phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity.
He published extensive studies on the culture of seaweed species that
benefited the livelihood of coastal populations and was the first to report the
occurrence of “ice-ice” disease that affected many seaweed farms. (para. 25)
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Keeping up with the rapid advancement of science and technology all over the
world is crucial. Advancement nowadays cannot be limited to acquiring advance
facilities and technologies but more on the acquisition and enhancement of
knowledge and skills essential in meeting the demands of the highly competitive and
scientific- based society.
In the Philippines and around the world, science and technology-based and a
knowledge-based economy are the common concerns. Living in such an environment
requires expectations and skills to survive. (SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, 2011) The
effort of investing in science, technology, and innovation shall be supported and
sustained through breaking resource gaps, specifically in the education sector. As
John F. Kennedy, former US President, said, “Our progress as a nation can be no
swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource.”
That is, in meeting the demands of the 21st century world, what should be the
direction of science education?
In all fairness with the Philippine government, efforts to improve quality
education have always been part of its plan of action. The Department of Education,
through the National Education for All Committee (NEC), engaged in benchmarking
strategy with the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional
Center for Education Innovation and Technology (SEAMEO INNOTECH). The said
undertaking stated on February 2011 is to secure affirmation of basic of basic
education reforms (curriculum structures and contents) towards meeting the demands
of 21st century.
Fensham (2006) (as cited in SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, 2011) explained that
traditionally, science content areas such as life science, physical science, and earth
and space science, are presented as “separate subjects” to achieve mastery on
concepts, principles, and processes (Figure 6). The new science education curriculum
shows a revolutionized inclusion of the three content areas to accentuate the
“understanding of the connections and interrelationship” of various science concepts.
Added to this are the themes which are valued in “real-life contexts” namely,
“maintaining good health and living safely; utilizing energy and coping with changes
and conserving and protecting the environment”. This implies that learning how to
apply the concepts shall be pursued further towards more meaningful learning.
Such arrangement of the curriculum has been founded in the true aim of
education. It can be traced back in 1996, when the International Commission on
Education for the 21st Century to UNESCO, headed by Jacques Delors, identified
learning throughout life as a key to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Delors
further presented the framework based on the “Four Pillars of Education – learning to
know, learning to live together, learning to do, and learning to be”. The report,
highlighted the need for individuals to “learn how to learn” for them to manage the
rapid changes and challenges of the present and the future. Thus, suggesting lifelong
learning that involves the development of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and valued
throughout one’s life – from early childhood through adulthood. (SEAMEO
INNOTECH, 2012)
Page 13 of 18

Figure 6. The significant connections of inquiry skills, scientific attitudes, and
contact in supporting holistic development of a scientifically literate individual.
SELECTED INDEGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Can you still imagine how your life be without electricity? How about riding
using carabaos or barely walking along the street instead of riding cars or jeepney?
Or being engaged in traditional ways of living?
Many people would appreciate the advancements in science and technology
for providing them with comforts and conveniences in everyday living. Lives have
been saved medical breakthroughs and people enjoy good productions of food,
clothing and the materials that they need in building shelters. Behind these
advancements S&T products and innovations are developed in countries known for
their excellent application of science.
The following are some of the latest Filipino inventions:
1. Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC) – an anti-pollution, ecofriendly made by
Engr. Marinto C. Martinez. It is a fuel saver and power booster engine device
which can be practically used on all types of internal combustion engines like
engines of jeeps, cars trucks, ships and motorcycles and even gas fired power
plants. Aside from its economical cost, it also supports the implementation of
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
2. SALT (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) – an environmental-friendly lamp
that runs with just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water created
by Aisa Mijeno. This invention made it possible for those who live in costal
areas and remote barrios to have light source.
3. SALAMANDER Amphibious Tricycle – a six-person seating capacity (four in
water), amphibious tricycle powered by either a 5kW electric engine or a 250cc
gasoline motor invented by Atoy Llave. The invention is desired to address the
problems of many commuters in a flood-prone country. The invention was
featured in Top Gear.com.ph in 2015.
All these and many other Filipino inventions are continuously flourishing. It
reflects the wisdom of Filipinos in dealing with scientific knowledge and their
environment. These are not only products of influence from other Western cultures
but said to be products of traditional science.
Page 14 of 18

Indigenous technologies and practice reflect not just ways of working but also
the ways of knowing and thinking of people in the community. People are amazed by
how these indigenous systems, which have no equivalent in the modern science,
empowered other societies or even nation to live quite successfully for many
generations. Indeed, the role of indigenous science and technology in nation building
shall not be neglected and overshadowed by the other kind of modernity introduced in
the world today.
SUGGESTED READINGS / WEBSITE/ VIDEOS/ FILM CLIPS

i. Bautista, D.H., N.S. Burce, J.M. Dungo, C.S. Garcia, J.B. Imson, R.A.
Labog, F.J.B. Salazar and J.L. Santos (2018). Science Technology and
Society. MaxCor Pub. House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
ii. Nalini Ratnasiri. Editorial: The Role of Science and Technology in Nation
Building. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation. Sri Lanka 2006 34(3): 113.
iii. Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 ABRIDGED VERSION
http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Abridged-PDP-2017-
2022_Final.pdf
iv. ..\Phil.S&T agenda\Competitiveness_Rankings_of_the_Philippines_2011-
2017.pdf
v. ..\Phil.S&T Harmonized_National_RD_Agenda_2017-2022_final_v2.pdf
vi. ..\Phil.S&T agenda\Global_Innovation_Index_2013-2016.compressed.pdf
vii. The Global Competitiveness Report, 2014-2015 Methodology
http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-
2015/methodology/?doing_wp_cron=1600353033.6471540927886962890
625
viii. Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda 2017-2022.
www.dost.gov.ph.
ix. 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines - Chan Robles Virtual
Law Library.
https://www.chanrobles.com/article14sciencetech.htm#.X2MjMWgzbIU
x. Countries grouped by United Nations. https://vividmaps.com/countries-
grouped-by-united-nations/
xi. DOST Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda 2017-
2022
https://www.dost.gov.ph/phocadownload/Downloads/Journals/HNRDA_boo
klet_FINAL3_2018-10-23.pdf
xii. Science Framework for Philippine Basic Education. Department of Science
and Technology, Science Education Institute, University of the Philippines
National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development
http://www.sei.dost.gov.ph/images/downloads/publ/sei_scibasic.pdf
Page 15 of 18

ACTIVITY No. 5
Category A and B. View the movie Pom Poko (download from YouTube) and make
an analogy of the current development agenda of the Philippine government.
The task should be done in pairs. You may choose your partner from your classmates
to do the task or your instructor may assign the pairing. Use only 350 words in your
analogy and send your output to your respective STS Google classrooms. Deadline
will be set by your instructor.
Rubric for rating your analogy

Recollection Touches on Covers the Covers a Contains only
of facts every critical facts majority of some of the
important fact related to the facts related to obvious facts
related to the topic the topic
topic
Demonstrated Original Steps beyond Recalls Apparent
understanding wording, simple recall appropriate misconception
analogies, or and attempts concepts or (s) or
examples. to interpret examples to knowledge
Applies taught ideas to better address gap(s)
concepts to answer the question
answer the question
question.
Linking of Carefully Incorporates Answers the Answers the
topics evaluates multiple question using question using
multiple topics concepts to several a single
that apply to answer the concepts or concept or
the question, question and topics topic
and demonstrates
synthesizes judgment in
them into a applying
coherent concepts
answer
Persuasive Every idea or Every idea or Relates ideas Opinion and
writing conclusion is conclusion is and fact not clearly
logically logically conclusions to separated. Ba
supported by supported by facts or sis for
relevant relevant facts concepts opinions is
facts. Includes taught as fact unclear at
judgment of times.
data reliability.
TOTAL SCORE__________out of 40
Page 16 of 18

For Category C, write a critique on the government’s strategy in addressing the
following issues:
1. COVID-19 vaccination;
2. Improving the internet connection of the country; and
3. Territorial dispute in the West Philippine Sea with China.
Choose any one (1) of the above issues and use 350 words in your critique. Write in a
bond paper and submit during the scheduled date given by your GEC 17 instructor.
Rubric for rating your critique

Recollection Touches on Covers the Covers a Contains only
of facts every critical facts majority of some of the
important fact related to the facts related to obvious facts
related to the topic the topic
topic
Demonstrated Original Steps beyond Recalls Apparent
understanding wording, simple recall appropriate misconception
analogies, or and attempts concepts or (s) or
examples. to interpret examples to knowledge
Applies taught ideas to better address gap(s)
concepts to answer the question
answer the question
question.
Linking of Carefully Incorporates Answers the Answers the
topics evaluates multiple question using question using
multiple topics concepts to several a single
that apply to answer the concepts or concept or
the question, question and topics topic
and demonstrates
synthesizes judgment in
them into a applying
coherent concepts
answer
Persuasive Every idea or Every idea or Relates ideas Opinion and
writing conclusion is conclusion is and fact not clearly
logically logically conclusions to separated. Ba
supported by supported by facts or sis for
relevant relevant facts concepts opinions is
facts. Includes taught as fact unclear at
judgment of times.
data reliability.
TOTAL SCORE__________out of 40
Page 17 of 18

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STS Chapter 2 2nd sem

Social Science (Central Mindanao University)

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Science and Technology in Different Periods

1. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)

2. Medieval Period (ca. 500 - 1,500)

3. Renaissance Period (14th - 17th Century)

4. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)

6. In 20th Century Ancient Egyptian Architectural Technology.

“Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done. One could write a history of

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology;

Science and technology is evident since the beginning of time. New

In combination, science and technology transforms the lives of humans. It helps

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS

Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 B.C. - 500 A.D.)

ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus.

ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in Europe.

ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.

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ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold.

ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrowheads.

ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.

ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flirt tools.

ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their cops.

ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds

ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads.

ASIA AND OCEANIA

ca 11,000 The earliest-known day pots are made in Japan.

ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.

ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.

ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia.

ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.

ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.

ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.

ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.

ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet.

ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.

ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India.

ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.

AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

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ca 10,000 people in Palestine build houses from sun-dried bricks.

ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia.

ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar.

ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.

ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.

ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day calendar.

ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Garawi River.

ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.

ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.

ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.

ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in Mesopotamia.

ca 2000 Babylonian mathematicians introduce a positional number system.

ca 2000 Medicine becomes an important science in Syria and Babylon.

ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the "Pythagorean Theorem".

ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars.

ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications.