Q1) a) Define Business Intelligence. Explain Architecture of BI.

- BI gathers, analyzes, and transforms raw data for decision-making.

- Activities include data mining, reporting, OLAP, dashboards, and performance
monitoring.
- BI supports strategic and tactical decision-making.
- Goal: Enable organizations to gain a competitive advantage.

Architecture of BI.

1) Data Sources: Origin points of data, including databases, spreadsheets, and external
feeds, providing raw data for analysis.
2) ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) Process: Extracts data, transforms it, and loads it
into a data warehouse for analysis.
3) Data Warehouse: Central repository storing structured, historical data for efficient
querying and reporting.
4) Data Modeling and OLAP Cubes: Creates logical data relationships and
multidimensional structures for complex analysis.
5) BI Server: Core processing engine executing queries and delivering analytical results
to end-users.
6) Query and Reporting Tools: Enable users to interact with the BI system, run queries,
and visualize data.
7) Dashboards and Visualization Tools: Present data visually for easy comprehension
of trends and KPIs.
8) Metadata Repository: Stores data information ensuring consistency and accuracy in
interpretation.
9) Security and Access Control: Mechanisms ensuring only authorized users access
specific data and functionality.
10) User Interface (UI) and Interactivity: Presentation layer allowing users to interact
with and make decisions based on data.
b) What kind of ethics are required in business intelligence? Why?
Point: Why

1) Privacy Protection: Protect personal data to safeguard individuals' rights.

2) Data Accuracy: Ensure accurate data to prevent misleading insights and
decisions.
3) Fairness: Mitigate bias to ensure fair treatment across all demographics Informed
4) Consent: Obtain consent to respect individuals' autonomy and privacy.
5) Transparency: Foster trust by being transparent about data usage and decision-
making processes.
6) Security Measures: Ensure data security to prevent unauthorized access and
breaches Responsible.
7) Data Governance: Establish ethical guidelines for responsible data management.
8) Predictive Analytics: Use predictive analytics ethically to avoid discriminatory
outcomes.
9) Accountability: Hold individuals and organizations accountable for their BI
practices to maintain trust and integrity.

c) Write a short note on data, information and knowledge with example.

1) Data: Raw facts or symbols lacking context, like numbers in a sales database.
Ex. Cataloging numbers and ISBNs in a library database.

2) Information: Processed and organized data with context and relevance, such as
monthly sales figures for a product.
Ex. Information: Organized data grouped by genre, titles, and authors.

3) Knowledge: Understanding and interpretation derived from information, enabling

informed decisions, like recognizing sales trends and factors influencing them.
Ex. Knowledge: Librarian's understanding of the collection, readers' preferences, and
ability to recommend books based on individual interests.

Q2) a) Explain the representation of decision-making process with block diagram.

1) Problem Identification and Definition: Recognizing and clearly defining the

problem or decision that needs to be addressed.
2) Data Collection: Gathering relevant data and information related to the problem or
decision.
3) Information Processing: Analyzing and processing the collected data to generate
meaningful information.
4) Alternative Generation: Identifying various alternatives or potential solutions to the
problem.
5) Evaluation and Comparison: Assessing and comparing the alternatives based on
criteria such as feasibility, effectiveness, and impact.
6) Decision Making: Making the final decision by selecting the most suitable
alternative.
 7) Implementation: Executing the chosen decision or solution.
8) Monitoring and Feedback: Continuously monitoring the implementation and
gathering feedback to evaluate the outcomes.

b) What are the different stages and benefits of Business Intelligence.

Stages of Business Intelligence:

1) Data Collection
2) Data Processing and Integration
3) Data Storage
4) Data Analysis:
5) Reporting and Dashboards
6) Data Visualization
7) Decision Support
8) Performance Monitoring:
9) Feedback Loop:

Benefits:

1) Informed Decision-Making
2) Improved Operational Efficiency
3) Enhanced Competitive Advantage
4) Better Performance Monitoring
5) Increased Revenue and Cost Savings
c) Explain role of mathematical models in BI.

1) Predictive Analytics
2) Data Mining
3) Optimization
4) Regression Analysis
5) Classification
6) Forecasting
7) Simulation
8) Clustering
9) Network Analysis
10) Decision Support Systems

Q3) a) What is Cube? Explain the types of schema design.

- Multidimensional data structure for analysis.

- Organized along multiple dimensions.
- Measures stored at intersections of dimensions.
- Allows slicing, dicing, drill-down, and roll-up.

Types:

1) Star Schema: - Central fact table connected to dimension tables.

- Central fact table connected to dimension tables.

Advantages:

• Simple and easy to understand.

• Efficient for query performance.

Ex: A sales database might have a central fact table with measures like "Sales Amount" and
dimensions like "Product," "Time," and "Location."

2) Snowflake Schema: - Dimension tables normalized into sub-dimensions.

- Reduces redundancy and supports efficient data maintenance.

Advantages:

• Reduces redundancy and saves storage space.

• Supports more efficient data maintenance.

Ex: Extending the sales database example, the "Product" dimension in a snowflake schema
might be further normalized into sub-dimensions like "Category" and "Brand."
b) Distinguish between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse.

NO. Business Intelligence Data Warehouse

1 It is a set of tools and methods to analyze It is a system for storage of data
data
2 It is a Decision Support System (DSS). It is a data storage system.
3 Serves at the front end. Serves at the back end.
4 aim is to enable users to make informed, aim is to provide the structured and
data-driven decisions. comprehensive view of available data
5 Collects data from the data warehouse for Collects data from various disparate sources
analysis. and organizes it
6 Comprises business reports, charts, graphs, Comprises of data held in “fact tables” and
etc. “dimensions”
7 It deals with- It deals with-
• OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) • Metadata management Cleaning of
• Data Visualization data
• Data Mining • Transforming data
• Query/Reporting Tools • Data dissemination
• Data recovery/backup planning
8 Ex: SAP, Sisense, Datapine, Looker, etc. Ex: BigQuery, Snowflake, Amazon, Redshift,
Panoply, etc.

c) List the tools in business Intelligence. Explain any 2 tools.

1) Tableau
2) Microsoft Power BI
3) QlikView
4) IBM Cognos Analytics
5) Google Data Studio
6) Oracle BI

1) Tableau: Tableau is a powerful data visualization tool that allows users to create interactive
and shareable dashboards, reports, and visualizations.

Benefits: - Enables users to quickly analyze and visualize complex data sets.

- Facilitates data-driven decision-making with interactive and intuitive visualizations.

- Promotes collaboration and knowledge sharing within organizations.

2) Microsoft Power BI: Microsoft Power BI is a cloud-based business analytics platform that
enables users to visualize and share insights from their data.

Benefits: - Provides a unified view of organizational data across different sources and formats.
 - Offers powerful self-service analytics capabilities for users to explore and analyze
data on their own.

- Supports real-time data monitoring and alerts for proactive decision-making.

Q4) a) Explain multi-dimensional data cube analysis with OLAP operations. (Online Analytical
Processing)

- Operations involves analyzing data across multiple dimensions to gain insights and
make informed decisions.
- OLAP operations allow users to interactively explore and manipulate data stored in a
data cube.

Data cube: Multidimensional data structure for analysis. Where each axis represents a
different dimension (e.g., time, product, region).

OLAP Operations: 1) Slice 2) Dice 3) Roll-up (Drill-up) 4) Drill-down (Drill-through)

5) Pivot (Rotate)

b) Explain need for business intelligence in different sectors.

1) Retail
2) Healthcare
3) Finance and Banking:
4) Manufacturing:
5) Telecommunications:
6) Education
7) Hospitality and Tourism:
8) Government:
9) Energy and Utilities
10) Insurance

c) Differentiate OLAP and OLTP.

No. OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)

1 Consists of historical data from various Databases. Consists of only operational current data.
2 use of a data warehouse. use of a standard DBMS
3 It is subject-oriented. Used for Data Mining, Analytics, It is application-oriented. Used for business tasks.
Decisions making, etc.
4 tables are not normalized. tables are normalized (3NF).
5 the purpose to extract information for analysis and the purpose to Insert, Update, and Delete
decision-making. information from the database.
6 Only read operations. Both read and write operations.
7 A large amount of data is stored typically in TB, PB The size of the data is relatively small