Ceutics

Solubility
• Most polar solvent → Water
• Acacia → water soluble - alcohol insoluble.
• Camphor → Water insoluble, alcohol & eutectic mixture soluble.
• Not true about Camphor: dissolve readily in water.
• Not true about Aspirin → Very soluble in water.
• Vitamin E → water insoluble – soluble in non-polar solvent (chloroform ether, benzene, fixed oil)
Vitamin E → is insoluble in water→ thus, it is better formulated as emulsion in heavy mineral oil.
• What is true about Colloidal silver? Micelles of silver suspended in liquid.
• Mineral oil → -Immiscible with polar solvents (water, alcohol, castor oil)
-Miscible with non-polar solvents (chloroform ether, benzene, fixed oil)
- It is petrolatum derivative (aliphatic hydrocarbon).
• Benzoic or Benzocaine → Soluble in Mineral Acid.
• Liquid paraffin & petroleum → Insoluble in ethyl alcohol (Ethanol).
• Morphine → Soluble in Alcohol.
• All Hg salts (as HgCl2) soluble in water … except Hg2Cl2 → Insoluble in water.
• Barium Carbonate → More soluble in Stomach…. Barium Sulphate →Less soluble in Stomach.
• Phenol crystalline photo-oxidation refers to a chemical process where phenol, in its solid, crystalline form,
undergoes a reaction in the presence of light (photo-) to add an oxygen molecule (-oxidation).
• Not Soluble in Mineral oil → PEG – DMS… Soluble in Mineral oil → Benzoic -Benzocaine - Ether - Fixed oil

USES
• Antioxidants:
o Aqueous → Ascorbic acid - Na metabisulphite
o Non-Aqueous → Vitamin E (Tocopherol) – BHT (Butylated hydroxyl toluene) - BHA (Butylated hydroxyl anisole)
Ascorbyl palmitate, Propyl gallate.
• Anti- oxidant? α-tocopherol (Vitamin E), → so used in Deodorant.
• Which is not an Osmotic Laxative or SAA: Na metabisulphite.
• Edetate Ca Di sodium: Chelating agent.
• EDTA→ Preservative - Chelating agent → Used in →(Lead, Copper, Iron) Toxicity as IM.
Q. Chelating agent IM in Lead toxicity → EDTA.
• Deferoxamine (iron and aluminum antidote) Chelates→ Free iron (dislike for ferrous).
• AL:
o Al Oxide → Abrasive, removes Comedone.
o AlCl3 → Antiperspirant, Lubricant, preservative… Material used as deodorant → Cl.
o All acetate salts → Astringents: AL acetate – Bismuth Subgalate – kaolin – alum & chalk.
o Al in Styptic pencil → Astringent to stop bleeding… Styptic pencil → used in minor cuts.
• Topical urea → Humctant.
• Mg stearate → Lubricant.
• Mg citrate → Osmotic Laxative…Mannitol → Osmotic Diuretic.
• All Citrates & Tartrates → Urinary Alkalinizers (↑ PH) …. Citrate in ORS → TTT of metabolic acidosis.
• Ca Salt → for Fluoride toxicity.
• Which Ca form not given as Oral supplement? → CaCl2 - Ca gluconate… CaCl2 → not antacid – not oral.
• Colloidal AgCl, AgI, Ag protein → Germicidal - Diagnosis of Syphilis.
Q: What is true about colloidal silver? Micelles of silver suspended in liquid.
1|Pa ge Emy Farouk KAPS recalls + Revision
• Colloidal Copper (Cu) → Diagnosis of Cancer.
• Hydrocortisone Injection solvent → PEG….Hydrocortisone Ointments base → Cetomacrogel
→Cetomacrogel aqueous is the base used in hydrocortisone acetate to give maximal topical absorption.
• Glutaraldehyde → Sporicidal.
• Ethylene Oxide Disinfectant method is → Alkylation to sterilize medical devices.
• Boiling Protein with Ethylene Dioxide → Alkylation.
• Nonoxynol: Nonionic SAA with → Spermicidal action (Contraceptive).
• Test for Spermicidal Disinfectant Activity → Radial walker test.
• CAP (Cellulose Aacetate Phthalate) for → Enteric Coating.
• Cellulose⇒ stomach breakdown⇒ Enteric coated by cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP).
• Resins:

Ion exchange resin Cation exchange resin Anion exchange resin

Sodium Cellulose Phosphate (SCP) Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (SPS) Bile Sequestrants
Kidney stones or Hypercalciuria Hyperkalemia (ca & k toxicity) Hyperlipidemia
• Mask Bitter Taste →Film & Sugar (Not coat).
• Titanium Dioxide → Sunblock.
• Boric acid → Rash & in Ophthalmic eye drops as Buffer.
• Hydrogel→ Wound Dressing → Absorb exudate→promote fibroblast proliferation & hydration.
• Role of Ca→ ↑ Stability.
o Nitrogen in Nicotine responsible for → Solubility.
o Role of Na/N → ↑Solubility…But in EDTA role of Na/N or Ca→ ↑ stability.
• Hypromellose with Morphine → Controlled release or Sustain release
• Hypromellose with Tablet → Enteric Coating first and then Binder.
• Methyl Paraben ester of what → Parahydroxy benzoic acid… Used as → Preservative: Prevent yeast & mold growth.
• Methylcellulose → Natural suspending agent (↓ Sedimentation of suspension).
o Other natural suspending agents’ → tragacanth – acacia -clay
o Methylcellulose →in eye drops ↑ ocular contact time.
• 65 % Sucrose (high sucrose conc) → ↓ microbial growth.
• Starch → Disintegrate & Diluent.
• Talc in Aromatic water → Dispersant…. Talc with Volatile oil → Dispersant & absorb moisture.
• Emulsifier for Parenteral preparation → Egg lecithin
• Ca Oleate → w/o emulsifying agent - Soda lime SAA …Oleic à → lubricant - used in olive oil & limewater emulsion.
• Na Docusate → Anionic - o /w - used as laxative stool softener & in pregnancy Not taken e mineral oil in same time.
• Most Potent Steroid For:
o Eye → 1) prednisolone acetate 1%. 2) Dexamethasone
o Topical → Clobetasol.
o Maturation of lung: 1) Dexamethasone 2) Betamethasone

Eyes:

• Ophthalmic solution (Eye Drops) must be → slightly Acidic / Weak acids

• Eye Ointment should be→ Sterile
• Shelf life for eye drops: 28 days after open… Storage all ophthalmic drops: 2ᵒ- 8ᵒ C.
• Vehicle For eye drops → Poly vinyl alcohol.
• Methylcellulose in Ophthalmic→ ↑Ocular contact time…Hypromellose → Lubricant in Artificial Tears.
• Boric à used in Ophthalmic as Buffer … Phosphate used in Nasal as Buffer.
o Buffering agent that keeps eyewash solutions’ pH levels stable → Boric acid
2|Pa ge Emy Farouk KAPS recalls + Revision
• Eye preservatives:
o Chlorocresol and Na edetate 0.1%.
o Chlorhexidine 0.01% →for eye (soft lens), 0.1% vaginal and 0.2% oral.
o Chlorobutanol 0.5% → bacteriostatic for nasal also.
o Benzalkonium 0.5% → Antimicrobial activity.
o Benzalkonium Cl → Cationic Germicidal Surfactant - Inactivated by Soap →For hard lens.
Surfactants (SAA):
• Each one Compatible with others in same class…Incompatible with those in different classes
o Anionic compatible with anionic and incompatible with cationic.
o Cationic compatible with cationic and incompatible with anionic.
o Nonionic compatible with all as it is uncharged.
• Although Cetomacrogel is nonionic its incompatible with Cationic NH4Cl - Phenol - Tannic acid Because
Cetomacrogel is unstable in acidic medium the incompatibility here related to that not to the charge

Anionic Cationic Non-Ionic

- Docusate Na (Dioctyl Na) -Cetrimide - Cetomacrogel
Sulfosuccinate O/W Emulsion -Cetyl Pyridium - Cetearyl Alc - Ceto stearyl
- Ammonium Laurate - Soap -Chitosan - Spans
- Na Lauryl Sulfate - Oleic A -NH4Cl - Tweens
- Acacia - Na Palmitate -Benzalkonium Cl - Poloxamer
- Tragacanth - Bentonate -Chlorohexidine - Methyl Cellulose
- Ichtamol - Econazol Nitrate - Nanoxynol

O/W W/O
- Tween (polysorbates) - Spans (Sorbitans).
- Cetomacrogel. - Bees wax
- Cetyl alc - Ceto stearyl alc - Ca oleate
- Cetrimide - Wool fat (Anhydrous lanolin)
- Na lauryl sulfate. - Mineral oil
- Dioctyl Na Sulfosuccinate
- Ichtamol
• Span & Tween: Poly oxy alkaline derivative
• Sorbitans: Span w/o emulsifier used for → Wetting agent, Antifoaming.
• Polysorbates: Tween o/w emulsifier used for → Solubilizer (Wetting agent) & Detergent.
o Tween 20 is hydrophilic SAA –
o Polysorbates used with Cortisone → Solubilizer…Polysorbates used with Cool tar → Solubilizer – Dispersant
(Polysorbates Disperse water insoluble component of cool tar to prevent sedimentation).
o Polysorbates 80 → Non-Ionic SAA- emulsifier → often Used in foods & cosmetics.
• Cetrimide is Cationic → Compatible Chlorohexidine (cationic).
• NH4Cl cationic → not used with Na lauryl sulfate (anionic)…NH4Cl cationic → not compatible with Cetomacrogel (Nonionic).
• Na lauryl SO₄+ Cetostearyl alcohol (anionic) → O/W.
• Na lauryl sulfate is anionic SAA So it is:
→Compatible Ichtamol & econazol nitrate→ used in O/W emulsion – Incompataible with cationic SAA (Cetrimide).
• Oleic à & Na lauryl sulfate → Anionic.
• Which is compatible with anionic SAA → Ichtamol.
• Not o/w → Bees wax →Used as Coat.
• Hydrous lanolin (wool alcohol) contains more water than Anhydrous lanolin (wool fat).
• Ethyl palmitate, Ethyl stearate, ethyl recondite are → SAA surfactants (Question ask which not SAA choose 4th answer).

3|Pa ge Emy Farouk KAPS recalls + Revision

Emulsion & Suspension:
• Emulsion stability depend on→ difference between Density - Method of Agitation- Viscosity.
• Emulsion → Liquid in liquid dispersion system represents:
• Suspension Particle Size→ 0.5-5 micro (the diameter of dispersed particle Should exceed → 0.5 micro).
• Vanishing (Day) cream →O/W…. Ca oleate, Nivea cream and COLD cream→ W/O.
• Emulsifying agent must → part hydrophilic & part lipophilic.
• Association colloids →Hydrophilic & lipophilic.
• Emulsion problems→ Breaking & Cracking.
• Emulsion: O/W→ conduct electricity…W/O → low conduction.
• Taurocholic acid → Fat emulsifier.
• High HLB value → Hydrophilic…Low HLB value → lipophilic
o HLB for o/w → 8-18 (more than 9)
o HLB for w/o → 1-9 (especially 4-6 acc to CPR).
• Oily cream incorrect → Aqueous Hydrophilic base…Oily cream which to incorporate → Oily Lipophilic base.
• Ointment and cream → Biphasic …Gel - solution and lotion → Monophasic.
• Stokes’ law → Sedimentation rate → Directly proportional to Density & Inversely to viscosity.
• Stokes’ Law states that the force that retards a sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the
velocity and the radius of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid.
o F= drag force…R= sphere radius… η = fluid viscosity…v = viscosity…. Stokes law⇒ Sedimentation
• Cockcroft-Gault equation is a formula to estimate the creatinine clearance.

Suppositories:

• Suppositories melting point: 34-35˚… incorrect: below 30˚

• Incorrect about Rectal dosage form → Base solubility and melting point are not important.
• NOT suitable for Rectal dosage form to each systemic effect → Ramipril.
• Buffer is essential for→ Vaginal Pessaries.
• Best way to make suppositories containing coco butter is →Compression.

Tablets:

• SAA added to tablet for → Dissolution Improvement - act as →Binder & Adhesive (gelatin/acacia).
• Rate limiting for immediate release tablet: Dissolution…. Rate limiting for SR tablets: Disintegration.
• What is TRUE about Slow K tablet? → Wax matrix to decrease gastric irritation and dissolve slowly
o For SR K= use wax matrix tab.
o KCl is formulated as SR: to avoid gastric irritation.
o KCl is given in enteric coating: prevent destruction of the drug by gastric juice, prevent irritation of the stomach
lining by drug and to allow absorption of the drug in the intestine not in stomach.
o KCl therapy is given as slow IV infusion, not given as rapid IV injection.
• LEAST physiochemical property that affects slow release of drug delivery system? Molecular size - Drug concentration.
• Not affect dissolution A. Drug concentration B. Lipophilicity C. Water solubility D. Molecular size.
• Problems that might occur during tablet processing:
o Capping →partial or complete separation of the top or bottom crown from the tablet’s main body Capping happened due to
air entrapment in a compact during compression and expansion of tablet on ejection of a tablet from die.
o Lamination → Separation of tablet into two or more layers
o Picking → Removal of Tab's surface
o Sticking → Adhesion of tablet to punch or die
o Mottling → unequal color distributing.

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• Contamination of drug can occur during → inclusion
• Contamination of drug can occur during all EXCEPT→ Exclusion
• Tablets cannot be crashed→Alendronate and Omeprazole.
• Tablets can be crashed→Cyproheptadine and Apixaban. Apixaban can be mixed water and juice.
• Amaranth→Coloring agent.
• Lubricants→Mg Stearate – Ca Stearate.

Isotonicity and Buffering:

• Buffer sequence: Eye → Nasal → SC & IV… If IV and nasal choose →Nasal
• Buffer is also imp for → Vaginal pessaries…If Vaginal and SC choose →Vaginal
• The best buffer for a certain PKa is the one closest to PH. (Best for buffer at PH=4: Lactic acid PKa=3.8).
• Isotonicity sequence: SC → IV →EYE → NASAL … Isotonicity critical for SC.
• Least for isotonic and buffer → IM …Isotonicity least to rectal or IM? → IM
• Which is most appropriate for isotonic solution? Skin-mouth wash- liniment-Nasal spray.
• Isotonic Solutions share what features with blood → Osmotic pressure - Sodium concentration - Specific gravity
o Isotonic solution is isosmotic with blood (has the same osmotic pressure of blood).
• Hypotonic: 0.45% NaCl (half normal saline)
• The Osmotic pressure of 0.1 mol dextrose solution will be approximately how many times that 0.1 mol NaCl solution? =0.5
o NaCl = 2 moles (1 mole Na+ 1 mole cl)…Dextrose = 1 mole…So→ 1 mole Dex = 0.5 mole NaCl

• Fats → esters of glycerin and fatty acid, alcohol and fatty acid.
• Protein→ is sequence of amino acid …Primary protein→Amino acid
• WRONG about Paraffin→ Made of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Methylcellulose + PABA (Para amino benzoic acid) = Complexation
• Pyruvate (reduced by lactate dehydrogenase) to Lactate
• Primary alcohol → Oxidation aldehyde → Oxidation to Carboxylic acid
• Essential for Sulfonamide activity → Non substituted aromatic amine
• Chemical bonds affected by all → Temperature - Bond angle - Atom size – Electrophilicity

Extemporaneous preparation: (you should know the order)

• Extemporaneous preparation → compounds prepared without specific formula (as ordered).

• Preparation of Lugol’s solution for hyperthyroidism → KI → H2O → Iodine → Peppermint Oil and Glycerin.
• Calamine lotion → ZnO + Ferric oxide (for pink color, bentonite, calcium hydroxide, glycerol & water).
• Dry powder sterilization → 160c/ 2 hours.
• Dusting powder sterilization → 120/ 1 hour
• UV range:

UV: 200-400 UV < 280 UV →280

Drugs show absorbance within this range Cell lysis (220-250) DNA damage

• The common pharmaceutical preparation degradation is→ Hydrolysis.

• The common metabolic reaction is → Oxidation.
• For Extraction: (Dissolution/ Distillation/ Maceration) …NOT: Crushing.
• Acid NOT used on extraction: Alginic acid
• Immunoassay is NOT used for Electrolytes
• Ferrous gluconate: 11.7%
• Ferrous sulfate: 20%
• Ferrous fumarate: 33% (Ferrous Fumarate has the highest iron weight to weight ratio)

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• Release of ingredients from original product is called→ Leaching
• Passive Diffusion: From high to low concentration/ does not need energy/ does not need a carrier.
• Active Transport: From low to high concentration/ needs energy/ needs a carrier
• Zinc oxide + Mineral oil = Levigation
• Rose water + Cetrimide = Stabilized by Agitation
• Weak acid→Boric acid if not in the options choose Acetic acid … (Weakest Boric → Acetic → Lactic).
• For Weak acids:
o PH→ pKa = ↑Ionization, ↑Solubility, ↓P.C
o PH< pKa = ↓Ionization, ↓Solubility, ↑P.C (note: for weak base vice versa)
• Strong acid→HCl / Acetyl Salicylic acid …Among both Trichloroacetic & HCl → HCl is stronger.
• Which of the following acid is the strongest?
a) Acetic acid b) Propionic acid c) Stearic acid d) Trichloroacetic acid e)2-hydroxy propionic acid
• Acidification of Urine ↑ excretion of alkaline drugs (Amphetamine) due to ↑ ionization, so ↓ absorption Weak base
drug is easily excreted by NH₄ salt (NH₄ Cl acidifying agent).
• WRONG about alkaloids: PH<7

Types of Fluid:

• The Cockcroft-Gault equation is a formula to estimate the Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) of patients, it depends on the
patient’s age, weight, gender & serum creatinine
• NOT important for Cockcroft-Gault equation: Serum urea
• Not used in Cockcroft-Gault equation → Body surface area.
• Which of the following factors AFFECTS the dose of transdermal patch?
- Absorption only depends on the nature of drug
- Serum drug conc decrease as soon as the patch is removed
- Absorption is different in different part if skin
- Humid skin affects the drug absorption
• What is not affect the transdermal patch dose? Absorption depends only on drug nature.
o If asked LEAST →ONLY DRUG NATURE
• Factors for topical administration → Hydration - Age - Weight - Gender …NOT factor → Height.
• Least factor affecting transdermal formulation→
-High lipid water solubility -High pc - Highly polar charged - Low molecular mass
• Homopolysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
• Saponification: is a process that involves conversion of fat or oil into soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the
presence of aqueous alkali
• Which should be kept in tight container? Drug with high vapor pressure
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Amplification of DNA chain

Kinetics:

• Absorption of drug after oral administration depend on lipid and water solubility

6|Pa ge Emy Farouk KAPS recalls + Revision