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    Practical 10 & 11

    Uploaded by

    Syed Sarfaraz Haider
    python

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Practical 10 & 11

    Uploaded by

    Syed Sarfaraz Haider
    2 views8 pages
    python

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    python

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views8 pages

    Practical 10 & 11

    Uploaded by

    Syed Sarfaraz Haider
    python

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Experiment-10

    Case study submission for: Sliding-Window Flow Control & Stop-


    And-Wait Flow Control
    Aim: Case study on Sliding-Window Flow Control & Stop-And-Wait Flow Control
    Introduction:
    Both Stop and Wait protocol and Sliding Window protocol are the techniques to the
    solution of flow control handling. The main difference between Stop-and-wait
    protocol and Sliding window protocol is that in Stop-and-Wait Protocol, the sender
    sends one frame and wait for acknowledgement from the receiver whereas in sliding
    window protocol, the sender sends more than one frame to the receiver and re-
    transmits the frame(s) which is/are damaged or suspected.

    Stop-and-Wait Protocol
    Stop-and-Wait is a simple protocol used for transmitting data between two devices
    over a communication channel. In this protocol, the sender sends a packet of data to
    the receiver and then waits for the receiver to acknowledge the packet before sending
    the next packet. The receiver sends an acknowledgement to the sender indicating
    that the packet has been received and is error-free.

    Features:
    • The sender transmits one packet at a time and waits for an acknowledgement
    before sending the next packet.
    • The receiver sends an acknowledgement for each packet received, indicating
    whether it is a duplicate or a new packet.
    • It is a simple and easy-to-implement protocol.
    • It has low efficiency compared to sliding window protocols as it requires a lot of
    time to wait for an acknowledgement for each packet.
    • It is ideal for situations where the transmission rate is low or the network is
    reliable.

    26
    Sliding Window Protocol
    The Sliding Window protocol is a more efficient protocol for data transmission than
    the Stop-and-Wait protocol. It uses a window size to control the number of packets
    that can be transmitted without acknowledgement. The sender can transmit multiple
    packets within the window size before waiting for an acknowledgement from the
    receiver.

    Features:
    • The sender can transmit multiple packets without waiting for an
    acknowledgement for each packet.
    • The receiver sends a cumulative acknowledgement for a sequence of packets,
    indicating the last correctly received packet.
    • It uses a sliding window mechanism to allow the sender to transmit a group of
    packets at once before receiving an acknowledgement for the first packet.
    • It has a higher efficiency compared to stop and wait protocol as it allows for
    simultaneous transmission and acknowledgement of multiple packets.
    • It requires more processing power and memory to implement than stop and wait
    protocol.
    • There are two types of sliding window protocols – Go-Back-N and Selective
    Repeat – each with their own set of features and advantages.

    Similarities:

    • Both protocols are used for reliable data transmission over an unreliable network.
    • Both protocols use a timeout mechanism to handle lost or corrupted packets.
    • Both protocols use sequence numbers to ensure the correct order of packets.
    • Both protocols can handle retransmission of lost or corrupted packets.
    • Both protocols can use selective retransmission to retransmit only lost or
    corrupted packets instead of retransmitting the entire window.
    • Both protocols can provide flow control to prevent the sender from overwhelming
    the receiver with too many packets.

    27
    Difference between Stop and Wait protocol and Sliding Window protocol:

    S.NO Stop-and-Wait Protocol Sliding Window Protocol

    In sliding window protocol, sender sends


    In Stop-and-Wait Protocol, sender
    more than one frame to the receiver side
    1. sends one frame and wait for
    and re-transmits the frame(s) which is/are
    acknowledgment from receiver side.
    damaged or suspected.

    Efficiency of Stop-and-Wait Efficiency of sliding window protocol is


    2.
    Protocol is worse. better.

    Sender window size of Stop-andWait Sender window size of sliding window


    3.
    Protocol is 1. protocol is N.

    Receiver window size of Stop- Receiver window size of sliding window


    4.
    andWait Protocol is 1. protocol may be 1 or N.

    In Stop-and-Wait Protocol, sorting In sliding window protocol, sorting may


    5.
    is not necessary. be or may not be necessary.

    Efficiency of Stop-and-Wait
    Efficiency of sliding window protocol is
    6. Protocol is
    N/(1+2*a)
    1/(1+2*a)

    Stop-and-Wait Protocol is half


    7. Sliding window protocol is full duplex.
    duplex.

    Conclusion:
    Stop and Wait protocol and Sliding Window protocol are two different protocols
    used in data communications to ensure reliable transmission of data over a network.
    Stop and Wait protocol is a simple protocol that transmits data one packet at a time
    and waits for an ACK before transmitting the next packet. Sliding Window protocol
    is a more complex protocol that allows multiple packets to be transmitted
    simultaneously without waiting for an ACK for each packet. Sliding Window

    28
    protocol is more efficient and faster compared to Stop and Wait protocol and is
    preferred for high-speed data transmission over a network.
    Experiment-11 Web programming using HTML
    Aim: Implement web programming using HTML
    Introduction

    • HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language


    • HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
    • HTML describes the structure of a Web page
    • HTML consists of a series of elements
    • HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
    • HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a
    paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

    CODE
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Page Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>

    <h1>This is a Heading</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

    </body> </html>

    Explanation

    • The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5


    document
    • The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
    • The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
    • The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in
    the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)

    29
    •

    •
    •

    •
    •
    •
    •
    •
    •

    The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all
    the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks,
    tables, lists, etc.
    The <h1> element defines a large heading The
    <p> element defines a paragraph
    What is an HTML Element?
    An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
    <tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>
    The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
    <h1>My First Heading</h1>
    <p> My first paragraph.</p>

    30

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